Sixteenth Dynasty of Egypt - Wikipedia Sixteenth Dynasty of Egypt From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to navigation Jump to search Sixteenth Dynasty of Egypt 1649 BC–1582 BC The political situation in Egypt during the existence of the 16th Dynasty from c. 1650 until c. 1590 BC. Thebes was briefly conquered by the Hyksos c. 1580 BC. Capital Thebes Common languages Egyptian language Religion ancient Egyptian religion Government Absolute monarchy Historical era Bronze Age • Established 1649 BC • Disestablished 1582 BC Preceded by Succeeded by Thirteenth Dynasty of Egypt Seventeenth Dynasty of Egypt Periods and Dynasties of Ancient Egypt All years are BC Early Pre-dynastic period First Dynasty I c. 3150–2890 Second Dynasty II 2890–2686 Old Kingdom Third Dynasty III 2686–2613 Fourth Dynasty IV 2613–2498 Fifth Dynasty V 2498–2345 Sixth Dynasty VI 2345–2181 First Intermediate Seventh Dynasty VII spurious Eighth Dynasty VIII 2181–2160 Ninth Dynasty IX 2160–2130 Tenth Dynasty X 2130–2040 Early Eleventh Dynasty XI 2134–2061 Middle Kingdom Late Eleventh Dynasty XI 2061–1991 Twelfth Dynasty XII 1991–1803 Thirteenth Dynasty XIII 1803–1649 Fourteenth Dynasty XIV 1705–1690 Second Intermediate Fifteenth Dynasty XV 1674–1535 Sixteenth Dynasty XVI 1660–1600 Abydos Dynasty 1650–1600 Seventeenth Dynasty XVII 1580–1549 New Kingdom Eighteenth Dynasty XVIII 1549–1292 Nineteenth Dynasty XIX 1292–1189 Twentieth Dynasty XX 1189–1077 Third Intermediate Twenty-first Dynasty XXI 1069–945 Twenty-second Dynasty XXII 945–720 Twenty-third Dynasty XXIII 837–728 Twenty-fourth Dynasty XXIV 732–720 Twenty-fifth Dynasty XXV 732–653 Late Period Twenty-sixth Dynasty XXVI 672–525 Twenty-seventh Dynasty (1st Persian Period) XXVII 525–404 Twenty-eighth Dynasty XXVIII 404–398 Twenty-ninth Dynasty XXIX 398–380 Thirtieth Dynasty XXX 380–343 Thirty-first Dynasty (2nd Persian Period) XXXI 343–332 Ptolemaic (Hellenistic) Argead Dynasty 332–305 Ptolemaic Kingdom 305–30 See also: List of Pharaohs by Period and Dynasty Periodization of Ancient Egypt v t e The Sixteenth Dynasty of ancient Egypt (notated Dynasty XVI)[1] was a dynasty of pharaohs that ruled the Theban region in Upper Egypt[2] for 70 years.[3] This dynasty, together with 15th Dynasty and 17th, are often combined under the group title, Second Intermediate Period (c. 1650–1580 BC), a period that saw the division of Upper and Lower Egypt between the pharaohs at Thebes and the Hyksos kings of the 15th Dynasty based at Avaris. Contents 1 Identification 2 History 3 Kings 3.1 Vassals of the Hyksos 3.2 Independent Theban Kingdom 4 References 4.1 Bibliography Identification[edit] Of the two chief versions of Manetho's Aegyptiaca, the Sixteenth Dynasty is described by the more reliable[4] Africanus (supported by Syncellus)[5] as "shepherd [hyksos] kings", but by Eusebius as Theban.[4] Ryholt (1997), followed by Bourriau (2003), in reconstructing the Turin canon, interpreted a list of Thebes-based kings to constitute Manetho's Sixteenth Dynasty, although this is one of Ryholt's "most debatable and far-reaching" conclusions.[4] For this reason other scholars do not follow Ryholt and see only insufficient evidence for the interpretation of the Sixteenth Dynasty as Theban.[6] History[edit] The continuing war against 15th Dynasty dominated the short-lived 16th Dynasty. The armies of the 15th Dynasty, winning town after town from their southern enemies, continually encroached on the 16th Dynasty territory, eventually threatening and then conquering Thebes itself. In his study of the Second Intermediate Period, the Egyptologist Kim Ryholt has suggested that Dedumose I sued for a truce in the latter years of the dynasty,[3] but one of his predecessors, Nebiryraw I, may have been more successful and seems to have enjoyed a period of peace in his reign.[3] Famine, which had plagued Upper Egypt during the late 13th Dynasty and the 14th Dynasty, also blighted the 16th Dynasty, most evidently during and after the reign of Neferhotep III.[3] Kings[edit] Various chronological orderings and lists of kings have been proposed by scholars for this dynasty. These lists fall broadly in two categories: those assuming that the 16th Dynasty comprised vassals of the Hyksos, as advocated by Jürgen von Beckerath and Wolfgang Helck; and those assuming that the 16th Dynasty was an independent Theban kingdom, as recently proposed by Kim Ryholt. Vassals of the Hyksos[edit] The traditional list of rulers of the 16th Dynasty regroups kings believed to be vassals of the Hyksos, some of which have semitic names such as Semqen and Anat-her. The list of kings differs from scholar to scholar and it is here given as per Jürgen von Beckerath's Dynasty XV/XVI in his Handbuch der ägyptischen Königsnamen.[7] Wolfgang Helck, who also believes that the 16th Dynasty was an Hyksos vassal state, proposed a slightly different list of kings.[8] Many of the rulers listed here in the 16th Dynasty under the hypothesis that they were vassals of the Hyksos are put in the 14th Dynasty in the hypothesis that the 16th Dynasty was an independent Theban kingdom. The chronological ordering is largely uncertain. Dynasty XV/XVI as vassals of the Hyksos[7] Name of king Dates Comments 'Anat-Har Possibly a prince of the 15th Dynasty or a Canaanite chieftain contemporary with the 12th Dynasty 'Aper-'Anati May belong to the early 15th Dynasty Semqen May belong to the early 15th Dynasty Sakir-Har May belong to the early 15th Dynasty Apepi May be identical with the Hyksos ruler Apepi Maaibre Sheshi May belong to the early 14th Dynasty Yaqub-Har May belong to the late 14th Dynasty Jamu Jakebmu Amu Sneferankhre Pepi III Hepu Anati Bebnum Nebmaare May belong to the 17th Dynasty Aahotepre May be the same person as 'Ammu Anetrire Meribre Nubankhre Kingship contested Nikare II Kingship contested [...]kare [...]kare [...]kare Sharek Wazad May belong to the 14th Dynasty Qur Possibly Qareh, may belong to the 14th Dynasty Shenes Likely to be Sheneh rather than Shenes and may belong to the 14th Dynasty Inek 'A[...] 'Ap[epi] Hibe Aped Reading is uncertain Hapi Shemsu Meni[...] Werqa Independent Theban Kingdom[edit] In his 1997 study of the Second Intermediate Period, the Danish Egyptologist Kim Ryholt argues that the 16th Dynasty was an independent Theban kingdom. From Ryholt's reconstruction of the Turin canon, 15 kings can be associated to the dynasty, several of whom are attested by contemporary sources.[2] While most likely rulers based in Thebes itself, some may have been local rulers from other important Upper Egyptian towns, including Abydos, El Kab and Edfu.[2] By the reign of Nebiriau I, the realm controlled by the 16th Dynasty extended at least as far north as Hu and south to Edfu.[3][9] Not listed in the Turin canon (after Ryholt) is Wepwawetemsaf, who left a stele at Abydos and was likely a local kinglet of the Abydos Dynasty.[2] Ryholt gives the list of kings of the 16th Dynasty as shown in the table below.[10] Others, such as Helck, Vandersleyen, Bennett combine some of these rulers with the Seventeenth Dynasty of Egypt.[11] The list of rulers is given here as per Kim Ryholt and is supposedly in chronological order: Dynasty XVI as an independent Theban kingdom[12] Name of king Dates Comments Unknown 1649–1648 BC Name lost in a lacuna of the Turin canon Sekhemre-sementawi Djehuti 1648–1645 BC Sekhemre-seusertawi Sobekhotep VIII 1645–1629 BC Sekhemre-seankhtawi Neferhotep III 1629–1628 BC Seankhenre Mentuhotepi 1628–1627 BC Sewadjenre Nebiryraw I 1627–1601 BC Nebiriau II 1601 BC Semenre 1601–1600 BC Seuserenre Bebiankh 1600–1588 BC Sekhemre Shedwaset 1588 BC Unknown 1588–1582 BC Five kings lost in a lacuna of the Turin canon Additional kings are classified as belonging to this dynasty per Kim Ryholt but their chronological position is uncertain. They may correspond to the last five lost kings on the Turin canon:[13] Dynasty XVI as an independent Theban kingdom (uncertain order) Name of king Dates Comments Djedhotepre Dedumose I May have tried to sue the Hyksos for peace Djedneferre Dedumose II Djedankhre Montemsaf Merankhre Mentuhotep VI Seneferibre Senusret IV Left a colossal statue of himself in Karnak[14] References[edit] ^ Kuhrt 1995: 118 ^ a b c d Bourriau 2003: 191 ^ a b c d e Ryholt 1997: 305 ^ a b c Bourriau 2003: 179 ^ Cory 1876 ^ see for example, Quirke, in Maree: The Second Intermediate Period (Thirteenth - Seventeenth Dynasties, Current Research, Future Prospects, Leuven 2011, Paris — Walpole, MA. ISBN 978-9042922280, p. 56, n. 6 ^ a b Jürgen von Beckerath: Handbuch der ägyptischen Königsnamen, Münchner ägyptologische Studien, Heft 49, Mainz : P. von Zabern, 1999, ISBN 3-8053-2591-6 ^ Wolfgang Helck, Eberhard Otto, Wolfhart Westendorf, Stele - Zypresse: Volume 6 of Lexikon der Ägyptologie, Otto Harrassowitz Verlag, 1986, Page 1383 ^ Darrell D. Baker: The Encyclopedia of the Pharaohs: Volume I - Predynastic to the Twentieth Dynasty 3300–1069 BC, Stacey International, ISBN 978-1-905299-37-9, 2008, pp. 256-257 ^ Kings of the Second Intermediate Period 16th dynasty (after Ryholt 1997) ^ Chris Bennet, A Genealogical Chronology of the Seventeenth Dynasty, Journal of the American Research Center in Egypt, Vol. 39 (2002), pp. 123-155 ^ Kim Ryholt: The Political Situation in Egypt during the Second Intermediate Period, c. 1800 - 1550 BC, Copenhagen: Museum Tusculanum Press, ISBN 8772894210, 1997. ^ Kim Ryholt's 16th dynasty on Digital Egypt for Universities ^ Georges Legrain: Statues et statuettes de rois et de particuliers, in Catalogue général des antiquités égyptiennes du Musée du Caire, Le Caire, 1906. I, 171 pp., 79 pls, available copyright-free online, published in 1906, see p. 18 and p. 109 Bibliography[edit] Bourriau, Janine (2003) [2000], "The Second Intermediate Period", in Shaw, Ian (ed.), The Oxford History of Ancient Egypt, Oxford: Oxford University Press, ISBN 0-19-280458-8 Cory, Isaac Preston (1876), Cory's Ancient fragments of the Phoenician, Carthaginian, Babylonian, Egyptian and other authors, Reeves & Turner Kuhrt, Amélie (1995), The Ancient Near East: c. 3000–330 BC, London: Routledge, ISBN 9780415013536 Ryholt, K. S. B. (1997). The Political Situation in Egypt during the Second Intermediate Period, c. 1800–1550 BC. Copenhagen: Museum Tusculanum Press. ISBN 8772894210. Preceded by Fifteenth Dynasty Dynasty of Egypt 1649–1582 BC Succeeded by Seventeenth Dynasty Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sixteenth_Dynasty_of_Egypt&oldid=991216255" Categories: Sixteenth Dynasty of Egypt States and territories established in the 17th century BC States and territories disestablished in the 16th century BC 16th century BC in Egypt 17th century BC in Egypt 2nd millennium BC in Egypt 2nd-millennium BC disestablishments in Egypt 2nd-millennium BC establishments in Egypt Dynasties of ancient Egypt Hyksos Navigation menu Personal tools Not logged in Talk Contributions Create account Log in Namespaces Article Talk Variants Views Read Edit View history More Search Navigation Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Donate Contribute Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Tools What links here Related changes Upload file Special pages Permanent link Page information Cite this page Wikidata item Print/export Download as PDF Printable version In other projects Wikimedia Commons Languages Afrikaans العربية Azərbaycanca Български Brezhoneg Català Čeština Deutsch Español Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano ქართული Magyar Nederlands 日本語 Norsk bokmål Português Română Русский Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Svenska தமிழ் Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 28 November 2020, at 22:28 (UTC). 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