Ptolemy IX Soter - Wikipedia





	
	

	
	

	Ptolemy IX Soter

	
		From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

		  (Redirected from Ptolemy IX Lathyros)

		

		
		

		Jump to navigation
		Jump to search
		2nd/1st century BC king of Ptolemaic Egypt

	Ptolemy IX Soter
	Pharaoh from the Ptolemaic dynasty of Egypt
	Probable bust of Ptolemy IX

	Ptolemaic King of Egypt
	Predecessor	Ptolemy VIII and Cleopatra III of Egypt
	Successor	Berenice III of Egypt Royal titulary

	
Prenomen  (Praenomen)
	
	 iwꜤ-(n)-nṯr-mnḫ-nṯrt-mr(t)-mwt.s-nḏt(t) stp.n-ptḥ iri-mꜢꜤt-rꜤ sḫm-Ꜥnḫ-imn
Iwa(en)netjermenekhnetjeretmeretmutesnedjet(et) Setepenptah Irimaatre Sekhemankhamun
	 	 		

 

		 
   	 	 
      	
	 	 					
 	
		
						
	


 


	


     		 


  

	 	 		

 

		 
   	 	 
      	
	 	 			1		

	
		
					
	


 


	


     		 


  

	 	 		

 

		 
   	 	 
      	
	 	 					
	 	
		 
	
		
	
				

 


	


     		 


  

	 	 		

 

		 
   	 	 
      	
	 	 						
		
	

				

 


	


     		 


  




	
Nomen
	
	 ptwlmis Ꜥnḫ-ḏt mri-ptḥ
Petulemis Ankhdjet meryptah
Ptolemaios, living forever, beloved of Ptah
	 	 	 		


 

 		 
   	 	 
      	
	 	 	
		
					

	
		

 


	


     		 


  

 


	
Horus name
	
	ḏsr-mswt-ḥnꜤ-ḥpw-Ꜥnḫ nṯrj-ḫpr(w) snsn-msḫn(t)-nt-zꜢ-Ꜣst
Djosermesuthenahapuankh netjerikheperu sensenmesekhenetsa'Aset
Distinguished through his birth together with the living Apis, godlike at conception, twin in his birthplace with the son of Isis 	
   	 	 	

 

		 
      	
	 	 	
				
	
				?	
					 
	
	 	
	

 


	


     		 


  


Second Horus Name:
kꜢ-nḫt jty-psḏ-m-tꜢmrj-mj-ḥpw-Ꜥnḫ rdj-n.f-ḥꜢbw-sd-ꜤšꜢw-wrw-mj-ptḥ-tꜢṯnn-jt-nṯrw
Kanakht itypesedjemtamerimihapuankh redjenefhabusedashauwerumiptah-tatjenenitnetjeru
The strong bull and sovereign who shines in Ta-mery like the living Apis bull, whom has been given many Sed festivals like Ptah Ta-tjenen, and father of the gods	
   	 	 	

 

		 
      	
	 	 		
							

 

	 		

 				

	
	
	
	
		
			


	 

 


	


     		 


  




	
Nebty name
	
	sḫꜤi-sw-mwt.f-ḥr-nst-jt.f jṯj-tꜢwj m mꜢꜤ-ḫrw
Sekhasumutefhernesutitef ititawy em Maat-kheru
	
   	 	 	

 

	 
      		 	 		

			 	
 	
	


	
		

 

	 		

 

	


     		


  


Second Nebty name:
 wr-pḥti ḫnti-š-nḥḥ smn-hpw-mi-ḏḥwti-ꜤꜢ-ꜤꜢ
Werpehty Khentishenehe Semenhepumidjehutia'a
	
   	 	 	

 

	 
      		 	 	
	 

		
						
	
				

 

	


     		


  


Third Nebty name:
wr-pḥti sḫm-WꜢḏ-wr iti-iwꜤ-tꜢwi-m-mꜢꜤ-ḫrw mnḫ-ib-ḫr-nṯrw-rmṯw
Werpehty Sekhemwadjwer Itiiwatawyemmaatkheru Menkhibkhernetjeruremetju
	
   	 	 	

 

	 
      		 	 	
	 

			
			
	
	
 		
	
	 

 

	


     		


  




	
Golden Horus
	
	nb-tꜢmri ḥḳꜢ.f-m-ḥꜤꜤw nb-ḥꜢbw-sd-mi-tꜢṯnn-it-nṯrw-nsyt(?) ity-smn-hpw-mi-ḏḥwti-ꜤꜢ-ꜤꜢ
Nebtamery Heqa'efemhaau Nebhabusedmitatenenitnetjerunesut Itysemenhepumidjehutia'a
Lord of Egypt who rules in joy, the lord of the Sed festival like Ptah-Tatenen, king of the Gods, who determines the laws like the great god Thoth
	
   	 	 	

 

	 
      		 	 	
	
			
	
	
			
					
					 

				

 

	


     		


  


Second Golden Horus name:
šzp-tꜢmri ḥḳꜢ.f-m-ḥꜤꜤw nb-ḥꜢbw-sd-ꜤšꜢw-wrw-mi-it.f-Ptḥ-tꜢṯnn-smsw-nṯrw šzp.n.f-nsyt-n-rꜤ-m-ḳnw-nḫt ity-wḏꜤ-MꜢꜤt smn-hpw-mi-ḏḥwti-ꜤꜢ-ꜤꜢ
Sheseptamery Heqa'efemhaau Nebhabusedashauwerumiitefptatatenensemsunetjeru Shesepenefnesytenraemqenunekhet Itiwedjamaat Semenhepumidjehutia'a
 Who, seizing Egypt, rules in joy, the lord of many great Sed festivals like his father Ptah-Tatenen, the oldest of the Gods
	
   	 	 	

 

	 
      		 	 	
	   
	
				
	
?	
	
			
								

		
						

 

	


     		


  








	

	Born	143/2 BC[1] or 140/39 BC[2]
	Died	December 81 BC (aged 60–62)
	Wives		Cleopatra IV
	Cleopatra Selene I



	Issue	By Cleopatra Selene:
Two legitimate sons
Berenice III
By unknown consorts:
Ptolemy XII
Ptolemy of Cyprus
perhaps Cleopatra V
		Full name
	Ptolemy IX Soter II


	Dynasty	Ptolemaic
	Father	Ptolemy VIII
	Mother	Cleopatra III


Ptolemy IX Soter II[note 1] (Greek: Πτολεμαῖος Σωτήρ, Ptolemaĩos Sōtḗr "Ptolemy the Saviour"), commonly nicknamed Lathyros (Λάθυρος, Láthuros "chickpea"),[3] reigned twice as king of Ptolemaic Egypt: first as Ptolemy Philometor Soter in joint rule with his Cleopatra II and Cleopatra III (116–107 BC), and then again as Ptolemy Soter (88–81 BC). He was the son of Ptolemy VIII and Cleopatra III. 

After the murder of his elder brother in 130 BC, during a civil war between Ptolemy VIII and Cleopatra II, Ptolemy IX became the heir apparent. On his father's death in 116 BC, he became co-regent with Cleopatra II (until 115 BC) and with Cleopatra III. He eventually quarrelled with his mother and in 107 BC, she deposed him and replaced him with his younger brother Ptolemy X. However, Ptolemy IX succeeded in seizing control of Cyprus. From there he invaded Judaea but was prevented by Ptolemy X from invading Egypt (103–102 BC). In 88 BC, the Alexandrians expelled Ptolemy X and restored Ptolemy IX to the throne. He reigned alone until 81 BC, when he appointed his daughter Berenice III as co-regent shortly before his own death. She succeeded him as ruler.


Contents


	1 Background and early life
	2 First reign (116–107 BC)
	2.1 Will of Ptolemy VIII
	2.2 Divorce, remarriage, and intervention in Seleucid civil war
	2.3 Expulsion from Alexandria



	3 King of Cyprus (107–88 BC)
	4 Second reign (88–81 BC)
	4.1 Restoration
	4.2 Roman claims and First Mithridatic War
	4.3 Death and succession



	5 Regime
	5.1 Relationship with Rome



	6 Marriages and issue
	7 Ancestry
	8 Notes
	9 References
	10 External links





Background and early life[edit]

  
Wall relief of Cleopatra III, her mother Cleopatra II and Ptolemy VIII before Horus at Kom Ombo



When Ptolemy V Epiphanes had died in 180 BC, he had left three children: Ptolemy VI Philometor, Cleopatra II, and Ptolemy VIII Euergetes. All three ruled together from 169 BC until 164 BC, when Ptolemy VIII expelled his brother from power. In 163 BC, he was expelled in turn and forced to withdraw to Cyrene. However, when Ptolemy VI died in 145 BC, Ptolemy VIII was invited back to Egypt to serve as king, marrying his sister Cleopatra II (who had previously been married to Ptolemy VI). The relationship between Ptolemy VIII and Cleopatra II rapidly deteriorated, especially when Ptolemy VIII took Cleopatra III (the daughter of Ptolemy VI and Cleopatra II), as a second wife. The conflict eventually led to a civil war with Cleopatra II on one side and Ptolemy VIII and Cleopatra III on the other (132-126 BC). Ptolemy VIII and Cleopatra III were victorious, but reconciled with Cleopatra II and restored her as co-regent in 124 BC.[4]

Ptolemy IX was the son of Ptolemy VIII and Cleopatra III of Egypt. The exact date of his birth is a bit unclear. As Pharaoh, his Horus name was "Distinguished through his birth together with the living Apis; twin in his birthplace with the son of Isis" which seems to indicate that he was born in the same year as an Apis bull, i.e. 143/2 BC.[1] This would put his birth two years before his parents' marriage, which took place in 141 BC.[5] Some historians, like Günther Hölbl, consider this insuperable and propose to place his birth in 140 or 139 BC instead.[2]

Initially, Ptolemy IX was not the heir to the throne – that was Ptolemy Memphites, the son of Ptolemy VI and Cleopatra II, who was roughly the same age as him. In 134/3, Ptolemy IX served as the annual Priest of Alexander the Great, the year after Memphites had done the same.[6][1] However, during the civil war, in 130 BC, Cleopatra II attempted to have Memphites crowned as her co-ruler, so Ptolemy VIII had him murdered, leaving Ptolemy IX as the heir.

Around 117 BC, Ptolemy IX was sent to Cyprus, reportedly at his mother's request, where he served as governor of the island (strategos, nauarchos, archiereus, archikynegos).[7] Shortly before this he had married his sister, Cleopatra IV, who probably gave birth to two sons while the couple was on Cyprus: the future Ptolemy XII in 117 BC and the future Ptolemy of Cyprus around 116 BC.[8]


First reign (116–107 BC)[edit]

Will of Ptolemy VIII[edit]

  
Coronation of Ptolemy IX depicted at Kom Ombo



On 28 June 116, Ptolemy VIII died. According to Justin, Ptolemy VIII's will left Cleopatra III in charge of Egypt, with the right to choose either Ptolemy IX or his younger brother Ptolemy X as her co-regent. Cyrene was left to a third son, Ptolemy Apion. Justin further claims that Cleopatra III wanted to choose Ptolemy X, but the people of Alexandria rioted and forced her to choose Ptolemy IX.[9] Pausanias implies that Cleopatra III's request to send Ptolemy IX to Cyprus in 117 BC had been intended to get him out of the way in order to enable Ptolemy X's succession.[10]

Some historians have found this account plausible.[11] However, Chris Bennett argues that it is a false story that was invented by Cleopatra III at a later date. He points out that Justin's story assumes that Cleopatra III was the only living queen at the time of Ptolemy VIII's death. Documentary evidence shows that Cleopatra II was still alive in 116 BC, which makes it unlikely that Cleopatra III would have been allowed sole power to decide who would be king.[12]

At any rate, Cleopatra II, Cleopatra III, and Ptolemy IX (in that order) are listed together as co-rulers in surviving papyrus documents from October 116 BC. Ptolemy IX received the epithet Philometor Soter (Mother-loving Saviour). This was the same epithet that Cleopatra II and taken on during her civil war with Ptolemy VIII and Cleopatra III, which suggests that she played a controlling role in the new regime.[11] Ptolemy X was sent to Cyprus to serve as governor of Cyprus soon after Ptolemy IX's accession.


Divorce, remarriage, and intervention in Seleucid civil war[edit]

Cleopatra II died some time before April 115 BC and at this point Cleopatra III became the dominant force in the government. Ptolemy IX was forced to divorce his sister-wife Cleopatra IV, who went off and married the Seleucid king Antiochus IX Cyzicenus (r. 115–95 BC), whose mother Cleopatra Thea[13] was Cleopatra III's sister.[14] Her new husband was waging a war against his half-brother Antiochus VIII Grypus (r. 125–96 BC), who was married to Cleopatra IV's elder sister Tryphaena. On the way to meet Antiochus IX, Cleopatra IV stopped in Cyprus, where she recruited an army and seized control of the Cypriot fleet, in order to aid Antiochus IX.[15] Perhaps as a result of this, in 114/113 BC, Ptolemy X proclaimed himself 'King of Cyprus', openly declaring his opposition to Ptolemy IX.[16][11]

Meanwhile, Ptolemy IX married his younger sister, Cleopatra Selene, with whom he soon had a daughter, Berenice III.[1] Cleopatra Selene was not made co-regent with her new husband, as would have been normal. Instead, in documents from this period, the royal couple were Cleopatra III and Ptolemy IX, who were integrated into the Ptolemaic dynastic cult as the Theoi Philometores Soteres (The Mother-loving Saviour Gods).[17] 

Ptolemy IX supported Antiochus IX Cyzicenus in his conflict with Antiochus VIII Grypus. In 114 BC, Cleopatra IV had been captured and murdered by Antiochus VIII's wife Tryphaena, who was murdered in turn by Antiochus IX in 111 BC.[17] In 109 BC, Ptolemy IX sent Antiochus IX fresh troops to aid him in a campaign against the Jewish ruler Hyrcanus I of the Hasmonean dynasty.[18]


Expulsion from Alexandria[edit]

In autumn 107 BC, a new conflict broke out between Cleopatra III and Ptolemy IX. Pausanias claims that Cleopatra III wounded a number of her own eunuch servants and displayed them to the people as evidence that her son had attempted to have her assassinated, causing the Alexandrians to riot and expel Ptolemy IX from the city. While this was taking place, Ptolemy X had left Cyprus and sailed to Pelusium. Cleopatra III then had him brought to Alexandria and placed on the throne as her new co-regent.[19][3][17] Ptolemy IX had left his two sons behind when he fled Alexandria. He also abandoned Cleopatra Selene, who now seems to have been married to Ptolemy X.[20]


King of Cyprus (107–88 BC)[edit]

After his expulsion from Alexandria, Ptolemy IX went to the isle of Cyprus. There forces loyal to Cleopatra III and Ptolemy X rebuffed him, forcing him to retreat to Seleucia in Pieria. From there he mounted another invasion of Cyprus in 106 BC, which succeeded in conquering the island.[21] He initially maintained control of Cyrene, but it seems to have come under the control of his half brother Ptolemy Apion some time after 105 BC. Apion protected his position by publishing a will which left all his territories to Rome in the event that he died without heirs, a method which was often used by Hellenistic kings to prevent rivals from attempting to depose or assassinate them. However, he actually died without heirs in 96 BC, meaning that Rome inherited the territory.[22][18] 

In 103 BC, the new Hasmonean King Alexander Jannaeus led an army to conquer Ptolemais Akko. The city appealed to Ptolemy IX for help and he sailed over and caused Jannaeus to lift his siege. He then invaded Galilee, defeated Jannaeus in a battle at Asophon near the river Jordan, and despoiled Judaea with impunity.[23] Fearing that Ptolemy IX was planning to use Judaea as a springboard for an invasion of Egypt, Cleopatra III and Ptolemy X invaded Judaea themselves. Ptolemy X invaded Phoenicia by sea and then marched inland to Damascus, while Cleopatra III besieged Ptolemais Akko. Ptolemy IX attempted to slip past them and into Egypt, but Ptolemy X managed to rush back and stop him. Ptolemy IX spent the winter encamped at Gaza, before deciding to sail back to Cyprus in early 102 BC. We hear nothing more about his activities until 88 BC.[18]


Second reign (88–81 BC)[edit]

Restoration[edit]

The army and people of Alexandria turned against Ptolemy X in spring 88 BC and expelled him from Egypt. The Alexandrians then recalled Ptolemy IX to the throne. Ptolemy IX was formally re-crowned as Pharaoh at Memphis in November. In his first reign, Ptolemy had borne the epithet Philometor Soter (Mother-loving saviour), but on his return he dropped the Philometor, since it recalled his mother. The cults and memory of Cleopatra III and Ptolemy X seem to have been officially suppressed.[24]

When Ptolemy IX returned to Egypt, the south of the country had been under the control of Egyptian rebels since 91 BC. Ptolemy sent a large force south in November 88 BC, under the command of the general Hierax. Thebes was quickly recaptured and severely sacked.[25] Ptolemaic control was restored as far south as Philae, but Lower Nubia, which had come under the control of the kingdom of Meroe during the revolt, was not reclaimed.[24]


Roman claims and First Mithridatic War[edit]

After his expulsion from Alexandria, Ptolemy X made an attempt to invade Cyprus and recapture control, but was killed in the attempt. Before his death, however, he had taken out a large loan from the Roman Republic, in return for which he produced a will which left his kingdom to the Romans. Although they chose not to take advantage of this, the possibility of Roman intervention hung over Ptolemy IX for the rest of his reign and forced him to adopt a highly deferential posture with the Romans.[24]

In 86 BC, a Roman fleet commanded by Lucullus arrived in Alexandria seeking financial and military support against Mithridates VI of Pontus, with whom the Romans were fighting the First Mithridatic War (89-84 BC).[26] Ptolemy hosted Lucullus magnificently, but did not offer him any material support.[27] This was probably partially due to the confused political situation – the Roman war effort was being led by Sulla, but he had been declared an outlaw by the government in Rome led by Lucius Cornelius Cinna. Moreover, Mithridates VI had managed to capture Ptolemy's sons, who had been on Cos since 103 BC.[24]


Death and succession[edit]

On 5 August 81 BC, Ptolemy IX promoted his daughter Berenice III, who had previously been the wife and co-regent of Ptolemy X, to the status of co-regent. Some sources claim that Ptolemy IX had made Berenice III his co-regent at the start of his second reign in 88 BC, but all documentary evidence shows that he reigned alone until this point. Ptolemy died shortly thereafter, probably in December of the same year, leaving her alone on the throne. After a few months of sole rule, her cousin Ptolemy XI was placed on the throne as her co-regent, murdered her, was murdered himself, and was replaced by Ptolemy XII, another child of Ptolemy IX.[1][24][3]


Regime[edit]

In August 115 BC, Ptolemy IX travelled down the Nile to Elephantine in order to celebrate the festival there in honour of the Great God of the Nile – a traditional Pharaonic duty which was meant to give thanks for the inundation and ensure the success of the next. The fact that Ptolemy IX carried this ritual out personally, rather than letting a local priest carry it out in his stead, shows the extent to which Ptolemy embraced the Pharaonic role.[28]

It is possible that construction of certain buildings occurred during the first reign of Ptolemy IX. This would have included work on the Dendera Temple complex and on the temple in Edfu.


Relationship with Rome[edit]

A Roman embassy led by the senator Lucius Memmius, arrived in Egypt in 112 BC. As part of his visit, he was given a tour of the Fayyum region. Papyrus letters survive that instruct all local officials to treat him with the greatest respect and provide him with the most luxurious accommodation. The visit is a sign of the extent to which the Ptolemies now sought to conciliate the Roman Republic. It is also an early example of Roman tourism in Egypt, which would become a major phenomenon in the Roman imperial period. A set of four graffiti at Philae provide evidence for another set of early Roman tourists. Dated to 116 BC, they are the earliest known examples of the Latin language to be found in Egypt.[17]


Marriages and issue[edit]

  
Rare drachms of Ptolemy XII minted at Paphos, Cyprus in 53 BC[29]



Ptolemy IX is only known to have married twice, first to Cleopatra IV from around 119 BC until he was forced to divorce her in 115 BC, and secondly to Cleopatra Selene from 115 BC, until he abandoned her during his flight from Alexandria in 107 BC. 

At least three children are attested for Ptolemy IX. The birth dates and parentage of his two sons Ptolemy XII and Ptolemy of Cyprus are disputed.[30]  According to Justin, Cleopatra Selene and Ptolemy IX had two children.[31] The historian John Whitehorne noted that the existence of those two children is doubted and they might have died at a young age.[32] 

Ptolemy XII is referred to by Cicero and other ancient sources as an illegitimate son; Pompeius Trogus called him a "nothos" (bastard), while Pausanias wrote that Berenice III was Ptolemy IX's only legitimate offspring.[33] This has discouraged the identification of Ptolemy XII and Ptolemy of Cyprus with the two sons mentioned by Justin. Michael Grant suggested that Ptolemy XII's mother was a Syrian or a partly Greek concubine while Günther Hölbl suggested that she was a member of the Egyptian elite.[34] However, John Pentland Mahaffy and Christopher Bennett argue that they were considered illegitimate simply because their mother had not been a co-regnant queen. They propose Cleopatra IV as the mother, in which case Ptolemy XII and Ptolemy of Cyprus would have been born in 117 and 116 BC respectively. Bennett further proposes that Ptolemy XII and Ptolemy of Cyprus are identical with the two sons mentioned by Justin.[1]

The mother of Ptolemy IX's daughter, Berenice III is not certain either. Cleopatra IV and Cleopatra Selene are candidates, with the former favoured by modern scholarship.[35] Bennett noted that Berenice III's legitimacy was never questioned by ancient historians, and the illegitimacy of Ptolemy IX and Cleopatra IV's marriage makes it more probable that Berenice III was the result of a legitimate marriage, that is between her father and Cleopatra Selene.[36][37]


	Name	Image	Birth	Death	Notes

	Ptolemy XII		117 or c. 98 BC	February/March 51 BC	King of Egypt (80-58 & 55-51 BC)

	Ptolemy of Cyprus		116 or ca. 96 BC?	58 BC	King of Cyprus (80-58 BC)

	Berenice III		Late 115 or early 114 BC	April 80 BC	Co-regent with Ptolemy X (101-88 BC), Queen of Egypt (81-80 BC)



Ancestry[edit]

	Ancestors of Ptolemy IX Soter
		 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	16. Ptolemy III
	 	 
	 	 
	 
	 	8. Ptolemy IV	 
	 	 
	 	 	 	 
	 
	 	17. Berenice II
	 	 
	 	 
	 
	 	4. Ptolemy V	 
	 	 
	 	 	 	 	 	 
	 
	 	18. =16. Ptolemy III
	 	 
	 	 
	 
	 	9. Arsinoe III	 
	 	 
	 	 	 	 
	 
	 	19. =17. Berenice II
	 	 
	 	 
	 
	 	2. Ptolemy VIII	 
	 	 
	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 
	 
	 	20. Seleucus II
	 	 
	 	 
	 
	 	10. Antiochus III the Great	 
	 	 
	 	 	 	 
	 
	 	21. Laodice II
	 	 
	 	 
	 
	 	5. Cleopatra I	 
	 	 
	 	 	 	 	 	 
	 
	 	22. Mithridates II of Pontus
	 	 
	 	 
	 
	 	11. Laodice III	 
	 	 
	 	 	 	 
	 
	 	23. Laodice (wife of Mithridates II of Pontus) (Sister of No. 20)
	 	 
	 	 
	 
	 	1. Ptolemy IX	 
	 
	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 
	 
	 	24. =8. Ptolemy IV
	 	 
	 	 
	 
	 	12. =4. Ptolemy V	 
	 	 
	 	 	 	 
	 
	 	25. =9. Arsinoe III
	 	 
	 	 
	 
	 	6. Ptolemy VI	 
	 	 
	 	 	 	 	 	 
	 
	 	26. =10. Antiochus III the Great
	 	 
	 	 
	 
	 	13. =5. Cleopatra I	 
	 	 
	 	 	 	 
	 
	 	27. =11. Laodice III
	 	 
	 	 
	 
	 	3. Cleopatra III	 
	 	 
	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 
	 
	 	28. =8/24. Ptolemy IV
	 	 
	 	 
	 
	 	14. =4/12. Ptolemy V	 
	 	 
	 	 	 	 
	 
	 	29. =9/25. Arsinoe III
	 	 
	 	 
	 
	 	7. Cleopatra II	 
	 	 
	 	 	 	 	 	 
	 
	 	30. =10/26. Antiochus III the Great
	 	 
	 	 
	 
	 	15. =5/13. Cleopatra I	 
	 	 
	 	 	 	 
	 
	 	31. =11/27. Laodice III
	 	 
	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 





Notes[edit]


	^ Numbering the Ptolemies is a modern convention. Older sources may give a number one higher or lower. The most reliable way of determining which Ptolemy is being referred to in any given case is by epithet (e.g. "Philopator").
 Ptolemy IX also took the same title 'Soter' as Ptolemy I. In older references and in more recent references by the German historian Huss, Ptolemy IX Soter II may be numbered VIII.





References[edit]


	^ a b c d e f Bennett, Chris. "Ptolemy IX". Egyptian Royal Genealogy. Retrieved 11 November 2019.

	^ a b Hölbl 2001, p. 203 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFHölbl2001 (help)

	^ a b c Ptolemy Soter II and Ptolemy Alexander I at LacusCurtius — (Chapter XI of E. R Bevan's House of Ptolemy, 1923)

	^ Hölbl 2001, p. 172-203 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFHölbl2001 (help)

	^ 
Bennett, Chris. "Cleopatra III". Egyptian Royal Genealogy. Retrieved 11 November 2019.

	^ 
Bennett, Chris. "Ptolemy Memphites". Egyptian Royal Genealogy. Retrieved 11 November 2019.

	^ Pausanias 1.9.1; OGIS 143

	^ 
Bennett, Chris. "Cleopatra IV". Egyptian Royal Genealogy. Retrieved 12 November 2019.

	^ Justin, Epitome of Pompeius Trogus 39.3.1

	^ Pausanias 1.9.1

	^ a b c Hölbl 2001, p. 204-205 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFHölbl2001 (help)

	^ 
Bennett, Chris. "Cleopatra II". Egyptian Royal Genealogy. Retrieved 12 November 2019.

	^ Antiochus IX at Livius.org

	^ Ptolemy VI Philometor and Cleopatra II at Livius.org

	^ Justin 39.3.2

	^ 
Bennett, Chris. "Ptolemy X". Egyptian Royal Genealogy. Retrieved 12 November 2019.

	^ a b c d Hölbl 2001, p. 206-207 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFHölbl2001 (help)

	^ a b c Hölbl 2001, p. 207-210 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFHölbl2001 (help)

	^ Justin (historian), Epitome of Pompeius Trogus 39.4.1; Pausanias 1.9.2

	^ 
Bennett, Chris. "Cleopatra Selene". Egyptian Royal Genealogy. Retrieved 12 November 2019.

	^ Diodorus, Bibliotheca 34/35.39a; Justin 39.4.1-2

	^ 
Bennett, Chris. "Ptolemy Apion". Egyptian Royal Genealogy. Retrieved 12 November 2019.

	^ Josephus Antiquities of the Jews 13.324-364

	^ a b c d e Hölbl 2001, p. 211-213 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFHölbl2001 (help)

	^ Pausanias 1.9.3

	^ Plutarch Life of Lucullus 2-3; Appian, Mithridatica 33

	^ Cicero Ac. 1.2.11

	^ Hölbl 2001, p. 205-206 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFHölbl2001 (help)

	^ Ioannis Svoronos, Ta nomismata tou kratous ton Ptolemaion, Athens, 1904, vol. I-II, p. 302 (n°1838), & vol. III-IV, plate LXI, n°22, 23.

	^ Werner Huß, Ägypten in hellenistischer Zeit. C. H. Beck, Munich 2001, p. 674-675

	^ Justin Epitome of the Philippic History 39.4

	^ Whitehorne 1994, p. 176. sfn error: no target: CITEREFWhitehorne1994 (help)

	^ Sullivan 1990, p. 92. sfn error: no target: CITEREFSullivan1990 (help)

	^ Fletcher 2008, p. 353. sfn error: no target: CITEREFFletcher2008 (help)

	^ 
Llewellyn-Jones, Lloyd (2013) [2012]. "Cleopatra V Berenike III".  In Bagnall, Roger S.; Brodersen, Kai; Champion, Craige B.; Erskine, Andrew; Huebner, Sabine R. (eds.). The Encyclopedia of Ancient History (13 Vols.). III: Be-Co. Wiley-Blackwell. ISBN 978-1-405-17935-5.

	^ Bennett 1997, p. 54. sfn error: no target: CITEREFBennett1997 (help)

	^ 
Bennett, Chris. "Berenice III". Egyptian Royal Genealogy. Retrieved 16 November 2019.




External links[edit]

		Wikimedia Commons has media related to Ptolemy IX.


	Ptolemy IX Lathyrus entry in historical sourcebook by Mahlon H. Smith
	Ptolemy IX (Soter) at Thebes by Robert Ritner


	Ptolemy IX Soter 
Ptolemaic dynasty
Born:  143/2 BC Died:  81 BC

	Regnal titles

	Preceded by
Helenus of Cyrene
	 Governor of Cyprus
117 BC-116 BC
	Succeeded by
Ptolemy X

	Preceded by
Ptolemy VIII
	 Pharaoh of Egypt
116 BC–107 BC
with Cleopatra III and Cleopatra IV
	Succeeded by
Cleopatra III
Ptolemy X

	Preceded by
Helenus of Cyrene
	 King of Cyprus
105-88 BC
	Succeeded by
Chaereas?

	Preceded by
Ptolemy X
Berenice III
	 Pharaoh of Egypt
88 BC–81 BC
	Succeeded by
Berenice III



		v
	t
	e


Hellenistic rulers

	Argeads	
	Philip II
	Alexander III the Great
	Philip III Arrhidaeus
	Alexander IV




	Antigonids	
	Antigonus I Monophthalmus
	Demetrius I Poliorcetes
	Antigonus II Gonatas
	Demetrius II Aetolicus
	Antigonus III Doson
	Philip V
	Perseus
	Philip VI (pretender)




	Ptolemies	
	Ptolemy I Soter
	Ptolemy Keraunos
	Ptolemy II Philadelphus
	Ptolemy III Euergetes
	Ptolemy IV Philopator
	Ptolemy V Epiphanes
	Cleopatra I Syra (regent)
	Ptolemy VI Philometor
	Ptolemy VII Neos Philopator
	Cleopatra II Philometor Soter
	Ptolemy VIII Physcon
	Cleopatra III
	Ptolemy IX Lathyros
	Ptolemy X Alexander
	Berenice III
	Ptolemy XI Alexander
	Ptolemy XII Auletes
	Cleopatra VI Tryphaena
	Berenice IV Epiphanea
	Ptolemy XIII
	Ptolemy XIV
	Cleopatra VII Philopator
	Ptolemy XV Caesarion




	Kings of Cyrene	
	Magas
	Demetrius the Fair
	Ptolemy VIII Physcon
	Ptolemy Apion




	Seleucids	
	Seleucus I Nicator
	Antiochus I Soter
	Antiochus II Theos
	Seleucus II Callinicus
	Seleucus III Ceraunus
	Antiochus III the Great
	Seleucus IV Philopator
	Antiochus IV Epiphanes
	Antiochus V Eupator
	Demetrius I Soter
	Alexander I Balas
	Demetrius II Nicator
	Antiochus VI Dionysus
	Diodotus Tryphon
	Antiochus VII Sidetes
	Alexander II Zabinas
	Seleucus V Philometor
	Antiochus VIII Grypus
	Antiochus IX Cyzicenus
	Seleucus VI Epiphanes
	Antiochus X Eusebes
	Antiochus XI Epiphanes
	Demetrius III Eucaerus
	Philip I Philadelphus
	Antiochus XII Dionysus
	Antiochus XIII Asiaticus
	Philip II Philoromaeus




	Lysimachids	
	Lysimachus
	Ptolemy Epigonos




	Antipatrids	
	Cassander
	Philip IV
	Alexander V
	Antipater II
	Antipater Etesias
	Sosthenes




	Attalids	
	Philetaerus
	Eumenes I
	Attalus I
	Eumenes II
	Attalus II
	Attalus III
	Eumenes III




	Greco-Bactrians	
	Diodotus I
	Diodotus II
	Euthydemus I
	Demetrius I
	Euthydemus II
	Antimachus I
	Pantaleon
	Agathocles
	Demetrius II
	Eucratides I
	Plato
	Eucratides II
	Heliocles I




	Indo-Greeks	
	Demetrius I
	Antimachus I
	Pantaleon
	Agathocles
	Apollodotus I
	Demetrius II
	Antimachus II
	Menander I
	Zoilos I
	Agathokleia
	Lysias
	Strato I
	Antialcidas
	Heliokles II
	Polyxenos
	Demetrius III
	Philoxenus
	Diomedes
	Amyntas
	Epander
	Theophilos
	Peukolaos
	Thraso
	Nicias
	Menander II
	Artemidoros
	Hermaeus
	Archebius
	Telephos
	Apollodotus II
	Hippostratos
	Dionysios
	Zoilos II
	Apollophanes
	Strato II
	Strato III




	Kings of Bithynia	
	Boteiras
	Bas
	Zipoetes I
	Nicomedes I
	Zipoetes II
	Etazeta (regent)
	Ziaelas
	Prusias I
	Prusias II
	Nicomedes II
	Nicomedes III
	Nicomedes IV
	Socrates Chrestus




	Kings of Pontus	
	Mithridates I Ctistes
	Ariobarzanes
	Mithridates II
	Mithridates III
	Pharnaces I
	Mithridates IV Philopator Philadephos
	Mithridates V Euergetes
	Mithridates VI Eupator
	Pharnaces II
	Darius
	Arsaces
	Polemon I
	Pythodorida
	Polemon II




	Kings of Commagene	
	Ptolemaeus
	Sames II
	Mithridates I
	Antiochus I
	Mithridates II
	Antiochus II
	Mithridates III
	Antiochus III
	Antiochus IV




	Kings of Cappadocia	
	Ariarathes I
	Ariarathes II
	Ariamnes II
	Ariarathes III
	Ariarathes IV
	Ariarathes V
	Orophernes
	Ariarathes VI
	Ariarathes VII
	Ariarathes VIII
	Ariarathes IX
	Ariobarzanes I
	Ariobarzanes II
	Ariobarzanes III
	Ariarathes X
	Archelaus




	Kings of the
Cimmerian Bosporus	
	Paerisades I
	Satyros II
	Prytanis
	Eumelos
	Spartokos III
	Hygiainon (regent)
	Paerisades II
	Spartokos IV
	Leukon II
	Spartokos V
	Paerisades III
	Paerisades IV
	Paerisades V
	Mithridates I
	Pharnaces
	Asander  with Dynamis
	Mithridates II
	Asander with Dynamis
	Scribonius’ attempted rule with Dynamis
	Dynamis with Polemon
	Polemon with Pythodorida
	Aspurgus
	Mithridates III with Gepaepyris
	Mithridates III
	Cotys I




	Hellenistic rulers were preceded by Hellenistic satraps in most of their territories.




	
	v
	t
	e


Pharaohs

	
	Protodynastic to First Intermediate Period  (<3150–2040 BC)

	
	Period
	
	Dynasty
		Pharaohs  
(male
	
female♀)
	
uncertain







	Protodynastic

(pre-3150 BC)	
	Lower	
	Hedju Hor
	Ny-Hor
	Hsekiu
	Khayu
	Tiu
	Thesh
	Neheb
	Wazner
	Hat-Hor
	Mekh
	Double Falcon
	Wash




	Upper	
	Finger Snail
	Fish
	Pen-Abu
	Animal
	Stork
	Canide
	Bull
	Scorpion I
	Shendjw
	Iry-Hor
	Ka
	Scorpion II
	Narmer / Menes







	Early Dynastic

(3150–2686 BC)	
	I	
	Narmer / Menes
	Hor-Aha
	Djer
	Djet
	Den
	Anedjib
	Semerkhet
	Qa'a
	Sneferka
	Horus Bird




	II	
	Hotepsekhemwy
	Nebra/Raneb
	Nynetjer
	Ba
	Nubnefer
	Horus Sa
	Weneg-Nebty
	Wadjenes
	Senedj
	Seth-Peribsen
	Sekhemib-Perenmaat
	Neferkara I
	Neferkasokar
	Hudjefa I
	Khasekhemwy







	Old Kingdom

(2686–2181 BC)	
	III	
	Djoser
	Sekhemkhet
	Sanakht
	Nebka
	Khaba
	Qahedjet
	Huni




	IV	
	Snefru
	Khufu
	Djedefre
	Khafre
	Bikheris
	Menkaure
	Shepseskaf
	Thamphthis




	V	
	Userkaf
	Sahure
	Neferirkare Kakai
	Neferefre
	Shepseskare
	Nyuserre Ini
	Menkauhor Kaiu
	Djedkare Isesi
	Unas




	VI	
	Teti
	Userkare
	Pepi I
	Merenre Nemtyemsaf I
	Pepi II
	Merenre Nemtyemsaf II
	Netjerkare Siptah







	1st Intermediate

(2181–2040 BC)	
		VII/VIII


	
	Menkare
	Neferkare II
	Neferkare III Neby
	Djedkare Shemai
	Neferkare IV Khendu
	Merenhor
	Neferkamin
	Nikare
	Neferkare V Tereru
	Neferkahor
	Neferkare VI Pepiseneb
	Neferkamin Anu
	Qakare Iby
	Neferkaure
	Neferkauhor
	Neferirkare
	Wadjkare
	Khuiqer
	Khui




		IX


	
	Meryibre Khety
	Neferkare VII
	Nebkaure Khety
	Setut




		X


	
	Meryhathor
	Neferkare VIII
	Wahkare Khety
	Merykare













	
	Middle Kingdom and Second Intermediate Period 
 (2040–1550 BC)

	
	Period
	
	Dynasty
		Pharaohs  
(male
	
female♀)
	
uncertain







	Middle Kingdom

(2040–1802 BC)	
	XI	
	Mentuhotep I
	Intef I
	Intef II
	Intef III
	Mentuhotep II
	Mentuhotep III
	Mentuhotep IV




	Nubia	
	Segerseni
	Qakare Ini
	Iyibkhentre




	XII	
	Amenemhat I
	Senusret I
	Amenemhat II
	Senusret II
	Senusret III
	Amenemhat III
	Amenemhat IV
	Sobekneferu♀







	2nd Intermediate

(1802–1550 BC)	
	XIII	
	Sekhemrekhutawy Sobekhotep
	Sonbef
	Nerikare
	Sekhemkare Amenemhat V
	Ameny Qemau
	Hotepibre
	Iufni
	Ameny Antef Amenemhet VI
	Semenkare Nebnuni
	Sehetepibre
	Sewadjkare
	Nedjemibre
	Khaankhre Sobekhotep
	Renseneb
	Hor
	Sekhemrekhutawy Khabaw
	Djedkheperew
	Sebkay
	Sedjefakare
	Wegaf
	Khendjer
	Imyremeshaw
	Sehetepkare Intef
	Seth Meribre
	Sobekhotep III
	Neferhotep I
	Sihathor
	Sobekhotep IV
	Merhotepre Sobekhotep
	Khahotepre Sobekhotep
	Wahibre Ibiau
	Merneferre Ay
	Merhotepre Ini
	Sankhenre Sewadjtu
	Mersekhemre Ined
	Sewadjkare Hori
	Merkawre Sobekhotep
	Mershepsesre Ini II
	Sewahenre Senebmiu
	Merkheperre
	Merkare
	Sewadjare Mentuhotep
	Seheqenre Sankhptahi




	XIV	
	Yakbim Sekhaenre
	Ya'ammu Nubwoserre
	Qareh Khawoserre
	'Ammu Ahotepre
	Maaibre Sheshi
	Nehesy
	Khakherewre
	Nebefawre
	Sehebre
	Merdjefare
	Sewadjkare III
	Nebdjefare
	Webenre
	Nebsenre
	Sekheperenre
	Djedkherewre
	Bebnum
	'Apepi
	Nuya
	Wazad
	Sheneh
	Shenshek
	Khamure
	Yakareb
	Yaqub-Har




	XV	
	Semqen
	'Aper-'Anati
	Salitis
	Sakir-Har
	Khyan
	Yanassi
	Apepi
	Khamudi




	XVI	
	Djehuti
	Sobekhotep VIII
	Neferhotep III
	Mentuhotepi
	Nebiryraw I
	Nebiriau II
	Semenre
	Bebiankh
	Sekhemre Shedwast
	Dedumose I
	Dedumose II
	Montuemsaf
	Merankhre Mentuhotep
	Senusret IV
	Pepi III




	Abydos	
	Senebkay
	Wepwawetemsaf
	Pantjeny
	Snaaib




	XVII	
	Rahotep
	Nebmaatre
	Sobekemsaf I
	Sobekemsaf II
	Sekhemre-Wepmaat Intef
	Nubkheperre Intef
	Sekhemre-Heruhirmaat Intef
	Senakhtenre Ahmose
	Seqenenre Tao
	Kamose













	
	New Kingdom and Third Intermediate Period 
 (1550–664 BC)

	
	Period
	
	Dynasty
		Pharaohs  
(male
	
female♀)
	
uncertain







	New Kingdom

(1550–1070 BC)	
	XVIII	
	Ahmose I
	Amenhotep I
	Thutmose I
	Thutmose II
	Thutmose III
	Hatshepsut♀
	Amenhotep II
	Thutmose IV
	Amenhotep III
	Akhenaten
	Smenkhkare
	Neferneferuaten♀
	Tutankhamun
	Ay
	Horemheb




	XIX	
	Ramesses I
	Seti I
	Ramesses II
	Merneptah
	Amenmesses
	Seti II
	Siptah
	Twosret♀




	XX	
	Setnakhte
	Ramesses III
	Ramesses IV
	Ramesses V
	Ramesses VI
	Ramesses VII
	Ramesses VIII
	Ramesses IX
	Ramesses X
	Ramesses XI







	3rd Intermediate

(1069–664 BC)	
	XXI	
	Smendes
	Amenemnisu
	Psusennes I
	Amenemope
	Osorkon the Elder
	Siamun
	Psusennes II




	XXII	
	Shoshenq I
	Osorkon I
	Shoshenq II
	Takelot I
	Osorkon II
	Shoshenq III
	Shoshenq IV
	Pami
	Shoshenq V
	Pedubast II
	Osorkon IV




	XXIII	
	Harsiese A
	Takelot II
	Pedubast I
	Shoshenq VI
	Osorkon III
	Takelot III
	Rudamun
	Shoshenq VII
	Menkheperre Ini




	XXIV	
	Tefnakht
	Bakenranef




	XXV	
	Piye
	Shebitku
	Shabaka
	Taharqa
	Tanutamun













	
	Late Period and Hellenistic Period 
 (664–30 BC)

	
	Period
	
	Dynasty
		Pharaohs  
(male
	
female♀)
	
uncertain







	Late

(664–332 BC)	
	XXVI	
	Necho I
	Psamtik I
	Necho II
	Psamtik II
	Wahibre
	Ahmose II
	Psamtik III




	XXVII	
	Cambyses II
	Petubastis III
	Darius I
	Xerxes
	Artaxerxes I
	Darius II




	XXVIII	
	Amyrtaeus




	XXIX	
	Nepherites I
	Hakor
	Psammuthes
	Nepherites II




	XXX	
	Nectanebo I
	Teos
	Nectanebo II




	XXXI	
	Artaxerxes III
	Khabash
	Arses
	Darius III







	Hellenistic

(332–30 BC)	
	Argead	
	Alexander the Great
	Philip III Arrhidaeus
	Alexander IV




	Ptolemaic	
	Ptolemy I Soter
	Ptolemy II Philadelphus
	Arsinoe II♀
	Ptolemy III Euergetes
	Berenice II Euergetes♀
	Ptolemy IV Philopator
	Arsinoe III Philopator♀
	Ptolemy V Epiphanes
	Cleopatra I Syra♀
	Ptolemy VI Philometor
	Cleopatra II♀
	Ptolemy VII Neos Philopator
	Ptolemy VIII Euergetes
	Cleopatra III♀
	Ptolemy IX Soter
	Cleopatra IV♀
	Ptolemy X Alexander I
	Berenice III♀
	Ptolemy XI Alexander II
	Ptolemy XII Neos Dionysos
	Cleopatra V♀
	Berenice IV Epiphaneia♀
	Cleopatra VI Tryphaena♀
	Cleopatra VII Philopator♀
	Ptolemy XIII Theos Philopator
	Arsinoe IV♀
	Ptolemy XIV
	Ptolemy XV Caesarion













	
	Dynastic genealogies

	
	1st
	2nd
	3rd
	4th
	11th
	12th
	18th
	19th
	20th
	21st to 23rd
	24th
	25th
	26th
	27th
	30th
	31st
	Ptolemaic







	List of pharaohs




	Authority control 	
	GND: 133072568
	LCCN: nr97026533
	VIAF: 46669300
	 WorldCat Identities: lccn-nr97026533














Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ptolemy_IX_Soter&oldid=1002383711"


		Categories: 	2nd-century BC births
	81 BC deaths
	2nd-century BC Pharaohs
	1st-century BC Pharaohs
	Pharaohs of the Ptolemaic dynasty
	1st-century BC rulers in Africa
	2nd-century BC rulers in Africa
	2nd-century BC Egyptian people
	1st-century BC Egyptian people
	Ptolemaic governors of Cyprus


Hidden categories: 	Harv and Sfn no-target errors
	CS1: long volume value
	Articles with short description
	Short description is different from Wikidata
	Articles containing Greek-language text
	Commons category link is on Wikidata
	Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers
	Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers
	Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers
	Wikipedia articles with WORLDCATID identifiers




	




	





	Navigation menu

	
		

	
		Personal tools
	

	
			Not logged in
	Talk
	Contributions
	Create account
	Log in


		
	



		
			

	
		Namespaces
	

	
			Article
	Talk


		
	



			

	
	
		Variants
	

	
		

		
	



		

		
			

	
		Views
	

	
			Read
	Edit
	View history


		
	



			

	
	
		More
	

	
		

		
	



			
	
		Search
	

	
		
			
			
			
			
		

	




		

	

	

	
		
	

	

	
		Navigation
	

	
			Main page
	Contents
	Current events
	Random article
	About Wikipedia
	Contact us
	Donate


		
	



	

	
		Contribute
	

	
			Help
	Learn to edit
	Community portal
	Recent changes
	Upload file


		
	




	
		Tools
	

	
			What links here
	Related changes
	Upload file
	Special pages
	Permanent link
	Page information
	Cite this page
	Wikidata item


		
	




	
		Print/export
	

	
			Download as PDF
	Printable version


		
	




	
		In other projects
	

	
			Wikimedia Commons


		
	



	

	
		Languages
	

	
			العربية
	تۆرکجه
	Беларуская
	Български
	Català
	Čeština
	Deutsch
	Eesti
	Ελληνικά
	Español
	Esperanto
	Euskara
	فارسی
	Français
	한국어
	Hrvatski
	Bahasa Indonesia
	Italiano
	עברית
	ქართული
	Latina
	Lietuvių
	Magyar
	Malagasy
	مصرى
	Nederlands
	日本語
	Norsk bokmål
	Polski
	Português
	Русский
	සිංහල
	Српски / srpski
	Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски
	Suomi
	Svenska
	ไทย
	Українська
	Tiếng Việt
	Yorùbá
	中文


		Edit links

	









		 This page was last edited on 24 January 2021, at 04:39 (UTC).
	Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License;
additional terms may apply.  By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.



		Privacy policy
	About Wikipedia
	Disclaimers
	Contact Wikipedia
	Mobile view
	Developers
	Statistics
	Cookie statement