Cyaxares - Wikipedia Cyaxares From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to navigation Jump to search This article may be expanded with text translated from the corresponding article in Persian. (July 2013) Click [show] for important translation instructions. View a machine-translated version of the Persian article. Machine translation like DeepL or Google Translate is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting machine-translated text into the English Wikipedia. Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low-quality. If possible, verify the text with references provided in the foreign-language article. You must provide copyright attribution in the edit summary accompanying your translation by providing an interlanguage link to the source of your translation. A model attribution edit summary Content in this edit is translated from the existing Persian Wikipedia article at [[:fa:هووخشتره]]; see its history for attribution. You should also add the template {{Translated|fa|هووخشتره}} to the talk page. For more guidance, see Wikipedia:Translation. King of Media Cyaxares King of Media Likely relief of Cyaxeres (right), Qyzqapan tomb, Sulaymaniyah. Iraqi Kurdistan.[1] Reign 625–585 BC Predecessor Phraortes Successor Astyages Born Ecbatana (present-day Hamadan) Burial Syromedia (present-day Qyzqapan), according to Igor Diakonov[2] Spouse Daughter (or granddaughter) of Nabopolassar Issue Astyages Amytis (or granddaughter) Dynasty Median Dynasty Father Phraortes Religion Ancient Iranian religion Cyaxares (Ancient Greek: Κυαξάρης; Old Persian: 𐎢𐎺𐎧𐏁𐎫𐎼 Uvaxštra;[3][4] Avestan: Huxšaθra "Good Ruler"; Akkadian: Umakištar;[5] Old Phrygian: ksuwaksaros;[6] r. 625–585 BC) was the third and most capable king of Media, according to Herodotus, with a far greater military reputation than his father Phraortes or grandfather Deioces. He was the first to divide his troops into separate sections of spearmen, archers, and horsemen.[7] By uniting most of the Iranian tribes of ancient Iran and conquering neighbouring territories, Cyaxares transformed the Median Empire into a regional power.[8] He facilitated the fall of the Neo-Assyrian Empire, and according to Herodotus repelled the Scythians from Media.[9] He was one of the great-grandfathers of Cyrus the Great. Contents 1 The rise of Cyaxares 2 War against Lydia 3 Qyzqapan 4 Legacy 5 See also 6 References 7 Sources 8 External links The rise of Cyaxares[edit] Cyaxares' Median Empire at the time of its maximum expansion. Cyaxares was born in the Median capital of Ecbatana. His father Phraortes was killed in a battle against the Assyrians, led by Ashurbanipal, the king of Assyria. After Phraortes' demise, the Scythians overran Media and controlled the area for a period of twenty-eight years.[10] Cyaxares, seeking revenge, killed the Scythian leaders[11] and proclaimed himself King of Medes. After throwing off the Scythians, he prepared for war against Assyria.[12] Cyaxares reorganized the Median army, then allied himself with King Nabopolassar of Babylonia, a mutual enemy of Assyria. This alliance was formalized through the marriage of Cyaxares' daughter, Amytis, to Nabopolassar's son, Nebuchadnezzar II. Cyaxares also allied with the Scythians even though they warred against each other a decade earlier.[13] In the year 612 B.C.E, Cyaxares and his army was able to conquer Assur and he also claimed the Assyrian capital of Nineveh. The Medians, Babylonians, and Scythians overthrew the Assyrian Empire and destroyed Nineveh in 612 BC. Fighting between the Medes and the Assyrians would finally come to an end in the year 609 B.C.E. War against Lydia[edit] Qyzqapan tomb, likely relief of Cyaxeres (detail).[1] Herodotus reported the wars of Cyaxares in The Histories After the victory in Assyria, the Medes conquered Northern Mesopotamia, Armenia and the parts of Asia Minor east of the Halys River, which was the border established with Lydia after a decisive battle between Lydia and Media, the Battle of Halys ended with an eclipse on May 28, 585 BC. Before Cyaxares was confronted with the threat of the Lydian army, Alyattes had previously campaigned in the eastern regions of Phrygia and Gordion.[14] The conflict between Lydia and the Medes was reported by Herodotus as follows: "A horde of the nomad Scythians at feud with the rest withdrew and sought refuge in the land of the Medes: and at this time the ruler of the Medes was Cyaxares the son of Phraortes, the son of Deïokes, who at first dealt well with these Scythians, being suppliants for his protection; and esteeming them very highly he delivered boys to them to learn their speech and the art of shooting with the bow. Then time went by, and the Scythians used to go out continually to the chase and always brought back something; till once it happened that they took nothing, and when they returned with empty hands Cyaxares (being, as he showed on this occasion, not of an eminently good disposition) dealt with them very harshly and used insult towards them. And they, when they had received this treatment from Cyaxares, considering that they had suffered indignity, planned to kill and to cut up one of the boys who were being instructed among them, and having dressed his flesh as they had been wont to dress the wild animals, to bear it to Cyaxares and give it to him, pretending that it was game taken in hunting; and when they had given it, their design was to make their way as quickly as possible to Alyattes the son of Sadyattes at Sardis. This then was done; and Cyaxares with the guests who ate at his table tasted of that meat, and the Scythians having so done became suppliants for the protection of Alyattes. After this, since Alyattes would not give up the Scythians when Cyaxares demanded them, there had arisen war between the Lydians and the Medes lasting five years; in which years the Medes often discomfited the Lydians and the Lydians often discomfited the Medes (and among others they fought also a battle by night): and as they still carried on the war with equally balanced fortune, in the sixth year a battle took Halys River place in which it happened, when the fight had begun, that suddenly the day became night. And this change of the day Thales the Milesian had foretold to the Ionians laying down as a limit this very year in which the change took place. The Lydians however and the Medes, when they saw that it had become night instead of day, ceased from their fighting and were much more eager both of them that peace should be made between them. And they who brought about the peace between them were Syennesis the Kilikian and Labynetos the Babylonian: these were they who urged also the taking of the oath by them, and they brought about an interchange of marriages; for they decided that Alyattes should give his daughter Aryenis to Astyages the son of Cyaxares, since without the compulsion of a strong tie agreements are apt not to hold strongly together." (The Histories, 1.73-74, trans. Macaulay) After the subsequent interchange of marriage, fighting ceased between the Medians and the Lydians, yet Croesus would later refuse to send aid to Astyages when faced with conflict from Cyrus the Great.[14] Thus showing that while the resulting marriages may have prevented more fighting between the Medians and the Lydians, the two kingdoms were not joined in any type of alliance. Cyaxares died shortly after the battle and was succeeded by his son, Astyages, who was the maternal grandfather of Cyrus the Great through his daughter Mandane of Media. Tomb of Cyaxares, Qyzqapan, Sulaymaniyah. Iraqi Kurdistan Qyzqapan[edit] Qyzqapan is a tomb located in the mountains of Iraqi Kurdistan in Sulaymaniyah. The Russian historian Igor Diakonov believed that it is probably a royal tomb and that if it is royal it is the tomb of Cyaxares.[2] Legacy[edit] See also: Historiography and nationalism In later accounts of the Hanging Gardens of Babylon, this was remembered as Nebuchadrezzar's present for his wife Amytis Cyaxares's daughter, to help with her homesickness for the mountainous country of her birth.[15] After Darius I seized the Iranshahr, rebellions erupted claiming Uvaxštra's legacy. After these were defeated, the shah noted two in the Behistun Inscription: "Another was Phraortes [Fravartiš], the Mede [Mâda]; he lied, saying: 'I am Khshathrita, of the dynasty of Cyaxares.' He made Media to revolt. Another was Tritantaechmes [Ciçataxma], the Sagartian [Asagartiya]; he lied, saying: 'I am king in Sagartia, of the dynasty of Cyaxares.' He made Sagartia to revolt." See also[edit] Asia portal History of Iran Iranian Peoples Cyaxares II Medes Eclipse of Thales References[edit] ^ a b Gershevitch, I.; Fisher, William Bayne; Avery, Peter; Boyle, John Andrew; Frye, Richard Nelson; Yarshater, Ehsan; Jackson, Peter; Melville, Charles Peter; Lockhart, Laurence; Hambly, Gavin (1985). The Cambridge History of Iran. Cambridge University Press. p. 139. ISBN 9780521200912. ^ a b Gershevitch, Ilya (1984). The Cambridge history of Iran: The Median and Achaemenian periods. ISBN 9780521200912. ^ Akbarzadeh, D.; A. Yahyanezhad (2006). The Behistun Inscriptions (Old Persian Texts) (in Persian). Khaneye-Farhikhtagan-e Honarhaye Sonati. p. 87. ISBN 964-8499-05-5. ^ Kent, Ronald Grubb (1384 AP). Old Persian: Grammar, Text, Glossary (in Persian). translated into Persian by S. Oryan. p. 406. ISBN 964-421-045-X. Check date values in: |date= (help) ^ https://www.livius.org/articles/person/cyaxares/ ^ Diakonoff 1993, pp. 478-479. ^ Herodotus (425 BC). The Histories (2008 ed.). Oxford University Press. pp. 48. Check date values in: |date= (help) ^ http://global.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/147792/Cyaxares ^ Cyaxares (Livius.org) ^ Middleton, John (2015). "World Monarchies and Dynasties". EBSCOhost. ^ Grousset, Rene (1970). The Empire of the Steppes. Rutgers University Press. pp. 8–9. ISBN 0-8135-1304-9. ^ Gershevitch, Ilya (1984). The Cambridge history of Iran: The Median and Achaemenian periods. ISBN 9780521200912. ^ Middleton, John. "World Monarchies and Dynasties". EBSCOhost. Armonk, N.Y. ; Great Britain. ^ a b Leloux, Kevin. "The Battle of the Eclipse". https://orbi.uliege.be/. Polemos. Retrieved 2019-04-30. External link in |website= (help) ^ Dalley, Stephanie (2013). The Mystery of the Hanging Garden of Babylon: an elusive World Wonder traced. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-966226-5. Sources[edit] Wikisource has the text of the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica article Cyaxares. Diakonoff, I. M. (1993). "CYAXARES". Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. VI, Fasc. 5. pp. 478–479. External links[edit] Wikimedia Commons has media related to Qyzqapan. Livius.org: Cyaxares Preceded by Madius King of Medes Succeeded by Astyages v t e Median and Achaemenid kings Family tree Median (728–550 BC) Deioces Phraortes Madius Cyaxares Astyages Achaemenid (550–330 BC) Achaemenes Ariaramnes Arsames Teispes Cyrus I Cambyses I Cyrus the Great (Cyrus II) Cambyses II Smerdis Gaumata Darius the Great (Darius I) Xerxes the Great (Xerxes I) Artaxerxes I Xerxes II Sogdianus Darius II Nothus Artaxerxes II Mnemon Artaxerxes III Ochus Artaxerxes IV Arses Darius III Codomannus Artaxerxes V Bessus Italics indicate kings not directly attested and so possibly legendary. v t e Median topics Language Median language, Iranian language Cities Ecbatana (Hamadan) Rhagae (Shahre Rey, Tehran) Laodicea (Nahavand) Battles involving Lydia Eclipse of Thales Battles involving Persia Persian Revolt Battle of Hyrba Battle of the Persian Border Siege of Pasargadae Hill Battle of Pasargadae Fall of Ecbatana Kings/Satraps Deioces Phraortes Madius Cyaxares Astyages Cyaxares II Darius the Mede Other Medians Amytis of Media Artembares Datis Gubaru Mazares Harpagus Aryenis Mandane Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cyaxares&oldid=1000521060" Categories: 585 BC deaths Median kings 6th-century BC rulers 7th-century BC rulers in Asia 6th-century BC Iranian people 7th-century BC Iranian people Hidden categories: CS1 Persian-language sources (fa) CS1 errors: dates CS1 errors: external links Articles to be expanded from July 2013 All articles to be expanded Articles needing translation from Persian Wikipedia Articles with short description Short description is different from Wikidata Articles containing Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text Articles containing Old Persian (ca. 600-400 B.C.)-language text Commons category link is locally defined Year of birth unknown Navigation menu Personal tools Not logged in Talk Contributions Create account Log in Namespaces Article Talk Variants Views Read Edit View history More Search Navigation Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Donate Contribute Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Tools What links here Related changes Upload file Special pages Permanent link Page information Cite this page Wikidata item Print/export Download as PDF Printable version Languages العربية Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه বাংলা Български Brezhoneg Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Italiano עברית Kurdî Latina Lietuvių Magyar Malagasy مصرى Nederlands 日本語 Norsk bokmål Oʻzbekcha/ўзбекча Polski Português Română Русский Slovenčina Slovenščina کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Svenska Tagalog Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 15 January 2021, at 12:57 (UTC). 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