Third Dynasty of Egypt - Wikipedia Third Dynasty of Egypt From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to navigation Jump to search "Third Dynasty" redirects here. For the Sumerian Renaissance, see Third Dynasty of Ur. Third Dynasty of Egypt ca. 2686 BC–ca. 2613 BC Pyramid of Djoser at Saqqara Capital Memphis Common languages Egyptian language Religion ancient Egyptian religion Government Absolute monarchy Historical era Bronze Age • Established ca. 2686 BC • Disestablished ca. 2613 BC Preceded by Succeeded by Second Dynasty of Egypt Fourth Dynasty of Egypt Periods and Dynasties of Ancient Egypt All years are BC Early Pre-dynastic period First Dynasty I c. 3150–2890 Second Dynasty II 2890–2686 Old Kingdom Third Dynasty III 2686–2613 Fourth Dynasty IV 2613–2498 Fifth Dynasty V 2498–2345 Sixth Dynasty VI 2345–2181 First Intermediate Seventh Dynasty VII spurious Eighth Dynasty VIII 2181–2160 Ninth Dynasty IX 2160–2130 Tenth Dynasty X 2130–2040 Early Eleventh Dynasty XI 2134–2061 Middle Kingdom Late Eleventh Dynasty XI 2061–1991 Twelfth Dynasty XII 1991–1803 Thirteenth Dynasty XIII 1803–1649 Fourteenth Dynasty XIV 1705–1690 Second Intermediate Fifteenth Dynasty XV 1674–1535 Sixteenth Dynasty XVI 1660–1600 Abydos Dynasty 1650–1600 Seventeenth Dynasty XVII 1580–1549 New Kingdom Eighteenth Dynasty XVIII 1549–1292 Nineteenth Dynasty XIX 1292–1189 Twentieth Dynasty XX 1189–1077 Third Intermediate Twenty-first Dynasty XXI 1069–945 Twenty-second Dynasty XXII 945–720 Twenty-third Dynasty XXIII 837–728 Twenty-fourth Dynasty XXIV 732–720 Twenty-fifth Dynasty XXV 732–653 Late Period Twenty-sixth Dynasty XXVI 672–525 Twenty-seventh Dynasty (1st Persian Period) XXVII 525–404 Twenty-eighth Dynasty XXVIII 404–398 Twenty-ninth Dynasty XXIX 398–380 Thirtieth Dynasty XXX 380–343 Thirty-first Dynasty (2nd Persian Period) XXXI 343–332 Ptolemaic (Hellenistic) Argead Dynasty 332–305 Ptolemaic Kingdom 305–30 See also: List of Pharaohs by Period and Dynasty Periodization of Ancient Egypt v t e Funerary temple of Djoser at Saqqara The Third Dynasty of ancient Egypt is the first dynasty of the Old Kingdom. Other dynasties of the Old Kingdom include the Fourth, Fifth and Sixth. The capital during the period of the Old Kingdom was at Memphis. Contents 1 Overview 2 Rulers 3 Third Dynasty timeline 4 References Overview[edit] After the turbulent last years of the Second Dynasty, which might have included civil war, Egypt came under the rule of Djoser, marking the beginning of the Third Dynasty.[1] Both the Turin King List and the Abydos King List record five kings,[2] while the Saqqara Tablet only records four, and Manetho records nine,[3] many of whom did not exist or are simply the same king under multiple names. The Turin King List gives Nebka, Djoser, Djoserti, Hudjefa I, and Huni. The Abydos King List gives Nebka, Djoser, Teti, Sedjes, and Neferkare. The Saqqara Tablet gives Djoser, Djoserteti, Nebkare, and Huni. Manetho gives Necheróphes (Nebka), Tosorthrós (Djoser), Týreis (Djoserti/Sekhemkhet), Mesôchris (Sanakht, probably the same person as Nebka), Sôÿphis (also Djoser), Tósertasis (also Djoserti/Sekhemkhet), Achês (Nebtawy Nebkare; unlikely Khaba, perhaps nonexistent), Sêphuris (Qahedjet), and Kerpherês (Huni). The archaeological evidence shows that Khasekhemwy, the last ruler of the Second Dynasty, was succeeded by Djoser, who at the time was only attested by his presumed Horus name Netjerikhet. Djoser's successor was Sekhemkhet, who had the Nebty name Djeserty. The last king of the dynasty is Huni, who may be the same person as Qahedjet or, less likely, Khaba. There are three remaining Horus names of known 3rd dynasty kings: Sanakht, Khaba, and perhaps Qahedjet. One of these three, by far most likely Sanakht, went by the nebty name Nebka.[2] Dating the Third Dynasty is similarly challenging. Shaw gives the dates as being approximately from 2686 to 2613 BC.[4] The Turin King List suggests a total of 75 years for the third dynasty. Baines and Malek have placed the third dynasty as spanning the years 2650–2575 BC,[2] while Dodson and Hilton date the dynasty to 2584–2520 BC. It is not uncommon for these estimates to differ by more than a century.[1] Rulers[edit] The pharaohs of the Third Dynasty ruled for approximately seventy-five years. Due to recent archaeological findings in Abydos revealing that Djoser was the one who buried Khasekhemwy, the last king of the Second Dynasty, it is now widely believed that Djoser is the founder of the Third Dynasty, as the direct successor of Khasekhemwy and the one responsible for finishing his tomb.[5] These findings contradict earlier writings, like Wilkinson 1999, which proposed that Nebka/Sanakht was the founder of the dynasty. However, the two were not very far apart temporally; they may have been brothers, along with Sekhemkhet,[6][7] as the sons of Khasekhemwy and his favoured consort Nimaathap. Dynasty III pharaohs Horus-name Personal Name Regnal years Burial Consort(s) Netjerikhet Djoser 19 or 28 Saqqara Hetephernebti Sekhemkhet Djoserty 6-7 Saqqara: Buried Pyramid Djeseretnebti Sanakht Nebka 6-28 years, depending on identification; most likely six, 18, or 19 years Possibly mastaba K2 at Beit Khallaf Khaba Teti 6 ? 24, if identical to Huni Zawyet el'Aryan: Layer Pyramid Uncertain, Qahedjet ? Huni 24 Meidum ? Djefatnebti Meresankh I While Manetho names Necherophes, and the Turin King List names Nebka (a.k.a. Sanakht), as the first pharaoh of the Third Dynasty,[2] many contemporary Egyptologists believe Djoser was the first king of this dynasty, pointing out the order in which some predecessors of Khufu are mentioned in the Papyrus Westcar suggests that Nebka should be placed between Djoser and Huni, and not before Djoser. More importantly, seals naming Djoser were found at the entrance to Khasekhemwy's tomb at Abydos, which demonstrates that it was Djoser, rather than Sanakht, who buried and succeeded this king.[2] The Turin King List scribe wrote Djoser's name in red ink, which indicates the Ancient Egyptians' recognition of this king's historical importance in their culture. In any case, Djoser is the best known king of this dynasty, for commissioning his vizier Imhotep to build the earliest surviving pyramids, the Step Pyramid. Nebka's identification with Sanakht is uncertain; though many Egyptologists continue to support the theory that the two kings were one and the same man, opposition exists because this opinion rests on a single fragmentary clay seal discovered in 1903 by John Garstang. Though damaged, the seal displays the serekh of Sanakht, together with a cartouche containing a form of the sign for "ka," with just enough room for the sign for "Neb." Nebka's reign length is given as eighteen years by both Manetho and the Turin Canon, though it is important to note that these sources write over 2,300 and 1,400 years after his lifetime, so their accuracy is uncertain. In contrast to Djoser, both Sanakht and Nebka are attested in considerably few relics for a ruler of nearly two decades; the Turin Canon gives a reign of only six years to an unnamed immediate predecessor of Huni. Toby Wilkinson suggests that this number fits Sanakht (whom he identifies concretely with Nebka), given the sparsity of archaeological evidence for him, but it could also be the reign length of Khaba or even Qahedjet, kings whose identities are uncertain. (Wilkinson places Nebka as the penultimate king of the Third Dynasty, before Huni, but this is by no means definitively known or even overwhelmingly supported among Egyptologists.) Some authorities believe that Imhotep lived into the reign of the Pharaoh Huni. Little is known for certain of Sekhemkhet, but his reign is considered to have been only six or seven years, according to the Turin Canon and Palermo Stone, respectively. Attempts to equate Sekhemkhet with Tosertasis, a king assigned nineteen years by Manetho, find almost no support given the unfinished state of his tomb, the Buried Pyramid. It is believed that Khaba possibly built the Layer Pyramid at Zawyet el'Aryan; the pyramid is far smaller than it was intended to be, but it is not known whether this is due to natural erosion or because it, like Sekhemkhet's own tomb, was never completed to begin with. In any case, the duration of Khaba's reign is uncertain; a few Egyptologists believe Khaba was identical to Huni, but if Khaba is the same person as the Ramesside names Hudjeta II and Sednes, he could have reigned for six years. Third Dynasty timeline[edit] Wikimedia Commons has media related to 3rd dynasty of Egypt. References[edit] ^ a b Dodson, Hilton, The Complete Royal Families of Ancient Egypt, 2004 ^ a b c d e Toby A.H. Wilkinson, Early Dynastic Egypt, Routledge, 2001 ^ Aidan Dodson: The Layer Pyramid of Zawiyet el-Aryan: Its Layout and Context. In: Journal of the American Research Center in Egypt (JARCE), No. 37 (2000). American Research Center (Hg.), Eisenbrauns, Winona Lake/Bristol 2000, ISSN 0065-9991, pp. 81–90. ^ Shaw, Ian, ed. (2000). The Oxford History of Ancient Egypt. Oxford University Press. p. 480. ISBN 0-19-815034-2. ^ Bard, Kathryn (2015). An Introduction to the Archaeology of Ancient Egypt (2 ed.). John Wiley & Sons. pp. 140–145. ISBN 1-118-89611-4.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link) ^ Toby A. H. Wilkinson: Early Dynastic Egypt. Routledge, London 2001, ISBN 0415260116, p. 80 - 82, 94 - 97. ^ Silke Roth: Die Königsmütter des Alten Ägypten von der Frühzeit bis zum Ende der 12. Dynastie (= Ägypten und Altes Testament, vol. 46). Harrassowitz, Wiesbaden 2001, ISBN 3-447-04368-7, p. 59-61 & 65–67. Preceded by Second Dynasty Dynasties of Egypt c. 2686 – 2613 BC Succeeded by Fourth Dynasty v t e Third Dynasty of Ancient Egypt Pharaohs Djoser Sekhemkhet Sanakht Khaba Huni (Qahedjet) (Nebka) Queen consorts Djefatnebti Djeseretnebti Hetephernebti Meresankh I Nimaathap Other royals Inetkaes Mesen-ka Officials Imhotep Akhetaa Hesy-Ra Hetepi Kagemni I Khabawsokar Metjen Nefer-Setekh (Pehen-Ptah) Pehernefer Other people Sepa (Merit-Ptah) Pyramids Pyramid of Djoser Buried Pyramid Layer Pyramid Edfu South Pyramid Pyramid of Elephantine Pyramid of Naqada Mastabas Beit Khallaf Mastaba of Hesy-Re Artefact Famine Stela Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Third_Dynasty_of_Egypt&oldid=978847705" Categories: Third Dynasty of Egypt States and territories established in the 3rd millennium BC States and territories disestablished in the 3rd millennium BC Dynasties of ancient Egypt 27th century BC in Egypt 3rd-millennium BC establishments in Egypt 3rd-millennium BC disestablishments in Egypt 3rd millennium BC in Egypt Hidden categories: Pages using the EasyTimeline extension CS1 maint: ref=harv Commons category link is on Wikidata Navigation menu Personal tools Not logged in Talk Contributions Create account Log in Namespaces Article Talk Variants Views Read Edit View history More Search Navigation Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Donate Contribute Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Tools What links here Related changes Upload file Special pages Permanent link Page information Cite this page Wikidata item Print/export Download as PDF Printable version In other projects Wikimedia Commons Languages Afrikaans العربية Azərbaycanca বাংলা Български Brezhoneg Català Čeština Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano ქართული Latina Magyar Македонски مصرى Nederlands 日本語 Norsk bokmål Occitan Polski Português Română Русский Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 吴语 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 17 September 2020, at 08:19 (UTC). 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