Fourteenth Dynasty of Egypt - Wikipedia Fourteenth Dynasty of Egypt From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia   (Redirected from Nebefawre) Jump to navigation Jump to search Fourteenth Dynasty of Egypt ca. 1725 BC–ca. 1650 BC In orange, the territory possibly under control of the 14th dynasty according to Ryholt.[1] Capital Avaris Common languages Egyptian language Religion ancient Egyptian religion Government Absolute monarchy Historical era Bronze Age • Established ca. 1725 BC • Disestablished ca. 1650 BC Preceded by Succeeded by Thirteenth Dynasty of Egypt Fifteenth Dynasty of Egypt Periods and Dynasties of Ancient Egypt All years are BC Early Pre-dynastic period First Dynasty I c. 3150–2890 Second Dynasty II 2890–2686 Old Kingdom Third Dynasty III 2686–2613 Fourth Dynasty IV 2613–2498 Fifth Dynasty V 2498–2345 Sixth Dynasty VI 2345–2181 First Intermediate Seventh Dynasty VII spurious Eighth Dynasty VIII 2181–2160 Ninth Dynasty IX 2160–2130 Tenth Dynasty X 2130–2040 Early Eleventh Dynasty XI 2134–2061 Middle Kingdom Late Eleventh Dynasty XI 2061–1991 Twelfth Dynasty XII 1991–1803 Thirteenth Dynasty XIII 1803–1649 Fourteenth Dynasty XIV 1705–1690 Second Intermediate Fifteenth Dynasty XV 1674–1535 Sixteenth Dynasty XVI 1660–1600 Abydos Dynasty 1650–1600 Seventeenth Dynasty XVII 1580–1549 New Kingdom Eighteenth Dynasty XVIII 1549–1292 Nineteenth Dynasty XIX 1292–1189 Twentieth Dynasty XX 1189–1077 Third Intermediate Twenty-first Dynasty XXI 1069–945 Twenty-second Dynasty XXII 945–720 Twenty-third Dynasty XXIII 837–728 Twenty-fourth Dynasty XXIV 732–720 Twenty-fifth Dynasty XXV 732–653 Late Period Twenty-sixth Dynasty XXVI 672–525 Twenty-seventh Dynasty (1st Persian Period) XXVII 525–404 Twenty-eighth Dynasty XXVIII 404–398 Twenty-ninth Dynasty XXIX 398–380 Thirtieth Dynasty XXX 380–343 Thirty-first Dynasty (2nd Persian Period) XXXI 343–332 Ptolemaic (Hellenistic) Argead Dynasty 332–305 Ptolemaic Kingdom 305–30 See also: List of Pharaohs by Period and Dynasty Periodization of Ancient Egypt v t e The Fourteenth Dynasty of Egypt was a series of rulers reigning during the Second Intermediate Period over the Nile Delta region of Egypt. It lasted between 75 (c. 1725–1650 BC) and 155 years (c. 1805–1650 BC), depending on the scholar. The capital of the dynasty was probably Avaris.[1] The 14th Dynasty existed concurrently with the 13th Dynasty based in Memphis. The rulers of the 14th Dynasty are commonly identified by Egyptologists as being of Canaanite (Semitic) descent, owing to the distinct origins of the names of some of their kings and princes, like Ipqu (West Semitic for "grace"), Yakbim ("ia-ak-bi-im", an Amorite name), Qareh (West Semitic for "the bald one"), or Yaqub-Har.[1] Names in relation with Nubia are also recorded in two cases, king Nehesy ("The Nubian") and queen Tati. Contents 1 Chronology 2 Seat of power 3 Extent of rule and foreign relations 4 Rulers 5 References 6 Bibliography Chronology[edit] The 14th Dynasty is sometimes combined with the 11th, 12th and 13th Dynasties in the period Middle Kingdom of Egypt, though the 14th Dynasty overlaps at least partially with either (or both of) the 13th Dynasty and the 15th Dynasty. More commonly, the 14th Dynasty is grouped with the 13th, 15th, 16th and 17th in the Second Intermediate Period. Such are the gaps in the knowledge of the 14th Dynasty, that its absolute chronological position is debated and varies by as much as 75 years among authorities. Egyptologist Kim Ryholt proposes that the 14th Dynasty emerged during the late 12th Dynasty, c. 1805 BC, during or shortly after Sobekneferu's rule. He contends that the local Canaanite population residing in the eastern Delta declared its independence and staved off possible attempts from the 13th Dynasty Memphite kings to recover the Delta. According to Ryholt, the 14th Dynasty thus lasted from 1805 BC until its demise under the Hyksos 15th Dynasty, c. 1650 BC, i.e. lasting 155 years. This hypothesis is not shared by some Egyptologists such as Manfred Bietak, Daphna Ben Tor and James and Susan Allen, who argue that the 14th Dynasty cannot have emerged before the mid 13th Dynasty, c. 1720 BC, after the reign of Sobekhotep IV.[2][3] In particular, they argue that the evidence from the strata levels in which 14th Dynasty seals were discovered conclusively establishes that the 14th Dynasty was only contemporary with the 13th Dynasty in the last half century of the latter's existence, i.e. after c. 1700 BC. Additionally, Manfred Bietak has dated the inscriptions and monuments of Nehesy, possibly the second ruler of the dynasty, to around 1700 BC as well.[4] Following the very short reign of Nehesy, most scholars–among them, Manfred Bietak and Kim Ryholt–agree that the Delta region was struck by a prolonged famine and perhaps a plague lasting until the end of the 14th Dynasty.[1][5] The same famine may have affected the 13th Dynasty, which also exhibits instability and numerous ephemeral kings in its last 50 years of existence, from c. 1700 BC until 1650 BC. The weakened state of both kingdoms may explain, in part, why they fell rapidly to the emerging Hyksos power c. 1650 BC.[1] Seat of power[edit] The Manethonian tradition credits the Fourteenth Dynasty with as many as 76 kings ruling from Xois rather than Avaris. However, Egyptologist Kim Ryholt notes that the Turin Canon mentions only c. 56 kings and does not have enough space to have recorded over 70 kings. Ryholt also points to excavations at Avaris which revealed the existence of a large royal palace dating to the second intermediate period. One of its courtyards housed a statue of a king or high-ranking official, over twice life-sized, and wearing non-Egyptian attributes. For these reasons, Ryholt and most Egyptologists share the view that Avaris rather than Xois was the seat of power of the 14th Dynasty.[1] Extent of rule and foreign relations[edit] The precise borders of the 14th Dynasty state are not known due to the general scarcity of monuments left by this dynasty. In his study of the second intermediate period however, the Egyptologist Kim Ryholt concludes that the territory directly controlled by the 14th Dynasty roughly consisted of the Nile delta, with its border located around Athribis in the western Delta and Bubastis in the east.[1] Seals attributable to the 14th Dynasty have been found in Middle and Upper-Egypt, then 13th Dynasty territory, and as far south as Dongola, beyond the third cataract. To the north, seals have been found in the southern Levant, principally along the Mediterranean coast and as far north as Tell Kabri, in modern-day Israel.[1] This indicates the existence of an important trade with the 13th Dynasty, Canaanite city-states, and Nubia.[1] Ryholt further proposes that king Sheshi, whom he sees as a 14th dynasty ruler, married a Nubian princess, queen Tati, to strengthen relations with the Kushite kingdom.[1] Rulers[edit] The order of rulers for this dynasty is established by the Turin Royal Canon and is widely accepted, except for the first five rulers, which are given below after Ryholt.[1] The names of these rulers is not given on the Turin Canon, except possibly for one, and Ryholt proposes that they were mentioned as wsf in the list, which denotes a lacuna in the original document from which the list was copied in the Ramesside period.[1] Rather, Ryholt identifies the first five kings thanks to a seriation of their seals. His conclusions are debated however in Ben Tor's study of the strata levels in which seals attributed to the first five kings have been found. Ben Tor concludes that Sheshi's, 'Ammu's and Yakbim's reigns date to the second half of the Hyksos 15th dynasty and are not contemporary with the 13th dynasty. Thus according to Ben Tor, these kings were most likely minor vassal rulers of the Hyksos kings reigning in the Nile Delta.[2] Dynasty XIV pharaohs of Egypt (contested) Name of King Image Dates Comments Yakbim Sekhaenre 1805 BC – 1780 BC or after 1650 BC Chronological position is contested, maybe a vassal of the 15th dynasty Ya'ammu Nubwoserre 1780 BC – 1770 BC Chronological position is contested Qareh Khawoserre 1770 BC – 1760 BC Chronological position is contested 'Ammu Ahotepre 1760 – 1745 BC or after 1650 BC Chronological position is contested, maybe a vassal of the 15th dynasty Sheshi Maaibre 1745 BC – 1705 BC or after 1650 BC Attested by over 300 scarab-seals, possibly married to queen Tati who was a Kushite. Chronological position is contested, maybe a vassal of the 15th dynasty The following rulers are not controversial, being established by the Turin canon as well as, for a few of them, by contemporary sources: Dynasty XIV pharaohs of Egypt Name of King Image Dates Comments Nehesy Aasehre 1705 BC Best attested king of the dynasty, he left his name on two monuments at Avaris. His name means "The Nubian".[6] Khakherewre 1705 BC - Nebefawre 1704 BC Turin canon: reigned 1 year, 5 months, 15 days Sehebre Turin canon: reigned 3 years [lost] months, 1 day Merdjefare ending 1699 BC Attested by a single stela from Saft el-Hinna, in the Delta[7] Sewadjkare III Turin canon: reigned 1 year Nebdjefare ending 1694 BC - Webenre - Unknown Lost in the Turin kinglist [...]djefare - [...]webenre ending 1690 BC - Awibre II - Heribre - Nebsenre Attested by a jar bearing his prenomen. At least 5 months of reign. Unknown wsf in the Turin kinglist, indicating a lacuna in the document from which the list was copied [...]re Sekheperenre With Nehesy, Nebsenre and Merdjefare, only undisputed king known from contemporary sources Djedkherewre - Sankhibre II - Nefertum[...]re - Sekhem[...]re - Kakemure - Neferibre - I[...]re - Khakare - Akare - Hapu[...] Semenenre - Anati Djedkare - Babnum [...]kare - Unknown Eight lines lost in the Turin kinglist Senefer...re - Men[...]re - Djed[...]re - Unknown Three lines lost in the Turin kinglist Ink [...] - 'A[...] - Apophis I (?) - Unknown Five lines lost in the Turin kinglist Finally, several rulers attested by contemporary artefacts and otherwise unknown from the Turin Canon may be dated to the 14th[1] or 15th Dynasty.[8] Their identities and chronological position remain unclear: Possible dynasty XIV pharaohs of Egypt (unclear) Name of King Image Attestations Nuya 1 scarab-seal Sheneh 3 scarab-seals Shenshek 1 scarab-seal Wazad 5 scarab-seals Khamure 2 scarab-seals Yakareb 2 scarab-seals Merwoserre Yaqub-Har 27 scarab-seals References[edit] ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Kim Ryholt, The Political Situation in Egypt during the Second Intermediate Period, Museum Tusculanum Press, (1997) ^ a b Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research (BASOR) 315, 1999, pp.47-73. ^ Janine Bourriau, "The Second Intermediate Period (c.1650-1550 BC)" in Ian Shaw (ed.) The Oxford History of Ancient Egypt, Oxford University Press, 2000. pp.192 & 194 ^ Bourriau, "The Second Intermediate Period," pp.178-179, 181 ^ Manfred Bietak, "Egypt and Canaan During the Middle Bronze Age," BASOR, 281 (1991), pp. 21-72, esp. p. 38, available online ^ Darrell D. Baker, The Encyclopedia of the Pharaohs: Volume I - Predynastic to the Twentieth Dynasty 3300–1069 BC, Stacey International, ISBN 978-1-905299-37-9, 2008, p. 277 ^ Kenneth Kitchen: Ramesside Inscriptions, Blackwell Publishing 1993, ISBN 0631184279, p.546 ^ Daphna Ben-Tor: Scarabs, Chronology, and Interconnections: Egypt and Palestine in the Second Intermediate Period, Volume 27 of Orbis biblicus et orientalis / Series archaeologica: Series archaeologica, Academic Press Fribourg 2007, ISBN 978-3-7278-1593-5, excerpts available online Bibliography[edit] K.S.B. Ryholt (1998). The Political Situation in Egypt During the Second Intermediate Period, C1800-1550 BC. Museum Tusculanum Press. ISBN 8772894210. K.A. Kitchen (1993). Ramesside Inscriptions. Blackwell Publishing. ISBN 0631184279. Preceded by Thirteenth Dynasty Dynasty of Egypt 1725−1650 BC Succeeded by Fifteenth Dynasty Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fourteenth_Dynasty_of_Egypt&oldid=1001958867" Categories: Fourteenth Dynasty of Egypt States and territories established in the 19th century BC States and territories disestablished in the 17th century BC Hyksos Dynasties of ancient Egypt 17th century BC in Egypt 16th century BC in Egypt 2nd-millennium BC establishments in Egypt 2nd-millennium BC disestablishments in Egypt 2nd millennium BC in Egypt Navigation menu Personal tools Not logged in Talk Contributions Create account Log in Namespaces Article Talk Variants Views Read Edit View history More Search Navigation Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Donate Contribute Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Tools What links here Related changes Upload file Special pages Permanent link Page information Cite this page Wikidata item Print/export Download as PDF Printable version In other projects Wikimedia Commons Languages Afrikaans العربية Azərbaycanca Български Brezhoneg Català Čeština Deutsch Español Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano ქართული Magyar Nederlands 日本語 Norsk bokmål Português Русский Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Svenska தமிழ் Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 22 January 2021, at 04:12 (UTC). 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