id sid tid token lemma pos en-wikipedia-org-4229 1 1 Phalanx Phalanx NNP en-wikipedia-org-4229 1 2 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4229 1 3 Wikipedia wikipedia JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 1 4 Phalanx Phalanx NNP en-wikipedia-org-4229 1 5 From from IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 1 6 Wikipedia Wikipedia NNP en-wikipedia-org-4229 1 7 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4229 1 8 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 1 9 free free JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 1 10 encyclopedia encyclopedia NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 1 11 Jump Jump NNP en-wikipedia-org-4229 1 12 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 1 13 navigation navigation NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 1 14 Jump Jump NNP en-wikipedia-org-4229 1 15 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-4229 1 16 search search VB en-wikipedia-org-4229 1 17 Infantry Infantry NNP en-wikipedia-org-4229 1 18 formation formation NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 1 19 For for IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 1 20 other other JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 1 21 uses use NNS en-wikipedia-org-4229 1 22 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4229 1 23 see see VB en-wikipedia-org-4229 1 24 Phalanx Phalanx NNP en-wikipedia-org-4229 1 25 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4229 1 26 disambiguation disambiguation NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 1 27 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4229 1 28 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4229 2 1 This this DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 2 2 article article NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 2 3 has have VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4229 2 4 multiple multiple JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 2 5 issues issue NNS en-wikipedia-org-4229 2 6 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4229 3 1 Please please UH en-wikipedia-org-4229 3 2 help help VB en-wikipedia-org-4229 3 3 improve improve VB en-wikipedia-org-4229 3 4 it -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-4229 3 5 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-4229 3 6 discuss discuss VB en-wikipedia-org-4229 3 7 these these DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 3 8 issues issue NNS en-wikipedia-org-4229 3 9 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 3 10 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 3 11 talk talk NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 3 12 page page NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 3 13 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4229 4 1 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4229 4 2 Learn learn VB en-wikipedia-org-4229 4 3 how how WRB en-wikipedia-org-4229 4 4 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4229 4 5 when when WRB en-wikipedia-org-4229 4 6 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-4229 4 7 remove remove VB en-wikipedia-org-4229 4 8 these these DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 4 9 template template NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 4 10 messages message NNS en-wikipedia-org-4229 4 11 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4229 4 12 This this DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 4 13 article article NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 4 14 includes include VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4229 4 15 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 4 16 list list NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 4 17 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 4 18 general general JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 4 19 references reference NNS en-wikipedia-org-4229 4 20 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4229 4 21 but but CC en-wikipedia-org-4229 4 22 it -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-4229 4 23 remains remain VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4229 4 24 largely largely RB en-wikipedia-org-4229 4 25 unverified unverified JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 4 26 because because IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 4 27 it -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-4229 4 28 lacks lack VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4229 4 29 sufficient sufficient JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 4 30 corresponding correspond VBG en-wikipedia-org-4229 4 31 inline inline JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 4 32 citations citation NNS en-wikipedia-org-4229 4 33 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4229 5 1 Please please UH en-wikipedia-org-4229 5 2 help help VB en-wikipedia-org-4229 5 3 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-4229 5 4 improve improve VB en-wikipedia-org-4229 5 5 this this DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 5 6 article article NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 5 7 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 5 8 introducing introduce VBG en-wikipedia-org-4229 5 9 more more RBR en-wikipedia-org-4229 5 10 precise precise JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 5 11 citations citation NNS en-wikipedia-org-4229 5 12 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4229 6 1 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4229 6 2 October October NNP en-wikipedia-org-4229 6 3 2012 2012 CD en-wikipedia-org-4229 6 4 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4229 6 5 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4229 6 6 Learn learn VB en-wikipedia-org-4229 6 7 how how WRB en-wikipedia-org-4229 6 8 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4229 6 9 when when WRB en-wikipedia-org-4229 6 10 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-4229 6 11 remove remove VB en-wikipedia-org-4229 6 12 this this DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 6 13 template template NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 6 14 message message NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 6 15 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4229 6 16 This this DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 6 17 article article NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 6 18 needs need VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4229 6 19 additional additional JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 6 20 citations citation NNS en-wikipedia-org-4229 6 21 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 6 22 verification verification NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 6 23 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4229 7 1 Please please UH en-wikipedia-org-4229 7 2 help help VB en-wikipedia-org-4229 7 3 improve improve VB en-wikipedia-org-4229 7 4 this this DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 7 5 article article NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 7 6 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 7 7 adding add VBG en-wikipedia-org-4229 7 8 citations citation NNS en-wikipedia-org-4229 7 9 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 7 10 reliable reliable JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 7 11 sources source NNS en-wikipedia-org-4229 7 12 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4229 8 1 Unsourced unsourced JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 8 2 material material NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 8 3 may may MD en-wikipedia-org-4229 8 4 be be VB en-wikipedia-org-4229 8 5 challenged challenge VBN en-wikipedia-org-4229 8 6 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4229 8 7 removed remove VBN en-wikipedia-org-4229 8 8 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4229 9 1 Find find VB en-wikipedia-org-4229 9 2 sources source NNS en-wikipedia-org-4229 9 3 : : : en-wikipedia-org-4229 9 4   _SP en-wikipedia-org-4229 9 5 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-4229 9 6 Phalanx Phalanx NNP en-wikipedia-org-4229 9 7 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-4229 9 8   _SP en-wikipedia-org-4229 9 9 – – : en-wikipedia-org-4229 9 10   _SP en-wikipedia-org-4229 9 11 news news NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 9 12   _SP en-wikipedia-org-4229 9 13 · · NFP en-wikipedia-org-4229 9 14 newspapers newspaper NNS en-wikipedia-org-4229 9 15   _SP en-wikipedia-org-4229 9 16 · · NFP en-wikipedia-org-4229 9 17 books book NNS en-wikipedia-org-4229 9 18   _SP en-wikipedia-org-4229 9 19 · · NFP en-wikipedia-org-4229 9 20 scholar scholar NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 9 21   _SP en-wikipedia-org-4229 9 22 · · NFP en-wikipedia-org-4229 9 23 JSTOR JSTOR NNP en-wikipedia-org-4229 9 24 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4229 9 25 October October NNP en-wikipedia-org-4229 9 26 2012 2012 CD en-wikipedia-org-4229 9 27 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4229 9 28 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4229 9 29 Learn learn VB en-wikipedia-org-4229 9 30 how how WRB en-wikipedia-org-4229 9 31 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4229 9 32 when when WRB en-wikipedia-org-4229 9 33 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-4229 9 34 remove remove VB en-wikipedia-org-4229 9 35 this this DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 9 36 template template NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 9 37 message message NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 9 38 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4229 9 39 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4229 9 40 Learn learn VB en-wikipedia-org-4229 9 41 how how WRB en-wikipedia-org-4229 9 42 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4229 9 43 when when WRB en-wikipedia-org-4229 9 44 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-4229 9 45 remove remove VB en-wikipedia-org-4229 9 46 this this DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 9 47 template template NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 9 48 message message NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 9 49 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4229 9 50 Sumerian sumerian JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 9 51 phalanx phalanx NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 9 52 formation formation NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 9 53 c. c. NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 9 54     _SP en-wikipedia-org-4229 9 55 2400 2400 CD en-wikipedia-org-4229 9 56 BC BC NNP en-wikipedia-org-4229 9 57 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4229 9 58 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 9 59 detail detail NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 9 60 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 9 61 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 9 62 victory victory NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 9 63 stele stele JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 9 64 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 9 65 King King NNP en-wikipedia-org-4229 9 66 Eannatum Eannatum NNP en-wikipedia-org-4229 9 67 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 9 68 Lagash Lagash NNP en-wikipedia-org-4229 9 69 over over IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 9 70 Umma Umma NNP en-wikipedia-org-4229 9 71 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4229 9 72 called call VBN en-wikipedia-org-4229 9 73 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 9 74 Stele Stele NNP en-wikipedia-org-4229 9 75 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 9 76 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 9 77 Vultures vulture NNS en-wikipedia-org-4229 9 78 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 9 79 phalanx phalanx NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 9 80 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4229 9 81 Ancient Ancient NNP en-wikipedia-org-4229 9 82 Greek Greek NNP en-wikipedia-org-4229 9 83 : : : en-wikipedia-org-4229 9 84 φάλαγξ φάλαγξ JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 9 85 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-4229 9 86 plural plural JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 9 87 phalanxes phalanx NNS en-wikipedia-org-4229 9 88 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-4229 9 89 phalanges phalanx NNS en-wikipedia-org-4229 9 90 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4229 9 91 φάλαγγες φάλαγγες NNP en-wikipedia-org-4229 9 92 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4229 9 93 phalanges phalanx NNS en-wikipedia-org-4229 9 94 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4229 9 95 was be VBD en-wikipedia-org-4229 9 96 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 9 97 rectangular rectangular JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 9 98 mass mass JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 9 99 military military JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 9 100 formation formation NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 9 101 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4229 9 102 usually usually RB en-wikipedia-org-4229 9 103 composed compose VBN en-wikipedia-org-4229 9 104 entirely entirely RB en-wikipedia-org-4229 9 105 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 9 106 heavy heavy JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 9 107 infantry infantry NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 9 108 armed arm VBN en-wikipedia-org-4229 9 109 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 9 110 spears spear NNS en-wikipedia-org-4229 9 111 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4229 9 112 pikes pike NNS en-wikipedia-org-4229 9 113 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4229 9 114 sarissas sarissas NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 9 115 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4229 9 116 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-4229 9 117 similar similar JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 9 118 pole pole NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 9 119 weapons weapon NNS en-wikipedia-org-4229 9 120 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4229 10 1 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 10 2 term term NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 10 3 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4229 10 4 particularly particularly RB en-wikipedia-org-4229 10 5 used use VBN en-wikipedia-org-4229 10 6 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-4229 10 7 describe describe VB en-wikipedia-org-4229 10 8 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 10 9 use use NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 10 10 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 10 11 this this DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 10 12 formation formation NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 10 13 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 10 14 Ancient ancient JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 10 15 Greek greek JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 10 16 warfare warfare NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 10 17 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4229 10 18 although although IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 10 19 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 10 20 ancient ancient JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 10 21 Greek greek JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 10 22 writers writer NNS en-wikipedia-org-4229 10 23 used use VBD en-wikipedia-org-4229 10 24 it -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-4229 10 25 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-4229 10 26 also also RB en-wikipedia-org-4229 10 27 describe describe VB en-wikipedia-org-4229 10 28 any any DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 10 29 massed massed JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 10 30 infantry infantry NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 10 31 formation formation NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 10 32 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4229 10 33 regardless regardless RB en-wikipedia-org-4229 10 34 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 10 35 its -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-4229 10 36 equipment equipment NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 10 37 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4229 11 1 Arrian Arrian NNP en-wikipedia-org-4229 11 2 uses use VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4229 11 3 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 11 4 term term NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 11 5 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 11 6 his -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-4229 11 7 Array Array NNP en-wikipedia-org-4229 11 8 against against IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 11 9 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 11 10 Alans Alans NNPS en-wikipedia-org-4229 11 11 when when WRB en-wikipedia-org-4229 11 12 he -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-4229 11 13 refers refer VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4229 11 14 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 11 15 his -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-4229 11 16 legions legion NNS en-wikipedia-org-4229 11 17 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4229 12 1 In in IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 12 2 Greek greek JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 12 3 texts text NNS en-wikipedia-org-4229 12 4 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4229 12 5 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 12 6 phalanx phalanx NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 12 7 may may MD en-wikipedia-org-4229 12 8 be be VB en-wikipedia-org-4229 12 9 deployed deploy VBN en-wikipedia-org-4229 12 10 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 12 11 battle battle NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 12 12 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4229 12 13 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 12 14 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 12 15 march march NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 12 16 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4229 12 17 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-4229 12 18 even even RB en-wikipedia-org-4229 12 19 camped camp VBN en-wikipedia-org-4229 12 20 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4229 12 21 thus thus RB en-wikipedia-org-4229 12 22 describing describe VBG en-wikipedia-org-4229 12 23 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 12 24 mass mass NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 12 25 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 12 26 infantry infantry NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 12 27 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-4229 12 28 cavalry cavalry NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 12 29 that that WDT en-wikipedia-org-4229 12 30 would would MD en-wikipedia-org-4229 12 31 deploy deploy VB en-wikipedia-org-4229 12 32 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 12 33 line line NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 12 34 during during IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 12 35 battle battle NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 12 36 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4229 13 1 They -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-4229 13 2 marched march VBD en-wikipedia-org-4229 13 3 forward forward RB en-wikipedia-org-4229 13 4 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 13 5 one one CD en-wikipedia-org-4229 13 6 entity entity NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 13 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4229 14 1 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 14 2 term term NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 14 3 itself -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-4229 14 4 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4229 14 5 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 14 6 used use VBN en-wikipedia-org-4229 14 7 today today NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 14 8 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4229 14 9 does do VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4229 14 10 not not RB en-wikipedia-org-4229 14 11 refer refer VB en-wikipedia-org-4229 14 12 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 14 13 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 14 14 distinctive distinctive JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 14 15 military military JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 14 16 unit unit NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 14 17 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-4229 14 18 division division NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 14 19 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4229 14 20 e.g. e.g. RB en-wikipedia-org-4229 14 21 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4229 14 22 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 14 23 Roman roman JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 14 24 legion legion NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 14 25 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-4229 14 26 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 14 27 contemporary contemporary JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 14 28 Western western JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 14 29 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4229 14 30 type type NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 14 31 battalion battalion NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 14 32 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4229 14 33 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4229 14 34 but but CC en-wikipedia-org-4229 14 35 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 14 36 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 14 37 type type NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 14 38 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 14 39 formation formation NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 14 40 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 14 41 an an DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 14 42 army army NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 14 43 's 's POS en-wikipedia-org-4229 14 44 troops troop NNS en-wikipedia-org-4229 14 45 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4229 15 1 Therefore therefore RB en-wikipedia-org-4229 15 2 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4229 15 3 this this DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 15 4 term term NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 15 5 does do VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4229 15 6 not not RB en-wikipedia-org-4229 15 7 indicate indicate VB en-wikipedia-org-4229 15 8 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 15 9 standard standard JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 15 10 combat combat NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 15 11 strength strength NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 15 12 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-4229 15 13 composition composition NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 15 14 but but CC en-wikipedia-org-4229 15 15 includes include VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4229 15 16 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 15 17 total total JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 15 18 number number NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 15 19 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 15 20 infantry infantry NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 15 21 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4229 15 22 which which WDT en-wikipedia-org-4229 15 23 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4229 15 24 deployed deploy VBN en-wikipedia-org-4229 15 25 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 15 26 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 15 27 single single JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 15 28 formation formation NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 15 29 known know VBN en-wikipedia-org-4229 15 30 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 15 31 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 15 32 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-4229 15 33 phalanx phalanx NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 15 34 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-4229 15 35 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4229 16 1 Many many JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 16 2 spear spear NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 16 3 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4229 16 4 armed armed JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 16 5 troops troop NNS en-wikipedia-org-4229 16 6 historically historically RB en-wikipedia-org-4229 16 7 fought fight VBD en-wikipedia-org-4229 16 8 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 16 9 what what WP en-wikipedia-org-4229 16 10 might may MD en-wikipedia-org-4229 16 11 be be VB en-wikipedia-org-4229 16 12 termed term VBN en-wikipedia-org-4229 16 13 phalanx phalanx NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 16 14 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4229 16 15 like like JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 16 16 formations formation NNS en-wikipedia-org-4229 16 17 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4229 17 1 This this DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 17 2 article article NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 17 3 focuses focus VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4229 17 4 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 17 5 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 17 6 use use NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 17 7 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 17 8 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 17 9 military military JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 17 10 phalanx phalanx NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 17 11 formation formation NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 17 12 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 17 13 Ancient Ancient NNP en-wikipedia-org-4229 17 14 Greece Greece NNP en-wikipedia-org-4229 17 15 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4229 17 16 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 17 17 Hellenistic hellenistic JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 17 18 world world NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 17 19 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4229 17 20 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4229 17 21 other other JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 17 22 ancient ancient JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 17 23 states state NNS en-wikipedia-org-4229 17 24 heavily heavily RB en-wikipedia-org-4229 17 25 influenced influence VBN en-wikipedia-org-4229 17 26 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 17 27 Greek greek JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 17 28 civilization civilization NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 17 29 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4229 18 1 Contents content NNS en-wikipedia-org-4229 18 2 1 1 CD en-wikipedia-org-4229 18 3 History history NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 18 4 2 2 CD en-wikipedia-org-4229 18 5 Overview overview NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 18 6 2.1 2.1 CD en-wikipedia-org-4229 18 7 Pushing push VBG en-wikipedia-org-4229 18 8 2.2 2.2 CD en-wikipedia-org-4229 18 9 Shields Shields NNP en-wikipedia-org-4229 18 10 2.3 2.3 CD en-wikipedia-org-4229 18 11 Hoplite Hoplite NNP en-wikipedia-org-4229 18 12 armament armament NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 18 13 2.4 2.4 CD en-wikipedia-org-4229 18 14 Phalangite Phalangite NNP en-wikipedia-org-4229 18 15 armament armament NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 18 16 3 3 CD en-wikipedia-org-4229 18 17 Deployment Deployment NNP en-wikipedia-org-4229 18 18 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4229 18 19 combat combat NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 18 20 3.1 3.1 CD en-wikipedia-org-4229 18 21 Phalanx Phalanx NNP en-wikipedia-org-4229 18 22 composition composition NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 18 23 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4229 18 24 strength strength NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 18 25 3.2 3.2 CD en-wikipedia-org-4229 18 26 Phalanx Phalanx NNP en-wikipedia-org-4229 18 27 front front NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 18 28 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4229 18 29 depth depth NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 18 30 3.3 3.3 CD en-wikipedia-org-4229 18 31 Stages stage NNS en-wikipedia-org-4229 18 32 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 18 33 combat combat NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 18 34 4 4 CD en-wikipedia-org-4229 18 35 Tactics Tactics NNPS en-wikipedia-org-4229 18 36 5 5 CD en-wikipedia-org-4229 18 37 Weaknesses weakness NNS en-wikipedia-org-4229 18 38 6 6 CD en-wikipedia-org-4229 18 39 Classical classical JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 18 40 decline decline NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 18 41 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4229 18 42 post post JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 18 43 - - JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 18 44 classical classical JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 18 45 use use NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 18 46 7 7 CD en-wikipedia-org-4229 18 47 See see VB en-wikipedia-org-4229 18 48 also also RB en-wikipedia-org-4229 18 49 8 8 CD en-wikipedia-org-4229 18 50 Notes note NNS en-wikipedia-org-4229 18 51 9 9 CD en-wikipedia-org-4229 18 52 References reference NNS en-wikipedia-org-4229 18 53 10 10 CD en-wikipedia-org-4229 18 54 Further further JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 18 55 reading read VBG en-wikipedia-org-4229 18 56 11 11 CD en-wikipedia-org-4229 18 57 External external JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 18 58 links link NNS en-wikipedia-org-4229 18 59 History[edit history[edit VBP en-wikipedia-org-4229 18 60 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4229 18 61 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 18 62 earliest early RBS en-wikipedia-org-4229 18 63 known know VBN en-wikipedia-org-4229 18 64 depiction depiction NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 18 65 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 18 66 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 18 67 phalanx phalanx NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 18 68 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4229 18 69 like like JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 18 70 formation formation NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 18 71 occurs occur VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4229 18 72 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 18 73 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 18 74 Sumerian sumerian JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 18 75 stele stele NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 18 76 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 18 77 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 18 78 25th 25th JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 18 79 century century NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 18 80 BC BC NNP en-wikipedia-org-4229 18 81 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4229 19 1 Here here RB en-wikipedia-org-4229 19 2 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 19 3 troops troop NNS en-wikipedia-org-4229 19 4 seem seem VBP en-wikipedia-org-4229 19 5 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-4229 19 6 have have VB en-wikipedia-org-4229 19 7 been be VBN en-wikipedia-org-4229 19 8 equipped equip VBN en-wikipedia-org-4229 19 9 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 19 10 spears spear NNS en-wikipedia-org-4229 19 11 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4229 19 12 helmets helmet NNS en-wikipedia-org-4229 19 13 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4229 19 14 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4229 19 15 large large JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 19 16 shields shield NNS en-wikipedia-org-4229 19 17 covering cover VBG en-wikipedia-org-4229 19 18 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 19 19 whole whole JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 19 20 body body NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 19 21 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4229 20 1 Ancient ancient JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 20 2 Egyptian egyptian JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 20 3 infantry infantry NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 20 4 were be VBD en-wikipedia-org-4229 20 5 known know VBN en-wikipedia-org-4229 20 6 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-4229 20 7 have have VB en-wikipedia-org-4229 20 8 employed employ VBN en-wikipedia-org-4229 20 9 similar similar JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 20 10 formations formation NNS en-wikipedia-org-4229 20 11 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4229 21 1 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 21 2 first first JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 21 3 usage usage NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 21 4 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 21 5 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 21 6 term term NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 21 7 phalanx phalanx NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 21 8 comes come VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4229 21 9 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 21 10 Homer Homer NNP en-wikipedia-org-4229 21 11 's 's POS en-wikipedia-org-4229 21 12 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-4229 21 13 φαλαγξ φαλαγξ NNP en-wikipedia-org-4229 21 14 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-4229 21 15 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4229 21 16 used use VBN en-wikipedia-org-4229 21 17 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-4229 21 18 describe describe VB en-wikipedia-org-4229 21 19 hoplites hoplite NNS en-wikipedia-org-4229 21 20 fighting fight VBG en-wikipedia-org-4229 21 21 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 21 22 an an DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 21 23 organized organized JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 21 24 battle battle NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 21 25 line line NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 21 26 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4229 22 1 Homer Homer NNP en-wikipedia-org-4229 22 2 used use VBD en-wikipedia-org-4229 22 3 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 22 4 term term NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 22 5 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-4229 22 6 differentiate differentiate VB en-wikipedia-org-4229 22 7 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 22 8 formation formation NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 22 9 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4229 22 10 based base VBN en-wikipedia-org-4229 22 11 combat combat NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 22 12 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 22 13 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 22 14 individual individual JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 22 15 duels duel NNS en-wikipedia-org-4229 22 16 so so RB en-wikipedia-org-4229 22 17 often often RB en-wikipedia-org-4229 22 18 found find VBD en-wikipedia-org-4229 22 19 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 22 20 his -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-4229 22 21 poems poem NNS en-wikipedia-org-4229 22 22 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4229 23 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4229 23 2 1 1 LS en-wikipedia-org-4229 23 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4229 23 4 Historians Historians NNPS en-wikipedia-org-4229 23 5 have have VBP en-wikipedia-org-4229 23 6 not not RB en-wikipedia-org-4229 23 7 arrived arrive VBN en-wikipedia-org-4229 23 8 at at IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 23 9 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 23 10 consensus consensus NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 23 11 about about IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 23 12 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 23 13 relationship relationship NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 23 14 between between IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 23 15 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 23 16 Greek greek JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 23 17 formation formation NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 23 18 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4229 23 19 these these DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 23 20 predecessors predecessor NNS en-wikipedia-org-4229 23 21 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 23 22 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 23 23 hoplites hoplite NNS en-wikipedia-org-4229 23 24 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4229 24 1 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 24 2 principles principle NNS en-wikipedia-org-4229 24 3 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 24 4 shield shield NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 24 5 wall wall NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 24 6 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4229 24 7 spear spear NNP en-wikipedia-org-4229 24 8 hedge hedge NNP en-wikipedia-org-4229 24 9 were be VBD en-wikipedia-org-4229 24 10 almost almost RB en-wikipedia-org-4229 24 11 universally universally RB en-wikipedia-org-4229 24 12 known know VBN en-wikipedia-org-4229 24 13 among among IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 24 14 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 24 15 armies army NNS en-wikipedia-org-4229 24 16 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 24 17 major major JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 24 18 civilizations civilization NNS en-wikipedia-org-4229 24 19 throughout throughout IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 24 20 history history NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 24 21 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4229 24 22 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4229 24 23 so so RB en-wikipedia-org-4229 24 24 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 24 25 similarities similarity NNS en-wikipedia-org-4229 24 26 may may MD en-wikipedia-org-4229 24 27 be be VB en-wikipedia-org-4229 24 28 related relate VBN en-wikipedia-org-4229 24 29 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 24 30 convergent convergent NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 24 31 evolution evolution NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 24 32 instead instead RB en-wikipedia-org-4229 24 33 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 24 34 diffusion diffusion NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 24 35 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4229 25 1 Traditionally traditionally RB en-wikipedia-org-4229 25 2 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4229 25 3 historians historian NNS en-wikipedia-org-4229 25 4 date date NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 25 5 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 25 6 origin origin NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 25 7 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 25 8 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 25 9 hoplite hoplite JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 25 10 phalanx phalanx NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 25 11 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 25 12 ancient ancient JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 25 13 Greece Greece NNP en-wikipedia-org-4229 25 14 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 25 15 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 25 16 8th 8th JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 25 17 century century NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 25 18 BC BC NNP en-wikipedia-org-4229 25 19 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 25 20 Sparta Sparta NNP en-wikipedia-org-4229 25 21 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4229 25 22 but but CC en-wikipedia-org-4229 25 23 this this DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 25 24 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4229 25 25 under under IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 25 26 revision revision NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 25 27 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4229 26 1 It -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-4229 26 2 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4229 26 3 perhaps perhaps RB en-wikipedia-org-4229 26 4 more more RBR en-wikipedia-org-4229 26 5 likely likely JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 26 6 that that IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 26 7 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 26 8 formation formation NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 26 9 was be VBD en-wikipedia-org-4229 26 10 devised devise VBN en-wikipedia-org-4229 26 11 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 26 12 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 26 13 7th 7th JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 26 14 century century NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 26 15 BC BC NNP en-wikipedia-org-4229 26 16 after after IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 26 17 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 26 18 introduction introduction NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 26 19 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 26 20 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 26 21 aspis aspis NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 26 22 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 26 23 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 26 24 city city NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 26 25 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 26 26 Argos Argos NNP en-wikipedia-org-4229 26 27 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4229 26 28 which which WDT en-wikipedia-org-4229 26 29 would would MD en-wikipedia-org-4229 26 30 have have VB en-wikipedia-org-4229 26 31 made make VBN en-wikipedia-org-4229 26 32 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 26 33 formation formation NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 26 34 possible possible JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 26 35 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4229 27 1 This this DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 27 2 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4229 27 3 further further RB en-wikipedia-org-4229 27 4 evidenced evidence VBN en-wikipedia-org-4229 27 5 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 27 6 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 27 7 Chigi Chigi NNP en-wikipedia-org-4229 27 8 vase vase NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 27 9 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4229 27 10 dated date VBD en-wikipedia-org-4229 27 11 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 27 12 650 650 CD en-wikipedia-org-4229 27 13 BC BC NNP en-wikipedia-org-4229 27 14 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4229 27 15 identifying identify VBG en-wikipedia-org-4229 27 16 hoplites hoplite NNS en-wikipedia-org-4229 27 17 armed arm VBN en-wikipedia-org-4229 27 18 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 27 19 aspis aspis NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 27 20 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4229 27 21 spear spear NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 27 22 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4229 27 23 panoply panoply RB en-wikipedia-org-4229 27 24 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4229 28 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4229 28 2 1 1 LS en-wikipedia-org-4229 28 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4229 28 4 Another another DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 28 5 possible possible JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 28 6 theory theory NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 28 7 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 28 8 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 28 9 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 28 10 birth birth NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 28 11 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 28 12 Greek greek JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 28 13 phalanx phalanx NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 28 14 warfare warfare NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 28 15 stems stem VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4229 28 16 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 28 17 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 28 18 idea idea NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 28 19 that that IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 28 20 some some DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 28 21 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 28 22 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 28 23 basic basic JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 28 24 aspects aspect NNS en-wikipedia-org-4229 28 25 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 28 26 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 28 27 phalanx phalanx NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 28 28 were be VBD en-wikipedia-org-4229 28 29 present present JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 28 30 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 28 31 earlier early JJR en-wikipedia-org-4229 28 32 times time NNS en-wikipedia-org-4229 28 33 yet yet CC en-wikipedia-org-4229 28 34 were be VBD en-wikipedia-org-4229 28 35 not not RB en-wikipedia-org-4229 28 36 fully fully RB en-wikipedia-org-4229 28 37 developed develop VBN en-wikipedia-org-4229 28 38 due due IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 28 39 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 28 40 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 28 41 lack lack NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 28 42 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 28 43 appropriate appropriate JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 28 44 technology technology NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 28 45 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4229 29 1 Two two CD en-wikipedia-org-4229 29 2 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 29 3 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 29 4 basic basic JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 29 5 tactics tactic NNS en-wikipedia-org-4229 29 6 seen see VBN en-wikipedia-org-4229 29 7 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 29 8 earlier early JJR en-wikipedia-org-4229 29 9 warfare warfare NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 29 10 include include VBP en-wikipedia-org-4229 29 11 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 29 12 principle principle NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 29 13 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 29 14 cohesion cohesion NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 29 15 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4229 29 16 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 29 17 use use NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 29 18 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 29 19 large large JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 29 20 groups group NNS en-wikipedia-org-4229 29 21 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 29 22 soldiers soldier NNS en-wikipedia-org-4229 29 23 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4229 30 1 This this DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 30 2 would would MD en-wikipedia-org-4229 30 3 suggest suggest VB en-wikipedia-org-4229 30 4 that that IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 30 5 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 30 6 Greek greek JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 30 7 phalanx phalanx NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 30 8 was be VBD en-wikipedia-org-4229 30 9 rather rather RB en-wikipedia-org-4229 30 10 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 30 11 culmination culmination NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 30 12 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4229 30 13 perfection perfection NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 30 14 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 30 15 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 30 16 slowly slowly RB en-wikipedia-org-4229 30 17 developed develop VBN en-wikipedia-org-4229 30 18 idea idea NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 30 19 that that WDT en-wikipedia-org-4229 30 20 originated originate VBD en-wikipedia-org-4229 30 21 many many JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 30 22 years year NNS en-wikipedia-org-4229 30 23 earlier early RBR en-wikipedia-org-4229 30 24 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4229 31 1 As as IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 31 2 weaponry weaponry NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 31 3 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4229 31 4 armour armour NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 31 5 advanced advance VBD en-wikipedia-org-4229 31 6 through through IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 31 7 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 31 8 years year NNS en-wikipedia-org-4229 31 9 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 31 10 different different JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 31 11 city city NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 31 12 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4229 31 13 states state NNS en-wikipedia-org-4229 31 14 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4229 31 15 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 31 16 phalanx phalanx NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 31 17 became become VBD en-wikipedia-org-4229 31 18 complex complex JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 31 19 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4229 31 20 effective effective JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 31 21 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4229 32 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4229 32 2 2 2 CD en-wikipedia-org-4229 32 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4229 32 4 Overview[edit overview[edit LS en-wikipedia-org-4229 32 5 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4229 32 6 A a DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 32 7 modern modern JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 32 8 illustration illustration NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 32 9 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 32 10 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 32 11 Greek greek JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 32 12 hoplites hoplite NNS en-wikipedia-org-4229 32 13 marching march VBG en-wikipedia-org-4229 32 14 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 32 15 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 32 16 phalanx phalanx NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 32 17 formation formation NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 32 18 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 32 19 hoplite hoplite JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 32 20 phalanx phalanx NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 32 21 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 32 22 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 32 23 Archaic Archaic NNP en-wikipedia-org-4229 32 24 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4229 32 25 Classical Classical NNP en-wikipedia-org-4229 32 26 periods period NNS en-wikipedia-org-4229 32 27 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 32 28 Greece Greece NNP en-wikipedia-org-4229 32 29 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4229 32 30 c. c. NNP en-wikipedia-org-4229 32 31 800–350 800–350 NNP en-wikipedia-org-4229 32 32 BC BC NNP en-wikipedia-org-4229 32 33 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4229 32 34 was be VBD en-wikipedia-org-4229 32 35 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 32 36 formation formation NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 32 37 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 32 38 which which WDT en-wikipedia-org-4229 32 39 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 32 40 hoplites hoplite NNS en-wikipedia-org-4229 32 41 would would MD en-wikipedia-org-4229 32 42 line line VB en-wikipedia-org-4229 32 43 up up RP en-wikipedia-org-4229 32 44 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 32 45 ranks rank NNS en-wikipedia-org-4229 32 46 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 32 47 close close JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 32 48 order order NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 32 49 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4229 33 1 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 33 2 hoplites hoplite NNS en-wikipedia-org-4229 33 3 would would MD en-wikipedia-org-4229 33 4 lock lock VB en-wikipedia-org-4229 33 5 their -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-4229 33 6 shields shield NNS en-wikipedia-org-4229 33 7 together together RB en-wikipedia-org-4229 33 8 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4229 33 9 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4229 33 10 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 33 11 first first JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 33 12 few few JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 33 13 ranks rank NNS en-wikipedia-org-4229 33 14 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 33 15 soldiers soldier NNS en-wikipedia-org-4229 33 16 would would MD en-wikipedia-org-4229 33 17 project project VB en-wikipedia-org-4229 33 18 their -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-4229 33 19 spears spear NNS en-wikipedia-org-4229 33 20 out out IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 33 21 over over IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 33 22 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 33 23 first first JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 33 24 rank rank NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 33 25 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 33 26 shields shield NNS en-wikipedia-org-4229 33 27 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4229 34 1 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 34 2 phalanx phalanx NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 34 3 therefore therefore RB en-wikipedia-org-4229 34 4 presented present VBD en-wikipedia-org-4229 34 5 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 34 6 shield shield NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 34 7 wall wall NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 34 8 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4229 34 9 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 34 10 mass mass NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 34 11 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 34 12 spear spear NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 34 13 points point NNS en-wikipedia-org-4229 34 14 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 34 15 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 34 16 enemy enemy NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 34 17 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4229 34 18 making make VBG en-wikipedia-org-4229 34 19 frontal frontal JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 34 20 assaults assault NNS en-wikipedia-org-4229 34 21 against against IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 34 22 it -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-4229 34 23 very very RB en-wikipedia-org-4229 34 24 difficult difficult JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 34 25 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4229 35 1 It -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-4229 35 2 also also RB en-wikipedia-org-4229 35 3 allowed allow VBD en-wikipedia-org-4229 35 4 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 35 5 higher high JJR en-wikipedia-org-4229 35 6 proportion proportion NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 35 7 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 35 8 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 35 9 soldiers soldier NNS en-wikipedia-org-4229 35 10 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-4229 35 11 be be VB en-wikipedia-org-4229 35 12 actively actively RB en-wikipedia-org-4229 35 13 engaged engage VBN en-wikipedia-org-4229 35 14 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 35 15 combat combat NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 35 16 at at IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 35 17 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 35 18 given give VBN en-wikipedia-org-4229 35 19 time time NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 35 20 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4229 35 21 rather rather RB en-wikipedia-org-4229 35 22 than than IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 35 23 just just RB en-wikipedia-org-4229 35 24 those those DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 35 25 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 35 26 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 35 27 front front JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 35 28 rank rank NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 35 29 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4229 35 30 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4229 36 1 Battles battle NNS en-wikipedia-org-4229 36 2 between between IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 36 3 two two CD en-wikipedia-org-4229 36 4 phalanxes phalanx NNS en-wikipedia-org-4229 36 5 usually usually RB en-wikipedia-org-4229 36 6 took take VBD en-wikipedia-org-4229 36 7 place place NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 36 8 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 36 9 open open JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 36 10 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4229 36 11 flat flat JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 36 12 plains plain NNS en-wikipedia-org-4229 36 13 where where WRB en-wikipedia-org-4229 36 14 it -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-4229 36 15 was be VBD en-wikipedia-org-4229 36 16 easier easy JJR en-wikipedia-org-4229 36 17 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-4229 36 18 advance advance VB en-wikipedia-org-4229 36 19 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4229 36 20 stay stay VB en-wikipedia-org-4229 36 21 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 36 22 formation formation NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 36 23 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4229 37 1 Rough rough JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 37 2 terrain terrain NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 37 3 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-4229 37 4 hilly hilly JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 37 5 regions region NNS en-wikipedia-org-4229 37 6 would would MD en-wikipedia-org-4229 37 7 have have VB en-wikipedia-org-4229 37 8 made make VBN en-wikipedia-org-4229 37 9 it -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-4229 37 10 difficult difficult JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 37 11 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-4229 37 12 maintain maintain VB en-wikipedia-org-4229 37 13 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 37 14 steady steady JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 37 15 line line NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 37 16 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4229 37 17 would would MD en-wikipedia-org-4229 37 18 have have VB en-wikipedia-org-4229 37 19 defeated defeat VBN en-wikipedia-org-4229 37 20 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 37 21 purpose purpose NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 37 22 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 37 23 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 37 24 phalanx phalanx NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 37 25 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4229 38 1 As as IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 38 2 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 38 3 result result NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 38 4 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4229 38 5 battles battle NNS en-wikipedia-org-4229 38 6 between between IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 38 7 Greek greek JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 38 8 city city NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 38 9 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4229 38 10 states state NNS en-wikipedia-org-4229 38 11 would would MD en-wikipedia-org-4229 38 12 not not RB en-wikipedia-org-4229 38 13 take take VB en-wikipedia-org-4229 38 14 place place NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 38 15 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 38 16 just just RB en-wikipedia-org-4229 38 17 any any DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 38 18 location location NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 38 19 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4229 38 20 nor nor CC en-wikipedia-org-4229 38 21 would would MD en-wikipedia-org-4229 38 22 they -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-4229 38 23 be be VB en-wikipedia-org-4229 38 24 limited limit VBN en-wikipedia-org-4229 38 25 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 38 26 sometimes sometimes RB en-wikipedia-org-4229 38 27 obvious obvious JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 38 28 strategic strategic JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 38 29 points point NNS en-wikipedia-org-4229 38 30 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4229 39 1 Rather rather RB en-wikipedia-org-4229 39 2 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4229 39 3 many many JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 39 4 times time NNS en-wikipedia-org-4229 39 5 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4229 39 6 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 39 7 two two CD en-wikipedia-org-4229 39 8 opposing opposing JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 39 9 sides side NNS en-wikipedia-org-4229 39 10 would would MD en-wikipedia-org-4229 39 11 find find VB en-wikipedia-org-4229 39 12 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 39 13 most most RBS en-wikipedia-org-4229 39 14 suitable suitable JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 39 15 piece piece NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 39 16 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 39 17 land land NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 39 18 where where WRB en-wikipedia-org-4229 39 19 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 39 20 conflict conflict NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 39 21 could could MD en-wikipedia-org-4229 39 22 be be VB en-wikipedia-org-4229 39 23 settled settle VBN en-wikipedia-org-4229 39 24 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4229 40 1 Typically typically RB en-wikipedia-org-4229 40 2 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4229 40 3 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 40 4 battle battle NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 40 5 ended end VBD en-wikipedia-org-4229 40 6 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 40 7 one one CD en-wikipedia-org-4229 40 8 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 40 9 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 40 10 two two CD en-wikipedia-org-4229 40 11 fighting fight VBG en-wikipedia-org-4229 40 12 forces force NNS en-wikipedia-org-4229 40 13 fleeing flee VBG en-wikipedia-org-4229 40 14 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 40 15 safety safety NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 40 16 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4229 41 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4229 41 2 3 3 LS en-wikipedia-org-4229 41 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4229 41 4 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 41 5 phalanx phalanx NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 41 6 usually usually RB en-wikipedia-org-4229 41 7 advanced advance VBD en-wikipedia-org-4229 41 8 at at IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 41 9 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 41 10 walking walking NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 41 11 pace pace NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 41 12 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4229 41 13 although although IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 41 14 it -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-4229 41 15 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4229 41 16 possible possible JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 41 17 that that IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 41 18 they -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-4229 41 19 picked pick VBD en-wikipedia-org-4229 41 20 up up RP en-wikipedia-org-4229 41 21 speed speed NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 41 22 during during IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 41 23 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 41 24 last last JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 41 25 several several JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 41 26 yards yard NNS en-wikipedia-org-4229 41 27 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4229 42 1 One one CD en-wikipedia-org-4229 42 2 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 42 3 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 42 4 main main JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 42 5 reasons reason NNS en-wikipedia-org-4229 42 6 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 42 7 this this DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 42 8 slow slow JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 42 9 approach approach NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 42 10 was be VBD en-wikipedia-org-4229 42 11 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-4229 42 12 maintain maintain VB en-wikipedia-org-4229 42 13 formation formation NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 42 14 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4229 43 1 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 43 2 formation formation NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 43 3 would would MD en-wikipedia-org-4229 43 4 be be VB en-wikipedia-org-4229 43 5 rendered render VBN en-wikipedia-org-4229 43 6 useless useless JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 43 7 if if IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 43 8 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 43 9 phalanx phalanx NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 43 10 was be VBD en-wikipedia-org-4229 43 11 lost lose VBN en-wikipedia-org-4229 43 12 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 43 13 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 43 14 unit unit NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 43 15 approached approach VBD en-wikipedia-org-4229 43 16 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 43 17 enemy enemy NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 43 18 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4229 43 19 could could MD en-wikipedia-org-4229 43 20 even even RB en-wikipedia-org-4229 43 21 become become VB en-wikipedia-org-4229 43 22 detrimental detrimental JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 43 23 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 43 24 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 43 25 advancing advance VBG en-wikipedia-org-4229 43 26 unit unit NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 43 27 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4229 43 28 resulting result VBG en-wikipedia-org-4229 43 29 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 43 30 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 43 31 weaker weak JJR en-wikipedia-org-4229 43 32 formation formation NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 43 33 that that WDT en-wikipedia-org-4229 43 34 was be VBD en-wikipedia-org-4229 43 35 easier easy JJR en-wikipedia-org-4229 43 36 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 43 37 an an DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 43 38 enemy enemy NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 43 39 force force NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 43 40 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-4229 43 41 break break VB en-wikipedia-org-4229 43 42 through through RP en-wikipedia-org-4229 43 43 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4229 44 1 If if IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 44 2 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 44 3 hoplites hoplite NNS en-wikipedia-org-4229 44 4 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 44 5 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 44 6 phalanx phalanx NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 44 7 were be VBD en-wikipedia-org-4229 44 8 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-4229 44 9 pick pick VB en-wikipedia-org-4229 44 10 up up RP en-wikipedia-org-4229 44 11 speed speed NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 44 12 toward toward IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 44 13 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 44 14 latter latter JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 44 15 part part NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 44 16 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 44 17 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 44 18 advance advance NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 44 19 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4229 44 20 it -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-4229 44 21 would would MD en-wikipedia-org-4229 44 22 have have VB en-wikipedia-org-4229 44 23 been be VBN en-wikipedia-org-4229 44 24 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 44 25 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 44 26 purpose purpose NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 44 27 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 44 28 gaining gain VBG en-wikipedia-org-4229 44 29 momentum momentum NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 44 30 against against IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 44 31 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 44 32 enemy enemy NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 44 33 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 44 34 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 44 35 initial initial JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 44 36 collision collision NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 44 37 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4229 45 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4229 45 2 4 4 LS en-wikipedia-org-4229 45 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4229 45 4 Herodotus Herodotus NNP en-wikipedia-org-4229 45 5 states state NNS en-wikipedia-org-4229 45 6 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 45 7 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 45 8 Greeks Greeks NNPS en-wikipedia-org-4229 45 9 at at IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 45 10 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 45 11 Battle Battle NNP en-wikipedia-org-4229 45 12 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 45 13 Marathon Marathon NNP en-wikipedia-org-4229 45 14 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4229 45 15 that that IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 45 16 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-4229 45 17 They -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-4229 45 18 were be VBD en-wikipedia-org-4229 45 19 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 45 20 first first JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 45 21 Greeks Greeks NNPS en-wikipedia-org-4229 45 22 we -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-4229 45 23 know know VBP en-wikipedia-org-4229 45 24 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 45 25 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-4229 45 26 charge charge VB en-wikipedia-org-4229 45 27 their -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-4229 45 28 enemy enemy NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 45 29 at at IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 45 30 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 45 31 run run NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 45 32 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-4229 45 33 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4229 46 1 Many many JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 46 2 historians historian NNS en-wikipedia-org-4229 46 3 believe believe VBP en-wikipedia-org-4229 46 4 that that IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 46 5 this this DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 46 6 innovation innovation NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 46 7 was be VBD en-wikipedia-org-4229 46 8 precipitated precipitate VBN en-wikipedia-org-4229 46 9 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 46 10 their -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-4229 46 11 desire desire NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 46 12 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-4229 46 13 minimize minimize VB en-wikipedia-org-4229 46 14 their -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-4229 46 15 losses loss NNS en-wikipedia-org-4229 46 16 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 46 17 Persian persian JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 46 18 archery archery NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 46 19 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4229 47 1 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 47 2 opposing oppose VBG en-wikipedia-org-4229 47 3 sides side NNS en-wikipedia-org-4229 47 4 would would MD en-wikipedia-org-4229 47 5 collide collide VB en-wikipedia-org-4229 47 6 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4229 47 7 possibly possibly RB en-wikipedia-org-4229 47 8 severing sever VBG en-wikipedia-org-4229 47 9 many many JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 47 10 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 47 11 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 47 12 spears spear NNS en-wikipedia-org-4229 47 13 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 47 14 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 47 15 row row NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 47 16 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 47 17 front front NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 47 18 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4229 47 19 killing kill VBG en-wikipedia-org-4229 47 20 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 47 21 front front JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 47 22 part part NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 47 23 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 47 24 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 47 25 enemy enemy NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 47 26 army army NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 47 27 due due IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 47 28 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 47 29 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 47 30 bone bone NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 47 31 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4229 47 32 breaking break VBG en-wikipedia-org-4229 47 33 collision collision NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 47 34 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4229 48 1 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 48 2 spears spear NNS en-wikipedia-org-4229 48 3 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 48 4 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 48 5 phalanx phalanx NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 48 6 had have VBD en-wikipedia-org-4229 48 7 spiked spike VBN en-wikipedia-org-4229 48 8 butts butts NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 48 9 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4229 49 1 In in IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 49 2 battle battle NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 49 3 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4229 49 4 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 49 5 back back JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 49 6 ranks rank NNS en-wikipedia-org-4229 49 7 used use VBD en-wikipedia-org-4229 49 8 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 49 9 spikes spike NNS en-wikipedia-org-4229 49 10 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-4229 49 11 finish finish VB en-wikipedia-org-4229 49 12 fallen fall VBN en-wikipedia-org-4229 49 13 enemy enemy NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 49 14 soldiers soldier NNS en-wikipedia-org-4229 49 15 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4229 50 1 Pushing[edit pushing[edit LS en-wikipedia-org-4229 50 2 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4229 50 3 Phalanx Phalanx NNP en-wikipedia-org-4229 50 4 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 50 5 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 50 6 frieze frieze NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 50 7 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 50 8 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 50 9 tomb tomb NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 50 10 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 50 11 Pericles Pericles NNP en-wikipedia-org-4229 50 12 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4229 50 13 Dynast Dynast NNP en-wikipedia-org-4229 50 14 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 50 15 Lycia Lycia NNP en-wikipedia-org-4229 50 16 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4229 50 17 380–360 380–360 CD en-wikipedia-org-4229 50 18 BC BC NNP en-wikipedia-org-4229 50 19 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4229 50 20 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 50 21 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-4229 50 22 physical physical JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 50 23 pushing pushing NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 50 24 match match NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 50 25 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-4229 50 26 theory theory NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 50 27 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4229 50 28 one one CD en-wikipedia-org-4229 50 29 where where WRB en-wikipedia-org-4229 50 30 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 50 31 battle battle NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 50 32 would would MD en-wikipedia-org-4229 50 33 rely rely VB en-wikipedia-org-4229 50 34 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 50 35 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 50 36 valour valour NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 50 37 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 50 38 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 50 39 men man NNS en-wikipedia-org-4229 50 40 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 50 41 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 50 42 front front JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 50 43 line line NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 50 44 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4229 50 45 whilst whilst IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 50 46 those those DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 50 47 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 50 48 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 50 49 rear rear NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 50 50 maintained maintain VBN en-wikipedia-org-4229 50 51 forward forward RB en-wikipedia-org-4229 50 52 pressure pressure NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 50 53 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 50 54 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 50 55 front front JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 50 56 ranks rank VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4229 50 57 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 50 58 their -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-4229 50 59 shields shield NNS en-wikipedia-org-4229 50 60 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4229 50 61 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4229 50 62 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 50 63 whole whole JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 50 64 formation formation NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 50 65 would would MD en-wikipedia-org-4229 50 66 consistently consistently RB en-wikipedia-org-4229 50 67 press press VB en-wikipedia-org-4229 50 68 forward forward RB en-wikipedia-org-4229 50 69 trying try VBG en-wikipedia-org-4229 50 70 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-4229 50 71 break break VB en-wikipedia-org-4229 50 72 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 50 73 enemy enemy NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 50 74 formation formation NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 50 75 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4229 51 1 This this DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 51 2 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4229 51 3 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 51 4 most most RBS en-wikipedia-org-4229 51 5 widely widely RB en-wikipedia-org-4229 51 6 accepted accept VBN en-wikipedia-org-4229 51 7 interpretation interpretation NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 51 8 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 51 9 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 51 10 ancient ancient JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 51 11 sources source NNS en-wikipedia-org-4229 51 12 thus thus RB en-wikipedia-org-4229 51 13 when when WRB en-wikipedia-org-4229 51 14 two two CD en-wikipedia-org-4229 51 15 phalanx phalanx NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 51 16 formations formation NNS en-wikipedia-org-4229 51 17 engaged engage VBD en-wikipedia-org-4229 51 18 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4229 51 19 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 51 20 struggle struggle NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 51 21 essentially essentially RB en-wikipedia-org-4229 51 22 became become VBD en-wikipedia-org-4229 51 23 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 51 24 pushing push VBG en-wikipedia-org-4229 51 25 match match NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 51 26 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4229 52 1 Historians historian NNS en-wikipedia-org-4229 52 2 such such JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 52 3 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 52 4 Victor Victor NNP en-wikipedia-org-4229 52 5 Davis Davis NNP en-wikipedia-org-4229 52 6 Hanson Hanson NNP en-wikipedia-org-4229 52 7 point point VBP en-wikipedia-org-4229 52 8 out out RP en-wikipedia-org-4229 52 9 that that IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 52 10 it -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-4229 52 11 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4229 52 12 difficult difficult JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 52 13 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-4229 52 14 account account VB en-wikipedia-org-4229 52 15 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 52 16 exceptionally exceptionally RB en-wikipedia-org-4229 52 17 deep deep JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 52 18 phalanx phalanx NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 52 19 formations formation NNS en-wikipedia-org-4229 52 20 unless unless IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 52 21 they -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-4229 52 22 were be VBD en-wikipedia-org-4229 52 23 necessary necessary JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 52 24 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-4229 52 25 facilitate facilitate VB en-wikipedia-org-4229 52 26 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 52 27 physical physical JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 52 28 pushing pushing NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 52 29 depicted depict VBN en-wikipedia-org-4229 52 30 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 52 31 this this DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 52 32 theory theory NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 52 33 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4229 52 34 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 52 35 those those DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 52 36 behind behind IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 52 37 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 52 38 first first JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 52 39 two two CD en-wikipedia-org-4229 52 40 ranks rank NNS en-wikipedia-org-4229 52 41 could could MD en-wikipedia-org-4229 52 42 not not RB en-wikipedia-org-4229 52 43 take take VB en-wikipedia-org-4229 52 44 part part NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 52 45 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 52 46 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 52 47 actual actual JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 52 48 spear spear NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 52 49 thrusting thrust VBG en-wikipedia-org-4229 52 50 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4229 53 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4229 53 2 5 5 CD en-wikipedia-org-4229 53 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4229 53 4 No no DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 53 5 Greek greek JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 53 6 art art NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 53 7 ever ever RB en-wikipedia-org-4229 53 8 depicts depict VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4229 53 9 anything anything NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 53 10 like like IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 53 11 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 53 12 phalanx phalanx NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 53 13 pushing pushing NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 53 14 match match NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 53 15 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4229 53 16 so so CC en-wikipedia-org-4229 53 17 this this DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 53 18 hypothesis hypothesis NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 53 19 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4229 53 20 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 53 21 product product NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 53 22 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 53 23 educated educate VBN en-wikipedia-org-4229 53 24 speculation speculation NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 53 25 rather rather RB en-wikipedia-org-4229 53 26 than than IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 53 27 explicit explicit JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 53 28 testimony testimony NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 53 29 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 53 30 contemporary contemporary JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 53 31 sources source NNS en-wikipedia-org-4229 53 32 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4229 53 33 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4229 53 34 far far RB en-wikipedia-org-4229 53 35 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 53 36 being be VBG en-wikipedia-org-4229 53 37 academically academically RB en-wikipedia-org-4229 53 38 resolved resolve VBN en-wikipedia-org-4229 53 39 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4229 54 1 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 54 2 Greek greek JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 54 3 term term NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 54 4 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 54 5 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-4229 54 6 push push NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 54 7 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-4229 54 8 was be VBD en-wikipedia-org-4229 54 9 used use VBN en-wikipedia-org-4229 54 10 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 54 11 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 54 12 same same JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 54 13 metaphorical metaphorical JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 54 14 manner manner NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 54 15 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 54 16 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 54 17 English english JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 54 18 word word NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 54 19 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4229 54 20 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4229 54 21 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 54 22 example example NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 54 23 it -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-4229 54 24 was be VBD en-wikipedia-org-4229 54 25 also also RB en-wikipedia-org-4229 54 26 used use VBN en-wikipedia-org-4229 54 27 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-4229 54 28 describe describe VB en-wikipedia-org-4229 54 29 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 54 30 process process NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 54 31 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 54 32 rhetorical rhetorical JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 54 33 arguments argument NNS en-wikipedia-org-4229 54 34 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4229 54 35 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4229 54 36 so so RB en-wikipedia-org-4229 54 37 does do VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4229 54 38 not not RB en-wikipedia-org-4229 54 39 necessarily necessarily RB en-wikipedia-org-4229 54 40 describe describe VB en-wikipedia-org-4229 54 41 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 54 42 literal literal JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 54 43 physical physical JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 54 44 push push NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 54 45 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4229 54 46 although although IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 54 47 it -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-4229 54 48 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4229 54 49 possible possible JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 54 50 that that IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 54 51 it -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-4229 54 52 did do VBD en-wikipedia-org-4229 54 53 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4229 55 1 For for IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 55 2 instance instance NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 55 3 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4229 55 4 if if IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 55 5 Othismos Othismos NNP en-wikipedia-org-4229 55 6 were be VBD en-wikipedia-org-4229 55 7 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-4229 55 8 accurately accurately RB en-wikipedia-org-4229 55 9 describe describe VB en-wikipedia-org-4229 55 10 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 55 11 physical physical JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 55 12 pushing pushing NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 55 13 match match NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 55 14 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4229 55 15 it -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-4229 55 16 would would MD en-wikipedia-org-4229 55 17 be be VB en-wikipedia-org-4229 55 18 logical logical JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 55 19 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 55 20 state state NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 55 21 that that IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 55 22 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 55 23 deeper deep JJR en-wikipedia-org-4229 55 24 phalanx phalanx NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 55 25 would would MD en-wikipedia-org-4229 55 26 always always RB en-wikipedia-org-4229 55 27 win win VB en-wikipedia-org-4229 55 28 an an DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 55 29 engagement engagement NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 55 30 since since IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 55 31 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 55 32 physical physical JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 55 33 strength strength NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 55 34 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 55 35 individuals individual NNS en-wikipedia-org-4229 55 36 would would MD en-wikipedia-org-4229 55 37 not not RB en-wikipedia-org-4229 55 38 compensate compensate VB en-wikipedia-org-4229 55 39 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 55 40 even even RB en-wikipedia-org-4229 55 41 one one CD en-wikipedia-org-4229 55 42 additional additional JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 55 43 rank rank NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 55 44 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 55 45 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 55 46 enemy enemy NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 55 47 side side NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 55 48 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4229 56 1 However however RB en-wikipedia-org-4229 56 2 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4229 56 3 there there EX en-wikipedia-org-4229 56 4 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-4229 56 5 numerous numerous JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 56 6 examples example NNS en-wikipedia-org-4229 56 7 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 56 8 shallow shallow JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 56 9 phalanxes phalanx NNS en-wikipedia-org-4229 56 10 holding hold VBG en-wikipedia-org-4229 56 11 off off RP en-wikipedia-org-4229 56 12 an an DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 56 13 opponent opponent NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 56 14 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4229 57 1 For for IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 57 2 instance instance NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 57 3 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4229 57 4 at at IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 57 5 Delium Delium NNP en-wikipedia-org-4229 57 6 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 57 7 424 424 CD en-wikipedia-org-4229 57 8 BC BC NNP en-wikipedia-org-4229 57 9 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4229 57 10 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 57 11 Athenian athenian JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 57 12 left leave VBD en-wikipedia-org-4229 57 13 flank flank NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 57 14 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4229 57 15 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 57 16 formation formation NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 57 17 eight eight CD en-wikipedia-org-4229 57 18 men man NNS en-wikipedia-org-4229 57 19 deep deep JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 57 20 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4229 57 21 held hold VBD en-wikipedia-org-4229 57 22 off off RP en-wikipedia-org-4229 57 23 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 57 24 formation formation NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 57 25 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 57 26 Thebans Thebans NNP en-wikipedia-org-4229 57 27 25 25 CD en-wikipedia-org-4229 57 28 deep deep RB en-wikipedia-org-4229 57 29 without without IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 57 30 immediate immediate JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 57 31 collapse collapse NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 57 32 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4229 58 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4229 58 2 6 6 CD en-wikipedia-org-4229 58 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4229 58 4 It -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-4229 58 5 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4229 58 6 difficult difficult JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 58 7 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 58 8 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 58 9 physical physical JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 58 10 pushing pushing NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 58 11 model model NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 58 12 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-4229 58 13 imagine imagine VB en-wikipedia-org-4229 58 14 eight eight CD en-wikipedia-org-4229 58 15 men man NNS en-wikipedia-org-4229 58 16 withstanding withstand VBG en-wikipedia-org-4229 58 17 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 58 18 pushing push VBG en-wikipedia-org-4229 58 19 force force NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 58 20 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 58 21 25 25 CD en-wikipedia-org-4229 58 22 opponents opponent NNS en-wikipedia-org-4229 58 23 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 58 24 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 58 25 matter matter NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 58 26 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 58 27 seconds second NNS en-wikipedia-org-4229 58 28 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4229 58 29 let let VB en-wikipedia-org-4229 58 30 alone alone RB en-wikipedia-org-4229 58 31 half half PDT en-wikipedia-org-4229 58 32 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 58 33 battle battle NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 58 34 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4229 59 1 Such such JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 59 2 arguments argument NNS en-wikipedia-org-4229 59 3 have have VBP en-wikipedia-org-4229 59 4 led lead VBN en-wikipedia-org-4229 59 5 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 59 6 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 59 7 wave wave NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 59 8 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 59 9 counter counter NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 59 10 - - NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 59 11 criticism criticism NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 59 12 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 59 13 physical physical JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 59 14 shoving shoving NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 59 15 theorists theorist NNS en-wikipedia-org-4229 59 16 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4229 60 1 Adrian Adrian NNP en-wikipedia-org-4229 60 2 Goldsworthy Goldsworthy NNP en-wikipedia-org-4229 60 3 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4229 60 4 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 60 5 his -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-4229 60 6 article article NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 60 7 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-4229 60 8 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 60 9 Othismos Othismos NNPS en-wikipedia-org-4229 60 10 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4229 60 11 Myths Myths NNPS en-wikipedia-org-4229 60 12 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4229 60 13 Heresies Heresies NNP en-wikipedia-org-4229 60 14 : : : en-wikipedia-org-4229 60 15 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 60 16 nature nature NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 60 17 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 60 18 Hoplite Hoplite NNP en-wikipedia-org-4229 60 19 Battle Battle NNP en-wikipedia-org-4229 60 20 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-4229 60 21 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4229 60 22 argues argue VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4229 60 23 that that IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 60 24 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 60 25 physical physical JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 60 26 pushing push VBG en-wikipedia-org-4229 60 27 match match NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 60 28 model model NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 60 29 does do VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4229 60 30 not not RB en-wikipedia-org-4229 60 31 fit fit VB en-wikipedia-org-4229 60 32 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 60 33 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 60 34 average average JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 60 35 casualty casualty NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 60 36 figures figure NNS en-wikipedia-org-4229 60 37 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 60 38 hoplite hoplite JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 60 39 warfare warfare NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 60 40 nor nor CC en-wikipedia-org-4229 60 41 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 60 42 practical practical JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 60 43 realities reality NNS en-wikipedia-org-4229 60 44 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 60 45 moving move VBG en-wikipedia-org-4229 60 46 large large JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 60 47 formations formation NNS en-wikipedia-org-4229 60 48 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 60 49 men man NNS en-wikipedia-org-4229 60 50 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 60 51 battle battle NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 60 52 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4229 61 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4229 61 2 7 7 LS en-wikipedia-org-4229 61 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4229 61 4 This this DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 61 5 debate debate NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 61 6 has have VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4229 61 7 yet yet RB en-wikipedia-org-4229 61 8 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-4229 61 9 be be VB en-wikipedia-org-4229 61 10 resolved resolve VBN en-wikipedia-org-4229 61 11 amongst amongst IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 61 12 scholars scholar NNS en-wikipedia-org-4229 61 13 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4229 62 1 Practical practical JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 62 2 difficulties difficulty NNS en-wikipedia-org-4229 62 3 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 62 4 this this DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 62 5 theory theory NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 62 6 also also RB en-wikipedia-org-4229 62 7 include include VBP en-wikipedia-org-4229 62 8 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 62 9 fact fact NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 62 10 that that IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 62 11 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4229 62 12 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 62 13 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 62 14 shoving shove VBG en-wikipedia-org-4229 62 15 match match NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 62 16 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4229 62 17 an an DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 62 18 eight eight CD en-wikipedia-org-4229 62 19 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4229 62 20 foot foot NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 62 21 spear spear NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 62 22 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4229 62 23 too too RB en-wikipedia-org-4229 62 24 long long JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 62 25 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-4229 62 26 fight fight VB en-wikipedia-org-4229 62 27 effectively effectively RB en-wikipedia-org-4229 62 28 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-4229 62 29 even even RB en-wikipedia-org-4229 62 30 parry parry NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 62 31 attacks attack NNS en-wikipedia-org-4229 62 32 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4229 63 1 Spears spear NNS en-wikipedia-org-4229 63 2 enable enable VBP en-wikipedia-org-4229 63 3 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 63 4 formation formation NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 63 5 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 63 6 men man NNS en-wikipedia-org-4229 63 7 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-4229 63 8 keep keep VB en-wikipedia-org-4229 63 9 their -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-4229 63 10 enemies enemy NNS en-wikipedia-org-4229 63 11 at at IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 63 12 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 63 13 distance distance NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 63 14 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4229 63 15 parry parry NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 63 16 attacks attack NNS en-wikipedia-org-4229 63 17 aimed aim VBN en-wikipedia-org-4229 63 18 at at IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 63 19 them -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-4229 63 20 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4229 63 21 their -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-4229 63 22 comrades comrade NNS en-wikipedia-org-4229 63 23 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4229 63 24 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4229 63 25 give give VB en-wikipedia-org-4229 63 26 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 63 27 necessary necessary JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 63 28 reach reach NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 63 29 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-4229 63 30 strike strike VB en-wikipedia-org-4229 63 31 multiple multiple JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 63 32 men man NNS en-wikipedia-org-4229 63 33 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 63 34 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 63 35 opposite opposite JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 63 36 formation formation NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 63 37 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4229 64 1 A a DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 64 2 pushing push VBG en-wikipedia-org-4229 64 3 match match NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 64 4 would would MD en-wikipedia-org-4229 64 5 put put VB en-wikipedia-org-4229 64 6 enemies enemy NNS en-wikipedia-org-4229 64 7 so so RB en-wikipedia-org-4229 64 8 close close VB en-wikipedia-org-4229 64 9 together together RB en-wikipedia-org-4229 64 10 that that IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 64 11 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 64 12 quick quick JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 64 13 stabbing stabbing NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 64 14 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 64 15 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 64 16 knife knife NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 64 17 would would MD en-wikipedia-org-4229 64 18 kill kill VB en-wikipedia-org-4229 64 19 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 64 20 front front NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 64 21 row row NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 64 22 almost almost RB en-wikipedia-org-4229 64 23 instantly instantly RB en-wikipedia-org-4229 64 24 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4229 65 1 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 65 2 crush crush NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 65 3 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 65 4 men man NNS en-wikipedia-org-4229 65 5 would would MD en-wikipedia-org-4229 65 6 also also RB en-wikipedia-org-4229 65 7 prevent prevent VB en-wikipedia-org-4229 65 8 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 65 9 formation formation NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 65 10 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 65 11 withdrawing withdraw VBG en-wikipedia-org-4229 65 12 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-4229 65 13 retreating retreat VBG en-wikipedia-org-4229 65 14 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4229 65 15 which which WDT en-wikipedia-org-4229 65 16 would would MD en-wikipedia-org-4229 65 17 result result VB en-wikipedia-org-4229 65 18 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 65 19 much much RB en-wikipedia-org-4229 65 20 higher high JJR en-wikipedia-org-4229 65 21 casualties casualty NNS en-wikipedia-org-4229 65 22 than than IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 65 23 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4229 65 24 recorded record VBN en-wikipedia-org-4229 65 25 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4229 66 1 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 66 2 speed speed NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 66 3 at at IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 66 4 which which WDT en-wikipedia-org-4229 66 5 this this DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 66 6 would would MD en-wikipedia-org-4229 66 7 occur occur VB en-wikipedia-org-4229 66 8 would would MD en-wikipedia-org-4229 66 9 also also RB en-wikipedia-org-4229 66 10 end end VB en-wikipedia-org-4229 66 11 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 66 12 battle battle NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 66 13 very very RB en-wikipedia-org-4229 66 14 quickly quickly RB en-wikipedia-org-4229 66 15 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4229 66 16 instead instead RB en-wikipedia-org-4229 66 17 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 66 18 prolonging prolong VBG en-wikipedia-org-4229 66 19 it -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-4229 66 20 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 66 21 hours hour NNS en-wikipedia-org-4229 66 22 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4229 67 1 Shields[edit shields[edit LS en-wikipedia-org-4229 67 2 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4229 67 3 Greek greek JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 67 4 Phalanx Phalanx NNP en-wikipedia-org-4229 67 5 against against IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 67 6 Achaemenid achaemenid JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 67 7 troops troop NNS en-wikipedia-org-4229 67 8 Each each DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 67 9 individual individual JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 67 10 hoplite hoplite NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 67 11 carried carry VBD en-wikipedia-org-4229 67 12 his -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-4229 67 13 shield shield NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 67 14 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 67 15 his -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-4229 67 16 left left JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 67 17 arm arm NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 67 18 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4229 67 19 protecting protect VBG en-wikipedia-org-4229 67 20 not not RB en-wikipedia-org-4229 67 21 only only RB en-wikipedia-org-4229 67 22 himself -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-4229 67 23 but but CC en-wikipedia-org-4229 67 24 also also RB en-wikipedia-org-4229 67 25 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 67 26 soldier soldier NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 67 27 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 67 28 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 67 29 left left NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 67 30 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4229 68 1 This this DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 68 2 meant mean VBD en-wikipedia-org-4229 68 3 that that IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 68 4 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 68 5 men man NNS en-wikipedia-org-4229 68 6 at at IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 68 7 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 68 8 extreme extreme JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 68 9 right right NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 68 10 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 68 11 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 68 12 phalanx phalanx NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 68 13 were be VBD en-wikipedia-org-4229 68 14 only only RB en-wikipedia-org-4229 68 15 half half RB en-wikipedia-org-4229 68 16 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4229 68 17 protected protect VBN en-wikipedia-org-4229 68 18 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4229 69 1 In in IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 69 2 battle battle NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 69 3 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4229 69 4 opposing oppose VBG en-wikipedia-org-4229 69 5 phalanxes phalanx NNS en-wikipedia-org-4229 69 6 would would MD en-wikipedia-org-4229 69 7 try try VB en-wikipedia-org-4229 69 8 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-4229 69 9 exploit exploit VB en-wikipedia-org-4229 69 10 this this DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 69 11 weakness weakness NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 69 12 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 69 13 attempting attempt VBG en-wikipedia-org-4229 69 14 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-4229 69 15 overlap overlap VB en-wikipedia-org-4229 69 16 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 69 17 enemy enemy NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 69 18 's 's POS en-wikipedia-org-4229 69 19 right right JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 69 20 flank flank NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 69 21 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4229 70 1 It -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-4229 70 2 also also RB en-wikipedia-org-4229 70 3 meant mean VBD en-wikipedia-org-4229 70 4 that that IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 70 5 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4229 70 6 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 70 7 battle battle NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 70 8 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4229 70 9 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 70 10 phalanx phalanx NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 70 11 would would MD en-wikipedia-org-4229 70 12 tend tend VB en-wikipedia-org-4229 70 13 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-4229 70 14 drift drift VB en-wikipedia-org-4229 70 15 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 70 16 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 70 17 right right NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 70 18 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4229 70 19 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 70 20 hoplites hoplite NNS en-wikipedia-org-4229 70 21 sought seek VBD en-wikipedia-org-4229 70 22 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-4229 70 23 remain remain VB en-wikipedia-org-4229 70 24 behind behind IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 70 25 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 70 26 shield shield NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 70 27 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 70 28 their -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-4229 70 29 neighbor neighbor NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 70 30 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4229 70 31 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4229 71 1 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 71 2 most most RBS en-wikipedia-org-4229 71 3 experienced experienced JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 71 4 hoplites hoplite NNS en-wikipedia-org-4229 71 5 were be VBD en-wikipedia-org-4229 71 6 often often RB en-wikipedia-org-4229 71 7 placed place VBN en-wikipedia-org-4229 71 8 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 71 9 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 71 10 right right JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 71 11 side side NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 71 12 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 71 13 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 71 14 phalanx phalanx NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 71 15 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-4229 71 16 avoid avoid VB en-wikipedia-org-4229 71 17 these these DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 71 18 problems problem NNS en-wikipedia-org-4229 71 19 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4229 72 1 Some some DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 72 2 groups group NNS en-wikipedia-org-4229 72 3 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4229 72 4 such such JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 72 5 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 72 6 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 72 7 Spartans Spartans NNPS en-wikipedia-org-4229 72 8 at at IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 72 9 Nemea Nemea NNP en-wikipedia-org-4229 72 10 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4229 72 11 tried try VBD en-wikipedia-org-4229 72 12 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-4229 72 13 use use VB en-wikipedia-org-4229 72 14 this this DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 72 15 phenomenon phenomenon NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 72 16 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 72 17 their -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-4229 72 18 advantage advantage NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 72 19 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4229 73 1 In in IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 73 2 this this DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 73 3 case case NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 73 4 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4229 73 5 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 73 6 phalanx phalanx NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 73 7 would would MD en-wikipedia-org-4229 73 8 sacrifice sacrifice VB en-wikipedia-org-4229 73 9 its -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-4229 73 10 left left JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 73 11 side side NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 73 12 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4229 73 13 which which WDT en-wikipedia-org-4229 73 14 typically typically RB en-wikipedia-org-4229 73 15 consisted consist VBD en-wikipedia-org-4229 73 16 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 73 17 allied ally VBN en-wikipedia-org-4229 73 18 troops troop NNS en-wikipedia-org-4229 73 19 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4229 73 20 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 73 21 an an DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 73 22 effort effort NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 73 23 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-4229 73 24 overtake overtake VB en-wikipedia-org-4229 73 25 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 73 26 enemy enemy NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 73 27 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 73 28 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 73 29 flank flank NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 73 30 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4229 74 1 It -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-4229 74 2 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4229 74 3 unlikely unlikely JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 74 4 that that IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 74 5 this this DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 74 6 strategy strategy NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 74 7 worked work VBD en-wikipedia-org-4229 74 8 very very RB en-wikipedia-org-4229 74 9 often often RB en-wikipedia-org-4229 74 10 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4229 74 11 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 74 12 it -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-4229 74 13 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4229 74 14 not not RB en-wikipedia-org-4229 74 15 mentioned mention VBN en-wikipedia-org-4229 74 16 frequently frequently RB en-wikipedia-org-4229 74 17 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 74 18 ancient ancient JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 74 19 Greek greek JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 74 20 literature literature NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 74 21 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4229 75 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4229 75 2 8 8 CD en-wikipedia-org-4229 75 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4229 75 4 There there EX en-wikipedia-org-4229 75 5 was be VBD en-wikipedia-org-4229 75 6 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 75 7 leader leader NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 75 8 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 75 9 each each DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 75 10 row row NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 75 11 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 75 12 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 75 13 phalanx phalanx NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 75 14 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4229 75 15 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4229 75 16 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 75 17 rear rear JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 75 18 rank rank NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 75 19 officer officer NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 75 20 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4229 75 21 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 75 22 ouragos ouragos NNP en-wikipedia-org-4229 75 23 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4229 75 24 meaning mean VBG en-wikipedia-org-4229 75 25 tail tail NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 75 26 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4229 75 27 leader leader NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 75 28 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4229 75 29 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4229 75 30 who who WP en-wikipedia-org-4229 75 31 kept keep VBD en-wikipedia-org-4229 75 32 order order NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 75 33 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 75 34 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 75 35 rear rear NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 75 36 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4229 76 1 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 76 2 hoplites hoplite NNS en-wikipedia-org-4229 76 3 had have VBD en-wikipedia-org-4229 76 4 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-4229 76 5 trust trust VB en-wikipedia-org-4229 76 6 their -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-4229 76 7 neighbors neighbor NNS en-wikipedia-org-4229 76 8 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-4229 76 9 protect protect VB en-wikipedia-org-4229 76 10 them -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-4229 76 11 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4229 76 12 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 76 13 turn turn NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 76 14 be be VBP en-wikipedia-org-4229 76 15 willing willing JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 76 16 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-4229 76 17 protect protect VB en-wikipedia-org-4229 76 18 their -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-4229 76 19 neighbors neighbor NNS en-wikipedia-org-4229 76 20 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-4229 76 21 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 76 22 phalanx phalanx NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 76 23 was be VBD en-wikipedia-org-4229 76 24 thus thus RB en-wikipedia-org-4229 76 25 only only RB en-wikipedia-org-4229 76 26 as as RB en-wikipedia-org-4229 76 27 strong strong JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 76 28 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 76 29 its -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-4229 76 30 weakest weak JJS en-wikipedia-org-4229 76 31 elements element NNS en-wikipedia-org-4229 76 32 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4229 77 1 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 77 2 effectiveness effectiveness NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 77 3 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 77 4 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 77 5 phalanx phalanx NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 77 6 therefore therefore RB en-wikipedia-org-4229 77 7 depended depend VBD en-wikipedia-org-4229 77 8 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 77 9 how how WRB en-wikipedia-org-4229 77 10 well well RB en-wikipedia-org-4229 77 11 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 77 12 hoplites hoplite NNS en-wikipedia-org-4229 77 13 could could MD en-wikipedia-org-4229 77 14 maintain maintain VB en-wikipedia-org-4229 77 15 this this DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 77 16 formation formation NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 77 17 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 77 18 combat combat NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 77 19 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4229 77 20 how how WRB en-wikipedia-org-4229 77 21 well well RB en-wikipedia-org-4229 77 22 they -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-4229 77 23 could could MD en-wikipedia-org-4229 77 24 stand stand VB en-wikipedia-org-4229 77 25 their -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-4229 77 26 ground ground NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 77 27 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4229 77 28 especially especially RB en-wikipedia-org-4229 77 29 when when WRB en-wikipedia-org-4229 77 30 engaged engage VBN en-wikipedia-org-4229 77 31 against against IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 77 32 another another DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 77 33 phalanx phalanx NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 77 34 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4229 78 1 For for IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 78 2 this this DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 78 3 reason reason NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 78 4 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4229 78 5 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 78 6 formation formation NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 78 7 was be VBD en-wikipedia-org-4229 78 8 deliberately deliberately RB en-wikipedia-org-4229 78 9 organized organize VBN en-wikipedia-org-4229 78 10 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-4229 78 11 group group NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 78 12 friends friend NNS en-wikipedia-org-4229 78 13 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4229 78 14 family family NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 78 15 close close VB en-wikipedia-org-4229 78 16 together together RB en-wikipedia-org-4229 78 17 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4229 78 18 thus thus RB en-wikipedia-org-4229 78 19 providing provide VBG en-wikipedia-org-4229 78 20 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 78 21 psychological psychological JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 78 22 incentive incentive NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 78 23 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-4229 78 24 support support VB en-wikipedia-org-4229 78 25 one one PRP en-wikipedia-org-4229 78 26 's 's POS en-wikipedia-org-4229 78 27 fellows fellow NNS en-wikipedia-org-4229 78 28 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4229 78 29 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4229 78 30 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 78 31 disincentive disincentive JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 78 32 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4229 78 33 through through IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 78 34 shame shame NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 78 35 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4229 78 36 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-4229 78 37 panic panic VB en-wikipedia-org-4229 78 38 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-4229 78 39 attempt attempt VB en-wikipedia-org-4229 78 40 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-4229 78 41 flee flee VB en-wikipedia-org-4229 78 42 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4229 79 1 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 79 2 more more RBR en-wikipedia-org-4229 79 3 disciplined disciplined JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 79 4 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4229 79 5 courageous courageous JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 79 6 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 79 7 army army NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 79 8 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4229 79 9 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 79 10 more more RBR en-wikipedia-org-4229 79 11 likely likely JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 79 12 it -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-4229 79 13 was be VBD en-wikipedia-org-4229 79 14 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-4229 79 15 win win VB en-wikipedia-org-4229 79 16 – – : en-wikipedia-org-4229 79 17 often often RB en-wikipedia-org-4229 79 18 engagements engagement VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4229 79 19 between between IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 79 20 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 79 21 various various JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 79 22 city city NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 79 23 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4229 79 24 states state NNS en-wikipedia-org-4229 79 25 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 79 26 Greece Greece NNP en-wikipedia-org-4229 79 27 would would MD en-wikipedia-org-4229 79 28 be be VB en-wikipedia-org-4229 79 29 resolved resolve VBN en-wikipedia-org-4229 79 30 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 79 31 one one CD en-wikipedia-org-4229 79 32 side side NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 79 33 fleeing flee VBG en-wikipedia-org-4229 79 34 before before IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 79 35 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 79 36 battle battle NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 79 37 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4229 80 1 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 80 2 Greek greek JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 80 3 word word NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 80 4 dynamis dynamis NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 80 5 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4229 80 6 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 80 7 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-4229 80 8 will will MD en-wikipedia-org-4229 80 9 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-4229 80 10 fight fight VB en-wikipedia-org-4229 80 11 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-4229 80 12 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4229 80 13 expresses express VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4229 80 14 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 80 15 drive drive NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 80 16 that that WDT en-wikipedia-org-4229 80 17 kept keep VBD en-wikipedia-org-4229 80 18 hoplites hoplite NNS en-wikipedia-org-4229 80 19 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 80 20 formation formation NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 80 21 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4229 81 1 Now now RB en-wikipedia-org-4229 81 2 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 81 3 those those DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 81 4 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4229 81 5 who who WP en-wikipedia-org-4229 81 6 dare dare VBP en-wikipedia-org-4229 81 7 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4229 81 8 abiding abide VBG en-wikipedia-org-4229 81 9 one one CD en-wikipedia-org-4229 81 10 beside beside IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 81 11 another another DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 81 12 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4229 81 13 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-4229 81 14 advance advance VB en-wikipedia-org-4229 81 15 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 81 16 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 81 17 close close JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 81 18 fray fray NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 81 19 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4229 81 20 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4229 81 21 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 81 22 foremost foremost JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 81 23 champions champion NNS en-wikipedia-org-4229 81 24 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4229 81 25 fewer few JJR en-wikipedia-org-4229 81 26 die die NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 81 27 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4229 81 28 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4229 81 29 they -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-4229 81 30 save save VBP en-wikipedia-org-4229 81 31 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 81 32 people people NNS en-wikipedia-org-4229 81 33 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 81 34 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 81 35 rear rear NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 81 36 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-4229 81 37 but but CC en-wikipedia-org-4229 81 38 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 81 39 men man NNS en-wikipedia-org-4229 81 40 that that WDT en-wikipedia-org-4229 81 41 fear fear VBP en-wikipedia-org-4229 81 42 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4229 81 43 all all DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 81 44 excellence excellence NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 81 45 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4229 81 46 lost lose VBN en-wikipedia-org-4229 81 47 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4229 82 1 No no DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 82 2 one one PRP en-wikipedia-org-4229 82 3 could could MD en-wikipedia-org-4229 82 4 ever ever RB en-wikipedia-org-4229 82 5 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 82 6 words word NNS en-wikipedia-org-4229 82 7 go go VB en-wikipedia-org-4229 82 8 through through IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 82 9 those those DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 82 10 several several JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 82 11 ills ill NNS en-wikipedia-org-4229 82 12 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4229 82 13 which which WDT en-wikipedia-org-4229 82 14 befall befall VBP en-wikipedia-org-4229 82 15 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 82 16 man man NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 82 17 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4229 82 18 if if IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 82 19 he -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-4229 82 20 has have VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4229 82 21 been be VBN en-wikipedia-org-4229 82 22 actuated actuate VBN en-wikipedia-org-4229 82 23 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 82 24 cowardice cowardice NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 82 25 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4229 83 1 For for IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 83 2 ' ' `` en-wikipedia-org-4229 83 3 tis tis NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 83 4 grievous grievous JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 83 5 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-4229 83 6 wound wound VB en-wikipedia-org-4229 83 7 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 83 8 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 83 9 rear rear NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 83 10 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 83 11 back back NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 83 12 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 83 13 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 83 14 flying fly VBG en-wikipedia-org-4229 83 15 man man NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 83 16 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 83 17 hostile hostile JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 83 18 war war NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 83 19 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4229 84 1 Shameful shameful JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 84 2 too too RB en-wikipedia-org-4229 84 3 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4229 84 4 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 84 5 corpse corpse NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 84 6 lying lie VBG en-wikipedia-org-4229 84 7 low low JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 84 8 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 84 9 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 84 10 dust dust NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 84 11 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4229 84 12 wounded wound VBN en-wikipedia-org-4229 84 13 behind behind RB en-wikipedia-org-4229 84 14 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 84 15 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 84 16 back back NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 84 17 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 84 18 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 84 19 point point NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 84 20 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 84 21 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 84 22 spear spear NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 84 23 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4229 85 1 — — : en-wikipedia-org-4229 85 2     _SP en-wikipedia-org-4229 85 3 Tyrtaeus Tyrtaeus NNP en-wikipedia-org-4229 85 4 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4229 85 5 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 85 6 War War NNP en-wikipedia-org-4229 85 7 Songs Songs NNPS en-wikipedia-org-4229 85 8 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 85 9 Tyrtaeus[9 Tyrtaeus[9 NNP en-wikipedia-org-4229 85 10 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4229 85 11 Hoplite Hoplite NNP en-wikipedia-org-4229 85 12 armament[edit armament[edit NFP en-wikipedia-org-4229 85 13 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4229 85 14 Each each DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 85 15 hoplite hoplite NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 85 16 provided provide VBD en-wikipedia-org-4229 85 17 his -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-4229 85 18 own own JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 85 19 equipment equipment NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 85 20 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4229 86 1 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 86 2 primary primary JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 86 3 hoplite hoplite JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 86 4 weapon weapon NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 86 5 was be VBD en-wikipedia-org-4229 86 6 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 86 7 spear spear NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 86 8 around around IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 86 9 2.4 2.4 CD en-wikipedia-org-4229 86 10 metres metre NNS en-wikipedia-org-4229 86 11 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4229 86 12 7.9 7.9 CD en-wikipedia-org-4229 86 13   _SP en-wikipedia-org-4229 86 14 ft ft NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 86 15 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4229 86 16 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 86 17 length length NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 86 18 called call VBN en-wikipedia-org-4229 86 19 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 86 20 dory dory NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 86 21 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4229 87 1 Although although IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 87 2 accounts account NNS en-wikipedia-org-4229 87 3 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 87 4 its -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-4229 87 5 length length NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 87 6 vary vary NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 87 7 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4229 87 8 it -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-4229 87 9 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4229 87 10 usually usually RB en-wikipedia-org-4229 87 11 now now RB en-wikipedia-org-4229 87 12 believed believe VBN en-wikipedia-org-4229 87 13 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-4229 87 14 have have VB en-wikipedia-org-4229 87 15 been be VBN en-wikipedia-org-4229 87 16 seven seven CD en-wikipedia-org-4229 87 17 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-4229 87 18 nine nine CD en-wikipedia-org-4229 87 19 feet foot NNS en-wikipedia-org-4229 87 20 long long JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 87 21 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4229 87 22 ~2.1–2.7 ~2.1–2.7 NNP en-wikipedia-org-4229 87 23 m m NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 87 24 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4229 87 25 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4229 88 1 It -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-4229 88 2 was be VBD en-wikipedia-org-4229 88 3 held hold VBN en-wikipedia-org-4229 88 4 one one CD en-wikipedia-org-4229 88 5 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4229 88 6 handed handed JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 88 7 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4229 88 8 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 88 9 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 88 10 other other JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 88 11 hand hand NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 88 12 holding hold VBG en-wikipedia-org-4229 88 13 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 88 14 hoplite hoplite NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 88 15 's 's POS en-wikipedia-org-4229 88 16 shield shield NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 88 17 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4229 88 18 aspis aspis NNP en-wikipedia-org-4229 88 19 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4229 88 20 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4229 89 1 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 89 2 spearhead spearhead NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 89 3 was be VBD en-wikipedia-org-4229 89 4 usually usually RB en-wikipedia-org-4229 89 5 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 89 6 curved curved JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 89 7 leaf leaf NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 89 8 shape shape NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 89 9 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4229 89 10 while while IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 89 11 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 89 12 rear rear NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 89 13 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 89 14 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 89 15 spear spear NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 89 16 had have VBD en-wikipedia-org-4229 89 17 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 89 18 spike spike NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 89 19 called call VBN en-wikipedia-org-4229 89 20 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 89 21 sauroter sauroter NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 89 22 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4229 89 23 ' ' `` en-wikipedia-org-4229 89 24 lizard lizard NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 89 25 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4229 89 26 killer killer NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 89 27 ' ' '' en-wikipedia-org-4229 89 28 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4229 89 29 which which WDT en-wikipedia-org-4229 89 30 was be VBD en-wikipedia-org-4229 89 31 used use VBN en-wikipedia-org-4229 89 32 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-4229 89 33 stand stand VB en-wikipedia-org-4229 89 34 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 89 35 spear spear NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 89 36 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 89 37 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 89 38 ground ground NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 89 39 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4229 89 40 hence hence RB en-wikipedia-org-4229 89 41 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 89 42 name name NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 89 43 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4229 89 44 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4229 90 1 It -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-4229 90 2 was be VBD en-wikipedia-org-4229 90 3 also also RB en-wikipedia-org-4229 90 4 used use VBN en-wikipedia-org-4229 90 5 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 90 6 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 90 7 secondary secondary JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 90 8 weapon weapon NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 90 9 if if IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 90 10 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 90 11 main main JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 90 12 shaft shaft NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 90 13 snapped snap VBD en-wikipedia-org-4229 90 14 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-4229 90 15 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-4229 90 16 kill kill VB en-wikipedia-org-4229 90 17 enemies enemy NNS en-wikipedia-org-4229 90 18 lying lie VBG en-wikipedia-org-4229 90 19 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 90 20 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 90 21 ground ground NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 90 22 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4229 91 1 This this DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 91 2 was be VBD en-wikipedia-org-4229 91 3 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 91 4 common common JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 91 5 problem problem NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 91 6 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4229 91 7 especially especially RB en-wikipedia-org-4229 91 8 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 91 9 soldiers soldier NNS en-wikipedia-org-4229 91 10 who who WP en-wikipedia-org-4229 91 11 were be VBD en-wikipedia-org-4229 91 12 involved involve VBN en-wikipedia-org-4229 91 13 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 91 14 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 91 15 initial initial JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 91 16 clash clash NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 91 17 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 91 18 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 91 19 enemy enemy NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 91 20 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4229 92 1 Despite despite IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 92 2 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 92 3 snapping snapping NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 92 4 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 92 5 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 92 6 spear spear NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 92 7 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4229 92 8 hoplites hoplite NNS en-wikipedia-org-4229 92 9 could could MD en-wikipedia-org-4229 92 10 easily easily RB en-wikipedia-org-4229 92 11 switch switch VB en-wikipedia-org-4229 92 12 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 92 13 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 92 14 sauroter sauroter NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 92 15 without without IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 92 16 great great JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 92 17 consequence consequence NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 92 18 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4229 93 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4229 93 2 10 10 CD en-wikipedia-org-4229 93 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4229 93 4 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 93 5 rear rear JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 93 6 ranks rank NNS en-wikipedia-org-4229 93 7 used use VBD en-wikipedia-org-4229 93 8 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 93 9 secondary secondary JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 93 10 end end NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 93 11 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-4229 93 12 finish finish VB en-wikipedia-org-4229 93 13 off off RP en-wikipedia-org-4229 93 14 fallen fall VBN en-wikipedia-org-4229 93 15 opponents opponent NNS en-wikipedia-org-4229 93 16 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 93 17 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 93 18 phalanx phalanx NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 93 19 advanced advance VBD en-wikipedia-org-4229 93 20 over over IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 93 21 them -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-4229 93 22 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4229 94 1 Throughout throughout IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 94 2 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 94 3 hoplite hoplite JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 94 4 era era NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 94 5 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4229 94 6 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 94 7 standard standard NNP en-wikipedia-org-4229 94 8 hoplite hoplite NNP en-wikipedia-org-4229 94 9 armour armour NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 94 10 went go VBD en-wikipedia-org-4229 94 11 through through IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 94 12 many many JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 94 13 cyclical cyclical JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 94 14 changes change NNS en-wikipedia-org-4229 94 15 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4229 95 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4229 95 2 11 11 CD en-wikipedia-org-4229 95 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4229 95 4 An an DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 95 5 Archaic Archaic NNP en-wikipedia-org-4229 95 6 hoplite hoplite NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 95 7 typically typically RB en-wikipedia-org-4229 95 8 wore wear VBD en-wikipedia-org-4229 95 9 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 95 10 bronze bronze NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 95 11 breastplate breastplate NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 95 12 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4229 95 13 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 95 14 bronze bronze NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 95 15 helmet helmet NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 95 16 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 95 17 cheekplates cheekplate NNS en-wikipedia-org-4229 95 18 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4229 95 19 as as RB en-wikipedia-org-4229 95 20 well well RB en-wikipedia-org-4229 95 21 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 95 22 greaves greave NNS en-wikipedia-org-4229 95 23 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4229 95 24 other other JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 95 25 armour armour NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 95 26 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4229 96 1 Later later RB en-wikipedia-org-4229 96 2 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4229 96 3 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 96 4 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 96 5 classical classical JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 96 6 period period NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 96 7 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4229 96 8 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 96 9 breastplate breastplate NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 96 10 became become VBD en-wikipedia-org-4229 96 11 less less RBR en-wikipedia-org-4229 96 12 common common JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 96 13 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4229 96 14 replaced replace VBN en-wikipedia-org-4229 96 15 instead instead RB en-wikipedia-org-4229 96 16 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 96 17 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 96 18 corselet corselet NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 96 19 that that WDT en-wikipedia-org-4229 96 20 some some DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 96 21 claim claim NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 96 22 was be VBD en-wikipedia-org-4229 96 23 made make VBN en-wikipedia-org-4229 96 24 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 96 25 linothorax linothorax JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 96 26 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4229 96 27 layers layer NNS en-wikipedia-org-4229 96 28 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 96 29 linen linen NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 96 30 glued glue VBN en-wikipedia-org-4229 96 31 together together RB en-wikipedia-org-4229 96 32 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4229 96 33 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4229 96 34 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-4229 96 35 perhaps perhaps RB en-wikipedia-org-4229 96 36 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 96 37 leather leather NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 96 38 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4229 96 39 sometimes sometimes RB en-wikipedia-org-4229 96 40 covered cover VBN en-wikipedia-org-4229 96 41 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 96 42 whole whole NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 96 43 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-4229 96 44 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 96 45 part part NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 96 46 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 96 47 overlapping overlap VBG en-wikipedia-org-4229 96 48 metal metal NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 96 49 scales scale NNS en-wikipedia-org-4229 96 50 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4229 97 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4229 97 2 12][13 12][13 CD en-wikipedia-org-4229 97 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4229 97 4 Eventually eventually RB en-wikipedia-org-4229 97 5 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4229 97 6 even even RB en-wikipedia-org-4229 97 7 greaves greave NNS en-wikipedia-org-4229 97 8 became become VBD en-wikipedia-org-4229 97 9 less less RBR en-wikipedia-org-4229 97 10 commonly commonly RB en-wikipedia-org-4229 97 11 used use VBN en-wikipedia-org-4229 97 12 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4229 97 13 although although IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 97 14 degrees degree NNS en-wikipedia-org-4229 97 15 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 97 16 heavier heavy JJR en-wikipedia-org-4229 97 17 armour armour NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 97 18 remained remain VBD en-wikipedia-org-4229 97 19 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4229 97 20 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 97 21 attested attest VBN en-wikipedia-org-4229 97 22 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 97 23 Xenophon Xenophon NNP en-wikipedia-org-4229 97 24 as as RB en-wikipedia-org-4229 97 25 late late JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 97 26 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 97 27 401 401 CD en-wikipedia-org-4229 97 28 BC BC NNP en-wikipedia-org-4229 97 29 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4229 98 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4229 98 2 14 14 CD en-wikipedia-org-4229 98 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4229 98 4 These these DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 98 5 changes change NNS en-wikipedia-org-4229 98 6 reflected reflect VBD en-wikipedia-org-4229 98 7 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 98 8 balancing balancing NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 98 9 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 98 10 mobility mobility NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 98 11 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 98 12 protection protection NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 98 13 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4229 98 14 especially especially RB en-wikipedia-org-4229 98 15 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 98 16 cavalry cavalry NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 98 17 became become VBD en-wikipedia-org-4229 98 18 more more RBR en-wikipedia-org-4229 98 19 prominent prominent JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 98 20 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 98 21 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 98 22 Peloponnesian Peloponnesian NNP en-wikipedia-org-4229 98 23 War[15 War[15 NFP en-wikipedia-org-4229 98 24 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4229 98 25 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4229 98 26 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 98 27 need need NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 98 28 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-4229 98 29 combat combat VB en-wikipedia-org-4229 98 30 light light JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 98 31 troops troop NNS en-wikipedia-org-4229 98 32 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4229 98 33 which which WDT en-wikipedia-org-4229 98 34 were be VBD en-wikipedia-org-4229 98 35 increasingly increasingly RB en-wikipedia-org-4229 98 36 used use VBN en-wikipedia-org-4229 98 37 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-4229 98 38 negate negate VB en-wikipedia-org-4229 98 39 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 98 40 hoplite hoplite NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 98 41 's 's POS en-wikipedia-org-4229 98 42 role role NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 98 43 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 98 44 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 98 45 primary primary JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 98 46 force force NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 98 47 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 98 48 battle battle NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 98 49 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4229 99 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4229 99 2 16 16 CD en-wikipedia-org-4229 99 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4229 99 4 Yet yet CC en-wikipedia-org-4229 99 5 bronze bronze NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 99 6 armour armour NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 99 7 remained remain VBD en-wikipedia-org-4229 99 8 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 99 9 some some DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 99 10 form form NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 99 11 until until IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 99 12 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 99 13 end end NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 99 14 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 99 15 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 99 16 hoplite hoplite NNP en-wikipedia-org-4229 99 17 era era NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 99 18 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4229 100 1 Some some DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 100 2 archaeologists archaeologist NNS en-wikipedia-org-4229 100 3 have have VBP en-wikipedia-org-4229 100 4 pointed point VBN en-wikipedia-org-4229 100 5 out out RP en-wikipedia-org-4229 100 6 that that IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 100 7 bronze bronze NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 100 8 armour armour NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 100 9 does do VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4229 100 10 not not RB en-wikipedia-org-4229 100 11 actually actually RB en-wikipedia-org-4229 100 12 provide provide VB en-wikipedia-org-4229 100 13 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 100 14 much much JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 100 15 protection protection NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 100 16 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 100 17 direct direct JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 100 18 blows blow NNS en-wikipedia-org-4229 100 19 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 100 20 more more RBR en-wikipedia-org-4229 100 21 extensive extensive JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 100 22 corselet corselet NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 100 23 padding padding NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 100 24 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4229 100 25 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4229 100 26 have have VBP en-wikipedia-org-4229 100 27 suggested suggest VBN en-wikipedia-org-4229 100 28 its -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-4229 100 29 continued continue VBN en-wikipedia-org-4229 100 30 use use NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 100 31 was be VBD en-wikipedia-org-4229 100 32 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 100 33 matter matter NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 100 34 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 100 35 status status NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 100 36 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 100 37 those those DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 100 38 who who WP en-wikipedia-org-4229 100 39 could could MD en-wikipedia-org-4229 100 40 afford afford VB en-wikipedia-org-4229 100 41 it -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-4229 100 42 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4229 101 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4229 101 2 17 17 CD en-wikipedia-org-4229 101 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4229 101 4 In in IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 101 5 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 101 6 classical classical JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 101 7 Greek greek JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 101 8 dialect dialect NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 101 9 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4229 101 10 there there EX en-wikipedia-org-4229 101 11 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4229 101 12 no no DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 101 13 word word NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 101 14 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 101 15 swordsmen swordsman NNS en-wikipedia-org-4229 101 16 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-4229 101 17 yet yet CC en-wikipedia-org-4229 101 18 hoplites hoplite NNS en-wikipedia-org-4229 101 19 also also RB en-wikipedia-org-4229 101 20 carried carry VBD en-wikipedia-org-4229 101 21 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 101 22 short short JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 101 23 sword sword NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 101 24 called call VBN en-wikipedia-org-4229 101 25 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 101 26 xiphos xiphos NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 101 27 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4229 101 28 used use VBN en-wikipedia-org-4229 101 29 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 101 30 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 101 31 secondary secondary JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 101 32 weapon weapon NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 101 33 if if IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 101 34 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 101 35 dory dory NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 101 36 was be VBD en-wikipedia-org-4229 101 37 broken break VBN en-wikipedia-org-4229 101 38 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-4229 101 39 lost lose VBN en-wikipedia-org-4229 101 40 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4229 102 1 Samples sample NNS en-wikipedia-org-4229 102 2 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 102 3 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 102 4 xiphos xiphos NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 102 5 recovered recover VBN en-wikipedia-org-4229 102 6 at at IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 102 7 excavation excavation NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 102 8 sites site NNS en-wikipedia-org-4229 102 9 were be VBD en-wikipedia-org-4229 102 10 typically typically RB en-wikipedia-org-4229 102 11 around around RB en-wikipedia-org-4229 102 12 60 60 CD en-wikipedia-org-4229 102 13   _SP en-wikipedia-org-4229 102 14 cm cm NNS en-wikipedia-org-4229 102 15 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 102 16 length length NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 102 17 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4229 103 1 These these DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 103 2 swords sword NNS en-wikipedia-org-4229 103 3 were be VBD en-wikipedia-org-4229 103 4 double double RB en-wikipedia-org-4229 103 5 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4229 103 6 edged edged JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 103 7 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4229 103 8 could could MD en-wikipedia-org-4229 103 9 therefore therefore RB en-wikipedia-org-4229 103 10 be be VB en-wikipedia-org-4229 103 11 used use VBN en-wikipedia-org-4229 103 12 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 103 13 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 103 14 cutting cutting NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 103 15 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4229 103 16 thrusting thrust VBG en-wikipedia-org-4229 103 17 weapon weapon NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 103 18 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4229 104 1 These these DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 104 2 short short JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 104 3 swords sword NNS en-wikipedia-org-4229 104 4 were be VBD en-wikipedia-org-4229 104 5 often often RB en-wikipedia-org-4229 104 6 used use VBN en-wikipedia-org-4229 104 7 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-4229 104 8 stab stab VB en-wikipedia-org-4229 104 9 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-4229 104 10 cut cut VB en-wikipedia-org-4229 104 11 at at IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 104 12 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 104 13 enemy enemy NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 104 14 's 's POS en-wikipedia-org-4229 104 15 neck neck NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 104 16 during during IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 104 17 close close JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 104 18 combat combat NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 104 19 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4229 105 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4229 105 2 18 18 CD en-wikipedia-org-4229 105 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4229 105 4 Hoplites Hoplites NNPS en-wikipedia-org-4229 105 5 carried carry VBD en-wikipedia-org-4229 105 6 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 105 7 circular circular JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 105 8 shield shield NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 105 9 called call VBD en-wikipedia-org-4229 105 10 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 105 11 hoplon hoplon NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 105 12 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4229 105 13 often often RB en-wikipedia-org-4229 105 14 referred refer VBN en-wikipedia-org-4229 105 15 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 105 16 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 105 17 an an DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 105 18 aspis aspis NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 105 19 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4229 105 20 made make VBN en-wikipedia-org-4229 105 21 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 105 22 wood wood NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 105 23 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4229 105 24 covered cover VBN en-wikipedia-org-4229 105 25 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 105 26 bronze bronze NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 105 27 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4229 105 28 measuring measure VBG en-wikipedia-org-4229 105 29 roughly roughly RB en-wikipedia-org-4229 105 30 1 1 CD en-wikipedia-org-4229 105 31 metre metre NNP en-wikipedia-org-4229 105 32 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4229 105 33 3.3 3.3 CD en-wikipedia-org-4229 105 34   _SP en-wikipedia-org-4229 105 35 ft ft NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 105 36 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4229 105 37 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 105 38 diameter diameter NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 105 39 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4229 106 1 It -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-4229 106 2 spanned span VBD en-wikipedia-org-4229 106 3 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 106 4 chin chin NNP en-wikipedia-org-4229 106 5 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 106 6 knee knee NNP en-wikipedia-org-4229 106 7 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4229 106 8 was be VBD en-wikipedia-org-4229 106 9 very very RB en-wikipedia-org-4229 106 10 heavy heavy JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 106 11 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4229 106 12 8–15 8–15 NNP en-wikipedia-org-4229 106 13   _SP en-wikipedia-org-4229 106 14 kg kg NNP en-wikipedia-org-4229 106 15 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4229 106 16 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4229 107 1 This this DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 107 2 medium medium JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 107 3 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4229 107 4 sized sized JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 107 5 shield shield NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 107 6 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4229 107 7 fairly fairly RB en-wikipedia-org-4229 107 8 large large JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 107 9 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 107 10 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 107 11 period period NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 107 12 considering consider VBG en-wikipedia-org-4229 107 13 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 107 14 average average JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 107 15 male male NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 107 16 height height NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 107 17 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4229 107 18 was be VBD en-wikipedia-org-4229 107 19 made make VBN en-wikipedia-org-4229 107 20 possible possible JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 107 21 partly partly RB en-wikipedia-org-4229 107 22 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 107 23 its -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-4229 107 24 dish dish NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 107 25 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4229 107 26 like like JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 107 27 shape shape NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 107 28 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4229 107 29 which which WDT en-wikipedia-org-4229 107 30 allowed allow VBD en-wikipedia-org-4229 107 31 it -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-4229 107 32 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-4229 107 33 be be VB en-wikipedia-org-4229 107 34 supported support VBN en-wikipedia-org-4229 107 35 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 107 36 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 107 37 rim rim NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 107 38 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 107 39 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 107 40 shoulder shoulder NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 107 41 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4229 108 1 This this DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 108 2 was be VBD en-wikipedia-org-4229 108 3 quite quite PDT en-wikipedia-org-4229 108 4 an an DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 108 5 important important JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 108 6 feature feature NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 108 7 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 108 8 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 108 9 shield shield NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 108 10 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4229 108 11 especially especially RB en-wikipedia-org-4229 108 12 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 108 13 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 108 14 hoplites hoplite NNS en-wikipedia-org-4229 108 15 that that WDT en-wikipedia-org-4229 108 16 remained remain VBD en-wikipedia-org-4229 108 17 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 108 18 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 108 19 latter latter JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 108 20 ranks rank NNS en-wikipedia-org-4229 108 21 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4229 109 1 While while IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 109 2 these these DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 109 3 soldiers soldier NNS en-wikipedia-org-4229 109 4 continued continue VBD en-wikipedia-org-4229 109 5 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-4229 109 6 help help VB en-wikipedia-org-4229 109 7 press press VB en-wikipedia-org-4229 109 8 forward forward RB en-wikipedia-org-4229 109 9 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4229 109 10 they -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-4229 109 11 did do VBD en-wikipedia-org-4229 109 12 not not RB en-wikipedia-org-4229 109 13 have have VB en-wikipedia-org-4229 109 14 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 109 15 added add VBN en-wikipedia-org-4229 109 16 burden burden NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 109 17 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 109 18 holding hold VBG en-wikipedia-org-4229 109 19 up up RP en-wikipedia-org-4229 109 20 their -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-4229 109 21 shield shield NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 109 22 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4229 110 1 But but CC en-wikipedia-org-4229 110 2 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 110 3 circular circular JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 110 4 shield shield NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 110 5 was be VBD en-wikipedia-org-4229 110 6 not not RB en-wikipedia-org-4229 110 7 without without IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 110 8 its -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-4229 110 9 disadvantages disadvantage NNS en-wikipedia-org-4229 110 10 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4229 111 1 Despite despite IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 111 2 its -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-4229 111 3 mobility mobility NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 111 4 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4229 111 5 protective protective JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 111 6 curve curve NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 111 7 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4229 111 8 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4229 111 9 double double JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 111 10 straps strap NNS en-wikipedia-org-4229 111 11 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 111 12 circular circular JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 111 13 shape shape NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 111 14 created create VBD en-wikipedia-org-4229 111 15 gaps gap NNS en-wikipedia-org-4229 111 16 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 111 17 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 111 18 shield shield NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 111 19 wall wall NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 111 20 at at IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 111 21 both both CC en-wikipedia-org-4229 111 22 its -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-4229 111 23 top top JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 111 24 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4229 111 25 bottom bottom NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 111 26 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4229 112 1 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4229 112 2 Top top JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 112 3 gaps gap NNS en-wikipedia-org-4229 112 4 were be VBD en-wikipedia-org-4229 112 5 somewhat somewhat RB en-wikipedia-org-4229 112 6 reduced reduce VBN en-wikipedia-org-4229 112 7 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 112 8 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 112 9 one one CD en-wikipedia-org-4229 112 10 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-4229 112 11 two two CD en-wikipedia-org-4229 112 12 spears spear NNS en-wikipedia-org-4229 112 13 jutting jut VBG en-wikipedia-org-4229 112 14 out out IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 112 15 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 112 16 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 112 17 gap gap NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 112 18 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4229 113 1 In in IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 113 2 order order NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 113 3 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-4229 113 4 minimize minimize VB en-wikipedia-org-4229 113 5 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 113 6 bottom bottom JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 113 7 gaps gap NNS en-wikipedia-org-4229 113 8 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4229 113 9 thick thick JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 113 10 leather leather NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 113 11 ' ' '' en-wikipedia-org-4229 113 12 curtains curtain NNS en-wikipedia-org-4229 113 13 ' ' '' en-wikipedia-org-4229 113 14 were be VBD en-wikipedia-org-4229 113 15 used use VBN en-wikipedia-org-4229 113 16 but but CC en-wikipedia-org-4229 113 17 only only RB en-wikipedia-org-4229 113 18 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 113 19 an an DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 113 20 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4229 113 21 unknown unknown JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 113 22 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4229 113 23 percentage percentage NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 113 24 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 113 25 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 113 26 hoplites hoplite NNS en-wikipedia-org-4229 113 27 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4229 113 28 possibly possibly RB en-wikipedia-org-4229 113 29 mostly mostly RB en-wikipedia-org-4229 113 30 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 113 31 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 113 32 first first JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 113 33 row row NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 113 34 only only RB en-wikipedia-org-4229 113 35 since since IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 113 36 there there EX en-wikipedia-org-4229 113 37 were be VBD en-wikipedia-org-4229 113 38 disadvantages disadvantage NNS en-wikipedia-org-4229 113 39 as as RB en-wikipedia-org-4229 113 40 well well RB en-wikipedia-org-4229 113 41 : : : en-wikipedia-org-4229 113 42 considerable considerable JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 113 43 added added JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 113 44 weight weight NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 113 45 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 113 46 an an DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 113 47 already already RB en-wikipedia-org-4229 113 48 heavy heavy JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 113 49 shield shield NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 113 50 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4229 113 51 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 113 52 certain certain JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 113 53 additional additional JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 113 54 cost cost NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 113 55 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4229 113 56 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4229 114 1 These these DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 114 2 gaps gap NNS en-wikipedia-org-4229 114 3 left leave VBD en-wikipedia-org-4229 114 4 parts part NNS en-wikipedia-org-4229 114 5 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 114 6 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 114 7 hoplite hoplite NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 114 8 exposed expose VBN en-wikipedia-org-4229 114 9 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 114 10 potentially potentially RB en-wikipedia-org-4229 114 11 lethal lethal JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 114 12 spear spear NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 114 13 thrusts thrust NNS en-wikipedia-org-4229 114 14 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4229 114 15 were be VBD en-wikipedia-org-4229 114 16 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 114 17 persistent persistent JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 114 18 vulnerability vulnerability NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 114 19 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 114 20 hoplites hoplite NNS en-wikipedia-org-4229 114 21 controlling control VBG en-wikipedia-org-4229 114 22 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 114 23 front front JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 114 24 lines line NNS en-wikipedia-org-4229 114 25 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4229 115 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4229 115 2 19 19 CD en-wikipedia-org-4229 115 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4229 115 4 Phalangite Phalangite NNP en-wikipedia-org-4229 115 5 armament[edit armament[edit . en-wikipedia-org-4229 115 6 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4229 115 7 Further further JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 115 8 information information NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 115 9 : : : en-wikipedia-org-4229 115 10 Macedonian macedonian JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 115 11 phalanx phalanx NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 115 12 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 115 13 phalanx phalanx NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 115 14 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 115 15 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 115 16 Ancient ancient JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 115 17 Macedonian macedonian JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 115 18 kingdom kingdom NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 115 19 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4229 115 20 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 115 21 later later JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 115 22 Hellenistic hellenistic JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 115 23 successor successor NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 115 24 states state NNS en-wikipedia-org-4229 115 25 was be VBD en-wikipedia-org-4229 115 26 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 115 27 development development NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 115 28 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 115 29 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 115 30 hoplite hoplite JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 115 31 phalanx phalanx NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 115 32 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4229 116 1 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 116 2 ' ' `` en-wikipedia-org-4229 116 3 phalangites phalangite NNS en-wikipedia-org-4229 116 4 ' ' '' en-wikipedia-org-4229 116 5 were be VBD en-wikipedia-org-4229 116 6 armed arm VBN en-wikipedia-org-4229 116 7 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 116 8 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 116 9 much much RB en-wikipedia-org-4229 116 10 longer long JJR en-wikipedia-org-4229 116 11 spear spear NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 116 12 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4229 116 13 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 116 14 sarissa sarissa NNP en-wikipedia-org-4229 116 15 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4229 116 16 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4229 116 17 less less RBR en-wikipedia-org-4229 116 18 heavily heavily RB en-wikipedia-org-4229 116 19 armoured armoured JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 116 20 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4229 117 1 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 117 2 sarissa sarissa NNP en-wikipedia-org-4229 117 3 was be VBD en-wikipedia-org-4229 117 4 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 117 5 pike pike NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 117 6 used use VBN en-wikipedia-org-4229 117 7 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 117 8 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 117 9 ancient ancient JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 117 10 Macedonian macedonian JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 117 11 army army NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 117 12 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4229 118 1 Its -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-4229 118 2 actual actual JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 118 3 length length NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 118 4 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4229 118 5 unknown unknown JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 118 6 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4229 118 7 but but CC en-wikipedia-org-4229 118 8 apparently apparently RB en-wikipedia-org-4229 118 9 it -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-4229 118 10 was be VBD en-wikipedia-org-4229 118 11 twice twice RB en-wikipedia-org-4229 118 12 as as RB en-wikipedia-org-4229 118 13 long long RB en-wikipedia-org-4229 118 14 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 118 15 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 118 16 dory dory NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 118 17 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4229 119 1 This this DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 119 2 makes make VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4229 119 3 it -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-4229 119 4 at at RB en-wikipedia-org-4229 119 5 least least RBS en-wikipedia-org-4229 119 6 14 14 CD en-wikipedia-org-4229 119 7 feet foot NNS en-wikipedia-org-4229 119 8 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4229 119 9 4.3 4.3 CD en-wikipedia-org-4229 119 10   _SP en-wikipedia-org-4229 119 11 m m NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 119 12 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4229 119 13 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4229 119 14 but but CC en-wikipedia-org-4229 119 15 18 18 CD en-wikipedia-org-4229 119 16 feet foot NNS en-wikipedia-org-4229 119 17 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4229 119 18 5.5 5.5 CD en-wikipedia-org-4229 119 19   _SP en-wikipedia-org-4229 119 20 m m NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 119 21 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4229 119 22 appears appear VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4229 119 23 more more RBR en-wikipedia-org-4229 119 24 likely likely JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 119 25 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4229 120 1 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4229 120 2 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 120 3 cavalry cavalry NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 120 4 xyston xyston NNP en-wikipedia-org-4229 120 5 was be VBD en-wikipedia-org-4229 120 6 12.5 12.5 CD en-wikipedia-org-4229 120 7 feet foot NNS en-wikipedia-org-4229 120 8 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4229 120 9 3.8 3.8 CD en-wikipedia-org-4229 120 10   _SP en-wikipedia-org-4229 120 11 m m NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 120 12 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4229 120 13 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 120 14 comparison comparison NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 120 15 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4229 120 16 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4229 121 1 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 121 2 great great JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 121 3 length length NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 121 4 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 121 5 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 121 6 pike pike NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 121 7 was be VBD en-wikipedia-org-4229 121 8 balanced balance VBN en-wikipedia-org-4229 121 9 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 121 10 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 121 11 counterweight counterweight NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 121 12 at at IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 121 13 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 121 14 rear rear JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 121 15 end end NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 121 16 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4229 121 17 which which WDT en-wikipedia-org-4229 121 18 also also RB en-wikipedia-org-4229 121 19 functioned function VBD en-wikipedia-org-4229 121 20 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 121 21 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 121 22 butt butt NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 121 23 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4229 121 24 spike spike JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 121 25 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4229 121 26 allowing allow VBG en-wikipedia-org-4229 121 27 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 121 28 sarissa sarissa NNP en-wikipedia-org-4229 121 29 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-4229 121 30 be be VB en-wikipedia-org-4229 121 31 planted plant VBN en-wikipedia-org-4229 121 32 into into IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 121 33 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 121 34 ground ground NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 121 35 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4229 122 1 Because because IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 122 2 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 122 3 its -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-4229 122 4 great great JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 122 5 length length NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 122 6 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4229 122 7 weight weight NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 122 8 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4229 122 9 different different JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 122 10 balance balance NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 122 11 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4229 122 12 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 122 13 sarissa sarissa NNP en-wikipedia-org-4229 122 14 was be VBD en-wikipedia-org-4229 122 15 wielded wield VBN en-wikipedia-org-4229 122 16 two two CD en-wikipedia-org-4229 122 17 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4229 122 18 handed handed JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 122 19 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4229 123 1 This this DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 123 2 meant mean VBD en-wikipedia-org-4229 123 3 that that IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 123 4 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 123 5 aspis aspis NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 123 6 was be VBD en-wikipedia-org-4229 123 7 no no RB en-wikipedia-org-4229 123 8 longer long RBR en-wikipedia-org-4229 123 9 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 123 10 practical practical JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 123 11 defence defence NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 123 12 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4229 124 1 Instead instead RB en-wikipedia-org-4229 124 2 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4229 124 3 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 124 4 phalangites phalangite NNS en-wikipedia-org-4229 124 5 strapped strap VBD en-wikipedia-org-4229 124 6 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 124 7 smaller small JJR en-wikipedia-org-4229 124 8 pelte pelte JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 124 9 shield shield NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 124 10 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4229 124 11 usually usually RB en-wikipedia-org-4229 124 12 reserved reserve VBN en-wikipedia-org-4229 124 13 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 124 14 peltasts peltast NNS en-wikipedia-org-4229 124 15 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4229 124 16 light light JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 124 17 skirmishers skirmisher NNS en-wikipedia-org-4229 124 18 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4229 124 19 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 124 20 their -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-4229 124 21 left left JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 124 22 forearm forearm NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 124 23 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4229 125 1 Recent recent JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 125 2 theories theory NNS en-wikipedia-org-4229 125 3 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4229 125 4 including include VBG en-wikipedia-org-4229 125 5 examination examination NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 125 6 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 125 7 ancient ancient JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 125 8 frescoes fresco NNS en-wikipedia-org-4229 125 9 depicting depict VBG en-wikipedia-org-4229 125 10 full full JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 125 11 sets set NNS en-wikipedia-org-4229 125 12 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 125 13 weapons weapon NNS en-wikipedia-org-4229 125 14 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4229 125 15 armor armor NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 125 16 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4229 125 17 claim claim VBP en-wikipedia-org-4229 125 18 that that IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 125 19 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 125 20 shields shield NNS en-wikipedia-org-4229 125 21 used use VBN en-wikipedia-org-4229 125 22 were be VBD en-wikipedia-org-4229 125 23 actually actually RB en-wikipedia-org-4229 125 24 larger large JJR en-wikipedia-org-4229 125 25 than than IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 125 26 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 125 27 pelte pelte JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 125 28 but but CC en-wikipedia-org-4229 125 29 smaller small JJR en-wikipedia-org-4229 125 30 than than IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 125 31 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 125 32 aspis aspis NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 125 33 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4229 125 34 hanging hang VBG en-wikipedia-org-4229 125 35 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 125 36 leather leather NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 125 37 strap(s strap(s NNP en-wikipedia-org-4229 125 38 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4229 125 39 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 125 40 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 125 41 left left JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 125 42 shoulder shoulder NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 125 43 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-4229 125 44 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 125 45 both both DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 125 46 shoulders shoulder NNS en-wikipedia-org-4229 125 47 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4229 126 1 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 126 2 shield shield NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 126 3 would would MD en-wikipedia-org-4229 126 4 retain retain VB en-wikipedia-org-4229 126 5 handling handling NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 126 6 straps strap NNS en-wikipedia-org-4229 126 7 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 126 8 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 126 9 inner inner JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 126 10 curve curve NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 126 11 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4229 126 12 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-4229 126 13 be be VB en-wikipedia-org-4229 126 14 handled handle VBN en-wikipedia-org-4229 126 15 like like IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 126 16 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 126 17 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4229 126 18 smaller small JJR en-wikipedia-org-4229 126 19 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4229 126 20 aspis aspis NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 126 21 if if IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 126 22 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 126 23 fight fight NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 126 24 progressed progress VBD en-wikipedia-org-4229 126 25 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-4229 126 26 sword sword NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 126 27 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4229 126 28 wielding wielding NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 126 29 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4229 127 1 Although although IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 127 2 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 127 3 both both DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 127 4 shield shield NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 127 5 size size NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 127 6 assumptions assumption NNS en-wikipedia-org-4229 127 7 this this DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 127 8 reduced reduce VBD en-wikipedia-org-4229 127 9 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 127 10 shield shield NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 127 11 wall wall NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 127 12 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4229 127 13 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 127 14 extreme extreme JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 127 15 length length NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 127 16 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 127 17 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 127 18 spear spear NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 127 19 kept keep VBD en-wikipedia-org-4229 127 20 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 127 21 enemy enemy NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 127 22 at at IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 127 23 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 127 24 greater great JJR en-wikipedia-org-4229 127 25 distance distance NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 127 26 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4229 127 27 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 127 28 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 127 29 pikes pike NNS en-wikipedia-org-4229 127 30 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 127 31 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 127 32 first first JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 127 33 three three CD en-wikipedia-org-4229 127 34 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-4229 127 35 five five CD en-wikipedia-org-4229 127 36 ranks rank NNS en-wikipedia-org-4229 127 37 could could MD en-wikipedia-org-4229 127 38 all all DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 127 39 be be VB en-wikipedia-org-4229 127 40 brought bring VBN en-wikipedia-org-4229 127 41 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-4229 127 42 bear bear VB en-wikipedia-org-4229 127 43 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 127 44 front front NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 127 45 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 127 46 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 127 47 front front NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 127 48 row row NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 127 49 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4229 128 1 This this DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 128 2 pike pike NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 128 3 had have VBD en-wikipedia-org-4229 128 4 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-4229 128 5 be be VB en-wikipedia-org-4229 128 6 held hold VBN en-wikipedia-org-4229 128 7 underhand underhand JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 128 8 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4229 128 9 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 128 10 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 128 11 shield shield NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 128 12 would would MD en-wikipedia-org-4229 128 13 have have VB en-wikipedia-org-4229 128 14 obscured obscure VBN en-wikipedia-org-4229 128 15 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 128 16 soldier soldier NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 128 17 's 's POS en-wikipedia-org-4229 128 18 vision vision NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 128 19 had have VBD en-wikipedia-org-4229 128 20 it -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-4229 128 21 been be VBN en-wikipedia-org-4229 128 22 held hold VBN en-wikipedia-org-4229 128 23 overhead overhead RB en-wikipedia-org-4229 128 24 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4229 129 1 It -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-4229 129 2 would would MD en-wikipedia-org-4229 129 3 also also RB en-wikipedia-org-4229 129 4 be be VB en-wikipedia-org-4229 129 5 very very RB en-wikipedia-org-4229 129 6 hard hard JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 129 7 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-4229 129 8 remove remove VB en-wikipedia-org-4229 129 9 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 129 10 sarissa sarissa NNP en-wikipedia-org-4229 129 11 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 129 12 anything anything NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 129 13 it -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-4229 129 14 stuck stick VBD en-wikipedia-org-4229 129 15 in in RB en-wikipedia-org-4229 129 16 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4229 129 17 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 129 18 earth earth NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 129 19 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4229 129 20 shields shield NNS en-wikipedia-org-4229 129 21 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4229 129 22 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4229 129 23 soldiers soldier NNS en-wikipedia-org-4229 129 24 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 129 25 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 129 26 opposition opposition NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 129 27 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4229 129 28 if if IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 129 29 it -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-4229 129 30 were be VBD en-wikipedia-org-4229 129 31 thrust thrust VBN en-wikipedia-org-4229 129 32 downwards downwards RB en-wikipedia-org-4229 129 33 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4229 129 34 due due IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 129 35 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 129 36 its -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-4229 129 37 length length NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 129 38 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4229 130 1 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 130 2 Macedonian macedonian JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 130 3 phalanx phalanx NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 130 4 was be VBD en-wikipedia-org-4229 130 5 much much RB en-wikipedia-org-4229 130 6 less less RBR en-wikipedia-org-4229 130 7 able able JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 130 8 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-4229 130 9 form form VB en-wikipedia-org-4229 130 10 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 130 11 shield shield NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 130 12 wall wall NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 130 13 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4229 130 14 but but CC en-wikipedia-org-4229 130 15 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 130 16 lengthened lengthened JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 130 17 spears spear NNS en-wikipedia-org-4229 130 18 would would MD en-wikipedia-org-4229 130 19 have have VB en-wikipedia-org-4229 130 20 compensated compensate VBN en-wikipedia-org-4229 130 21 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 130 22 this this DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 130 23 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4229 131 1 Such such PDT en-wikipedia-org-4229 131 2 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 131 3 phalanx phalanx NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 131 4 formation formation NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 131 5 also also RB en-wikipedia-org-4229 131 6 reduced reduce VBD en-wikipedia-org-4229 131 7 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 131 8 likelihood likelihood NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 131 9 that that IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 131 10 battles battle NNS en-wikipedia-org-4229 131 11 would would MD en-wikipedia-org-4229 131 12 degenerate degenerate VB en-wikipedia-org-4229 131 13 into into IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 131 14 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 131 15 pushing push VBG en-wikipedia-org-4229 131 16 match match NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 131 17 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4229 132 1 Deployment deployment NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 132 2 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4229 132 3 combat[edit combat[edit LS en-wikipedia-org-4229 132 4 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4229 132 5 This this DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 132 6 section section NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 132 7 needs need VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4229 132 8 additional additional JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 132 9 citations citation NNS en-wikipedia-org-4229 132 10 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 132 11 verification verification NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 132 12 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4229 133 1 Please please UH en-wikipedia-org-4229 133 2 help help VB en-wikipedia-org-4229 133 3 improve improve VB en-wikipedia-org-4229 133 4 this this DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 133 5 article article NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 133 6 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 133 7 adding add VBG en-wikipedia-org-4229 133 8 citations citation NNS en-wikipedia-org-4229 133 9 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 133 10 reliable reliable JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 133 11 sources source NNS en-wikipedia-org-4229 133 12 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4229 134 1 Unsourced unsourced JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 134 2 material material NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 134 3 may may MD en-wikipedia-org-4229 134 4 be be VB en-wikipedia-org-4229 134 5 challenged challenge VBN en-wikipedia-org-4229 134 6 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4229 134 7 removed remove VBN en-wikipedia-org-4229 134 8 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4229 135 1 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4229 135 2 May May NNP en-wikipedia-org-4229 135 3 2018 2018 CD en-wikipedia-org-4229 135 4 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4229 135 5 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4229 135 6 Learn learn VB en-wikipedia-org-4229 135 7 how how WRB en-wikipedia-org-4229 135 8 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4229 135 9 when when WRB en-wikipedia-org-4229 135 10 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-4229 135 11 remove remove VB en-wikipedia-org-4229 135 12 this this DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 135 13 template template NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 135 14 message message NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 135 15 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4229 135 16 Two two CD en-wikipedia-org-4229 135 17 standard standard JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 135 18 Macedonian macedonian JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 135 19 enomotiæ enomotiæ NNS en-wikipedia-org-4229 135 20 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4229 135 21 32 32 CD en-wikipedia-org-4229 135 22 men man NNS en-wikipedia-org-4229 135 23 each each DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 135 24 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4229 135 25 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 135 26 loose loose JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 135 27 formation formation NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 135 28 2 2 CD en-wikipedia-org-4229 135 29   _SP en-wikipedia-org-4229 135 30 m m NNP en-wikipedia-org-4229 135 31 apart apart RB en-wikipedia-org-4229 135 32 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4229 135 33 32 32 CD en-wikipedia-org-4229 135 34 ranks rank NNS en-wikipedia-org-4229 135 35 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4229 135 36 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 135 37 same same JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 135 38 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 135 39 dense dense JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 135 40 formation formation NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 135 41 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-4229 135 42 each each DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 135 43 file file NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 135 44 1 1 CD en-wikipedia-org-4229 135 45   _SP en-wikipedia-org-4229 135 46 m m NNP en-wikipedia-org-4229 135 47 apart apart RB en-wikipedia-org-4229 135 48 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4229 135 49 16 16 CD en-wikipedia-org-4229 135 50 ranks rank NNS en-wikipedia-org-4229 135 51 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4229 135 52 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 135 53 same same JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 135 54 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 135 55 locked lock VBN en-wikipedia-org-4229 135 56 shields shield NNS en-wikipedia-org-4229 135 57 formation formation NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 135 58 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-4229 135 59 each each DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 135 60 file file NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 135 61 0.5 0.5 CD en-wikipedia-org-4229 135 62   _SP en-wikipedia-org-4229 135 63 m m NNP en-wikipedia-org-4229 135 64 apart apart RB en-wikipedia-org-4229 135 65 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4229 135 66 8 8 CD en-wikipedia-org-4229 135 67 ranks rank NNS en-wikipedia-org-4229 135 68 – – : en-wikipedia-org-4229 135 69 rightmost rightmost JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 135 70 file file NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 135 71 not not RB en-wikipedia-org-4229 135 72 shown show VBN en-wikipedia-org-4229 135 73 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4229 135 74 Phalanx Phalanx NNP en-wikipedia-org-4229 135 75 composition composition NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 135 76 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4229 135 77 strength[edit strength[edit LS en-wikipedia-org-4229 135 78 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4229 135 79 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 135 80 basic basic JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 135 81 combat combat NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 135 82 element element NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 135 83 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 135 84 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 135 85 Greek greek JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 135 86 armies army NNS en-wikipedia-org-4229 135 87 was be VBD en-wikipedia-org-4229 135 88 either either CC en-wikipedia-org-4229 135 89 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 135 90 stichos stichos NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 135 91 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4229 135 92 meaning mean VBG en-wikipedia-org-4229 135 93 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-4229 135 94 file file NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 135 95 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-4229 135 96 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-4229 135 97 usually usually RB en-wikipedia-org-4229 135 98 8–16 8–16 CD en-wikipedia-org-4229 135 99 men man NNS en-wikipedia-org-4229 135 100 strong strong JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 135 101 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4229 135 102 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-4229 135 103 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 135 104 enomotia enomotia NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 135 105 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4229 135 106 meaning mean VBG en-wikipedia-org-4229 135 107 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-4229 135 108 sworn swear VBN en-wikipedia-org-4229 135 109 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-4229 135 110 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4229 135 111 made make VBN en-wikipedia-org-4229 135 112 up up RP en-wikipedia-org-4229 135 113 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 135 114 2–4 2–4 CD en-wikipedia-org-4229 135 115 stichœ stichœ JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 135 116 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4229 135 117 totaling total VBG en-wikipedia-org-4229 135 118 up up IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 135 119 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-4229 135 120 32 32 CD en-wikipedia-org-4229 135 121 men man NNS en-wikipedia-org-4229 135 122 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4229 135 123 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4229 135 124 both both DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 135 125 led lead VBN en-wikipedia-org-4229 135 126 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 135 127 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 135 128 dimœrites dimœrite NNS en-wikipedia-org-4229 135 129 who who WP en-wikipedia-org-4229 135 130 was be VBD en-wikipedia-org-4229 135 131 assisted assist VBN en-wikipedia-org-4229 135 132 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 135 133 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 135 134 decadarchos decadarchos NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 135 135 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4229 135 136 two two CD en-wikipedia-org-4229 135 137 decasterœ decasterœ NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 135 138 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4229 135 139 sing sing NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 135 140 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4229 136 1 decasteros decasteros NNP en-wikipedia-org-4229 136 2 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4229 136 3 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4229 137 1 Four four CD en-wikipedia-org-4229 137 2 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 137 3 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 137 4 maximum maximum NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 137 5 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 137 6 32 32 CD en-wikipedia-org-4229 137 7 enomotiæ enomotiæ NNS en-wikipedia-org-4229 137 8 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4229 137 9 depending depend VBG en-wikipedia-org-4229 137 10 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 137 11 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 137 12 era era NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 137 13 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 137 14 question question NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 137 15 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-4229 137 16 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 137 17 city city NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 137 18 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4229 137 19 were be VBD en-wikipedia-org-4229 137 20 forming form VBG en-wikipedia-org-4229 137 21 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 137 22 lochos lochos NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 137 23 led lead VBN en-wikipedia-org-4229 137 24 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 137 25 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 137 26 lochagos lochago NNS en-wikipedia-org-4229 137 27 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4229 137 28 who who WP en-wikipedia-org-4229 137 29 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 137 30 this this DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 137 31 way way NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 137 32 was be VBD en-wikipedia-org-4229 137 33 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 137 34 command command NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 137 35 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 137 36 initially initially RB en-wikipedia-org-4229 137 37 100 100 CD en-wikipedia-org-4229 137 38 hoplites hoplite NNS en-wikipedia-org-4229 137 39 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 137 40 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 137 41 maximum maximum NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 137 42 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 137 43 c. c. NNP en-wikipedia-org-4229 137 44 500 500 CD en-wikipedia-org-4229 137 45 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 137 46 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 137 47 late late JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 137 48 Hellenistic hellenistic JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 137 49 armies army NNS en-wikipedia-org-4229 137 50 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4229 138 1 Here here RB en-wikipedia-org-4229 138 2 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4229 138 3 it -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-4229 138 4 has have VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4229 138 5 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-4229 138 6 be be VB en-wikipedia-org-4229 138 7 noted note VBN en-wikipedia-org-4229 138 8 that that IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 138 9 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 138 10 military military JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 138 11 manuals manual NNS en-wikipedia-org-4229 138 12 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 138 13 Asclepiodotus Asclepiodotus NNP en-wikipedia-org-4229 138 14 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4229 138 15 Aelian Aelian NNP en-wikipedia-org-4229 138 16 use use VBP en-wikipedia-org-4229 138 17 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 138 18 term term NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 138 19 lochos lochos NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 138 20 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-4229 138 21 denote denote VB en-wikipedia-org-4229 138 22 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 138 23 file file NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 138 24 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 138 25 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 138 26 phalanx phalanx NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 138 27 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4229 139 1 A a DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 139 2 taxis taxi NNS en-wikipedia-org-4229 139 3 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4229 139 4 mora mora NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 139 5 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 139 6 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 139 7 Spartans Spartans NNPS en-wikipedia-org-4229 139 8 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4229 139 9 was be VBD en-wikipedia-org-4229 139 10 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 139 11 greatest great JJS en-wikipedia-org-4229 139 12 standard standard JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 139 13 hoplitic hoplitic JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 139 14 formation formation NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 139 15 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 139 16 500 500 CD en-wikipedia-org-4229 139 17 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-4229 139 18 1500 1500 CD en-wikipedia-org-4229 139 19 men man NNS en-wikipedia-org-4229 139 20 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4229 139 21 led lead VBN en-wikipedia-org-4229 139 22 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 139 23 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 139 24 strategos strategos NNP en-wikipedia-org-4229 139 25 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4229 139 26 general general NNP en-wikipedia-org-4229 139 27 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4229 139 28 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4229 140 1 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 140 2 entire entire JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 140 3 army army NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 140 4 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4229 140 5 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 140 6 total total NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 140 7 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 140 8 several several JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 140 9 taxeis taxeis NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 140 10 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-4229 140 11 moræ moræ NNP en-wikipedia-org-4229 140 12 was be VBD en-wikipedia-org-4229 140 13 led lead VBN en-wikipedia-org-4229 140 14 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 140 15 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 140 16 generals general NNS en-wikipedia-org-4229 140 17 ' ' POS en-wikipedia-org-4229 140 18 council council NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 140 19 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4229 141 1 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 141 2 commander commander NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 141 3 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4229 141 4 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 141 5 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4229 141 6 chief chief NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 141 7 was be VBD en-wikipedia-org-4229 141 8 usually usually RB en-wikipedia-org-4229 141 9 called call VBN en-wikipedia-org-4229 141 10 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 141 11 polemarchos polemarchos NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 141 12 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-4229 141 13 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 141 14 strategos strategos NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 141 15 autocrator autocrator NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 141 16 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4229 142 1 Phalanx phalanx NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 142 2 front front NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 142 3 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4229 142 4 depth[edit depth[edit LS en-wikipedia-org-4229 142 5 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4229 142 6 Hoplite Hoplite NNP en-wikipedia-org-4229 142 7 phalanxes phalanx NNS en-wikipedia-org-4229 142 8 usually usually RB en-wikipedia-org-4229 142 9 deployed deploy VBN en-wikipedia-org-4229 142 10 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 142 11 ranks rank NNS en-wikipedia-org-4229 142 12 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 142 13 8 8 CD en-wikipedia-org-4229 142 14 men man NNS en-wikipedia-org-4229 142 15 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-4229 142 16 more more RBR en-wikipedia-org-4229 142 17 deep deep JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 142 18 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-4229 142 19 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 142 20 Macedonian macedonian JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 142 21 phalanxes phalanx NNS en-wikipedia-org-4229 142 22 were be VBD en-wikipedia-org-4229 142 23 usually usually RB en-wikipedia-org-4229 142 24 16 16 CD en-wikipedia-org-4229 142 25 men man NNS en-wikipedia-org-4229 142 26 deep deep JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 142 27 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4229 142 28 sometimes sometimes RB en-wikipedia-org-4229 142 29 reported report VBN en-wikipedia-org-4229 142 30 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-4229 142 31 have have VB en-wikipedia-org-4229 142 32 been be VBN en-wikipedia-org-4229 142 33 arrayed array VBN en-wikipedia-org-4229 142 34 32 32 CD en-wikipedia-org-4229 142 35 men man NNS en-wikipedia-org-4229 142 36 deep deep JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 142 37 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4229 143 1 There there EX en-wikipedia-org-4229 143 2 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-4229 143 3 some some DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 143 4 notable notable JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 143 5 extremes extreme NNS en-wikipedia-org-4229 143 6 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-4229 143 7 at at IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 143 8 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 143 9 battles battle NNS en-wikipedia-org-4229 143 10 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 143 11 Leuctra Leuctra NNP en-wikipedia-org-4229 143 12 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4229 143 13 Mantinea Mantinea NNP en-wikipedia-org-4229 143 14 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4229 143 15 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 143 16 Theban Theban NNP en-wikipedia-org-4229 143 17 general general NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 143 18 Epameinondas Epameinondas NNP en-wikipedia-org-4229 143 19 arranged arrange VBD en-wikipedia-org-4229 143 20 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 143 21 left left JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 143 22 wing wing NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 143 23 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 143 24 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 143 25 phalanx phalanx NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 143 26 into into IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 143 27 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 143 28 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-4229 143 29 hammerhead hammerhead NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 143 30 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-4229 143 31 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 143 32 50 50 CD en-wikipedia-org-4229 143 33 ranks rank NNS en-wikipedia-org-4229 143 34 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 143 35 elite elite NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 143 36 hoplites hoplite NNS en-wikipedia-org-4229 143 37 deep deep JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 143 38 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4229 143 39 see see VB en-wikipedia-org-4229 143 40 below below RB en-wikipedia-org-4229 143 41 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4229 143 42 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4229 143 43 when when WRB en-wikipedia-org-4229 143 44 depth depth NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 143 45 was be VBD en-wikipedia-org-4229 143 46 less less RBR en-wikipedia-org-4229 143 47 important important JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 143 48 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4229 143 49 phalanxes phalanx NNS en-wikipedia-org-4229 143 50 just just RB en-wikipedia-org-4229 143 51 4 4 CD en-wikipedia-org-4229 143 52 deep deep RB en-wikipedia-org-4229 143 53 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-4229 143 54 recorded record VBN en-wikipedia-org-4229 143 55 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4229 143 56 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 143 57 at at IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 143 58 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 143 59 battle battle NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 143 60 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 143 61 Marathon Marathon NNP en-wikipedia-org-4229 143 62 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4229 144 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4229 144 2 20 20 CD en-wikipedia-org-4229 144 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4229 144 4 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 144 5 phalanx phalanx NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 144 6 depth depth NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 144 7 could could MD en-wikipedia-org-4229 144 8 vary vary VB en-wikipedia-org-4229 144 9 depending depend VBG en-wikipedia-org-4229 144 10 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 144 11 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 144 12 needs need NNS en-wikipedia-org-4229 144 13 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 144 14 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 144 15 moment moment NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 144 16 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4229 144 17 plans plan NNS en-wikipedia-org-4229 144 18 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 144 19 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 144 20 general general NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 144 21 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4229 145 1 While while IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 145 2 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 145 3 phalanx phalanx NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 145 4 was be VBD en-wikipedia-org-4229 145 5 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 145 6 march march NNP en-wikipedia-org-4229 145 7 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4229 145 8 an an DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 145 9 eis eis NNP en-wikipedia-org-4229 145 10 bathos bathos NNP en-wikipedia-org-4229 145 11 formation formation NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 145 12 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4229 145 13 loose loose JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 145 14 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4229 145 15 meaning mean VBG en-wikipedia-org-4229 145 16 literally literally RB en-wikipedia-org-4229 145 17 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-4229 145 18 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 145 19 depth depth NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 145 20 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-4229 145 21 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4229 145 22 was be VBD en-wikipedia-org-4229 145 23 adopted adopt VBN en-wikipedia-org-4229 145 24 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 145 25 order order NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 145 26 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-4229 145 27 move move VB en-wikipedia-org-4229 145 28 more more RBR en-wikipedia-org-4229 145 29 freely freely RB en-wikipedia-org-4229 145 30 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4229 145 31 maintain maintain VB en-wikipedia-org-4229 145 32 order order NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 145 33 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4229 146 1 This this DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 146 2 was be VBD en-wikipedia-org-4229 146 3 also also RB en-wikipedia-org-4229 146 4 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 146 5 initial initial JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 146 6 battle battle NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 146 7 formation formation NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 146 8 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 146 9 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4229 146 10 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 146 11 addition addition NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 146 12 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4229 146 13 it -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-4229 146 14 permitted permit VBD en-wikipedia-org-4229 146 15 friendly friendly JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 146 16 units unit NNS en-wikipedia-org-4229 146 17 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-4229 146 18 pass pass VB en-wikipedia-org-4229 146 19 through through IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 146 20 whether whether IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 146 21 assaulting assault VBG en-wikipedia-org-4229 146 22 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-4229 146 23 retreating retreat VBG en-wikipedia-org-4229 146 24 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4229 147 1 In in IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 147 2 this this DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 147 3 status status NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 147 4 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4229 147 5 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 147 6 phalanx phalanx NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 147 7 had have VBD en-wikipedia-org-4229 147 8 twice twice PDT en-wikipedia-org-4229 147 9 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 147 10 normal normal JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 147 11 depth depth NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 147 12 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4229 147 13 each each DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 147 14 hoplite hoplite NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 147 15 had have VBD en-wikipedia-org-4229 147 16 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-4229 147 17 occupy occupy VB en-wikipedia-org-4229 147 18 about about RB en-wikipedia-org-4229 147 19 1.8–2 1.8–2 CD en-wikipedia-org-4229 147 20 metres metre NNS en-wikipedia-org-4229 147 21 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4229 147 22 5 5 CD en-wikipedia-org-4229 147 23   _SP en-wikipedia-org-4229 147 24 ft ft IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 147 25 11 11 CD en-wikipedia-org-4229 147 26   _SP en-wikipedia-org-4229 147 27 in–6 in–6 NNP en-wikipedia-org-4229 147 28   _SP en-wikipedia-org-4229 147 29 ft ft NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 147 30 7 7 CD en-wikipedia-org-4229 147 31   _SP en-wikipedia-org-4229 147 32 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 147 33 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4229 147 34 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 147 35 width width NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 147 36 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4229 148 1 When when WRB en-wikipedia-org-4229 148 2 enemy enemy NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 148 3 infantry infantry NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 148 4 was be VBD en-wikipedia-org-4229 148 5 approaching approach VBG en-wikipedia-org-4229 148 6 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4229 148 7 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 148 8 rapid rapid JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 148 9 switch switch NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 148 10 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 148 11 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 148 12 pycne pycne NNS en-wikipedia-org-4229 148 13 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4229 148 14 spelled spell VBN en-wikipedia-org-4229 148 15 also also RB en-wikipedia-org-4229 148 16 pucne pucne VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4229 148 17 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4229 148 18 formation formation NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 148 19 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4229 148 20 dense dense JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 148 21 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-4229 148 22 tight tight JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 148 23 formation formation NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 148 24 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4229 148 25 was be VBD en-wikipedia-org-4229 148 26 necessary necessary JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 148 27 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4229 149 1 In in IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 149 2 that that DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 149 3 case case NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 149 4 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4229 149 5 each each DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 149 6 man man NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 149 7 's 's POS en-wikipedia-org-4229 149 8 space space NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 149 9 was be VBD en-wikipedia-org-4229 149 10 halved halve VBN en-wikipedia-org-4229 149 11 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4229 149 12 0.9–1 0.9–1 NNP en-wikipedia-org-4229 149 13 metre metre NNP en-wikipedia-org-4229 149 14 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-4229 149 15 2 2 CD en-wikipedia-org-4229 149 16   _SP en-wikipedia-org-4229 149 17 feet foot NNS en-wikipedia-org-4229 149 18 11 11 CD en-wikipedia-org-4229 149 19   _SP en-wikipedia-org-4229 149 20 inches–3 inches–3 VBD en-wikipedia-org-4229 149 21   _SP en-wikipedia-org-4229 149 22 feet foot NNS en-wikipedia-org-4229 149 23 3 3 CD en-wikipedia-org-4229 149 24   _SP en-wikipedia-org-4229 149 25 inches inch NNS en-wikipedia-org-4229 149 26 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 149 27 width width NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 149 28 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4229 149 29 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4229 149 30 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 149 31 formation formation NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 149 32 depth depth NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 149 33 returned return VBD en-wikipedia-org-4229 149 34 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 149 35 normal normal JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 149 36 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4229 150 1 An an DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 150 2 even even RB en-wikipedia-org-4229 150 3 denser denser NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 150 4 formation formation NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 150 5 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4229 150 6 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 150 7 synaspismos synaspismo NNS en-wikipedia-org-4229 150 8 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-4229 150 9 sunaspismos sunaspismos NNP en-wikipedia-org-4229 150 10 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4229 150 11 ultra ultra AFX en-wikipedia-org-4229 150 12 tight tight JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 150 13 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-4229 150 14 locked lock VBN en-wikipedia-org-4229 150 15 shields shield NNS en-wikipedia-org-4229 150 16 formation formation NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 150 17 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4229 150 18 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4229 150 19 was be VBD en-wikipedia-org-4229 150 20 used use VBN en-wikipedia-org-4229 150 21 when when WRB en-wikipedia-org-4229 150 22 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 150 23 phalanx phalanx NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 150 24 was be VBD en-wikipedia-org-4229 150 25 expected expect VBN en-wikipedia-org-4229 150 26 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-4229 150 27 experience experience VB en-wikipedia-org-4229 150 28 extra extra JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 150 29 pressure pressure NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 150 30 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4229 150 31 intense intense JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 150 32 missile missile NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 150 33 volleys volley NNS en-wikipedia-org-4229 150 34 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-4229 150 35 frontal frontal JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 150 36 cavalry cavalry NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 150 37 charges charge NNS en-wikipedia-org-4229 150 38 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4229 151 1 In in IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 151 2 synaspismos synaspismos NNP en-wikipedia-org-4229 151 3 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4229 151 4 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 151 5 rank rank NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 151 6 depth depth NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 151 7 was be VBD en-wikipedia-org-4229 151 8 half half PDT en-wikipedia-org-4229 151 9 that that DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 151 10 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 151 11 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 151 12 normal normal JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 151 13 phalanx phalanx NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 151 14 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4229 151 15 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 151 16 width width NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 151 17 each each DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 151 18 man man NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 151 19 occupied occupy VBN en-wikipedia-org-4229 151 20 was be VBD en-wikipedia-org-4229 151 21 as as RB en-wikipedia-org-4229 151 22 small small JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 151 23 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 151 24 0.45 0.45 CD en-wikipedia-org-4229 151 25 metres metre NNS en-wikipedia-org-4229 151 26 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4229 151 27 1.5 1.5 CD en-wikipedia-org-4229 151 28   _SP en-wikipedia-org-4229 151 29 ft ft NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 151 30 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4229 151 31 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4229 152 1 Stages stage NNS en-wikipedia-org-4229 152 2 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 152 3 combat[edit combat[edit NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 152 4 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4229 152 5 Several several JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 152 6 stages stage NNS en-wikipedia-org-4229 152 7 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 152 8 hoplite hoplite JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 152 9 combat combat NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 152 10 can can MD en-wikipedia-org-4229 152 11 be be VB en-wikipedia-org-4229 152 12 defined define VBN en-wikipedia-org-4229 152 13 : : : en-wikipedia-org-4229 152 14 Ephodos ephodos NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 152 15 : : : en-wikipedia-org-4229 152 16 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 152 17 hoplites hoplite NNS en-wikipedia-org-4229 152 18 stop stop VBP en-wikipedia-org-4229 152 19 singing singe VBG en-wikipedia-org-4229 152 20 their -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-4229 152 21 pæanes pæane NNS en-wikipedia-org-4229 152 22 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4229 152 23 battle battle NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 152 24 hymns hymn NNS en-wikipedia-org-4229 152 25 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4229 152 26 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4229 152 27 move move VB en-wikipedia-org-4229 152 28 towards towards IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 152 29 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 152 30 enemy enemy NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 152 31 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4229 152 32 gradually gradually RB en-wikipedia-org-4229 152 33 picking pick VBG en-wikipedia-org-4229 152 34 up up RP en-wikipedia-org-4229 152 35 pace pace NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 152 36 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4229 152 37 momentum momentum NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 152 38 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4229 153 1 In in IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 153 2 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 153 3 instants instant NNS en-wikipedia-org-4229 153 4 before before IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 153 5 impact impact NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 153 6 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4229 153 7 war war NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 153 8 cries cry NNS en-wikipedia-org-4229 153 9 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4229 153 10 alalagmœ alalagmœ NNP en-wikipedia-org-4229 153 11 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4229 153 12 sing se VBG en-wikipedia-org-4229 153 13 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4229 154 1 alalagmos alalagmos NNP en-wikipedia-org-4229 154 2 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4229 154 3 would would MD en-wikipedia-org-4229 154 4 be be VB en-wikipedia-org-4229 154 5 made make VBN en-wikipedia-org-4229 154 6 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4229 155 1 Notable notable JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 155 2 war war NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 155 3 cries cry NNS en-wikipedia-org-4229 155 4 were be VBD en-wikipedia-org-4229 155 5 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 155 6 Athenian Athenian NNP en-wikipedia-org-4229 155 7 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4229 155 8 eleleleleu eleleleleu NNP en-wikipedia-org-4229 155 9 ! ! . en-wikipedia-org-4229 156 1 eleleleleu eleleleleu NNP en-wikipedia-org-4229 156 2 ! ! . en-wikipedia-org-4229 156 3 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4229 157 1 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4229 157 2 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 157 3 Macedonian Macedonian NNP en-wikipedia-org-4229 157 4 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4229 157 5 alalalalai alalalalai NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 157 6 ! ! . en-wikipedia-org-4229 158 1 alalalalai alalalalai NNP en-wikipedia-org-4229 158 2 ! ! . en-wikipedia-org-4229 158 3 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4229 159 1 alalagmœ alalagmœ NNP en-wikipedia-org-4229 159 2 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4229 160 1 Krousis krousis NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 160 2 : : : en-wikipedia-org-4229 160 3 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 160 4 opposing oppose VBG en-wikipedia-org-4229 160 5 phalanxes phalanx NNS en-wikipedia-org-4229 160 6 meet meet VBP en-wikipedia-org-4229 160 7 each each DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 160 8 other other JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 160 9 almost almost RB en-wikipedia-org-4229 160 10 simultaneously simultaneously RB en-wikipedia-org-4229 160 11 along along IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 160 12 their -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-4229 160 13 front front NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 160 14 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4229 161 1 Doratismos doratismo NNS en-wikipedia-org-4229 161 2 : : : en-wikipedia-org-4229 161 3 Repeated repeat VBN en-wikipedia-org-4229 161 4 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4229 161 5 rapid rapid JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 161 6 spear spear NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 161 7 thrusts thrust NNS en-wikipedia-org-4229 161 8 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 161 9 order order NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 161 10 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-4229 161 11 disrupt disrupt VB en-wikipedia-org-4229 161 12 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 161 13 enemy enemy NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 161 14 formation formation NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 161 15 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4229 162 1 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 162 2 use use NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 162 3 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 162 4 long long JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 162 5 spears spear NNS en-wikipedia-org-4229 162 6 would would MD en-wikipedia-org-4229 162 7 keep keep VB en-wikipedia-org-4229 162 8 enemies enemy NNS en-wikipedia-org-4229 162 9 apart apart RB en-wikipedia-org-4229 162 10 as as RB en-wikipedia-org-4229 162 11 well well RB en-wikipedia-org-4229 162 12 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 162 13 allow allow VB en-wikipedia-org-4229 162 14 men man NNS en-wikipedia-org-4229 162 15 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 162 16 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 162 17 row row NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 162 18 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-4229 162 19 assist assist VB en-wikipedia-org-4229 162 20 their -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-4229 162 21 comrades comrade NNS en-wikipedia-org-4229 162 22 next next RB en-wikipedia-org-4229 162 23 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 162 24 them -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-4229 162 25 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4229 163 1 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 163 2 prodding prodding NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 163 3 could could MD en-wikipedia-org-4229 163 4 also also RB en-wikipedia-org-4229 163 5 open open VB en-wikipedia-org-4229 163 6 up up RP en-wikipedia-org-4229 163 7 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 163 8 man man NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 163 9 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-4229 163 10 allow allow VB en-wikipedia-org-4229 163 11 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 163 12 comrade comrade NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 163 13 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-4229 163 14 spear spear VB en-wikipedia-org-4229 163 15 him -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-4229 163 16 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4229 164 1 Too too RB en-wikipedia-org-4229 164 2 hard hard JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 164 3 prodding prodding NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 164 4 could could MD en-wikipedia-org-4229 164 5 get get VB en-wikipedia-org-4229 164 6 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 164 7 spear spear NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 164 8 stuck stick VBN en-wikipedia-org-4229 164 9 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 164 10 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 164 11 shield shield NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 164 12 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4229 164 13 which which WDT en-wikipedia-org-4229 164 14 would would MD en-wikipedia-org-4229 164 15 necessitate necessitate VB en-wikipedia-org-4229 164 16 someone someone NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 164 17 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 164 18 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 164 19 back back NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 164 20 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-4229 164 21 lend lend VB en-wikipedia-org-4229 164 22 his -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-4229 164 23 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 164 24 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 164 25 now now RB en-wikipedia-org-4229 164 26 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4229 164 27 disarmed disarm VBN en-wikipedia-org-4229 164 28 man man NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 164 29 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4229 165 1 Othismos othismo NNS en-wikipedia-org-4229 165 2 : : : en-wikipedia-org-4229 165 3 Literally literally RB en-wikipedia-org-4229 165 4 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-4229 165 5 pushing push VBG en-wikipedia-org-4229 165 6 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-4229 165 7 after after IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 165 8 most most JJS en-wikipedia-org-4229 165 9 spears spear NNS en-wikipedia-org-4229 165 10 have have VBP en-wikipedia-org-4229 165 11 been be VBN en-wikipedia-org-4229 165 12 broken break VBN en-wikipedia-org-4229 165 13 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4229 165 14 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 165 15 hoplites hoplite NNS en-wikipedia-org-4229 165 16 begin begin VBP en-wikipedia-org-4229 165 17 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-4229 165 18 push push VB en-wikipedia-org-4229 165 19 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 165 20 their -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-4229 165 21 spears spear NNS en-wikipedia-org-4229 165 22 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4229 165 23 spear spear NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 165 24 shafts shaft NNS en-wikipedia-org-4229 165 25 against against IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 165 26 their -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-4229 165 27 opponents opponent NNS en-wikipedia-org-4229 165 28 ' ' POS en-wikipedia-org-4229 165 29 shields shield NNS en-wikipedia-org-4229 165 30 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4229 166 1 This this DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 166 2 could could MD en-wikipedia-org-4229 166 3 be be VB en-wikipedia-org-4229 166 4 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 166 5 longest long JJS en-wikipedia-org-4229 166 6 phase phase NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 166 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4229 167 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4229 167 2 citation citation NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 167 3 needed need VBN en-wikipedia-org-4229 167 4 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4229 167 5 Pararrhexis Pararrhexis NNP en-wikipedia-org-4229 167 6 : : : en-wikipedia-org-4229 167 7 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-4229 167 8 Breaching breach VBG en-wikipedia-org-4229 167 9 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-4229 167 10 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 167 11 opposing oppose VBG en-wikipedia-org-4229 167 12 phalanx phalanx NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 167 13 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4229 167 14 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 167 15 enemy enemy NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 167 16 formation formation NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 167 17 shatters shatter NNS en-wikipedia-org-4229 167 18 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4229 167 19 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 167 20 battle battle NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 167 21 ends end VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4229 167 22 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4229 168 1 Cavalry Cavalry NNP en-wikipedia-org-4229 168 2 would would MD en-wikipedia-org-4229 168 3 be be VB en-wikipedia-org-4229 168 4 used use VBN en-wikipedia-org-4229 168 5 at at IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 168 6 this this DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 168 7 point point NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 168 8 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-4229 168 9 mop mop VB en-wikipedia-org-4229 168 10 up up RP en-wikipedia-org-4229 168 11 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 168 12 scattered scatter VBN en-wikipedia-org-4229 168 13 enemy enemy NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 168 14 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4229 169 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4229 169 2 21 21 CD en-wikipedia-org-4229 169 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4229 169 4 Tactics[edit tactics[edit CD en-wikipedia-org-4229 169 5 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4229 169 6 This this DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 169 7 section section NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 169 8 does do VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4229 169 9 not not RB en-wikipedia-org-4229 169 10 cite cite VB en-wikipedia-org-4229 169 11 any any DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 169 12 sources source NNS en-wikipedia-org-4229 169 13 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4229 170 1 Please please UH en-wikipedia-org-4229 170 2 help help VB en-wikipedia-org-4229 170 3 improve improve VB en-wikipedia-org-4229 170 4 this this DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 170 5 section section NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 170 6 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 170 7 adding add VBG en-wikipedia-org-4229 170 8 citations citation NNS en-wikipedia-org-4229 170 9 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 170 10 reliable reliable JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 170 11 sources source NNS en-wikipedia-org-4229 170 12 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4229 171 1 Unsourced unsourced JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 171 2 material material NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 171 3 may may MD en-wikipedia-org-4229 171 4 be be VB en-wikipedia-org-4229 171 5 challenged challenge VBN en-wikipedia-org-4229 171 6 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4229 171 7 removed remove VBN en-wikipedia-org-4229 171 8 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4229 172 1 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4229 172 2 February February NNP en-wikipedia-org-4229 172 3 2013 2013 CD en-wikipedia-org-4229 172 4 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4229 172 5 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4229 172 6 Learn learn VB en-wikipedia-org-4229 172 7 how how WRB en-wikipedia-org-4229 172 8 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4229 172 9 when when WRB en-wikipedia-org-4229 172 10 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-4229 172 11 remove remove VB en-wikipedia-org-4229 172 12 this this DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 172 13 template template NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 172 14 message message NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 172 15 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4229 172 16 Top top NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 172 17 : : : en-wikipedia-org-4229 172 18 simplified simplify VBN en-wikipedia-org-4229 172 19 schematic schematic JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 172 20 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 172 21 traditional traditional JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 172 22 hoplite hoplite JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 172 23 order order NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 172 24 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 172 25 battle battle NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 172 26 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4229 172 27 advance advance NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 172 28 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4229 172 29 elite elite JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 172 30 troops troop NNS en-wikipedia-org-4229 172 31 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 172 32 red red NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 172 33 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4229 172 34 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4229 173 1 Bottom bottom NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 173 2 : : : en-wikipedia-org-4229 173 3 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 173 4 diagonal diagonal JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 173 5 phalanx phalanx NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 173 6 utilised utilise VBN en-wikipedia-org-4229 173 7 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 173 8 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 173 9 Thebans Thebans NNPS en-wikipedia-org-4229 173 10 under under IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 173 11 Epaminondas Epaminondas NNP en-wikipedia-org-4229 173 12 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4229 174 1 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 174 2 strong strong JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 174 3 left left JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 174 4 wing wing NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 174 5 advanced advance VBN en-wikipedia-org-4229 174 6 while while IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 174 7 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 174 8 weak weak JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 174 9 right right JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 174 10 wing wing NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 174 11 retreated retreat VBD en-wikipedia-org-4229 174 12 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-4229 174 13 remained remain VBD en-wikipedia-org-4229 174 14 stationary stationary JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 174 15 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4229 175 1 Dispositions disposition NNS en-wikipedia-org-4229 175 2 during during IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 175 3 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 175 4 Battle Battle NNP en-wikipedia-org-4229 175 5 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 175 6 Leuctra Leuctra NNP en-wikipedia-org-4229 175 7 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4229 175 8 371 371 CD en-wikipedia-org-4229 175 9 BC bc NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 175 10 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 175 11 early early JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 175 12 history history NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 175 13 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 175 14 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 175 15 phalanx phalanx NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 175 16 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4229 175 17 largely largely RB en-wikipedia-org-4229 175 18 one one CD en-wikipedia-org-4229 175 19 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 175 20 combat combat NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 175 21 between between IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 175 22 hoplite hoplite JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 175 23 armies army NNS en-wikipedia-org-4229 175 24 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 175 25 competing compete VBG en-wikipedia-org-4229 175 26 Greek greek JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 175 27 city city NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 175 28 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4229 175 29 states state NNS en-wikipedia-org-4229 175 30 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4229 176 1 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 176 2 usual usual JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 176 3 result result NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 176 4 was be VBD en-wikipedia-org-4229 176 5 rather rather RB en-wikipedia-org-4229 176 6 identical identical JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 176 7 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4229 176 8 inflexible inflexible JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 176 9 formations formation NNS en-wikipedia-org-4229 176 10 pushing push VBG en-wikipedia-org-4229 176 11 against against IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 176 12 each each DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 176 13 other other JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 176 14 until until IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 176 15 one one CD en-wikipedia-org-4229 176 16 broke broke NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 176 17 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4229 177 1 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 177 2 potential potential NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 177 3 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 177 4 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 177 5 phalanx phalanx NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 177 6 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-4229 177 7 achieve achieve VB en-wikipedia-org-4229 177 8 something something NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 177 9 more more JJR en-wikipedia-org-4229 177 10 was be VBD en-wikipedia-org-4229 177 11 demonstrated demonstrate VBN en-wikipedia-org-4229 177 12 at at IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 177 13 Battle Battle NNP en-wikipedia-org-4229 177 14 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 177 15 Marathon Marathon NNP en-wikipedia-org-4229 177 16 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4229 177 17 490 490 CD en-wikipedia-org-4229 177 18 BC BC NNP en-wikipedia-org-4229 177 19 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4229 177 20 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4229 178 1 Facing face VBG en-wikipedia-org-4229 178 2 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 178 3 much much RB en-wikipedia-org-4229 178 4 larger large JJR en-wikipedia-org-4229 178 5 army army NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 178 6 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 178 7 Darius Darius NNP en-wikipedia-org-4229 178 8 I I NNP en-wikipedia-org-4229 178 9 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4229 178 10 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 178 11 Athenians Athenians NNPS en-wikipedia-org-4229 178 12 thinned thin VBD en-wikipedia-org-4229 178 13 out out RP en-wikipedia-org-4229 178 14 their -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-4229 178 15 phalanx phalanx NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 178 16 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4229 178 17 consequently consequently RB en-wikipedia-org-4229 178 18 lengthened lengthen VBD en-wikipedia-org-4229 178 19 their -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-4229 178 20 front front NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 178 21 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4229 178 22 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-4229 178 23 avoid avoid VB en-wikipedia-org-4229 178 24 being be VBG en-wikipedia-org-4229 178 25 outflanked outflank VBN en-wikipedia-org-4229 178 26 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4229 179 1 However however RB en-wikipedia-org-4229 179 2 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4229 179 3 even even RB en-wikipedia-org-4229 179 4 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 179 5 reduced reduce VBN en-wikipedia-org-4229 179 6 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4229 179 7 depth depth NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 179 8 phalanx phalanx NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 179 9 proved prove VBD en-wikipedia-org-4229 179 10 unstoppable unstoppable JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 179 11 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 179 12 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 179 13 lightly lightly RB en-wikipedia-org-4229 179 14 armed armed JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 179 15 Persian persian JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 179 16 infantry infantry NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 179 17 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4229 180 1 After after IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 180 2 routing route VBG en-wikipedia-org-4229 180 3 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 180 4 Persian persian JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 180 5 wings wing NNS en-wikipedia-org-4229 180 6 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4229 180 7 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 180 8 hoplites hoplite NNS en-wikipedia-org-4229 180 9 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 180 10 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 180 11 Athenian athenian JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 180 12 wings wing NNS en-wikipedia-org-4229 180 13 wheeled wheel VBN en-wikipedia-org-4229 180 14 inwards inward NNS en-wikipedia-org-4229 180 15 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4229 180 16 destroying destroy VBG en-wikipedia-org-4229 180 17 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 180 18 elite elite JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 180 19 troop troop NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 180 20 at at IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 180 21 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 180 22 Persian persian JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 180 23 centre centre NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 180 24 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4229 180 25 resulting result VBG en-wikipedia-org-4229 180 26 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 180 27 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 180 28 crushing crush VBG en-wikipedia-org-4229 180 29 victory victory NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 180 30 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 180 31 Athens Athens NNP en-wikipedia-org-4229 180 32 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4229 181 1 Throughout throughout IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 181 2 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 181 3 Greco Greco NNP en-wikipedia-org-4229 181 4 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4229 181 5 Persian Persian NNP en-wikipedia-org-4229 181 6 Wars Wars NNPS en-wikipedia-org-4229 181 7 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 181 8 hoplite hoplite JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 181 9 phalanx phalanx NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 181 10 was be VBD en-wikipedia-org-4229 181 11 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-4229 181 12 prove prove VB en-wikipedia-org-4229 181 13 superior superior JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 181 14 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 181 15 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 181 16 Persian persian JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 181 17 infantry infantry NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 181 18 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4229 181 19 e.g. e.g. RB en-wikipedia-org-4229 182 1 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 182 2 battles battle NNS en-wikipedia-org-4229 182 3 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 182 4 Thermopylae Thermopylae NNP en-wikipedia-org-4229 182 5 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4229 182 6 Plataea Plataea NNP en-wikipedia-org-4229 182 7 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4229 182 8 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4229 183 1 Perhaps perhaps RB en-wikipedia-org-4229 183 2 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 183 3 most most RBS en-wikipedia-org-4229 183 4 prominent prominent JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 183 5 example example NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 183 6 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 183 7 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 183 8 phalanx phalanx NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 183 9 's 's POS en-wikipedia-org-4229 183 10 evolution evolution NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 183 11 was be VBD en-wikipedia-org-4229 183 12 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 183 13 oblique oblique JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 183 14 order order NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 183 15 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4229 183 16 made make VBN en-wikipedia-org-4229 183 17 famous famous JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 183 18 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 183 19 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 183 20 Battle Battle NNP en-wikipedia-org-4229 183 21 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 183 22 Leuctra Leuctra NNP en-wikipedia-org-4229 183 23 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4229 184 1 There there RB en-wikipedia-org-4229 184 2 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4229 184 3 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 184 4 Theban Theban NNP en-wikipedia-org-4229 184 5 general general NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 184 6 Epaminondas Epaminondas NNP en-wikipedia-org-4229 184 7 thinned thin VBD en-wikipedia-org-4229 184 8 out out RP en-wikipedia-org-4229 184 9 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 184 10 right right JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 184 11 flank flank NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 184 12 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4229 184 13 centre centre NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 184 14 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 184 15 his -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-4229 184 16 phalanx phalanx NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 184 17 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4229 184 18 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4229 184 19 deepened deepen VBD en-wikipedia-org-4229 184 20 his -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-4229 184 21 left left JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 184 22 flank flank NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 184 23 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 184 24 an an DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 184 25 unheard unheard JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 184 26 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4229 184 27 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 184 28 50 50 CD en-wikipedia-org-4229 184 29 men man NNS en-wikipedia-org-4229 184 30 deep deep JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 184 31 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4229 185 1 In in IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 185 2 doing do VBG en-wikipedia-org-4229 185 3 so so RB en-wikipedia-org-4229 185 4 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4229 185 5 Epaminondas Epaminondas NNP en-wikipedia-org-4229 185 6 reversed reverse VBD en-wikipedia-org-4229 185 7 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 185 8 convention convention NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 185 9 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 185 10 which which WDT en-wikipedia-org-4229 185 11 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 185 12 right right JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 185 13 flank flank NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 185 14 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 185 15 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 185 16 phalanx phalanx NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 185 17 was be VBD en-wikipedia-org-4229 185 18 strongest strong JJS en-wikipedia-org-4229 185 19 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4229 186 1 This this DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 186 2 allowed allow VBD en-wikipedia-org-4229 186 3 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 186 4 Thebans Thebans NNPS en-wikipedia-org-4229 186 5 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-4229 186 6 assault assault VB en-wikipedia-org-4229 186 7 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 186 8 strength strength NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 186 9 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 186 10 elite elite JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 186 11 Spartan spartan JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 186 12 troops troop NNS en-wikipedia-org-4229 186 13 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 186 14 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 186 15 right right JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 186 16 flank flank NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 186 17 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 186 18 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 186 19 opposing oppose VBG en-wikipedia-org-4229 186 20 phalanx phalanx NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 186 21 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4229 187 1 Meanwhile meanwhile RB en-wikipedia-org-4229 187 2 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4229 187 3 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 187 4 centre centre NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 187 5 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4229 187 6 right right JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 187 7 flank flank NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 187 8 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 187 9 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 187 10 Theban Theban NNP en-wikipedia-org-4229 187 11 line line NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 187 12 were be VBD en-wikipedia-org-4229 187 13 echeloned echelone VBN en-wikipedia-org-4229 187 14 back back RP en-wikipedia-org-4229 187 15 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4229 187 16 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 187 17 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 187 18 opposing oppose VBG en-wikipedia-org-4229 187 19 phalanx phalanx NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 187 20 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4229 187 21 keeping keep VBG en-wikipedia-org-4229 187 22 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 187 23 weakened weakened JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 187 24 parts part NNS en-wikipedia-org-4229 187 25 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 187 26 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 187 27 formation formation NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 187 28 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 187 29 being be VBG en-wikipedia-org-4229 187 30 engaged engage VBN en-wikipedia-org-4229 187 31 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4229 188 1 Once once IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 188 2 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 188 3 Spartan Spartan NNP en-wikipedia-org-4229 188 4 right right NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 188 5 had have VBD en-wikipedia-org-4229 188 6 been be VBN en-wikipedia-org-4229 188 7 routed route VBN en-wikipedia-org-4229 188 8 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 188 9 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 188 10 Theban Theban NNP en-wikipedia-org-4229 188 11 left leave VBD en-wikipedia-org-4229 188 12 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4229 188 13 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 188 14 remainder remainder NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 188 15 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 188 16 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 188 17 Spartan spartan JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 188 18 line line NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 188 19 also also RB en-wikipedia-org-4229 188 20 broke break VBD en-wikipedia-org-4229 188 21 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4229 189 1 Thus thus RB en-wikipedia-org-4229 189 2 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4229 189 3 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 189 4 localising localise VBG en-wikipedia-org-4229 189 5 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 189 6 attacking attack VBG en-wikipedia-org-4229 189 7 power power NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 189 8 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 189 9 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 189 10 hoplites hoplite NNS en-wikipedia-org-4229 189 11 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4229 189 12 Epaminondas Epaminondas NNP en-wikipedia-org-4229 189 13 was be VBD en-wikipedia-org-4229 189 14 able able JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 189 15 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-4229 189 16 defeat defeat VB en-wikipedia-org-4229 189 17 an an DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 189 18 enemy enemy NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 189 19 previously previously RB en-wikipedia-org-4229 189 20 thought think VBN en-wikipedia-org-4229 189 21 invincible invincible JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 189 22 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4229 190 1 Philip Philip NNP en-wikipedia-org-4229 190 2 II II NNP en-wikipedia-org-4229 190 3 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 190 4 Macedon Macedon NNP en-wikipedia-org-4229 190 5 spent spend VBD en-wikipedia-org-4229 190 6 several several JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 190 7 years year NNS en-wikipedia-org-4229 190 8 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 190 9 Thebes Thebes NNP en-wikipedia-org-4229 190 10 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 190 11 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 190 12 hostage hostage NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 190 13 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4229 190 14 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4229 190 15 paid pay VBD en-wikipedia-org-4229 190 16 attention attention NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 190 17 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 190 18 Epaminondas Epaminondas NNP en-wikipedia-org-4229 190 19 ' ' POS en-wikipedia-org-4229 190 20 innovations innovation NNS en-wikipedia-org-4229 190 21 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4229 191 1 On on IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 191 2 return return NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 191 3 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 191 4 his -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-4229 191 5 homeland homeland NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 191 6 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4229 191 7 he -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-4229 191 8 raised raise VBD en-wikipedia-org-4229 191 9 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 191 10 revolutionary revolutionary JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 191 11 new new JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 191 12 infantry infantry NNP en-wikipedia-org-4229 191 13 force force NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 191 14 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4229 191 15 which which WDT en-wikipedia-org-4229 191 16 was be VBD en-wikipedia-org-4229 191 17 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-4229 191 18 change change VB en-wikipedia-org-4229 191 19 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 191 20 face face NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 191 21 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 191 22 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 191 23 Greek greek JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 191 24 world world NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 191 25 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4229 192 1 Philip Philip NNP en-wikipedia-org-4229 192 2 's 's POS en-wikipedia-org-4229 192 3 phalangites phalangite NNS en-wikipedia-org-4229 192 4 were be VBD en-wikipedia-org-4229 192 5 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 192 6 first first JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 192 7 force force NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 192 8 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 192 9 professional professional JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 192 10 soldiers soldier NNS en-wikipedia-org-4229 192 11 seen see VBN en-wikipedia-org-4229 192 12 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 192 13 Ancient Ancient NNP en-wikipedia-org-4229 192 14 Greece Greece NNP en-wikipedia-org-4229 192 15 apart apart RB en-wikipedia-org-4229 192 16 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 192 17 Sparta Sparta NNP en-wikipedia-org-4229 192 18 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4229 193 1 They -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-4229 193 2 were be VBD en-wikipedia-org-4229 193 3 armed arm VBN en-wikipedia-org-4229 193 4 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 193 5 longer long JJR en-wikipedia-org-4229 193 6 spears spear NNS en-wikipedia-org-4229 193 7 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4229 193 8 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 193 9 sarissa sarissa NNP en-wikipedia-org-4229 193 10 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4229 193 11 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4229 193 12 were be VBD en-wikipedia-org-4229 193 13 drilled drill VBN en-wikipedia-org-4229 193 14 more more RBR en-wikipedia-org-4229 193 15 thoroughly thoroughly RB en-wikipedia-org-4229 193 16 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 193 17 more more RBR en-wikipedia-org-4229 193 18 evolved evolved JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 193 19 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4229 193 20 complicated complicated JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 193 21 tactics tactic NNS en-wikipedia-org-4229 193 22 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4229 193 23 manoeuvres manoeuvre NNS en-wikipedia-org-4229 193 24 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4229 194 1 More more RBR en-wikipedia-org-4229 194 2 importantly importantly RB en-wikipedia-org-4229 194 3 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4229 194 4 though though RB en-wikipedia-org-4229 194 5 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4229 194 6 Philip Philip NNP en-wikipedia-org-4229 194 7 's 's POS en-wikipedia-org-4229 194 8 phalanx phalanx NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 194 9 was be VBD en-wikipedia-org-4229 194 10 part part NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 194 11 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 194 12 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 194 13 multi multi JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 194 14 - - JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 194 15 faceted faceted JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 194 16 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4229 194 17 combined combined JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 194 18 force force NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 194 19 that that WDT en-wikipedia-org-4229 194 20 included include VBD en-wikipedia-org-4229 194 21 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 194 22 variety variety NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 194 23 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 194 24 skirmishers skirmisher NNS en-wikipedia-org-4229 194 25 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4229 194 26 cavalry cavalry NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 194 27 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4229 194 28 most most RBS en-wikipedia-org-4229 194 29 notably notably RB en-wikipedia-org-4229 194 30 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 194 31 famous famous JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 194 32 Companion Companion NNP en-wikipedia-org-4229 194 33 cavalry cavalry NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 194 34 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4229 195 1 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 195 2 Macedonian macedonian JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 195 3 phalanx phalanx NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 195 4 now now RB en-wikipedia-org-4229 195 5 was be VBD en-wikipedia-org-4229 195 6 used use VBN en-wikipedia-org-4229 195 7 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-4229 195 8 pin pin VB en-wikipedia-org-4229 195 9 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 195 10 centre centre NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 195 11 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 195 12 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 195 13 enemy enemy NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 195 14 line line NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 195 15 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4229 195 16 while while IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 195 17 cavalry cavalry NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 195 18 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4229 195 19 more more RBR en-wikipedia-org-4229 195 20 mobile mobile JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 195 21 infantry infantry NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 195 22 struck strike VBD en-wikipedia-org-4229 195 23 at at IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 195 24 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 195 25 foe foe NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 195 26 's 's POS en-wikipedia-org-4229 195 27 flanks flank NNS en-wikipedia-org-4229 195 28 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4229 196 1 Its -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-4229 196 2 supremacy supremacy NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 196 3 over over IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 196 4 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 196 5 more more RBR en-wikipedia-org-4229 196 6 static static JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 196 7 armies army NNS en-wikipedia-org-4229 196 8 fielded field VBN en-wikipedia-org-4229 196 9 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 196 10 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 196 11 Greek greek JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 196 12 city city NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 196 13 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4229 196 14 states state NNS en-wikipedia-org-4229 196 15 was be VBD en-wikipedia-org-4229 196 16 shown show VBN en-wikipedia-org-4229 196 17 at at IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 196 18 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 196 19 Battle Battle NNP en-wikipedia-org-4229 196 20 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 196 21 Chaeronea Chaeronea NNP en-wikipedia-org-4229 196 22 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4229 196 23 where where WRB en-wikipedia-org-4229 196 24 Philip Philip NNP en-wikipedia-org-4229 196 25 II II NNP en-wikipedia-org-4229 196 26 's 's POS en-wikipedia-org-4229 196 27 army army NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 196 28 crushed crush VBD en-wikipedia-org-4229 196 29 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 196 30 allied ally VBN en-wikipedia-org-4229 196 31 Theban Theban NNP en-wikipedia-org-4229 196 32 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4229 196 33 Athenian athenian JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 196 34 phalanxes phalanx NNS en-wikipedia-org-4229 196 35 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4229 197 1 Weaknesses[edit weaknesses[edit VB en-wikipedia-org-4229 197 2 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4229 197 3 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 197 4 hoplite hoplite JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 197 5 phalanx phalanx NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 197 6 was be VBD en-wikipedia-org-4229 197 7 weakest weak JJS en-wikipedia-org-4229 197 8 when when WRB en-wikipedia-org-4229 197 9 facing face VBG en-wikipedia-org-4229 197 10 an an DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 197 11 enemy enemy NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 197 12 fielding field VBG en-wikipedia-org-4229 197 13 lighter light JJR en-wikipedia-org-4229 197 14 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4229 197 15 more more RBR en-wikipedia-org-4229 197 16 flexible flexible JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 197 17 troops troop NNS en-wikipedia-org-4229 197 18 without without IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 197 19 its -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-4229 197 20 own own JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 197 21 such such JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 197 22 supporting support VBG en-wikipedia-org-4229 197 23 troops troop NNS en-wikipedia-org-4229 197 24 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4229 198 1 An an DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 198 2 example example NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 198 3 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 198 4 this this DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 198 5 would would MD en-wikipedia-org-4229 198 6 be be VB en-wikipedia-org-4229 198 7 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 198 8 Battle Battle NNP en-wikipedia-org-4229 198 9 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 198 10 Lechaeum Lechaeum NNP en-wikipedia-org-4229 198 11 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4229 198 12 where where WRB en-wikipedia-org-4229 198 13 an an DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 198 14 Athenian athenian JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 198 15 contingent contingent NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 198 16 led lead VBN en-wikipedia-org-4229 198 17 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 198 18 Iphicrates Iphicrates NNPS en-wikipedia-org-4229 198 19 routed route VBD en-wikipedia-org-4229 198 20 an an DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 198 21 entire entire JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 198 22 Spartan Spartan NNP en-wikipedia-org-4229 198 23 mora mora NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 198 24 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4229 198 25 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 198 26 unit unit NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 198 27 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 198 28 anywhere anywhere RB en-wikipedia-org-4229 198 29 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 198 30 500 500 CD en-wikipedia-org-4229 198 31 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-4229 198 32 900 900 CD en-wikipedia-org-4229 198 33 hoplites hoplite NNS en-wikipedia-org-4229 198 34 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4229 198 35 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4229 199 1 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 199 2 Athenian athenian JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 199 3 force force NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 199 4 had have VBD en-wikipedia-org-4229 199 5 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 199 6 considerable considerable JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 199 7 proportion proportion NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 199 8 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 199 9 light light JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 199 10 missile missile NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 199 11 troops troop NNS en-wikipedia-org-4229 199 12 armed arm VBN en-wikipedia-org-4229 199 13 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 199 14 javelins javelin NNS en-wikipedia-org-4229 199 15 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4229 199 16 bows bow NNS en-wikipedia-org-4229 199 17 that that WDT en-wikipedia-org-4229 199 18 wore wear VBD en-wikipedia-org-4229 199 19 down down RP en-wikipedia-org-4229 199 20 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 199 21 Spartans Spartans NNPS en-wikipedia-org-4229 199 22 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 199 23 repeated repeat VBN en-wikipedia-org-4229 199 24 attacks attack NNS en-wikipedia-org-4229 199 25 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4229 199 26 causing cause VBG en-wikipedia-org-4229 199 27 disarray disarray NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 199 28 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 199 29 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 199 30 Spartan Spartan NNP en-wikipedia-org-4229 199 31 ranks rank NNS en-wikipedia-org-4229 199 32 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4229 199 33 an an DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 199 34 eventual eventual JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 199 35 rout rout NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 199 36 when when WRB en-wikipedia-org-4229 199 37 they -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-4229 199 38 spotted spot VBD en-wikipedia-org-4229 199 39 Athenian athenian JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 199 40 heavy heavy JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 199 41 infantry infantry NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 199 42 reinforcements reinforcement NNS en-wikipedia-org-4229 199 43 trying try VBG en-wikipedia-org-4229 199 44 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-4229 199 45 flank flank VB en-wikipedia-org-4229 199 46 them -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-4229 199 47 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 199 48 boat boat NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 199 49 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4229 200 1 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 200 2 Macedonian macedonian JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 200 3 phalanx phalanx NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 200 4 had have VBD en-wikipedia-org-4229 200 5 weaknesses weakness NNS en-wikipedia-org-4229 200 6 similar similar JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 200 7 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 200 8 its -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-4229 200 9 hoplitic hoplitic JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 200 10 predecessor predecessor NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 200 11 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4229 201 1 Theoretically theoretically RB en-wikipedia-org-4229 201 2 indestructible indestructible JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 201 3 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 201 4 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 201 5 front front NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 201 6 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4229 201 7 its -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-4229 201 8 flanks flank NNS en-wikipedia-org-4229 201 9 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4229 201 10 rear rear NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 201 11 were be VBD en-wikipedia-org-4229 201 12 very very RB en-wikipedia-org-4229 201 13 vulnerable vulnerable JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 201 14 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4229 201 15 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4229 201 16 once once RB en-wikipedia-org-4229 201 17 engaged engage VBD en-wikipedia-org-4229 201 18 it -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-4229 201 19 may may MD en-wikipedia-org-4229 201 20 not not RB en-wikipedia-org-4229 201 21 easily easily RB en-wikipedia-org-4229 201 22 disengage disengage VB en-wikipedia-org-4229 201 23 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-4229 201 24 redeploy redeploy JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 201 25 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-4229 201 26 face face VB en-wikipedia-org-4229 201 27 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 201 28 threat threat NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 201 29 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 201 30 those those DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 201 31 directions direction NNS en-wikipedia-org-4229 201 32 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4229 202 1 Thus thus RB en-wikipedia-org-4229 202 2 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4229 202 3 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 202 4 phalanx phalanx NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 202 5 facing face VBG en-wikipedia-org-4229 202 6 non non JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 202 7 - - JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 202 8 phalangite phalangite JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 202 9 formations formation NNS en-wikipedia-org-4229 202 10 required require VBD en-wikipedia-org-4229 202 11 some some DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 202 12 sort sort NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 202 13 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 202 14 protection protection NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 202 15 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 202 16 its -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-4229 202 17 flanks flank NNS en-wikipedia-org-4229 202 18 — — : en-wikipedia-org-4229 202 19 lighter light JJR en-wikipedia-org-4229 202 20 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-4229 202 21 at at IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 202 22 least least RBS en-wikipedia-org-4229 202 23 more more RBR en-wikipedia-org-4229 202 24 mobile mobile JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 202 25 infantry infantry NNP en-wikipedia-org-4229 202 26 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4229 202 27 cavalry cavalry NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 202 28 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4229 202 29 etc etc FW en-wikipedia-org-4229 202 30 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4229 203 1 This this DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 203 2 was be VBD en-wikipedia-org-4229 203 3 shown show VBN en-wikipedia-org-4229 203 4 at at IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 203 5 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 203 6 Battle Battle NNP en-wikipedia-org-4229 203 7 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 203 8 Magnesia Magnesia NNP en-wikipedia-org-4229 203 9 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4229 203 10 where where WRB en-wikipedia-org-4229 203 11 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4229 203 12 once once IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 203 13 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 203 14 Seleucid Seleucid NNP en-wikipedia-org-4229 203 15 supporting support VBG en-wikipedia-org-4229 203 16 cavalry cavalry NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 203 17 elements element NNS en-wikipedia-org-4229 203 18 were be VBD en-wikipedia-org-4229 203 19 driven drive VBN en-wikipedia-org-4229 203 20 off off RP en-wikipedia-org-4229 203 21 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4229 203 22 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 203 23 phalanx phalanx NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 203 24 was be VBD en-wikipedia-org-4229 203 25 static static JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 203 26 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4229 203 27 unable unable JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 203 28 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-4229 203 29 go go VB en-wikipedia-org-4229 203 30 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 203 31 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 203 32 offensive offensive NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 203 33 against against IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 203 34 its -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-4229 203 35 Roman roman JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 203 36 opponents opponent NNS en-wikipedia-org-4229 203 37 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4229 203 38 although although IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 203 39 they -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-4229 203 40 continued continue VBD en-wikipedia-org-4229 203 41 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-4229 203 42 resist resist VB en-wikipedia-org-4229 203 43 stoutly stoutly RB en-wikipedia-org-4229 203 44 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4229 203 45 attempted attempt VBD en-wikipedia-org-4229 203 46 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 203 47 fighting fighting NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 203 48 withdrawal withdrawal NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 203 49 under under IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 203 50 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 203 51 hail hail NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 203 52 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 203 53 Roman roman JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 203 54 missiles missile NNS en-wikipedia-org-4229 203 55 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4229 203 56 until until IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 203 57 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 203 58 elephants elephant NNS en-wikipedia-org-4229 203 59 posted post VBN en-wikipedia-org-4229 203 60 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 203 61 their -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-4229 203 62 flanks flank NNS en-wikipedia-org-4229 203 63 panicked panic VBD en-wikipedia-org-4229 203 64 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4229 203 65 disrupted disrupt VBD en-wikipedia-org-4229 203 66 their -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-4229 203 67 formation formation NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 203 68 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4229 203 69 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4229 204 1 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 204 2 Macedonian macedonian JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 204 3 phalanx phalanx NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 204 4 could could MD en-wikipedia-org-4229 204 5 also also RB en-wikipedia-org-4229 204 6 lose lose VB en-wikipedia-org-4229 204 7 its -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-4229 204 8 cohesion cohesion NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 204 9 without without IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 204 10 proper proper JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 204 11 coordination coordination NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 204 12 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-4229 204 13 while while IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 204 14 moving move VBG en-wikipedia-org-4229 204 15 through through IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 204 16 broken broken JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 204 17 terrain terrain NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 204 18 ; ; , en-wikipedia-org-4229 204 19 doing do VBG en-wikipedia-org-4229 204 20 so so RB en-wikipedia-org-4229 204 21 could could MD en-wikipedia-org-4229 204 22 create create VB en-wikipedia-org-4229 204 23 gaps gap NNS en-wikipedia-org-4229 204 24 between between IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 204 25 individual individual JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 204 26 blocks block NNS en-wikipedia-org-4229 204 27 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-4229 204 28 syntagmata syntagmata NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 204 29 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4229 204 30 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-4229 204 31 could could MD en-wikipedia-org-4229 204 32 prevent prevent VB en-wikipedia-org-4229 204 33 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 204 34 solid solid JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 204 35 front front NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 204 36 within within IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 204 37 those those DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 204 38 sub sub NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 204 39 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4229 204 40 units unit NNS en-wikipedia-org-4229 204 41 as as RB en-wikipedia-org-4229 204 42 well well RB en-wikipedia-org-4229 204 43 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4229 204 44 causing cause VBG en-wikipedia-org-4229 204 45 other other JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 204 46 sections section NNS en-wikipedia-org-4229 204 47 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 204 48 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 204 49 line line NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 204 50 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-4229 204 51 bunch bunch VB en-wikipedia-org-4229 204 52 up up RP en-wikipedia-org-4229 204 53 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4229 205 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4229 205 2 22 22 CD en-wikipedia-org-4229 205 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4229 205 4 In in IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 205 5 this this DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 205 6 event event NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 205 7 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4229 205 8 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 205 9 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 205 10 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 205 11 battles battle NNS en-wikipedia-org-4229 205 12 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 205 13 Cynoscephalae Cynoscephalae NNP en-wikipedia-org-4229 205 14 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4229 205 15 Pydna Pydna NNP en-wikipedia-org-4229 205 16 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4229 205 17 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 205 18 phalanx phalanx NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 205 19 became become VBD en-wikipedia-org-4229 205 20 vulnerable vulnerable JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 205 21 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 205 22 attacks attack NNS en-wikipedia-org-4229 205 23 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 205 24 more more RBR en-wikipedia-org-4229 205 25 flexible flexible JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 205 26 units unit NNS en-wikipedia-org-4229 205 27 — — : en-wikipedia-org-4229 205 28 such such JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 205 29 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 205 30 Roman roman JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 205 31 legionary legionary JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 205 32 centuries century NNS en-wikipedia-org-4229 205 33 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4229 205 34 which which WDT en-wikipedia-org-4229 205 35 were be VBD en-wikipedia-org-4229 205 36 able able JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 205 37 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-4229 205 38 avoid avoid VB en-wikipedia-org-4229 205 39 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 205 40 sarissae sarissae NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 205 41 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4229 205 42 engage engage VB en-wikipedia-org-4229 205 43 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 205 44 hand hand NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 205 45 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4229 205 46 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 205 47 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4229 205 48 hand hand NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 205 49 combat combat NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 205 50 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 205 51 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 205 52 phalangites phalangite NNS en-wikipedia-org-4229 205 53 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4229 206 1 Another another DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 206 2 important important JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 206 3 area area NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 206 4 that that WDT en-wikipedia-org-4229 206 5 must must MD en-wikipedia-org-4229 206 6 be be VB en-wikipedia-org-4229 206 7 considered consider VBN en-wikipedia-org-4229 206 8 concerns concern NNS en-wikipedia-org-4229 206 9 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 206 10 psychological psychological JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 206 11 tendencies tendency NNS en-wikipedia-org-4229 206 12 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 206 13 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 206 14 hoplites hoplite NNS en-wikipedia-org-4229 206 15 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4229 207 1 Because because IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 207 2 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 207 3 strength strength NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 207 4 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 207 5 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 207 6 phalanx phalanx NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 207 7 depended depend VBD en-wikipedia-org-4229 207 8 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 207 9 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 207 10 ability ability NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 207 11 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 207 12 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 207 13 hoplites hoplite NNS en-wikipedia-org-4229 207 14 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-4229 207 15 maintain maintain VB en-wikipedia-org-4229 207 16 their -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-4229 207 17 frontline frontline NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 207 18 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4229 207 19 it -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-4229 207 20 was be VBD en-wikipedia-org-4229 207 21 crucial crucial JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 207 22 that that IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 207 23 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 207 24 phalanx phalanx NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 207 25 be be VB en-wikipedia-org-4229 207 26 able able JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 207 27 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-4229 207 28 quickly quickly RB en-wikipedia-org-4229 207 29 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4229 207 30 efficiently efficiently RB en-wikipedia-org-4229 207 31 replace replace VB en-wikipedia-org-4229 207 32 fallen fall VBN en-wikipedia-org-4229 207 33 soldiers soldier NNS en-wikipedia-org-4229 207 34 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 207 35 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 207 36 front front JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 207 37 ranks rank NNS en-wikipedia-org-4229 207 38 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4229 208 1 If if IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 208 2 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 208 3 phalanx phalanx NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 208 4 failed fail VBD en-wikipedia-org-4229 208 5 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-4229 208 6 do do VB en-wikipedia-org-4229 208 7 this this DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 208 8 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 208 9 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 208 10 structured structured JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 208 11 manner manner NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 208 12 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4229 208 13 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 208 14 opposing oppose VBG en-wikipedia-org-4229 208 15 phalanx phalanx NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 208 16 would would MD en-wikipedia-org-4229 208 17 have have VB en-wikipedia-org-4229 208 18 an an DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 208 19 opportunity opportunity NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 208 20 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-4229 208 21 breach breach VB en-wikipedia-org-4229 208 22 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 208 23 line line NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 208 24 which which WDT en-wikipedia-org-4229 208 25 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4229 208 26 many many JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 208 27 times time NNS en-wikipedia-org-4229 208 28 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4229 208 29 would would MD en-wikipedia-org-4229 208 30 lead lead VB en-wikipedia-org-4229 208 31 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 208 32 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 208 33 quick quick JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 208 34 defeat defeat NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 208 35 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4229 209 1 This this DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 209 2 then then RB en-wikipedia-org-4229 209 3 implies imply VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4229 209 4 that that IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 209 5 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 209 6 hoplites hoplite NNS en-wikipedia-org-4229 209 7 ranks rank VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4229 209 8 closer close RBR en-wikipedia-org-4229 209 9 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 209 10 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 209 11 front front NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 209 12 must must MD en-wikipedia-org-4229 209 13 be be VB en-wikipedia-org-4229 209 14 mentally mentally RB en-wikipedia-org-4229 209 15 prepared prepared JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 209 16 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-4229 209 17 replace replace VB en-wikipedia-org-4229 209 18 their -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-4229 209 19 fallen fall VBN en-wikipedia-org-4229 209 20 comrade comrade NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 209 21 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4229 209 22 adapt adapt VB en-wikipedia-org-4229 209 23 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 209 24 his -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-4229 209 25 new new JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 209 26 position position NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 209 27 without without IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 209 28 disrupting disrupt VBG en-wikipedia-org-4229 209 29 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 209 30 structure structure NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 209 31 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 209 32 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 209 33 frontline frontline NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 209 34 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4229 210 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4229 210 2 10 10 CD en-wikipedia-org-4229 210 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4229 210 4 Finally finally RB en-wikipedia-org-4229 210 5 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4229 210 6 most most JJS en-wikipedia-org-4229 210 7 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 210 8 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 210 9 phalanx phalanx NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 210 10 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4229 210 11 centric centric JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 210 12 armies army NNS en-wikipedia-org-4229 210 13 tended tend VBD en-wikipedia-org-4229 210 14 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-4229 210 15 lack lack VB en-wikipedia-org-4229 210 16 supporting support VBG en-wikipedia-org-4229 210 17 echelons echelon NNS en-wikipedia-org-4229 210 18 behind behind IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 210 19 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 210 20 main main JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 210 21 line line NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 210 22 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 210 23 battle battle NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 210 24 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4229 211 1 This this DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 211 2 meant mean VBD en-wikipedia-org-4229 211 3 that that IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 211 4 breaking break VBG en-wikipedia-org-4229 211 5 through through IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 211 6 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 211 7 line line NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 211 8 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 211 9 battle battle NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 211 10 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-4229 211 11 compromising compromise VBG en-wikipedia-org-4229 211 12 one one CD en-wikipedia-org-4229 211 13 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 211 14 its -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-4229 211 15 flanks flank NNS en-wikipedia-org-4229 211 16 often often RB en-wikipedia-org-4229 211 17 ensured ensure VBD en-wikipedia-org-4229 211 18 victory victory NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 211 19 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4229 212 1 Classical classical JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 212 2 decline decline NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 212 3 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4229 212 4 post post JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 212 5 - - JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 212 6 classical classical JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 212 7 use[edit use[edit NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 212 8 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4229 212 9 This this DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 212 10 section section NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 212 11 needs need VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4229 212 12 additional additional JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 212 13 citations citation NNS en-wikipedia-org-4229 212 14 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 212 15 verification verification NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 212 16 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4229 213 1 Please please UH en-wikipedia-org-4229 213 2 help help VB en-wikipedia-org-4229 213 3 improve improve VB en-wikipedia-org-4229 213 4 this this DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 213 5 article article NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 213 6 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 213 7 adding add VBG en-wikipedia-org-4229 213 8 citations citation NNS en-wikipedia-org-4229 213 9 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 213 10 reliable reliable JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 213 11 sources source NNS en-wikipedia-org-4229 213 12 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4229 214 1 Unsourced unsourced JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 214 2 material material NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 214 3 may may MD en-wikipedia-org-4229 214 4 be be VB en-wikipedia-org-4229 214 5 challenged challenge VBN en-wikipedia-org-4229 214 6 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4229 214 7 removed remove VBN en-wikipedia-org-4229 214 8 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4229 215 1 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4229 215 2 September September NNP en-wikipedia-org-4229 215 3 2019 2019 CD en-wikipedia-org-4229 215 4 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4229 215 5 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4229 215 6 Learn learn VB en-wikipedia-org-4229 215 7 how how WRB en-wikipedia-org-4229 215 8 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4229 215 9 when when WRB en-wikipedia-org-4229 215 10 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-4229 215 11 remove remove VB en-wikipedia-org-4229 215 12 this this DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 215 13 template template NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 215 14 message message NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 215 15 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4229 215 16 Victorian victorian JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 215 17 depiction depiction NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 215 18 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 215 19 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 215 20 Macedonian macedonian JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 215 21 phalanx phalanx NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 215 22 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4229 215 23 4th 4th JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 215 24 century century NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 215 25 BC BC NNP en-wikipedia-org-4229 215 26 After after IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 215 27 reaching reach VBG en-wikipedia-org-4229 215 28 its -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-4229 215 29 zenith zenith NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 215 30 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 215 31 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 215 32 conquests conquest NNS en-wikipedia-org-4229 215 33 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 215 34 Alexander Alexander NNP en-wikipedia-org-4229 215 35 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 215 36 Great Great NNP en-wikipedia-org-4229 215 37 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4229 215 38 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 215 39 phalanx phalanx NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 215 40 began begin VBD en-wikipedia-org-4229 215 41 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 215 42 slow slow JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 215 43 decline decline NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 215 44 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4229 215 45 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 215 46 Macedonian macedonian JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 215 47 successor successor NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 215 48 states state NNS en-wikipedia-org-4229 215 49 declined decline VBD en-wikipedia-org-4229 215 50 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4229 216 1 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 216 2 combined combined JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 216 3 arms arm NNS en-wikipedia-org-4229 216 4 tactics tactic NNS en-wikipedia-org-4229 216 5 used use VBN en-wikipedia-org-4229 216 6 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 216 7 Alexander Alexander NNP en-wikipedia-org-4229 216 8 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4229 216 9 his -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-4229 216 10 father father NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 216 11 were be VBD en-wikipedia-org-4229 216 12 gradually gradually RB en-wikipedia-org-4229 216 13 replaced replace VBN en-wikipedia-org-4229 216 14 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 216 15 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 216 16 return return NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 216 17 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 216 18 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 216 19 simpler simple JJR en-wikipedia-org-4229 216 20 frontal frontal JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 216 21 charge charge NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 216 22 tactics tactic NNS en-wikipedia-org-4229 216 23 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 216 24 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 216 25 hoplite hoplite NNP en-wikipedia-org-4229 216 26 phalanx phalanx NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 216 27 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4229 217 1 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 217 2 expense expense NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 217 3 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 217 4 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 217 5 supporting support VBG en-wikipedia-org-4229 217 6 arms arm NNS en-wikipedia-org-4229 217 7 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4229 217 8 cavalry cavalry NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 217 9 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4229 217 10 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4229 217 11 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 217 12 widespread widespread JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 217 13 use use NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 217 14 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 217 15 mercenaries mercenary NNS en-wikipedia-org-4229 217 16 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4229 217 17 caused cause VBD en-wikipedia-org-4229 217 18 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 217 19 Diadochi Diadochi NNP en-wikipedia-org-4229 217 20 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-4229 217 21 rely rely VB en-wikipedia-org-4229 217 22 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 217 23 phalanx phalanx NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 217 24 vs. vs. FW en-wikipedia-org-4229 217 25 phalanx phalanx NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 217 26 tactics tactic NNS en-wikipedia-org-4229 217 27 during during IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 217 28 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 217 29 Wars Wars NNPS en-wikipedia-org-4229 217 30 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 217 31 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 217 32 Diadochi Diadochi NNP en-wikipedia-org-4229 217 33 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4229 218 1 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 218 2 decline decline NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 218 3 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 218 4 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 218 5 Diadochi Diadochi NNP en-wikipedia-org-4229 218 6 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4229 218 7 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 218 8 phalanx phalanx NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 218 9 was be VBD en-wikipedia-org-4229 218 10 linked link VBN en-wikipedia-org-4229 218 11 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 218 12 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 218 13 rise rise NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 218 14 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 218 15 Rome Rome NNP en-wikipedia-org-4229 218 16 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4229 218 17 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 218 18 Roman roman JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 218 19 legions legion NNS en-wikipedia-org-4229 218 20 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 218 21 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 218 22 3rd 3rd JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 218 23 century century NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 218 24 BC BC NNP en-wikipedia-org-4229 218 25 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4229 219 1 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 219 2 Battle Battle NNP en-wikipedia-org-4229 219 3 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 219 4 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 219 5 Caudine Caudine NNP en-wikipedia-org-4229 219 6 Forks Forks NNP en-wikipedia-org-4229 219 7 showed show VBD en-wikipedia-org-4229 219 8 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 219 9 clumsiness clumsiness NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 219 10 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 219 11 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 219 12 Roman roman JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 219 13 phalanx phalanx NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 219 14 against against IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 219 15 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 219 16 Samnites Samnites NNPS en-wikipedia-org-4229 219 17 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4229 220 1 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 220 2 Romans Romans NNPS en-wikipedia-org-4229 220 3 had have VBD en-wikipedia-org-4229 220 4 originally originally RB en-wikipedia-org-4229 220 5 employed employ VBN en-wikipedia-org-4229 220 6 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 220 7 phalanx phalanx NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 220 8 themselves[23 themselves[23 NNP en-wikipedia-org-4229 220 9 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4229 220 10 but but CC en-wikipedia-org-4229 220 11 gradually gradually RB en-wikipedia-org-4229 220 12 evolved evolve VBD en-wikipedia-org-4229 220 13 more more RBR en-wikipedia-org-4229 220 14 flexible flexible JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 220 15 tactics tactic NNS en-wikipedia-org-4229 220 16 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4229 221 1 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 221 2 result result NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 221 3 was be VBD en-wikipedia-org-4229 221 4 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 221 5 three three CD en-wikipedia-org-4229 221 6 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4229 221 7 line line NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 221 8 Roman roman JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 221 9 legion legion NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 221 10 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 221 11 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 221 12 middle middle JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 221 13 period period NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 221 14 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 221 15 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 221 16 Roman Roman NNP en-wikipedia-org-4229 221 17 Republic Republic NNP en-wikipedia-org-4229 221 18 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4229 222 1 Romans Romans NNPS en-wikipedia-org-4229 222 2 used use VBD en-wikipedia-org-4229 222 3 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 222 4 phalanx phalanx NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 222 5 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 222 6 their -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-4229 222 7 third third JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 222 8 military military JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 222 9 line line NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 222 10 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4229 222 11 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 222 12 triarii triarii NNS en-wikipedia-org-4229 222 13 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4229 223 1 These these DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 223 2 were be VBD en-wikipedia-org-4229 223 3 veteran veteran JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 223 4 reserve reserve NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 223 5 troops troop NNS en-wikipedia-org-4229 223 6 armed arm VBN en-wikipedia-org-4229 223 7 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 223 8 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 223 9 hastae hastae NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 223 10 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-4229 223 11 spear spear NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 223 12 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4229 224 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4229 224 2 24 24 CD en-wikipedia-org-4229 224 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4229 224 4 Rome Rome NNP en-wikipedia-org-4229 224 5 conquered conquer VBD en-wikipedia-org-4229 224 6 most most JJS en-wikipedia-org-4229 224 7 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 224 8 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 224 9 Macedonian macedonian JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 224 10 successor successor NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 224 11 states state NNS en-wikipedia-org-4229 224 12 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4229 225 1 Also also RB en-wikipedia-org-4229 225 2 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 225 3 various various JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 225 4 Greek greek JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 225 5 city city NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 225 6 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4229 225 7 states state NNS en-wikipedia-org-4229 225 8 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4229 225 9 leagues league NNS en-wikipedia-org-4229 225 10 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4229 226 1 As as IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 226 2 these these DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 226 3 states state NNS en-wikipedia-org-4229 226 4 ceased cease VBD en-wikipedia-org-4229 226 5 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-4229 226 6 exist exist VB en-wikipedia-org-4229 226 7 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4229 226 8 so so RB en-wikipedia-org-4229 226 9 did do VBD en-wikipedia-org-4229 226 10 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 226 11 armies army NNS en-wikipedia-org-4229 226 12 which which WDT en-wikipedia-org-4229 226 13 used use VBD en-wikipedia-org-4229 226 14 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 226 15 traditional traditional JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 226 16 phalanx phalanx NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 226 17 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4229 227 1 Subsequently subsequently RB en-wikipedia-org-4229 227 2 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4229 227 3 troops troop NNS en-wikipedia-org-4229 227 4 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 227 5 these these DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 227 6 regions region NNS en-wikipedia-org-4229 227 7 were be VBD en-wikipedia-org-4229 227 8 equipped equip VBN en-wikipedia-org-4229 227 9 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4229 227 10 trained train VBN en-wikipedia-org-4229 227 11 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4229 227 12 fought fight VBD en-wikipedia-org-4229 227 13 using use VBG en-wikipedia-org-4229 227 14 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 227 15 Roman roman JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 227 16 model model NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 227 17 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4229 228 1 A a DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 228 2 phalanx phalanx NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 228 3 formation formation NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 228 4 called call VBD en-wikipedia-org-4229 228 5 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 228 6 phoulkon phoulkon NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 228 7 appeared appear VBD en-wikipedia-org-4229 228 8 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 228 9 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 228 10 late late JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 228 11 roman roman JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 228 12 army army NNP en-wikipedia-org-4229 228 13 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4229 228 14 byzantine byzantine JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 228 15 army army NNP en-wikipedia-org-4229 228 16 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4229 229 1 It -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-4229 229 2 had have VBD en-wikipedia-org-4229 229 3 characteristics characteristic NNS en-wikipedia-org-4229 229 4 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 229 5 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 229 6 classical classical JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 229 7 Greek Greek NNP en-wikipedia-org-4229 229 8 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4229 229 9 Hellenistic hellenistic JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 229 10 phalanxes phalanx NNS en-wikipedia-org-4229 229 11 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4229 229 12 but but CC en-wikipedia-org-4229 229 13 was be VBD en-wikipedia-org-4229 229 14 more more RBR en-wikipedia-org-4229 229 15 flexible flexible JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 229 16 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4229 230 1 It -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-4229 230 2 was be VBD en-wikipedia-org-4229 230 3 used use VBN en-wikipedia-org-4229 230 4 against against IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 230 5 cavalry cavalry NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 230 6 more more JJR en-wikipedia-org-4229 230 7 than than IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 230 8 infantry infantry NNP en-wikipedia-org-4229 230 9 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4229 231 1 However however RB en-wikipedia-org-4229 231 2 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4229 231 3 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 231 4 phalanx phalanx NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 231 5 did do VBD en-wikipedia-org-4229 231 6 not not RB en-wikipedia-org-4229 231 7 totally totally RB en-wikipedia-org-4229 231 8 disappear disappear VB en-wikipedia-org-4229 231 9 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4229 232 1 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 232 2 phalanx phalanx NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 232 3 might may MD en-wikipedia-org-4229 232 4 not not RB en-wikipedia-org-4229 232 5 have have VB en-wikipedia-org-4229 232 6 been be VBN en-wikipedia-org-4229 232 7 obsolete obsolete JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 232 8 at at IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 232 9 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 232 10 end end NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 232 11 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 232 12 its -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-4229 232 13 history history NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 232 14 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4229 233 1 In in IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 233 2 some some DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 233 3 battles battle NNS en-wikipedia-org-4229 233 4 between between IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 233 5 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 233 6 Roman roman JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 233 7 army army NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 233 8 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4229 233 9 Hellenistic hellenistic JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 233 10 phalanxes phalanx NNS en-wikipedia-org-4229 233 11 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4229 233 12 such such JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 233 13 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 233 14 Pydna Pydna NNP en-wikipedia-org-4229 233 15 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4229 233 16 168 168 CD en-wikipedia-org-4229 233 17 BC BC NNP en-wikipedia-org-4229 233 18 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4229 233 19 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4229 233 20 Cynoscephalae Cynoscephalae NNP en-wikipedia-org-4229 233 21 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4229 233 22 197 197 CD en-wikipedia-org-4229 233 23 BC BC NNP en-wikipedia-org-4229 233 24 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4229 233 25 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4229 233 26 Magnesia Magnesia NNP en-wikipedia-org-4229 233 27 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4229 233 28 190 190 CD en-wikipedia-org-4229 233 29 BC BC NNP en-wikipedia-org-4229 233 30 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4229 233 31 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4229 233 32 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 233 33 phalanx phalanx NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 233 34 performed perform VBD en-wikipedia-org-4229 233 35 well well RB en-wikipedia-org-4229 233 36 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4229 234 1 It -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-4229 234 2 even even RB en-wikipedia-org-4229 234 3 drove drive VBD en-wikipedia-org-4229 234 4 back back RB en-wikipedia-org-4229 234 5 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 234 6 Roman roman JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 234 7 infantry infantry NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 234 8 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4229 235 1 However however RB en-wikipedia-org-4229 235 2 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4229 235 3 at at IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 235 4 Cynoscephalae Cynoscephalae NNP en-wikipedia-org-4229 235 5 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4229 235 6 Magnesia Magnesia NNP en-wikipedia-org-4229 235 7 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4229 235 8 failure failure NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 235 9 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-4229 235 10 defend defend VB en-wikipedia-org-4229 235 11 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 235 12 flanks flank NNS en-wikipedia-org-4229 235 13 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 235 14 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 235 15 phalanx phalanx NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 235 16 led lead VBD en-wikipedia-org-4229 235 17 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 235 18 defeat defeat NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 235 19 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4229 236 1 At at IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 236 2 Pydna Pydna NNP en-wikipedia-org-4229 236 3 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4229 236 4 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 236 5 phalanx phalanx NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 236 6 lost lose VBD en-wikipedia-org-4229 236 7 cohesion cohesion NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 236 8 when when WRB en-wikipedia-org-4229 236 9 pursuing pursue VBG en-wikipedia-org-4229 236 10 retreating retreat VBG en-wikipedia-org-4229 236 11 Roman roman JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 236 12 soldiers soldier NNS en-wikipedia-org-4229 236 13 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4229 237 1 This this DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 237 2 allowed allow VBD en-wikipedia-org-4229 237 3 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 237 4 Romans Romans NNPS en-wikipedia-org-4229 237 5 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-4229 237 6 penetrate penetrate VB en-wikipedia-org-4229 237 7 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 237 8 formation formation NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 237 9 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4229 238 1 Then then RB en-wikipedia-org-4229 238 2 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4229 238 3 Roman roman JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 238 4 close close JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 238 5 combat combat NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 238 6 skills skill NNS en-wikipedia-org-4229 238 7 proved prove VBN en-wikipedia-org-4229 238 8 decisive decisive JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 238 9 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4229 239 1 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 239 2 historian historian NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 239 3 Polybius Polybius NNP en-wikipedia-org-4229 239 4 details detail VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4229 239 5 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 239 6 effectiveness effectiveness NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 239 7 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 239 8 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 239 9 Roman roman JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 239 10 legion legion NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 239 11 against against IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 239 12 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 239 13 phalanx phalanx NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 239 14 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4229 240 1 He -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-4229 240 2 deduces deduce VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4229 240 3 that that IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 240 4 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 240 5 Romans Romans NNPS en-wikipedia-org-4229 240 6 refused refuse VBD en-wikipedia-org-4229 240 7 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-4229 240 8 fight fight VB en-wikipedia-org-4229 240 9 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 240 10 phalanx phalanx NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 240 11 where where WRB en-wikipedia-org-4229 240 12 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 240 13 phalanx phalanx NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 240 14 was be VBD en-wikipedia-org-4229 240 15 effective effective JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 240 16 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4229 240 17 Romans Romans NNPS en-wikipedia-org-4229 240 18 offered offer VBD en-wikipedia-org-4229 240 19 battle battle NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 240 20 only only RB en-wikipedia-org-4229 240 21 when when WRB en-wikipedia-org-4229 240 22 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 240 23 legion legion NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 240 24 could could MD en-wikipedia-org-4229 240 25 exploit exploit VB en-wikipedia-org-4229 240 26 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 240 27 clumsiness clumsiness NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 240 28 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4229 240 29 immobility immobility NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 240 30 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 240 31 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 240 32 phalanx phalanx NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 240 33 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4229 241 1 Victorian victorian JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 241 2 depiction depiction NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 241 3 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 241 4 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 241 5 Macedonian macedonian JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 241 6 phalanx phalanx NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 241 7 at at IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 241 8 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 241 9 Battle Battle NNP en-wikipedia-org-4229 241 10 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 241 11 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 241 12 Carts Carts NNPS en-wikipedia-org-4229 241 13 Spear Spear NNP en-wikipedia-org-4229 241 14 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4229 241 15 armed armed JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 241 16 troops troop NNS en-wikipedia-org-4229 241 17 continued continue VBD en-wikipedia-org-4229 241 18 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-4229 241 19 be be VB en-wikipedia-org-4229 241 20 important important JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 241 21 elements element NNS en-wikipedia-org-4229 241 22 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 241 23 many many JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 241 24 armies army NNS en-wikipedia-org-4229 241 25 until until IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 241 26 reliable reliable JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 241 27 firearms firearm NNS en-wikipedia-org-4229 241 28 became become VBD en-wikipedia-org-4229 241 29 available available JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 241 30 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4229 242 1 These these DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 242 2 did do VBD en-wikipedia-org-4229 242 3 not not RB en-wikipedia-org-4229 242 4 necessarily necessarily RB en-wikipedia-org-4229 242 5 fight fight VB en-wikipedia-org-4229 242 6 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 242 7 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 242 8 phalanx phalanx NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 242 9 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4229 243 1 For for IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 243 2 example example NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 243 3 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4229 243 4 compare compare VB en-wikipedia-org-4229 243 5 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 243 6 classical classical JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 243 7 phalanx phalanx NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 243 8 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4229 243 9 late late JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 243 10 medieval medieval JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 243 11 pike pike JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 243 12 formations formation NNS en-wikipedia-org-4229 243 13 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4229 244 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4229 244 2 citation citation NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 244 3 needed need VBN en-wikipedia-org-4229 244 4 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4229 244 5 City City NNP en-wikipedia-org-4229 244 6 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4229 244 7 states state NNS en-wikipedia-org-4229 244 8 were be VBD en-wikipedia-org-4229 244 9 first first RB en-wikipedia-org-4229 244 10 armed arm VBN en-wikipedia-org-4229 244 11 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 244 12 spears spear NNS en-wikipedia-org-4229 244 13 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4229 244 14 then then RB en-wikipedia-org-4229 244 15 pikes pike VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4229 244 16 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4229 245 1 This this DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 245 2 occurred occur VBD en-wikipedia-org-4229 245 3 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 245 4 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 245 5 Middle Middle NNP en-wikipedia-org-4229 245 6 Ages Ages NNPS en-wikipedia-org-4229 245 7 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4229 245 8 Renaissance Renaissance NNP en-wikipedia-org-4229 245 9 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 245 10 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 245 11 Low Low NNP en-wikipedia-org-4229 245 12 Countries Countries NNPS en-wikipedia-org-4229 245 13 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4229 245 14 modern modern JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 245 15 Netherlands Netherlands NNP en-wikipedia-org-4229 245 16 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4229 245 17 Belgium Belgium NNP en-wikipedia-org-4229 245 18 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4229 245 19 Luxembourg Luxembourg NNP en-wikipedia-org-4229 245 20 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4229 245 21 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4229 245 22 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 245 23 cantons canton NNS en-wikipedia-org-4229 245 24 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 245 25 Switzerland Switzerland NNP en-wikipedia-org-4229 245 26 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4229 245 27 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 245 28 city city NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 245 29 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4229 245 30 states state NNS en-wikipedia-org-4229 245 31 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 245 32 Northern Northern NNP en-wikipedia-org-4229 245 33 Italy Italy NNP en-wikipedia-org-4229 245 34 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4229 246 1 Armies army NNS en-wikipedia-org-4229 246 2 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 246 3 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 246 4 Low Low NNP en-wikipedia-org-4229 246 5 Countries Countries NNPS en-wikipedia-org-4229 246 6 defeated defeat VBD en-wikipedia-org-4229 246 7 French french JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 246 8 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4229 246 9 Burgundian burgundian JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 246 10 forces force NNS en-wikipedia-org-4229 246 11 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 246 12 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 246 13 14th 14th JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 246 14 century century NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 246 15 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4229 247 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4229 247 2 citation citation NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 247 3 needed need VBN en-wikipedia-org-4229 247 4 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4229 247 5 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 247 6 Swiss Swiss NNP en-wikipedia-org-4229 247 7 first first RB en-wikipedia-org-4229 247 8 used use VBD en-wikipedia-org-4229 247 9 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 247 10 halberd halberd NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 247 11 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 247 12 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 247 13 14th 14th JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 247 14 century century NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 247 15 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4229 248 1 They -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-4229 248 2 were be VBD en-wikipedia-org-4229 248 3 later later RB en-wikipedia-org-4229 248 4 outreached outreache VBN en-wikipedia-org-4229 248 5 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 248 6 Austrian Austrian NNP en-wikipedia-org-4229 248 7 cavalry cavalry NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 248 8 armed arm VBN en-wikipedia-org-4229 248 9 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 248 10 lances lance NNS en-wikipedia-org-4229 248 11 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4229 249 1 So so RB en-wikipedia-org-4229 249 2 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4229 249 3 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 249 4 Swiss Swiss NNP en-wikipedia-org-4229 249 5 adopted adopt VBD en-wikipedia-org-4229 249 6 pikes pike NNS en-wikipedia-org-4229 249 7 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 249 8 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 249 9 later later JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 249 10 15th 15th JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 249 11 century century NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 249 12 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4229 250 1 Swiss swiss JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 250 2 pike pike JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 250 3 phalanxes phalanx NNS en-wikipedia-org-4229 250 4 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 250 5 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 250 6 Burgundian Burgundian NNP en-wikipedia-org-4229 250 7 Wars Wars NNPS en-wikipedia-org-4229 250 8 were be VBD en-wikipedia-org-4229 250 9 dynamic dynamic JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 250 10 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4229 250 11 aggressive aggressive JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 250 12 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4229 250 13 destroying destroy VBG en-wikipedia-org-4229 250 14 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 250 15 ' ' `` en-wikipedia-org-4229 250 16 modern modern JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 250 17 ' ' '' en-wikipedia-org-4229 250 18 Burgundian burgundian JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 250 19 army army NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 250 20 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4229 251 1 They -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-4229 251 2 killed kill VBD en-wikipedia-org-4229 251 3 Charles Charles NNP en-wikipedia-org-4229 251 4 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 251 5 Bold Bold NNP en-wikipedia-org-4229 251 6 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4229 252 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4229 252 2 citation citation NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 252 3 needed need VBN en-wikipedia-org-4229 252 4 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4229 252 5 Some some DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 252 6 Italian italian JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 252 7 states state NNS en-wikipedia-org-4229 252 8 raised raise VBD en-wikipedia-org-4229 252 9 their -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-4229 252 10 own own JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 252 11 pike pike JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 252 12 units unit NNS en-wikipedia-org-4229 252 13 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4229 253 1 They -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-4229 253 2 also also RB en-wikipedia-org-4229 253 3 employed employ VBD en-wikipedia-org-4229 253 4 Swiss swiss JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 253 5 mercenary mercenary JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 253 6 pikemen pikeman NNS en-wikipedia-org-4229 253 7 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 253 8 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 253 9 15th 15th JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 253 10 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4229 253 11 16th 16th JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 253 12 century century NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 253 13 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4229 254 1 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 254 2 Swiss Swiss NNPS en-wikipedia-org-4229 254 3 were be VBD en-wikipedia-org-4229 254 4 also also RB en-wikipedia-org-4229 254 5 copied copy VBN en-wikipedia-org-4229 254 6 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 254 7 German german JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 254 8 landsknechts landsknecht NNS en-wikipedia-org-4229 254 9 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4229 255 1 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 255 2 large large JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 255 3 number number NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 255 4 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 255 5 pike pike JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 255 6 units unit NNS en-wikipedia-org-4229 255 7 lead lead VBP en-wikipedia-org-4229 255 8 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 255 9 bitter bitter JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 255 10 rivalry rivalry NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 255 11 between between IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 255 12 competing compete VBG en-wikipedia-org-4229 255 13 mercenary mercenary JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 255 14 units unit NNS en-wikipedia-org-4229 255 15 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4229 256 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4229 256 2 citation citation NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 256 3 needed need VBN en-wikipedia-org-4229 256 4 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4229 256 5 Military Military NNP en-wikipedia-org-4229 256 6 historians[who historians[who ADD en-wikipedia-org-4229 256 7 ? ? . en-wikipedia-org-4229 256 8 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4229 257 1 have have VBP en-wikipedia-org-4229 257 2 suggested suggest VBN en-wikipedia-org-4229 257 3 that that IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 257 4 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 257 5 Scots Scots NNPS en-wikipedia-org-4229 257 6 under under IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 257 7 William William NNP en-wikipedia-org-4229 257 8 Wallace Wallace NNP en-wikipedia-org-4229 257 9 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4229 257 10 Robert Robert NNP en-wikipedia-org-4229 257 11 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 257 12 Bruce Bruce NNP en-wikipedia-org-4229 257 13 consciously consciously RB en-wikipedia-org-4229 257 14 imitated imitate VBD en-wikipedia-org-4229 257 15 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 257 16 Hellenistic hellenistic JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 257 17 phalanx phalanx NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 257 18 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-4229 257 19 produce produce VB en-wikipedia-org-4229 257 20 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 257 21 Scots Scots NNPS en-wikipedia-org-4229 257 22 ' ' POS en-wikipedia-org-4229 257 23 hedgehog hedgehog NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 257 24 ' ' '' en-wikipedia-org-4229 257 25 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-4229 257 26 schiltron schiltron NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 257 27 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4229 258 1 However however RB en-wikipedia-org-4229 258 2 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4229 258 3 long long JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 258 4 spears spear NNS en-wikipedia-org-4229 258 5 might may MD en-wikipedia-org-4229 258 6 have have VB en-wikipedia-org-4229 258 7 been be VBN en-wikipedia-org-4229 258 8 used use VBN en-wikipedia-org-4229 258 9 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 258 10 Picts pict NNS en-wikipedia-org-4229 258 11 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4229 258 12 others other NNS en-wikipedia-org-4229 258 13 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 258 14 Scotlands Scotlands NNP en-wikipedia-org-4229 258 15 ' ' POS en-wikipedia-org-4229 258 16 Early Early NNP en-wikipedia-org-4229 258 17 Middle Middle NNP en-wikipedia-org-4229 258 18 Ages Ages NNPS en-wikipedia-org-4229 258 19 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4229 259 1 Prior prior RB en-wikipedia-org-4229 259 2 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 259 3 1066 1066 CD en-wikipedia-org-4229 259 4 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4229 259 5 long long JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 259 6 spear spear NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 259 7 tactics tactic NNS en-wikipedia-org-4229 259 8 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4229 259 9 also also RB en-wikipedia-org-4229 259 10 found find VBN en-wikipedia-org-4229 259 11 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 259 12 North North NNP en-wikipedia-org-4229 259 13 Wales Wales NNP en-wikipedia-org-4229 259 14 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4229 259 15 might may MD en-wikipedia-org-4229 259 16 have have VB en-wikipedia-org-4229 259 17 been be VBN en-wikipedia-org-4229 259 18 part part NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 259 19 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 259 20 irregular irregular JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 259 21 warfare warfare NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 259 22 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 259 23 Britain Britain NNP en-wikipedia-org-4229 259 24 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4229 260 1 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 260 2 Scots Scots NNPS en-wikipedia-org-4229 260 3 used use VBD en-wikipedia-org-4229 260 4 imported import VBN en-wikipedia-org-4229 260 5 French french JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 260 6 pikes pike NNS en-wikipedia-org-4229 260 7 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4229 260 8 dynamic dynamic JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 260 9 tactics tactic NNS en-wikipedia-org-4229 260 10 at at IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 260 11 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 260 12 Battle Battle NNP en-wikipedia-org-4229 260 13 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 260 14 Flodden Flodden NNP en-wikipedia-org-4229 260 15 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4229 261 1 However however RB en-wikipedia-org-4229 261 2 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4229 261 3 Flodden Flodden NNP en-wikipedia-org-4229 261 4 found find VBD en-wikipedia-org-4229 261 5 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 261 6 Scots Scots NNPS en-wikipedia-org-4229 261 7 pitted pit VBD en-wikipedia-org-4229 261 8 against against IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 261 9 effective effective JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 261 10 light light JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 261 11 artillery artillery NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 261 12 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4229 261 13 while while IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 261 14 advancing advance VBG en-wikipedia-org-4229 261 15 over over IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 261 16 bad bad JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 261 17 ground ground NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 261 18 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4229 262 1 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 262 2 combination combination NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 262 3 disorganised disorganise VBD en-wikipedia-org-4229 262 4 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 262 5 Scotts Scotts NNP en-wikipedia-org-4229 262 6 phalanxes phalanx NNS en-wikipedia-org-4229 262 7 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4229 262 8 permitted permit VBD en-wikipedia-org-4229 262 9 effective effective JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 262 10 attacks attack NNS en-wikipedia-org-4229 262 11 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 262 12 English English NNP en-wikipedia-org-4229 262 13 longbowmen longbowman NNS en-wikipedia-org-4229 262 14 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4229 262 15 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4229 262 16 soldiers soldier NNS en-wikipedia-org-4229 262 17 wielding wield VBG en-wikipedia-org-4229 262 18 shorter shorter RBR en-wikipedia-org-4229 262 19 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4229 262 20 handier handier NNP en-wikipedia-org-4229 262 21 polearms polearm NNS en-wikipedia-org-4229 262 22 called call VBD en-wikipedia-org-4229 262 23 bills bill NNS en-wikipedia-org-4229 262 24 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4229 263 1 Some some DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 263 2 contemporary contemporary JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 263 3 sources source NNS en-wikipedia-org-4229 263 4 might may MD en-wikipedia-org-4229 263 5 say say VB en-wikipedia-org-4229 263 6 that that IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 263 7 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 263 8 bills bill NNS en-wikipedia-org-4229 263 9 cut cut VBD en-wikipedia-org-4229 263 10 off off RP en-wikipedia-org-4229 263 11 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 263 12 heads head NNS en-wikipedia-org-4229 263 13 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 263 14 Scots Scots NNPS en-wikipedia-org-4229 263 15 pikes pike NNS en-wikipedia-org-4229 263 16 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4229 264 1 This this DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 264 2 section section NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 264 3 may may MD en-wikipedia-org-4229 264 4 stray stray VB en-wikipedia-org-4229 264 5 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 264 6 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 264 7 topic topic NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 264 8 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 264 9 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 264 10 article article NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 264 11   _SP en-wikipedia-org-4229 264 12 into into IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 264 13 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 264 14 topic topic NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 264 15 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 264 16 another another DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 264 17 article article NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 264 18 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4229 264 19 pike pike NNP en-wikipedia-org-4229 264 20 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4229 264 21 weapon weapon NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 264 22 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4229 264 23 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4229 265 1 Please please UH en-wikipedia-org-4229 265 2 help help VB en-wikipedia-org-4229 265 3 improve improve VB en-wikipedia-org-4229 265 4 this this DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 265 5 section section NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 265 6 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-4229 265 7 discuss discuss VB en-wikipedia-org-4229 265 8 this this DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 265 9 issue issue NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 265 10 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 265 11 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 265 12 talk talk NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 265 13 page page NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 265 14 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4229 266 1 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4229 266 2 September September NNP en-wikipedia-org-4229 266 3 2019 2019 CD en-wikipedia-org-4229 266 4 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4229 266 5 Pike Pike NNP en-wikipedia-org-4229 266 6 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4229 266 7 shot shot NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 266 8 became become VBD en-wikipedia-org-4229 266 9 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 266 10 military military JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 266 11 standard standard NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 266 12 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 266 13 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 266 14 16th 16th JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 266 15 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4229 266 16 17th 17th JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 266 17 century century NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 266 18 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4229 267 1 With with IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 267 2 bayonets bayonet NNS en-wikipedia-org-4229 267 3 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4229 267 4 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 267 5 last last JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 267 6 major major JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 267 7 use use NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 267 8 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 267 9 pike pike NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 267 10 was be VBD en-wikipedia-org-4229 267 11 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 267 12 early early JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 267 13 18th 18th JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 267 14 century century NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 267 15 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4229 268 1 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 268 2 weapon weapon NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 268 3 rapidly rapidly RB en-wikipedia-org-4229 268 4 disappeared disappear VBD en-wikipedia-org-4229 268 5 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 268 6 Western western JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 268 7 European european JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 268 8 armies army NNS en-wikipedia-org-4229 268 9 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 268 10 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 268 11 Battle Battle NNP en-wikipedia-org-4229 268 12 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 268 13 Blenheim Blenheim NNP en-wikipedia-org-4229 268 14 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4229 269 1 A a DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 269 2 few few JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 269 3 pikes pike NNS en-wikipedia-org-4229 269 4 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4229 269 5 half half JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 269 6 pikes pike NNS en-wikipedia-org-4229 269 7 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4229 269 8 halberds halberd NNS en-wikipedia-org-4229 269 9 were be VBD en-wikipedia-org-4229 269 10 retained retain VBN en-wikipedia-org-4229 269 11 among among IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 269 12 regimental regimental JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 269 13 colour colour NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 269 14 guards guard NNS en-wikipedia-org-4229 269 15 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4229 270 1 Even even RB en-wikipedia-org-4229 270 2 these these DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 270 3 disappeared disappear VBD en-wikipedia-org-4229 270 4 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 270 5 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 270 6 time time NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 270 7 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 270 8 Napoleon Napoleon NNP en-wikipedia-org-4229 270 9 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4229 271 1 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 271 2 pike pike NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 271 3 was be VBD en-wikipedia-org-4229 271 4 briefly briefly RB en-wikipedia-org-4229 271 5 reconsidered reconsider VBN en-wikipedia-org-4229 271 6 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 271 7 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 271 8 weapon weapon NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 271 9 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 271 10 European european JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 271 11 armies army NNS en-wikipedia-org-4229 271 12 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 271 13 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 271 14 late late JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 271 15 18th 18th NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 271 16 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4229 271 17 early early JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 271 18 19th 19th JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 271 19 century century NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 271 20 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4229 272 1 It -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-4229 272 2 could could MD en-wikipedia-org-4229 272 3 protect protect VB en-wikipedia-org-4229 272 4 riflemen rifleman NNS en-wikipedia-org-4229 272 5 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4229 272 6 whose whose WP$ en-wikipedia-org-4229 272 7 slower slow JJR en-wikipedia-org-4229 272 8 rate rate NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 272 9 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 272 10 fire fire NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 272 11 made make VBD en-wikipedia-org-4229 272 12 them -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-4229 272 13 vulnerable vulnerable JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 272 14 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4229 273 1 A a DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 273 2 collapsible collapsible JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 273 3 pike pike NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 273 4 was be VBD en-wikipedia-org-4229 273 5 invented invent VBN en-wikipedia-org-4229 273 6 but but CC en-wikipedia-org-4229 273 7 never never RB en-wikipedia-org-4229 273 8 issued issue VBN en-wikipedia-org-4229 273 9 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4229 274 1 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 274 2 Confederate Confederate NNP en-wikipedia-org-4229 274 3 Army Army NNP en-wikipedia-org-4229 274 4 considered consider VBD en-wikipedia-org-4229 274 5 these these DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 274 6 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 274 7 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 274 8 American American NNP en-wikipedia-org-4229 274 9 Civil Civil NNP en-wikipedia-org-4229 274 10 War War NNP en-wikipedia-org-4229 274 11 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4229 275 1 Some some DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 275 2 were be VBD en-wikipedia-org-4229 275 3 even even RB en-wikipedia-org-4229 275 4 manufactured manufacture VBN en-wikipedia-org-4229 275 5 but but CC en-wikipedia-org-4229 275 6 probably probably RB en-wikipedia-org-4229 275 7 were be VBD en-wikipedia-org-4229 275 8 never never RB en-wikipedia-org-4229 275 9 issued issue VBN en-wikipedia-org-4229 275 10 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4229 276 1 Pikes pike NNS en-wikipedia-org-4229 276 2 were be VBD en-wikipedia-org-4229 276 3 manufactured manufacture VBN en-wikipedia-org-4229 276 4 during during IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 276 5 World World NNP en-wikipedia-org-4229 276 6 War War NNP en-wikipedia-org-4229 276 7 II II NNP en-wikipedia-org-4229 276 8 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 276 9 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-4229 276 10 Croft Croft NNP en-wikipedia-org-4229 276 11 's 's POS en-wikipedia-org-4229 276 12 Pikes pike NNS en-wikipedia-org-4229 276 13 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-4229 276 14 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4229 277 1 While while IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 277 2 obsolete obsolete JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 277 3 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 277 4 military military JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 277 5 practice practice NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 277 6 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4229 277 7 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 277 8 phalanx phalanx NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 277 9 remained remain VBD en-wikipedia-org-4229 277 10 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 277 11 use use NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 277 12 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 277 13 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 277 14 metaphor metaphor NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 277 15 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 277 16 warriors warrior NNS en-wikipedia-org-4229 277 17 moving move VBG en-wikipedia-org-4229 277 18 forward forward RB en-wikipedia-org-4229 277 19 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 277 20 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 277 21 single single JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 277 22 united united NNP en-wikipedia-org-4229 277 23 block block NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 277 24 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4229 278 1 This this DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 278 2 metaphor metaphor NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 278 3 inspired inspire VBD en-wikipedia-org-4229 278 4 several several JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 278 5 20th 20th JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 278 6 Century century NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 278 7 political political JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 278 8 movements movement NNS en-wikipedia-org-4229 278 9 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4229 278 10 notably notably RB en-wikipedia-org-4229 278 11 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 278 12 Spanish spanish JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 278 13 Falange Falange NNP en-wikipedia-org-4229 278 14 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4229 278 15 its -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-4229 278 16 ideology ideology NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 278 17 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 278 18 Falangism Falangism NNP en-wikipedia-org-4229 278 19 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4229 279 1 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 279 2 Byzantines Byzantines NNPS en-wikipedia-org-4229 279 3 continued continue VBD en-wikipedia-org-4229 279 4 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4229 279 5 improved improve VBD en-wikipedia-org-4229 279 6 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 279 7 use use NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 279 8 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 279 9 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 279 10 classical classical JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 279 11 Greek greek JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 279 12 phalanx phalanx NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 279 13 alongside alongside RB en-wikipedia-org-4229 279 14 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 279 15 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 279 16 Macedonian macedonian JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 279 17 style style NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 279 18 phalanx phalanx NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 279 19 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4229 280 1 This this DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 280 2 last last JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 280 3 one one NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 280 4 was be VBD en-wikipedia-org-4229 280 5 based base VBN en-wikipedia-org-4229 280 6 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 280 7 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 280 8 model model NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 280 9 that that WDT en-wikipedia-org-4229 280 10 Alexander Alexander NNP en-wikipedia-org-4229 280 11 himself -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-4229 280 12 had have VBD en-wikipedia-org-4229 280 13 created create VBN en-wikipedia-org-4229 280 14 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4229 280 15 had have VBD en-wikipedia-org-4229 280 16 tried try VBN en-wikipedia-org-4229 280 17 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-4229 280 18 give give VB en-wikipedia-org-4229 280 19 more more JJR en-wikipedia-org-4229 280 20 importance importance NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 280 21 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 280 22 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 280 23 skirmishers skirmisher NNS en-wikipedia-org-4229 280 24 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4229 280 25 cavalry cavalry NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 280 26 yet yet CC en-wikipedia-org-4229 280 27 it -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-4229 280 28 never never RB en-wikipedia-org-4229 280 29 saw see VBD en-wikipedia-org-4229 280 30 action action NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 280 31 until until IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 280 32 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 280 33 Byzantines Byzantines NNPS en-wikipedia-org-4229 280 34 adopted adopt VBD en-wikipedia-org-4229 280 35 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 280 36 model model NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 280 37 that that WDT en-wikipedia-org-4229 280 38 rely rely VBP en-wikipedia-org-4229 280 39 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 280 40 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 280 41 mixture mixture NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 280 42 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 280 43 many many JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 280 44 units unit NNS en-wikipedia-org-4229 280 45 sometimes sometimes RB en-wikipedia-org-4229 280 46 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4229 281 1 Many many JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 281 2 writers writer NNS en-wikipedia-org-4229 281 3 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 281 4 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 281 5 age age NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 281 6 describe describe VBP en-wikipedia-org-4229 281 7 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 281 8 spear spear NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 281 9 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 281 10 being be VBG en-wikipedia-org-4229 281 11 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 281 12 Sarissa Sarissa NNP en-wikipedia-org-4229 281 13 yet yet CC en-wikipedia-org-4229 281 14 it -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-4229 281 15 was be VBD en-wikipedia-org-4229 281 16 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 281 17 meter meter NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 281 18 short short JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 281 19 than than IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 281 20 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 281 21 original original JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 281 22 Sarissa Sarissa NNP en-wikipedia-org-4229 281 23 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4229 281 24 had have VBD en-wikipedia-org-4229 281 25 being be VBG en-wikipedia-org-4229 281 26 modified modify VBN en-wikipedia-org-4229 281 27 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 281 28 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 281 29 time time NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 281 30 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4229 281 31 yet yet CC en-wikipedia-org-4229 281 32 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 281 33 term term NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 281 34 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 281 35 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 281 36 long long JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 281 37 spear spear NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 281 38 remained remain VBD en-wikipedia-org-4229 281 39 alongside alongside RB en-wikipedia-org-4229 281 40 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 281 41 its -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-4229 281 42 other other JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 281 43 names name NNS en-wikipedia-org-4229 281 44 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4229 282 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4229 282 2 25 25 CD en-wikipedia-org-4229 282 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4229 282 4 See see VB en-wikipedia-org-4229 282 5 also[edit also[edit LS en-wikipedia-org-4229 282 6 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4229 282 7 Epaminondas Epaminondas NNP en-wikipedia-org-4229 282 8 Hoplite Hoplite NNP en-wikipedia-org-4229 282 9 Hoplite Hoplite NNP en-wikipedia-org-4229 282 10 formation formation NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 282 11 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 282 12 art art NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 282 13 Macedonian macedonian JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 282 14 phalanx phalanx NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 282 15 Pelopidas Pelopidas NNP en-wikipedia-org-4229 282 16 Peltast Peltast NNP en-wikipedia-org-4229 282 17 Point Point NNP en-wikipedia-org-4229 282 18 d'appui d'appui NNP en-wikipedia-org-4229 282 19 Roman roman JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 282 20 infantry infantry NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 282 21 tactics tactic NNS en-wikipedia-org-4229 282 22 Roman Roman NNP en-wikipedia-org-4229 282 23 Legion Legion NNP en-wikipedia-org-4229 282 24 Sarissa Sarissa NNP en-wikipedia-org-4229 282 25 Comparable comparable JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 282 26 formations formation NNS en-wikipedia-org-4229 282 27 Phoulkon Phoulkon NNP en-wikipedia-org-4229 282 28 Pike Pike NNP en-wikipedia-org-4229 282 29 square square NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 282 30 Schiltron Schiltron NNP en-wikipedia-org-4229 282 31 Shield Shield NNP en-wikipedia-org-4229 282 32 wall wall NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 282 33 Tercio Tercio NNP en-wikipedia-org-4229 282 34 Notes[edit notes[edit NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 282 35 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4229 282 36 ^ ^ FW en-wikipedia-org-4229 282 37 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 282 38 b b NNP en-wikipedia-org-4229 282 39 Phalanx Phalanx NNP en-wikipedia-org-4229 282 40 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4229 282 41 hoplites hoplite NNS en-wikipedia-org-4229 282 42 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4229 283 1 livius.org livius.org NNP en-wikipedia-org-4229 283 2 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4229 284 1 20 20 CD en-wikipedia-org-4229 284 2 November November NNP en-wikipedia-org-4229 284 3 2008 2008 CD en-wikipedia-org-4229 284 4 ^ ^ NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 284 5 Hanson Hanson NNP en-wikipedia-org-4229 284 6 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4229 284 7 1991 1991 CD en-wikipedia-org-4229 284 8 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4229 284 9 pp pp NNP en-wikipedia-org-4229 284 10 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4229 285 1 66–67 66–67 CD en-wikipedia-org-4229 285 2 ^ ^ FW en-wikipedia-org-4229 285 3 Hanson Hanson NNP en-wikipedia-org-4229 285 4 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4229 285 5 1991 1991 CD en-wikipedia-org-4229 285 6 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4229 285 7 pp pp NNP en-wikipedia-org-4229 285 8 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4229 286 1 88–89 88–89 LS en-wikipedia-org-4229 286 2 ^ ^ . en-wikipedia-org-4229 286 3 Hanson Hanson NNP en-wikipedia-org-4229 286 4 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4229 286 5 1991 1991 CD en-wikipedia-org-4229 286 6 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4229 286 7 pp pp NNP en-wikipedia-org-4229 286 8 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4229 287 1 90–91 90–91 NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 287 2 ^ ^ NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 287 3 See see UH en-wikipedia-org-4229 287 4 Hanson,(1989 hanson,(1989 RB en-wikipedia-org-4229 287 5 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4229 287 6 Ch Ch NNP en-wikipedia-org-4229 287 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4229 288 1 15 15 CD en-wikipedia-org-4229 288 2 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4229 288 3 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 288 4 an an DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 288 5 introduction introduction NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 288 6 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 288 7 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 288 8 debate debate NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 288 9 ^ ^ . en-wikipedia-org-4229 288 10 Lazenby Lazenby NNP en-wikipedia-org-4229 288 11 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4229 288 12 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4229 288 13 2004 2004 CD en-wikipedia-org-4229 288 14 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4229 288 15 p. p. NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 288 16 89 89 CD en-wikipedia-org-4229 288 17 ^ ^ . en-wikipedia-org-4229 288 18 Goldsworthy Goldsworthy NNP en-wikipedia-org-4229 288 19 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4229 288 20 1997 1997 CD en-wikipedia-org-4229 288 21 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4229 288 22 pp pp NNP en-wikipedia-org-4229 288 23 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4229 289 1 1–26 1–26 CD en-wikipedia-org-4229 289 2 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 289 3 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 289 4 academic academic JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 289 5 journal journal NNP en-wikipedia-org-4229 289 6 War War NNP en-wikipedia-org-4229 289 7 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 289 8 History History NNP en-wikipedia-org-4229 289 9 ^ ^ . en-wikipedia-org-4229 289 10 Hanson Hanson NNP en-wikipedia-org-4229 289 11 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4229 289 12 1991 1991 CD en-wikipedia-org-4229 289 13 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4229 289 14 pp pp NNP en-wikipedia-org-4229 289 15 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4229 290 1 91–92 91–92 CD en-wikipedia-org-4229 290 2 ^ ^ . en-wikipedia-org-4229 290 3 Fragment fragment NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 290 4 # # NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 290 5 8D 8d NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 290 6 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4229 290 7 lines line NNS en-wikipedia-org-4229 290 8 11 11 CD en-wikipedia-org-4229 290 9 - - SYM en-wikipedia-org-4229 290 10 20 20 CD en-wikipedia-org-4229 290 11 : : : en-wikipedia-org-4229 290 12 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4229 290 13 ... ... NFP en-wikipedia-org-4229 290 14 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4229 290 15 οἳ οἳ NNP en-wikipedia-org-4229 290 16 μὲν μὲν NNP en-wikipedia-org-4229 290 17 γὰρ γὰρ NNP en-wikipedia-org-4229 290 18 τολμῶσι τολμῶσι NNP en-wikipedia-org-4229 290 19 παρ παρ NNP en-wikipedia-org-4229 290 20 ' ' '' en-wikipedia-org-4229 290 21 ἀλλήλοισι ἀλλήλοισι NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 290 22 μένοντες| μένοντες| . en-wikipedia-org-4229 290 23 ἔς ἔς NNP en-wikipedia-org-4229 290 24 τ τ LS en-wikipedia-org-4229 290 25 ' ' '' en-wikipedia-org-4229 290 26 αὐτοσχεδίην αὐτοσχεδίην NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 290 27 καὶ καὶ NNP en-wikipedia-org-4229 290 28 προμάχους προμάχους NNP en-wikipedia-org-4229 290 29 ἰέναι,| ἰέναι,| . en-wikipedia-org-4229 290 30 παυρότεροι παυρότεροι NNS en-wikipedia-org-4229 290 31 θνῄσκουσι θνῄσκουσι NNP en-wikipedia-org-4229 290 32 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4229 290 33 σαοῦσι σαοῦσι NNP en-wikipedia-org-4229 290 34 δὲ δὲ NNP en-wikipedia-org-4229 290 35 λαὸν λαὸν NNP en-wikipedia-org-4229 290 36 ὀπίσσω·| ὀπίσσω·| : en-wikipedia-org-4229 290 37 τρεσσάντων τρεσσάντων NNP en-wikipedia-org-4229 290 38 δ δ NNP en-wikipedia-org-4229 290 39 ' ' `` en-wikipedia-org-4229 290 40 ἀνδρῶν ἀνδρῶν NNP en-wikipedia-org-4229 290 41 πᾶσ πᾶσ NNP en-wikipedia-org-4229 290 42 ' ' '' en-wikipedia-org-4229 290 43 ἀπόλωλ ἀπόλωλ NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 290 44 ' ' '' en-wikipedia-org-4229 290 45 ἀρετή.| ἀρετή.| NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 290 46 15 15 CD en-wikipedia-org-4229 290 47 οὐδεὶς οὐδεὶς NNP en-wikipedia-org-4229 290 48 ἄν ἄν NNP en-wikipedia-org-4229 290 49 ποτε ποτε NNP en-wikipedia-org-4229 290 50 ταῦτα ταῦτα VB en-wikipedia-org-4229 290 51 λέγων λέγων NNP en-wikipedia-org-4229 290 52 ἀνύσειεν ἀνύσειεν NNP en-wikipedia-org-4229 290 53 ἕκαστα,| ἕκαστα,| ADD en-wikipedia-org-4229 290 54 ὅσσ ὅσσ NNP en-wikipedia-org-4229 290 55 ' ' '' en-wikipedia-org-4229 290 56 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4229 290 57 ἢν ἢν VB en-wikipedia-org-4229 290 58 αἰσχρὰ αἰσχρὰ IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 290 59 μάθῃ μάθῃ NNP en-wikipedia-org-4229 290 60 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4229 290 61 γίνεται γίνεται NNP en-wikipedia-org-4229 290 62 ἀνδρὶ ἀνδρὶ NNP en-wikipedia-org-4229 290 63 κακά·| κακά·| NNP en-wikipedia-org-4229 290 64 ἀργαλέον ἀργαλέον NNP en-wikipedia-org-4229 290 65 γὰρ γὰρ NNP en-wikipedia-org-4229 290 66 ὄπισθε ὄπισθε NNP en-wikipedia-org-4229 290 67 μετάφρενόν μετάφρενόν NNPS en-wikipedia-org-4229 290 68 ἐστι ἐστι NNP en-wikipedia-org-4229 290 69 δαΐζειν| δαΐζειν| NNP en-wikipedia-org-4229 290 70 ἀνδρὸς ἀνδρὸς NNS en-wikipedia-org-4229 290 71 φεύγοντος φεύγοντος NNP en-wikipedia-org-4229 290 72 δηίῳ δηίῳ NNP en-wikipedia-org-4229 290 73 ἐν ἐν NNP en-wikipedia-org-4229 290 74 πολέμῳ·| πολέμῳ·| NNP en-wikipedia-org-4229 290 75 αἰσχρὸς αἰσχρὸς VBN en-wikipedia-org-4229 290 76 δ δ NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 290 77 ' ' `` en-wikipedia-org-4229 290 78 ἐστὶ ἐστὶ NNP en-wikipedia-org-4229 290 79 νέκυς νέκυς NNP en-wikipedia-org-4229 290 80 κατακείμενος κατακείμενος NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 290 81 ἐν ἐν VBD en-wikipedia-org-4229 290 82 κονίῃσι| κονίῃσι| NNP en-wikipedia-org-4229 290 83 20 20 CD en-wikipedia-org-4229 290 84 νῶτον νῶτον NNP en-wikipedia-org-4229 290 85 ὄπισθ ὄπισθ NNP en-wikipedia-org-4229 290 86 ' ' '' en-wikipedia-org-4229 290 87 αἰχμῇ αἰχμῇ RB en-wikipedia-org-4229 290 88 δουρὸς δουρὸς VBN en-wikipedia-org-4229 290 89 ἐληλάμενος.| ἐληλάμενος.| NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 290 90 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4229 290 91 ... ... NFP en-wikipedia-org-4229 290 92 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4229 290 93 https://www.gottwein.de/Grie/lyr/lyr_tyrt_gr.php#Tyrt.8D https://www.gottwein.de/grie/lyr/lyr_tyrt_gr.php#tyrt.8d ADD en-wikipedia-org-4229 290 94 ^ ^ NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 290 95 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 290 96 b b NNP en-wikipedia-org-4229 290 97 Hanson Hanson NNP en-wikipedia-org-4229 290 98 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4229 290 99 1991 1991 CD en-wikipedia-org-4229 290 100 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4229 290 101 ^ ^ NFP en-wikipedia-org-4229 290 102 See see UH en-wikipedia-org-4229 290 103 Wees Wees NNP en-wikipedia-org-4229 290 104 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4229 290 105 2004 2004 CD en-wikipedia-org-4229 290 106 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4229 290 107 pp pp NNP en-wikipedia-org-4229 290 108 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4229 291 1 156–178 156–178 CD en-wikipedia-org-4229 291 2 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 291 3 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 291 4 discussion discussion NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 291 5 about about IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 291 6 archaeological archaeological JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 291 7 evidence evidence NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 291 8 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 291 9 hoplite hoplite NNP en-wikipedia-org-4229 291 10 armour armour NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 291 11 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4229 291 12 its -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-4229 291 13 eventual eventual JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 291 14 transformation transformation NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 291 15 ^ ^ . en-wikipedia-org-4229 291 16 Snodgrass Snodgrass NNP en-wikipedia-org-4229 291 17 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4229 291 18 1999 1999 CD en-wikipedia-org-4229 291 19 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4229 291 20 ^ ^ . en-wikipedia-org-4229 291 21 Wees Wees NNP en-wikipedia-org-4229 291 22 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4229 291 23 2004 2004 CD en-wikipedia-org-4229 291 24 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4229 291 25 p. p. NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 291 26 165 165 CD en-wikipedia-org-4229 291 27 ^ ^ NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 291 28 Xenophon Xenophon NNP en-wikipedia-org-4229 291 29 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4229 291 30 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4229 291 31 1986 1986 CD en-wikipedia-org-4229 291 32 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4229 291 33 p. p. NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 291 34 184 184 CD en-wikipedia-org-4229 291 35 ^ ^ . en-wikipedia-org-4229 291 36 See see UH en-wikipedia-org-4229 291 37 Lazenby Lazenby NNP en-wikipedia-org-4229 291 38 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4229 291 39 2004 2004 CD en-wikipedia-org-4229 291 40 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4229 291 41 pp pp NNP en-wikipedia-org-4229 291 42 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4229 292 1 149–153 149–153 CD en-wikipedia-org-4229 292 2 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4229 292 3 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 292 4 relation relation NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 292 5 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 292 6 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 292 7 deprivations deprivation NNS en-wikipedia-org-4229 292 8 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 292 9 Cyracusian Cyracusian NNP en-wikipedia-org-4229 292 10 Cavalry Cavalry NNP en-wikipedia-org-4229 292 11 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4229 292 12 counter counter NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 292 13 - - NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 292 14 methods method NNS en-wikipedia-org-4229 292 15 ^ ^ . en-wikipedia-org-4229 292 16 Xenophon Xenophon NNP en-wikipedia-org-4229 292 17 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4229 292 18 1986 1986 CD en-wikipedia-org-4229 292 19 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4229 292 20 pp pp NNP en-wikipedia-org-4229 292 21 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4229 293 1 157–161 157–161 CD en-wikipedia-org-4229 293 2 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-4229 293 3 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 293 4 Greeks Greeks NNPS en-wikipedia-org-4229 293 5 Suffer suffer VBP en-wikipedia-org-4229 293 6 From from IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 293 7 Slings sling NNS en-wikipedia-org-4229 293 8 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4229 293 9 Arrows Arrows NNPS en-wikipedia-org-4229 293 10 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-4229 293 11 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4229 293 12 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4229 293 13 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 293 14 methods method NNS en-wikipedia-org-4229 293 15 improvised improvise VBD en-wikipedia-org-4229 293 16 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-4229 293 17 solve solve VB en-wikipedia-org-4229 293 18 this this DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 293 19 problem problem NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 293 20 ^ ^ . en-wikipedia-org-4229 293 21 Wees Wees NNP en-wikipedia-org-4229 293 22 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4229 293 23 2004 2004 CD en-wikipedia-org-4229 293 24 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4229 293 25 p. p. NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 293 26 189 189 CD en-wikipedia-org-4229 293 27 ^ ^ NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 293 28 Hanson Hanson NNP en-wikipedia-org-4229 293 29 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4229 293 30 1991 1991 CD en-wikipedia-org-4229 293 31 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4229 293 32 p. p. NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 293 33 25 25 CD en-wikipedia-org-4229 293 34 ^ ^ NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 293 35 Hanson Hanson NNP en-wikipedia-org-4229 293 36 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4229 293 37 1991 1991 CD en-wikipedia-org-4229 293 38 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4229 293 39 pp pp NNP en-wikipedia-org-4229 293 40 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4229 294 1 68–69 68–69 NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 294 2 ^ ^ NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 294 3 Phifer Phifer NNP en-wikipedia-org-4229 294 4 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4229 294 5 Michiko Michiko NNP en-wikipedia-org-4229 294 6 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4229 294 7 July July NNP en-wikipedia-org-4229 294 8 13 13 CD en-wikipedia-org-4229 294 9 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4229 294 10 2012 2012 CD en-wikipedia-org-4229 294 11 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4229 294 12 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4229 295 1 A a DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 295 2 Handbook Handbook NNP en-wikipedia-org-4229 295 3 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 295 4 Military Military NNP en-wikipedia-org-4229 295 5 Strategy Strategy NNP en-wikipedia-org-4229 295 6 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4229 295 7 Tactics Tactics NNP en-wikipedia-org-4229 295 8 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4229 296 1 Vij Vij NNP en-wikipedia-org-4229 296 2 Books Books NNP en-wikipedia-org-4229 296 3 India India NNP en-wikipedia-org-4229 296 4 Pvt Pvt NNP en-wikipedia-org-4229 296 5 Ltd. Ltd. NNP en-wikipedia-org-4229 296 6 p. p. NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 296 7   _SP en-wikipedia-org-4229 296 8 207 207 CD en-wikipedia-org-4229 296 9 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4229 297 1 ISBN ISBN NNP en-wikipedia-org-4229 297 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-4229 297 3 9789382573289 9789382573289 CD en-wikipedia-org-4229 297 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4229 298 1 Retrieved retrieve VBN en-wikipedia-org-4229 298 2 1 1 CD en-wikipedia-org-4229 298 3 May May NNP en-wikipedia-org-4229 298 4 2016 2016 CD en-wikipedia-org-4229 298 5 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4229 299 1 ^ ^ NFP en-wikipedia-org-4229 299 2 History history NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 299 3 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 299 4 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 299 5 Phalanx Phalanx NNP en-wikipedia-org-4229 299 6 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4229 300 1 ancientgreekbattles.net ancientgreekbattles.net NNP en-wikipedia-org-4229 300 2 3 3 CD en-wikipedia-org-4229 300 3 September September NNP en-wikipedia-org-4229 300 4 2006 2006 CD en-wikipedia-org-4229 300 5 ^ ^ . en-wikipedia-org-4229 300 6 Goldsworthy Goldsworthy NNP en-wikipedia-org-4229 300 7 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4229 300 8 p. p. NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 300 9 102 102 CD en-wikipedia-org-4229 300 10 ^ ^ NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 300 11 Lendon Lendon NNP en-wikipedia-org-4229 300 12 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4229 300 13 p. p. NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 300 14 182 182 CD en-wikipedia-org-4229 300 15 : : : en-wikipedia-org-4229 300 16 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 300 17 phalanx phalanx NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 300 18 was be VBD en-wikipedia-org-4229 300 19 known know VBN en-wikipedia-org-4229 300 20 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 300 21 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 300 22 Romans Romans NNPS en-wikipedia-org-4229 300 23 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 300 24 pre pre JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 300 25 - - NNP en-wikipedia-org-4229 300 26 Republic republic JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 300 27 days day NNS en-wikipedia-org-4229 300 28 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4229 300 29 whose whose WP$ en-wikipedia-org-4229 300 30 best good JJS en-wikipedia-org-4229 300 31 fighting fighting NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 300 32 men man NNS en-wikipedia-org-4229 300 33 were be VBD en-wikipedia-org-4229 300 34 armed armed JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 300 35 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 300 36 hoplites hoplite NNS en-wikipedia-org-4229 300 37 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4229 301 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-4229 301 2 Lendon Lendon NNP en-wikipedia-org-4229 301 3 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4229 301 4 pp pp NNP en-wikipedia-org-4229 301 5 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4229 302 1 182–183 182–183 CD en-wikipedia-org-4229 302 2 ^ ^ NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 302 3 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-4229 302 4 Byzantine byzantine JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 302 5 battle battle NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 302 6 tactics tactic NNS en-wikipedia-org-4229 302 7 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-4229 302 8 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4229 303 1 www.hellenicaworld.com www.hellenicaworld.com ADD en-wikipedia-org-4229 303 2 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4229 304 1 Retrieved retrieve VBN en-wikipedia-org-4229 304 2 2020 2020 CD en-wikipedia-org-4229 304 3 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4229 304 4 11 11 CD en-wikipedia-org-4229 304 5 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4229 304 6 05 05 CD en-wikipedia-org-4229 304 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4229 305 1 References[edit references[edit LS en-wikipedia-org-4229 305 2 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4229 305 3 Goldsworthy Goldsworthy NNP en-wikipedia-org-4229 305 4 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4229 305 5 A. a. NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 306 1 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4229 306 2 1997 1997 CD en-wikipedia-org-4229 306 3 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4229 306 4 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-4229 306 5 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 306 6 Othismos Othismos NNPS en-wikipedia-org-4229 306 7 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4229 306 8 Myths Myths NNPS en-wikipedia-org-4229 306 9 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4229 306 10 Heresies Heresies NNPS en-wikipedia-org-4229 306 11 : : : en-wikipedia-org-4229 306 12 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 306 13 Nature Nature NNP en-wikipedia-org-4229 306 14 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 306 15 Hoplite Hoplite NNP en-wikipedia-org-4229 306 16 Battle Battle NNP en-wikipedia-org-4229 306 17 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-4229 306 18 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4229 306 19 War War NNP en-wikipedia-org-4229 306 20 In in IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 306 21 History history NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 306 22 4/1 4/1 CD en-wikipedia-org-4229 306 23 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4229 306 24 pp pp NNP en-wikipedia-org-4229 306 25 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4229 307 1 1–26 1–26 CD en-wikipedia-org-4229 307 2 doi:10.1177/096834459700400101 doi:10.1177/096834459700400101 NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 307 3 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4229 308 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4229 308 2 1 1 LS en-wikipedia-org-4229 308 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4229 308 4 Hanson Hanson NNP en-wikipedia-org-4229 308 5 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4229 308 6 Victor Victor NNP en-wikipedia-org-4229 308 7 Davis Davis NNP en-wikipedia-org-4229 308 8 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4229 308 9 1989 1989 CD en-wikipedia-org-4229 308 10 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4229 308 11 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 308 12 Western Western NNP en-wikipedia-org-4229 308 13 Way Way NNP en-wikipedia-org-4229 308 14 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 308 15 War War NNP en-wikipedia-org-4229 308 16 New New NNP en-wikipedia-org-4229 308 17 York York NNP en-wikipedia-org-4229 308 18 : : : en-wikipedia-org-4229 308 19 Alfred Alfred NNP en-wikipedia-org-4229 308 20 A. A. NNP en-wikipedia-org-4229 308 21 Knopf Knopf NNP en-wikipedia-org-4229 308 22 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4229 308 23 ISBN ISBN NNP en-wikipedia-org-4229 308 24   _SP en-wikipedia-org-4229 308 25 978 978 CD en-wikipedia-org-4229 308 26 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4229 308 27 0 0 CD en-wikipedia-org-4229 308 28 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4229 308 29 520 520 CD en-wikipedia-org-4229 308 30 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4229 308 31 21911 21911 CD en-wikipedia-org-4229 308 32 - - SYM en-wikipedia-org-4229 308 33 3 3 CD en-wikipedia-org-4229 308 34 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4229 309 1 Hanson Hanson NNP en-wikipedia-org-4229 309 2 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4229 309 3 Victor Victor NNP en-wikipedia-org-4229 309 4 Davis Davis NNP en-wikipedia-org-4229 309 5 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4229 309 6 1991 1991 CD en-wikipedia-org-4229 309 7 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4229 309 8 Hoplites hoplite NNS en-wikipedia-org-4229 309 9 : : : en-wikipedia-org-4229 309 10 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 309 11 Classical Classical NNP en-wikipedia-org-4229 309 12 Greek Greek NNP en-wikipedia-org-4229 309 13 Battle Battle NNP en-wikipedia-org-4229 309 14 Experience Experience NNP en-wikipedia-org-4229 309 15 ISBN ISBN NNP en-wikipedia-org-4229 309 16   _SP en-wikipedia-org-4229 309 17 0 0 CD en-wikipedia-org-4229 309 18 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4229 309 19 415 415 CD en-wikipedia-org-4229 309 20 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4229 309 21 09816 09816 CD en-wikipedia-org-4229 309 22 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4229 309 23 5 5 CD en-wikipedia-org-4229 309 24 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4229 310 1 Lazenby Lazenby NNP en-wikipedia-org-4229 310 2 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4229 310 3 J.F. J.F. NNP en-wikipedia-org-4229 311 1 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4229 311 2 2004 2004 CD en-wikipedia-org-4229 311 3 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4229 311 4 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 311 5 Peloponnesian Peloponnesian NNP en-wikipedia-org-4229 311 6 War War NNP en-wikipedia-org-4229 311 7 : : : en-wikipedia-org-4229 311 8 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 311 9 military military JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 311 10 study study NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 311 11 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4229 311 12 Routledge Routledge NNP en-wikipedia-org-4229 311 13 ISBN ISBN NNP en-wikipedia-org-4229 311 14   _SP en-wikipedia-org-4229 311 15 0 0 CD en-wikipedia-org-4229 311 16 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4229 311 17 415 415 CD en-wikipedia-org-4229 311 18 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4229 311 19 32615-X 32615-x CD en-wikipedia-org-4229 311 20 Lendon Lendon NNP en-wikipedia-org-4229 311 21 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4229 311 22 J.E. J.E. NNP en-wikipedia-org-4229 312 1 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4229 312 2 2005 2005 CD en-wikipedia-org-4229 312 3 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4229 312 4 Soldiers Soldiers NNPS en-wikipedia-org-4229 312 5 & & CC en-wikipedia-org-4229 312 6 Ghosts Ghosts NNPS en-wikipedia-org-4229 312 7 : : : en-wikipedia-org-4229 312 8 A a DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 312 9 History history NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 312 10 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 312 11 Battle battle NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 312 12 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 312 13 Classical Classical NNP en-wikipedia-org-4229 312 14 Antiquity Antiquity NNP en-wikipedia-org-4229 312 15 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4229 312 16 Yale Yale NNP en-wikipedia-org-4229 312 17 University University NNP en-wikipedia-org-4229 312 18 Press Press NNP en-wikipedia-org-4229 312 19 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4229 312 20 ISBN ISBN NNP en-wikipedia-org-4229 312 21   _SP en-wikipedia-org-4229 312 22 0 0 CD en-wikipedia-org-4229 312 23 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4229 312 24 300 300 CD en-wikipedia-org-4229 312 25 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4229 312 26 11979 11979 CD en-wikipedia-org-4229 312 27 - - SYM en-wikipedia-org-4229 312 28 8 8 CD en-wikipedia-org-4229 312 29 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4229 312 30 ISBN ISBN NNP en-wikipedia-org-4229 312 31   _SP en-wikipedia-org-4229 312 32 978 978 CD en-wikipedia-org-4229 312 33 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4229 312 34 0 0 CD en-wikipedia-org-4229 312 35 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4229 312 36 300 300 CD en-wikipedia-org-4229 312 37 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4229 312 38 11979 11979 CD en-wikipedia-org-4229 312 39 - - SYM en-wikipedia-org-4229 312 40 4 4 CD en-wikipedia-org-4229 312 41 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4229 313 1 Book Book NNP en-wikipedia-org-4229 313 2 Review Review NNP en-wikipedia-org-4229 313 3 Wees Wees NNP en-wikipedia-org-4229 313 4 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4229 313 5 Hans Hans NNP en-wikipedia-org-4229 313 6 van van NNP en-wikipedia-org-4229 313 7 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4229 313 8 2004 2004 CD en-wikipedia-org-4229 313 9 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4229 313 10 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4229 313 11 Greek greek JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 313 12 warfare warfare NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 313 13 : : : en-wikipedia-org-4229 313 14 Myths myth NNS en-wikipedia-org-4229 313 15 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4229 313 16 Realities Realities NNPS en-wikipedia-org-4229 313 17 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4229 313 18 Duckworth Duckworth NNP en-wikipedia-org-4229 313 19 Press Press NNP en-wikipedia-org-4229 313 20 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4229 313 21 ISBN ISBN NNP en-wikipedia-org-4229 313 22   _SP en-wikipedia-org-4229 313 23 0 0 CD en-wikipedia-org-4229 313 24 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4229 313 25 7156 7156 CD en-wikipedia-org-4229 313 26 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4229 313 27 2967 2967 CD en-wikipedia-org-4229 313 28 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4229 313 29 0 0 CD en-wikipedia-org-4229 313 30 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4229 314 1 Xenophon Xenophon NNP en-wikipedia-org-4229 314 2 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4229 314 3 1986 1986 CD en-wikipedia-org-4229 314 4 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4229 314 5 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4229 314 6 Translated translate VBN en-wikipedia-org-4229 314 7 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 314 8 George George NNP en-wikipedia-org-4229 314 9 Cawkwell Cawkwell NNP en-wikipedia-org-4229 314 10 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4229 314 11 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 314 12 Persian Persian NNP en-wikipedia-org-4229 314 13 Expedition Expedition NNP en-wikipedia-org-4229 314 14 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4229 314 15 Penguin Penguin NNP en-wikipedia-org-4229 314 16 Classics Classics NNPS en-wikipedia-org-4229 314 17 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4229 314 18 Snodgrass Snodgrass NNP en-wikipedia-org-4229 314 19 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4229 314 20 A. a. NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 315 1 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4229 315 2 1999 1999 CD en-wikipedia-org-4229 315 3 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4229 315 4 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4229 315 5 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-4229 315 6 Arms Arms NNPS en-wikipedia-org-4229 315 7 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4229 315 8 Armour Armour NNP en-wikipedia-org-4229 315 9 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 315 10 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 315 11 Ancient Ancient NNP en-wikipedia-org-4229 315 12 Greeks Greeks NNPS en-wikipedia-org-4229 315 13 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-4229 315 14 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4229 315 15 Johns Johns NNP en-wikipedia-org-4229 315 16 Hopkins Hopkins NNP en-wikipedia-org-4229 315 17 University University NNP en-wikipedia-org-4229 315 18 Press Press NNP en-wikipedia-org-4229 315 19 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4229 315 20 ISBN ISBN NNP en-wikipedia-org-4229 315 21   _SP en-wikipedia-org-4229 315 22 0801860733 0801860733 CD en-wikipedia-org-4229 315 23 Further further JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 315 24 reading[edit reading[edit LS en-wikipedia-org-4229 315 25 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4229 315 26 Goldsworthy Goldsworthy NNP en-wikipedia-org-4229 315 27 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4229 315 28 Adrian adrian JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 315 29 : : : en-wikipedia-org-4229 315 30 In in IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 315 31 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 315 32 Name name NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 315 33 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 315 34 Rome Rome NNP en-wikipedia-org-4229 315 35 : : : en-wikipedia-org-4229 315 36 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 315 37 Men Men NNPS en-wikipedia-org-4229 315 38 Who who WP en-wikipedia-org-4229 315 39 Won won VBP en-wikipedia-org-4229 315 40 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 315 41 Roman Roman NNP en-wikipedia-org-4229 315 42 Empire Empire NNP en-wikipedia-org-4229 315 43 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4229 315 44 Orion,2003 orion,2003 ADD en-wikipedia-org-4229 315 45 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4229 315 46 ISBN ISBN NNP en-wikipedia-org-4229 315 47   _SP en-wikipedia-org-4229 315 48 0 0 CD en-wikipedia-org-4229 315 49 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4229 315 50 7538 7538 CD en-wikipedia-org-4229 315 51 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4229 315 52 1789 1789 CD en-wikipedia-org-4229 315 53 - - SYM en-wikipedia-org-4229 315 54 6 6 CD en-wikipedia-org-4229 315 55 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4229 316 1 Holland Holland NNP en-wikipedia-org-4229 316 2 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4229 316 3 T. T. NNP en-wikipedia-org-4229 316 4 Persian Persian NNP en-wikipedia-org-4229 316 5 Fire Fire NNP en-wikipedia-org-4229 316 6 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4229 316 7 Abacus Abacus NNP en-wikipedia-org-4229 316 8 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4229 317 1 ISBN ISBN NNP en-wikipedia-org-4229 317 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-4229 317 3 978 978 CD en-wikipedia-org-4229 317 4 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4229 317 5 0 0 CD en-wikipedia-org-4229 317 6 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4229 317 7 349 349 CD en-wikipedia-org-4229 317 8 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4229 317 9 11717 11717 CD en-wikipedia-org-4229 317 10 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4229 317 11 1 1 CD en-wikipedia-org-4229 317 12 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4229 318 1 Woodford Woodford NNP en-wikipedia-org-4229 318 2 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4229 318 3 S. S. NNP en-wikipedia-org-4229 318 4 : : : en-wikipedia-org-4229 318 5 An an DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 318 6 Introduction introduction NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 318 7 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 318 8 Greek Greek NNP en-wikipedia-org-4229 318 9 Art art NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 318 10 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4229 319 1 Cornell Cornell NNP en-wikipedia-org-4229 319 2 University University NNP en-wikipedia-org-4229 319 3 Press Press NNP en-wikipedia-org-4229 319 4 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4229 319 5 1988 1988 CD en-wikipedia-org-4229 319 6 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4229 320 1 ISBN ISBN NNP en-wikipedia-org-4229 320 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-4229 320 3 0 0 CD en-wikipedia-org-4229 320 4 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4229 320 5 8014 8014 CD en-wikipedia-org-4229 320 6 - - SYM en-wikipedia-org-4229 320 7 9480-X. 9480-X. NNP en-wikipedia-org-4229 321 1 External external JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 321 2 links[edit links[edit , en-wikipedia-org-4229 321 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4229 321 4 Wikimedia Wikimedia NNP en-wikipedia-org-4229 321 5 Commons Commons NNPS en-wikipedia-org-4229 321 6 has have VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4229 321 7 media medium NNS en-wikipedia-org-4229 321 8 related relate VBN en-wikipedia-org-4229 321 9 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 321 10 Phalanxes Phalanxes NNP en-wikipedia-org-4229 321 11 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4229 322 1 Look look VB en-wikipedia-org-4229 322 2 up up RP en-wikipedia-org-4229 322 3 phalanx phalanx NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 322 4 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 322 5 Wiktionary Wiktionary NNP en-wikipedia-org-4229 322 6 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4229 322 7 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 322 8 free free JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 322 9 dictionary dictionary NNP en-wikipedia-org-4229 322 10 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4229 323 1 Livius livius NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 323 2 page page NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 323 3 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 323 4 hoplite hoplite JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 323 5 warfare warfare NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 323 6 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4229 324 1 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 324 2 Roman roman JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 324 3 Maniple maniple NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 324 4 vs. vs. IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 325 1 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 325 2 Macedonian Macedonian NNP en-wikipedia-org-4229 325 3 Phalanx Phalanx NNP en-wikipedia-org-4229 325 4 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4229 325 5 Polybius Polybius NNP en-wikipedia-org-4229 325 6 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4229 325 7 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 325 8 Histories Histories NNPS en-wikipedia-org-4229 325 9 18(28–32 18(28–32 LS en-wikipedia-org-4229 325 10 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4229 325 11 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 325 12 Apamea Apamea NNP en-wikipedia-org-4229 325 13 Phalangarius Phalangarius NNP en-wikipedia-org-4229 325 14 Images Images NNPS en-wikipedia-org-4229 325 15 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 325 16 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 325 17 phalanx phalanx NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 325 18 formation formation NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 325 19 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 325 20 ancient ancient JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 325 21 Greek greek JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 325 22 warfare warfare NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 325 23 Retrieved retrieve VBN en-wikipedia-org-4229 325 24 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 325 25 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-4229 325 26 https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Phalanx&oldid=1001777777 https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=phalanx&oldid=1001777777 NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 325 27 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-4229 325 28 Categories category NNS en-wikipedia-org-4229 325 29 : : : en-wikipedia-org-4229 325 30 Ancient ancient JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 325 31 Greek greek JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 325 32 military military NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 325 33 terminology terminology NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 325 34 Infantry Infantry NNP en-wikipedia-org-4229 325 35 units unit NNS en-wikipedia-org-4229 325 36 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4229 325 37 formations formation NNS en-wikipedia-org-4229 325 38 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 325 39 Macedon Macedon NNP en-wikipedia-org-4229 325 40 Military Military NNP en-wikipedia-org-4229 325 41 units unit NNS en-wikipedia-org-4229 325 42 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4229 325 43 formations formation NNS en-wikipedia-org-4229 325 44 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 325 45 ancient ancient JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 325 46 Greece Greece NNP en-wikipedia-org-4229 325 47 Hidden hide VBN en-wikipedia-org-4229 325 48 categories category NNS en-wikipedia-org-4229 325 49 : : : en-wikipedia-org-4229 325 50 Articles article NNS en-wikipedia-org-4229 325 51 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 325 52 short short JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 325 53 description description NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 325 54 Short short JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 325 55 description description NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 325 56 matches match VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4229 325 57 Wikidata Wikidata NNP en-wikipedia-org-4229 325 58 Articles Articles NNPS en-wikipedia-org-4229 325 59 lacking lack VBG en-wikipedia-org-4229 325 60 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 325 61 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4229 325 62 text text NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 325 63 citations citation NNS en-wikipedia-org-4229 325 64 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 325 65 October October NNP en-wikipedia-org-4229 325 66 2012 2012 CD en-wikipedia-org-4229 325 67 All all DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 325 68 articles article NNS en-wikipedia-org-4229 325 69 lacking lack VBG en-wikipedia-org-4229 325 70 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 325 71 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4229 325 72 text text NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 325 73 citations citation NNS en-wikipedia-org-4229 325 74 Articles article NNS en-wikipedia-org-4229 325 75 needing need VBG en-wikipedia-org-4229 325 76 additional additional JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 325 77 references reference NNS en-wikipedia-org-4229 325 78 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 325 79 October October NNP en-wikipedia-org-4229 325 80 2012 2012 CD en-wikipedia-org-4229 325 81 All all DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 325 82 articles article NNS en-wikipedia-org-4229 325 83 needing need VBG en-wikipedia-org-4229 325 84 additional additional JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 325 85 references reference NNS en-wikipedia-org-4229 325 86 Articles article NNS en-wikipedia-org-4229 325 87 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 325 88 multiple multiple JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 325 89 maintenance maintenance NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 325 90 issues issue NNS en-wikipedia-org-4229 325 91 Articles article NNS en-wikipedia-org-4229 325 92 containing contain VBG en-wikipedia-org-4229 325 93 Ancient Ancient NNP en-wikipedia-org-4229 325 94 Greek Greek NNP en-wikipedia-org-4229 325 95 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4229 325 96 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-4229 325 97 1453)-language 1453)-language VB en-wikipedia-org-4229 325 98 text text NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 325 99 Articles article NNS en-wikipedia-org-4229 325 100 containing contain VBG en-wikipedia-org-4229 325 101 Greek Greek NNP en-wikipedia-org-4229 325 102 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4229 325 103 language language NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 325 104 text text NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 325 105 Articles article NNS en-wikipedia-org-4229 325 106 needing need VBG en-wikipedia-org-4229 325 107 additional additional JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 325 108 references reference NNS en-wikipedia-org-4229 325 109 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 325 110 May May NNP en-wikipedia-org-4229 325 111 2018 2018 CD en-wikipedia-org-4229 325 112 All all DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 325 113 articles article NNS en-wikipedia-org-4229 325 114 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 325 115 unsourced unsourced JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 325 116 statements statement NNS en-wikipedia-org-4229 325 117 Articles article NNS en-wikipedia-org-4229 325 118 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 325 119 unsourced unsourced JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 325 120 statements statement NNS en-wikipedia-org-4229 325 121 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 325 122 February February NNP en-wikipedia-org-4229 325 123 2013 2013 CD en-wikipedia-org-4229 325 124 Articles article NNS en-wikipedia-org-4229 325 125 needing need VBG en-wikipedia-org-4229 325 126 additional additional JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 325 127 references reference NNS en-wikipedia-org-4229 325 128 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 325 129 February February NNP en-wikipedia-org-4229 325 130 2013 2013 CD en-wikipedia-org-4229 325 131 Articles article NNS en-wikipedia-org-4229 325 132 needing need VBG en-wikipedia-org-4229 325 133 additional additional JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 325 134 references reference NNS en-wikipedia-org-4229 325 135 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 325 136 September September NNP en-wikipedia-org-4229 325 137 2019 2019 CD en-wikipedia-org-4229 325 138 Articles Articles NNPS en-wikipedia-org-4229 325 139 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 325 140 unsourced unsourced JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 325 141 statements statement NNS en-wikipedia-org-4229 325 142 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 325 143 September September NNP en-wikipedia-org-4229 325 144 2019 2019 CD en-wikipedia-org-4229 325 145 All all DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 325 146 articles article NNS en-wikipedia-org-4229 325 147 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 325 148 specifically specifically RB en-wikipedia-org-4229 325 149 marked mark VBN en-wikipedia-org-4229 325 150 weasel weasel NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 325 151 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4229 325 152 worded word VBN en-wikipedia-org-4229 325 153 phrases phrase NNS en-wikipedia-org-4229 325 154 Articles Articles NNPS en-wikipedia-org-4229 325 155 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 325 156 specifically specifically RB en-wikipedia-org-4229 325 157 marked mark VBN en-wikipedia-org-4229 325 158 weasel weasel NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 325 159 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4229 325 160 worded word VBN en-wikipedia-org-4229 325 161 phrases phrase NNS en-wikipedia-org-4229 325 162 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 325 163 September September NNP en-wikipedia-org-4229 325 164 2019 2019 CD en-wikipedia-org-4229 325 165 Wikipedia Wikipedia NNP en-wikipedia-org-4229 325 166 articles article NNS en-wikipedia-org-4229 325 167 that that WDT en-wikipedia-org-4229 325 168 may may MD en-wikipedia-org-4229 325 169 have have VB en-wikipedia-org-4229 325 170 off off IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 325 171 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4229 325 172 topic topic NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 325 173 sections section NNS en-wikipedia-org-4229 325 174 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 325 175 September September NNP en-wikipedia-org-4229 325 176 2019 2019 CD en-wikipedia-org-4229 325 177 All all DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 325 178 articles article NNS en-wikipedia-org-4229 325 179 that that WDT en-wikipedia-org-4229 325 180 may may MD en-wikipedia-org-4229 325 181 have have VB en-wikipedia-org-4229 325 182 off off IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 325 183 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4229 325 184 topic topic NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 325 185 sections section NNS en-wikipedia-org-4229 325 186 Commons Commons NNP en-wikipedia-org-4229 325 187 category category NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 325 188 link link NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 325 189 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4229 325 190 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 325 191 Wikidata Wikidata NNP en-wikipedia-org-4229 325 192 Navigation Navigation NNP en-wikipedia-org-4229 325 193 menu menu NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 325 194 Personal personal JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 325 195 tools tool NNS en-wikipedia-org-4229 325 196 Not not RB en-wikipedia-org-4229 325 197 logged log VBN en-wikipedia-org-4229 325 198 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 325 199 Talk Talk NNP en-wikipedia-org-4229 325 200 Contributions Contributions NNP en-wikipedia-org-4229 325 201 Create Create NNP en-wikipedia-org-4229 325 202 account account NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 325 203 Log Log NNP en-wikipedia-org-4229 325 204 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 325 205 Namespaces Namespaces NNP en-wikipedia-org-4229 325 206 Article Article NNP en-wikipedia-org-4229 325 207 Talk talk NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 325 208 Variants variant VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4229 325 209 Views view NNS en-wikipedia-org-4229 325 210 Read read VBP en-wikipedia-org-4229 325 211 Edit edit NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 325 212 View View NNP en-wikipedia-org-4229 325 213 history history NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 325 214 More More JJR en-wikipedia-org-4229 325 215 Search Search NNP en-wikipedia-org-4229 325 216 Navigation Navigation NNP en-wikipedia-org-4229 325 217 Main Main NNP en-wikipedia-org-4229 325 218 page page NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 325 219 Contents content VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4229 325 220 Current current JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 325 221 events event NNS en-wikipedia-org-4229 325 222 Random random JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 325 223 article article NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 325 224 About about IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 325 225 Wikipedia Wikipedia NNP en-wikipedia-org-4229 325 226 Contact Contact NNP en-wikipedia-org-4229 325 227 us -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-4229 325 228 Donate Donate NNP en-wikipedia-org-4229 325 229 Contribute contribute NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 325 230 Help help NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 325 231 Learn learn VB en-wikipedia-org-4229 325 232 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-4229 325 233 edit edit VB en-wikipedia-org-4229 325 234 Community community NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 325 235 portal portal JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 325 236 Recent recent JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 325 237 changes change NNS en-wikipedia-org-4229 325 238 Upload upload JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 325 239 file file NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 325 240 Tools tool NNS en-wikipedia-org-4229 325 241 What what WP en-wikipedia-org-4229 325 242 links link NNS en-wikipedia-org-4229 325 243 here here RB en-wikipedia-org-4229 325 244 Related relate VBN en-wikipedia-org-4229 325 245 changes change VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4229 325 246 Upload upload JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 325 247 file file VBP en-wikipedia-org-4229 325 248 Special special JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 325 249 pages page NNS en-wikipedia-org-4229 325 250 Permanent permanent JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 325 251 link link NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 325 252 Page Page NNP en-wikipedia-org-4229 325 253 information information NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 325 254 Cite cite VB en-wikipedia-org-4229 325 255 this this DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 325 256 page page NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 325 257 Wikidata wikidata NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 325 258 item item NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 325 259 Print print NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 325 260 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-4229 325 261 export export NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 325 262 Download Download NNP en-wikipedia-org-4229 325 263 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 325 264 PDF PDF NNP en-wikipedia-org-4229 325 265 Printable Printable NNP en-wikipedia-org-4229 325 266 version version NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 325 267 In in IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 325 268 other other JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 325 269 projects project NNS en-wikipedia-org-4229 325 270 Wikimedia Wikimedia NNP en-wikipedia-org-4229 325 271 Commons Commons NNPS en-wikipedia-org-4229 325 272 Languages Languages NNPS en-wikipedia-org-4229 325 273 العربية العربية NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 325 274 Asturianu Asturianu NNP en-wikipedia-org-4229 325 275 Azərbaycanca Azərbaycanca NNP en-wikipedia-org-4229 325 276 Беларуская Беларуская NNP en-wikipedia-org-4229 325 277 Български Български NNP en-wikipedia-org-4229 325 278 Bosanski Bosanski NNP en-wikipedia-org-4229 325 279 Brezhoneg Brezhoneg NNP en-wikipedia-org-4229 325 280 Català Català NNP en-wikipedia-org-4229 325 281 Čeština Čeština NNP en-wikipedia-org-4229 325 282 Dansk Dansk NNP en-wikipedia-org-4229 325 283 Deutsch Deutsch NNP en-wikipedia-org-4229 325 284 Eesti Eesti NNP en-wikipedia-org-4229 325 285 Ελληνικά Ελληνικά NNP en-wikipedia-org-4229 325 286 Español Español NNP en-wikipedia-org-4229 325 287 Euskara Euskara NNP en-wikipedia-org-4229 325 288 فارسی فارسی JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 325 289 Français Français NNP en-wikipedia-org-4229 325 290 한국어 한국어 NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 325 291 Հայերեն Հայերեն NNP en-wikipedia-org-4229 325 292 Hrvatski Hrvatski NNP en-wikipedia-org-4229 325 293 Bahasa Bahasa NNP en-wikipedia-org-4229 325 294 Indonesia Indonesia NNP en-wikipedia-org-4229 325 295 Íslenska Íslenska NNP en-wikipedia-org-4229 325 296 Italiano Italiano NNP en-wikipedia-org-4229 325 297 עברית עברית NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 325 298 ქართული ქართული NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 325 299 Latina Latina NNP en-wikipedia-org-4229 325 300 Lietuvių Lietuvių NNP en-wikipedia-org-4229 325 301 Magyar Magyar NNP en-wikipedia-org-4229 325 302 मराठी मराठी NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 325 303 Bahasa Bahasa NNP en-wikipedia-org-4229 325 304 Melayu Melayu NNP en-wikipedia-org-4229 325 305 Nederlands Nederlands NNP en-wikipedia-org-4229 325 306 日本語 日本語 NNP en-wikipedia-org-4229 325 307 Norsk Norsk NNP en-wikipedia-org-4229 325 308 bokmål bokmål NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 325 309 Norsk Norsk NNP en-wikipedia-org-4229 325 310 nynorsk nynorsk NNP en-wikipedia-org-4229 325 311 Occitan Occitan NNP en-wikipedia-org-4229 325 312 Oʻzbekcha/ўзбекча Oʻzbekcha/ўзбекча NNP en-wikipedia-org-4229 325 313 Polski Polski NNP en-wikipedia-org-4229 325 314 Português Português NNP en-wikipedia-org-4229 325 315 Română Română NNP en-wikipedia-org-4229 325 316 Русский Русский NNP en-wikipedia-org-4229 325 317 Simple Simple NNP en-wikipedia-org-4229 325 318 English English NNP en-wikipedia-org-4229 325 319 Slovenčina Slovenčina NNP en-wikipedia-org-4229 325 320 Српски Српски NNP en-wikipedia-org-4229 325 321 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-4229 325 322 srpski srpski JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 325 323 Srpskohrvatski Srpskohrvatski NNP en-wikipedia-org-4229 325 324 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-4229 325 325 српскохрватски српскохрватски NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 325 326 Suomi Suomi NNP en-wikipedia-org-4229 325 327 Svenska Svenska NNP en-wikipedia-org-4229 325 328 ไทย ไทย NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 325 329 Türkçe Türkçe NNP en-wikipedia-org-4229 325 330 Українська Українська NNP en-wikipedia-org-4229 325 331 Tiếng Tiếng NNP en-wikipedia-org-4229 325 332 Việt Việt NNP en-wikipedia-org-4229 325 333 中文 中文 NNP en-wikipedia-org-4229 325 334 Edit Edit NNP en-wikipedia-org-4229 325 335 links link NNS en-wikipedia-org-4229 325 336 This this DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 325 337 page page NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 325 338 was be VBD en-wikipedia-org-4229 325 339 last last RB en-wikipedia-org-4229 325 340 edited edit VBN en-wikipedia-org-4229 325 341 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 325 342 21 21 CD en-wikipedia-org-4229 325 343 January January NNP en-wikipedia-org-4229 325 344 2021 2021 CD en-wikipedia-org-4229 325 345 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4229 325 346 at at IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 325 347 08:11 08:11 CD en-wikipedia-org-4229 325 348   _SP en-wikipedia-org-4229 325 349 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4229 325 350 UTC UTC NNP en-wikipedia-org-4229 325 351 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4229 325 352 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4229 326 1 Text text NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 326 2 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4229 326 3 available available JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 326 4 under under IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 326 5 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 326 6 Creative Creative NNP en-wikipedia-org-4229 326 7 Commons Commons NNP en-wikipedia-org-4229 326 8 Attribution Attribution NNP en-wikipedia-org-4229 326 9 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4229 326 10 ShareAlike ShareAlike NNP en-wikipedia-org-4229 326 11 License License NNP en-wikipedia-org-4229 326 12 ; ; , en-wikipedia-org-4229 326 13 additional additional JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 326 14 terms term NNS en-wikipedia-org-4229 326 15 may may MD en-wikipedia-org-4229 326 16 apply apply VB en-wikipedia-org-4229 326 17 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4229 327 1 By by IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 327 2 using use VBG en-wikipedia-org-4229 327 3 this this DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 327 4 site site NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 327 5 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4229 327 6 you -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-4229 327 7 agree agree VBP en-wikipedia-org-4229 327 8 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 327 9 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 327 10 Terms term NNS en-wikipedia-org-4229 327 11 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 327 12 Use Use NNP en-wikipedia-org-4229 327 13 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4229 327 14 Privacy Privacy NNP en-wikipedia-org-4229 327 15 Policy Policy NNP en-wikipedia-org-4229 327 16 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4229 328 1 Wikipedia Wikipedia NNP en-wikipedia-org-4229 328 2 ® ® NNPS en-wikipedia-org-4229 328 3 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4229 328 4 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 328 5 registered registered JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 328 6 trademark trademark NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 328 7 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 328 8 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 328 9 Wikimedia Wikimedia NNP en-wikipedia-org-4229 328 10 Foundation Foundation NNP en-wikipedia-org-4229 328 11 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4229 328 12 Inc. Inc. NNP en-wikipedia-org-4229 328 13 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4229 328 14 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4229 328 15 non non JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 328 16 - - JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 328 17 profit profit JJ en-wikipedia-org-4229 328 18 organization organization NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 328 19 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4229 329 1 Privacy privacy NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 329 2 policy policy NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 329 3 About about IN en-wikipedia-org-4229 329 4 Wikipedia Wikipedia NNP en-wikipedia-org-4229 329 5 Disclaimers Disclaimers NNPS en-wikipedia-org-4229 329 6 Contact Contact NNP en-wikipedia-org-4229 329 7 Wikipedia Wikipedia NNP en-wikipedia-org-4229 329 8 Mobile Mobile NNP en-wikipedia-org-4229 329 9 view view NN en-wikipedia-org-4229 329 10 Developers Developers NNP en-wikipedia-org-4229 329 11 Statistics Statistics NNP en-wikipedia-org-4229 329 12 Cookie Cookie NNP en-wikipedia-org-4229 329 13 statement statement NN