id sid tid token lemma pos en-wikipedia-org-2151 1 1 Old old JJ en-wikipedia-org-2151 1 2 Persian persian JJ en-wikipedia-org-2151 1 3 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-2151 1 4 Wikipedia wikipedia NN en-wikipedia-org-2151 1 5 Old Old NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 1 6 Persian Persian NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 1 7 From from IN en-wikipedia-org-2151 1 8 Wikipedia Wikipedia NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 1 9 , , , en-wikipedia-org-2151 1 10 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-2151 1 11 free free JJ en-wikipedia-org-2151 1 12 encyclopedia encyclopedia NN en-wikipedia-org-2151 1 13       _SP en-wikipedia-org-2151 1 14 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-2151 1 15 Redirected redirect VBN en-wikipedia-org-2151 1 16 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-2151 1 17 Old old JJ en-wikipedia-org-2151 1 18 Persian persian JJ en-wikipedia-org-2151 1 19 language language NN en-wikipedia-org-2151 1 20 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-2151 1 21 Jump jump VB en-wikipedia-org-2151 1 22 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-2151 1 23 navigation navigation NN en-wikipedia-org-2151 1 24 Jump Jump NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 1 25 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-2151 1 26 search search VB en-wikipedia-org-2151 1 27 Language language NN en-wikipedia-org-2151 1 28 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-2151 1 29 Achaemenid Achaemenid NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 1 30 Empire Empire NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 1 31 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-2151 1 32 ancestor ancestor NN en-wikipedia-org-2151 1 33 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-2151 1 34 Middle middle JJ en-wikipedia-org-2151 1 35 Persian Persian NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 1 36 Old old JJ en-wikipedia-org-2151 1 37 Persian persian JJ en-wikipedia-org-2151 1 38 𐎠𐎼𐎹 𐎠𐎼𐎹 NN en-wikipedia-org-2151 1 39 Ariya Ariya NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 1 40 Region Region NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 1 41 Ancient Ancient NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 1 42 Iran Iran NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 1 43 Era Era NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 1 44 Evolved evolve VBN en-wikipedia-org-2151 1 45 into into IN en-wikipedia-org-2151 1 46 Middle Middle NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 1 47 Persian Persian NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 1 48 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-2151 1 49 c. c. NN en-wikipedia-org-2151 1 50 300 300 CD en-wikipedia-org-2151 1 51 BCE BCE NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 1 52 Language Language NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 1 53 family family NN en-wikipedia-org-2151 1 54 Indo Indo NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 1 55 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-2151 1 56 European European NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 1 57 Indo indo JJ en-wikipedia-org-2151 1 58 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-2151 1 59 Iranian iranian JJ en-wikipedia-org-2151 1 60 Iranian iranian JJ en-wikipedia-org-2151 1 61 Western Western NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 1 62 Southwestern Southwestern NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 1 63 Old Old NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 1 64 Persian Persian NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 1 65 Writing Writing NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 1 66 system system NN en-wikipedia-org-2151 1 67 Old old JJ en-wikipedia-org-2151 1 68 Persian persian JJ en-wikipedia-org-2151 1 69 cuneiform cuneiform NN en-wikipedia-org-2151 1 70 Language language NN en-wikipedia-org-2151 1 71 codes code VBZ en-wikipedia-org-2151 1 72 ISO ISO NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 1 73 639 639 CD en-wikipedia-org-2151 1 74 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-2151 1 75 2 2 CD en-wikipedia-org-2151 1 76 peo peo NN en-wikipedia-org-2151 1 77 ISO iso NN en-wikipedia-org-2151 1 78 639 639 CD en-wikipedia-org-2151 1 79 - - SYM en-wikipedia-org-2151 1 80 3 3 CD en-wikipedia-org-2151 1 81 peo peo NN en-wikipedia-org-2151 1 82 Linguist Linguist NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 1 83 List List NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 1 84 peo peo NN en-wikipedia-org-2151 1 85 Glottolog Glottolog NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 1 86 oldp1254 oldp1254 NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 1 87 This this DT en-wikipedia-org-2151 1 88 article article NN en-wikipedia-org-2151 1 89 contains contain VBZ en-wikipedia-org-2151 1 90 IPA ipa JJ en-wikipedia-org-2151 1 91 phonetic phonetic JJ en-wikipedia-org-2151 1 92 symbols symbol NNS en-wikipedia-org-2151 1 93 . . . en-wikipedia-org-2151 2 1 Without without IN en-wikipedia-org-2151 2 2 proper proper JJ en-wikipedia-org-2151 2 3 rendering rendering JJ en-wikipedia-org-2151 2 4 support support NN en-wikipedia-org-2151 2 5 , , , en-wikipedia-org-2151 2 6 you -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-2151 2 7 may may MD en-wikipedia-org-2151 2 8 see see VB en-wikipedia-org-2151 2 9 question question NN en-wikipedia-org-2151 2 10 marks mark NNS en-wikipedia-org-2151 2 11 , , , en-wikipedia-org-2151 2 12 boxes box NNS en-wikipedia-org-2151 2 13 , , , en-wikipedia-org-2151 2 14 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-2151 2 15 other other JJ en-wikipedia-org-2151 2 16 symbols symbol NNS en-wikipedia-org-2151 2 17 instead instead RB en-wikipedia-org-2151 2 18 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-2151 2 19 Unicode Unicode NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 2 20 characters character NNS en-wikipedia-org-2151 2 21 . . . en-wikipedia-org-2151 3 1 For for IN en-wikipedia-org-2151 3 2 an an DT en-wikipedia-org-2151 3 3 introductory introductory JJ en-wikipedia-org-2151 3 4 guide guide NN en-wikipedia-org-2151 3 5 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-2151 3 6 IPA ipa JJ en-wikipedia-org-2151 3 7 symbols symbol NNS en-wikipedia-org-2151 3 8 , , , en-wikipedia-org-2151 3 9 see see VB en-wikipedia-org-2151 3 10 Help help NN en-wikipedia-org-2151 3 11 : : : en-wikipedia-org-2151 3 12 IPA IPA NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 3 13 . . . en-wikipedia-org-2151 4 1 Old old JJ en-wikipedia-org-2151 4 2 Persian Persian NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 4 3 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-2151 4 4 one one CD en-wikipedia-org-2151 4 5 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-2151 4 6 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-2151 4 7 two two CD en-wikipedia-org-2151 4 8 directly directly RB en-wikipedia-org-2151 4 9 attested attest VBN en-wikipedia-org-2151 4 10 Old old JJ en-wikipedia-org-2151 4 11 Iranian iranian JJ en-wikipedia-org-2151 4 12 languages language NNS en-wikipedia-org-2151 4 13 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-2151 4 14 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-2151 4 15 other other JJ en-wikipedia-org-2151 4 16 being be VBG en-wikipedia-org-2151 4 17 Avestan Avestan NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 4 18 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-2151 4 19 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-2151 4 20 it -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-2151 4 21 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-2151 4 22 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-2151 4 23 ancestor ancestor NN en-wikipedia-org-2151 4 24 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-2151 4 25 Middle Middle NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 4 26 Persian Persian NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 4 27 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-2151 4 28 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-2151 4 29 language language NN en-wikipedia-org-2151 4 30 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-2151 4 31 Sasanian Sasanian NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 4 32 Empire Empire NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 4 33 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-2151 4 34 . . . en-wikipedia-org-2151 5 1 Like like IN en-wikipedia-org-2151 5 2 other other JJ en-wikipedia-org-2151 5 3 Old old JJ en-wikipedia-org-2151 5 4 Iranian iranian JJ en-wikipedia-org-2151 5 5 languages language NNS en-wikipedia-org-2151 5 6 , , , en-wikipedia-org-2151 5 7 it -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-2151 5 8 was be VBD en-wikipedia-org-2151 5 9 known know VBN en-wikipedia-org-2151 5 10 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-2151 5 11 its -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-2151 5 12 native native JJ en-wikipedia-org-2151 5 13 speakers speaker NNS en-wikipedia-org-2151 5 14 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-2151 5 15 ariya ariya NN en-wikipedia-org-2151 5 16 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-2151 5 17 Iranian Iranian NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 5 18 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-2151 5 19 . . . en-wikipedia-org-2151 6 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-2151 6 2 1][2 1][2 NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 6 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-2151 6 4 Old Old NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 6 5 Persian Persian NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 6 6 appears appear VBZ en-wikipedia-org-2151 6 7 primarily primarily RB en-wikipedia-org-2151 6 8 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-2151 6 9 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-2151 6 10 inscriptions inscription NNS en-wikipedia-org-2151 6 11 , , , en-wikipedia-org-2151 6 12 clay clay NN en-wikipedia-org-2151 6 13 tablets tablet NNS en-wikipedia-org-2151 6 14 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-2151 6 15 seals seal NNS en-wikipedia-org-2151 6 16 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-2151 6 17 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-2151 6 18 Achaemenid achaemenid JJ en-wikipedia-org-2151 6 19 era era NN en-wikipedia-org-2151 6 20 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-2151 6 21 c. c. NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 6 22 600 600 CD en-wikipedia-org-2151 6 23 BCE BCE NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 6 24 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-2151 6 25 300 300 CD en-wikipedia-org-2151 6 26   _SP en-wikipedia-org-2151 6 27 BCE BCE NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 6 28 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-2151 6 29 . . . en-wikipedia-org-2151 7 1 Examples example NNS en-wikipedia-org-2151 7 2 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-2151 7 3 Old old JJ en-wikipedia-org-2151 7 4 Persian Persian NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 7 5 have have VBP en-wikipedia-org-2151 7 6 been be VBN en-wikipedia-org-2151 7 7 found find VBN en-wikipedia-org-2151 7 8 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-2151 7 9 what what WP en-wikipedia-org-2151 7 10 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-2151 7 11 now now RB en-wikipedia-org-2151 7 12 Iran Iran NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 7 13 , , , en-wikipedia-org-2151 7 14 Romania Romania NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 7 15 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-2151 7 16 Gherla),[3][4][5 Gherla),[3][4][5 NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 7 17 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-2151 7 18 Armenia Armenia NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 7 19 , , , en-wikipedia-org-2151 7 20 Bahrain Bahrain NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 7 21 , , , en-wikipedia-org-2151 7 22 Iraq Iraq NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 7 23 , , , en-wikipedia-org-2151 7 24 Turkey Turkey NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 7 25 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-2151 7 26 Egypt,[6][7 Egypt,[6][7 NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 7 27 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-2151 7 28 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-2151 7 29 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-2151 7 30 most most RBS en-wikipedia-org-2151 7 31 important important JJ en-wikipedia-org-2151 7 32 attestation attestation NN en-wikipedia-org-2151 7 33 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-2151 7 34 far far RB en-wikipedia-org-2151 7 35 being be VBG en-wikipedia-org-2151 7 36 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-2151 7 37 contents content NNS en-wikipedia-org-2151 7 38 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-2151 7 39 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-2151 7 40 Behistun Behistun NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 7 41 Inscription Inscription NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 7 42 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-2151 7 43 dated date VBN en-wikipedia-org-2151 7 44 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-2151 7 45 525 525 CD en-wikipedia-org-2151 7 46 BCE BCE NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 7 47 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-2151 7 48 . . . en-wikipedia-org-2151 8 1 Recent recent JJ en-wikipedia-org-2151 8 2 research research NN en-wikipedia-org-2151 8 3 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-2151 8 4 2007 2007 CD en-wikipedia-org-2151 8 5 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-2151 8 6 into into IN en-wikipedia-org-2151 8 7 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-2151 8 8 vast vast JJ en-wikipedia-org-2151 8 9 Persepolis Persepolis NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 8 10 Fortification Fortification NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 8 11 Archive Archive NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 8 12 at at IN en-wikipedia-org-2151 8 13 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-2151 8 14 Oriental Oriental NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 8 15 Institute Institute NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 8 16 at at IN en-wikipedia-org-2151 8 17 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-2151 8 18 University University NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 8 19 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-2151 8 20 Chicago Chicago NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 8 21 have have VBP en-wikipedia-org-2151 8 22 unearthed unearth VBN en-wikipedia-org-2151 8 23 Old old JJ en-wikipedia-org-2151 8 24 Persian persian JJ en-wikipedia-org-2151 8 25 tablets tablet NNS en-wikipedia-org-2151 8 26 , , , en-wikipedia-org-2151 8 27 which which WDT en-wikipedia-org-2151 8 28 suggest suggest VBP en-wikipedia-org-2151 8 29 Old Old NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 8 30 Persian Persian NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 8 31 was be VBD en-wikipedia-org-2151 8 32 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-2151 8 33 written write VBN en-wikipedia-org-2151 8 34 language language NN en-wikipedia-org-2151 8 35 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-2151 8 36 use use NN en-wikipedia-org-2151 8 37 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-2151 8 38 practical practical JJ en-wikipedia-org-2151 8 39 recording recording NN en-wikipedia-org-2151 8 40 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-2151 8 41 not not RB en-wikipedia-org-2151 8 42 only only RB en-wikipedia-org-2151 8 43 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-2151 8 44 royal royal JJ en-wikipedia-org-2151 8 45 display display NN en-wikipedia-org-2151 8 46 . . . en-wikipedia-org-2151 9 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-2151 9 2 8 8 CD en-wikipedia-org-2151 9 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-2151 9 4 Contents content NNS en-wikipedia-org-2151 9 5 1 1 CD en-wikipedia-org-2151 9 6 Origin origin NN en-wikipedia-org-2151 9 7 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-2151 9 8 overview overview NN en-wikipedia-org-2151 9 9 2 2 CD en-wikipedia-org-2151 9 10 Classification classification NN en-wikipedia-org-2151 9 11 3 3 CD en-wikipedia-org-2151 9 12 Language Language NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 9 13 evolution evolution NN en-wikipedia-org-2151 9 14 4 4 CD en-wikipedia-org-2151 9 15 Substrates Substrates NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 9 16 5 5 CD en-wikipedia-org-2151 9 17 Script Script NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 9 18 6 6 CD en-wikipedia-org-2151 9 19 Phonology phonology NN en-wikipedia-org-2151 9 20 7 7 CD en-wikipedia-org-2151 9 21 Grammar Grammar NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 9 22 7.1 7.1 CD en-wikipedia-org-2151 9 23 Nouns noun NNS en-wikipedia-org-2151 9 24 7.2 7.2 CD en-wikipedia-org-2151 9 25 Verbs Verbs NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 9 26 8 8 CD en-wikipedia-org-2151 9 27 Lexicon lexicon NN en-wikipedia-org-2151 9 28 9 9 CD en-wikipedia-org-2151 9 29 See see VB en-wikipedia-org-2151 9 30 also also RB en-wikipedia-org-2151 9 31 10 10 CD en-wikipedia-org-2151 9 32 Notes note NNS en-wikipedia-org-2151 9 33 11 11 CD en-wikipedia-org-2151 9 34 Bibliography bibliography NN en-wikipedia-org-2151 9 35 12 12 CD en-wikipedia-org-2151 9 36 Further further JJ en-wikipedia-org-2151 9 37 reading read VBG en-wikipedia-org-2151 9 38 Origin Origin NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 9 39 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-2151 9 40 overview[edit overview[edit LS en-wikipedia-org-2151 9 41 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-2151 9 42 As as IN en-wikipedia-org-2151 9 43 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-2151 9 44 written write VBN en-wikipedia-org-2151 9 45 language language NN en-wikipedia-org-2151 9 46 , , , en-wikipedia-org-2151 9 47 Old Old NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 9 48 Persian Persian NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 9 49 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-2151 9 50 attested attest VBN en-wikipedia-org-2151 9 51 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-2151 9 52 royal royal JJ en-wikipedia-org-2151 9 53 Achaemenid achaemenid JJ en-wikipedia-org-2151 9 54 inscriptions inscription NNS en-wikipedia-org-2151 9 55 . . . en-wikipedia-org-2151 10 1 It -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-2151 10 2 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-2151 10 3 an an DT en-wikipedia-org-2151 10 4 Iranian iranian JJ en-wikipedia-org-2151 10 5 language language NN en-wikipedia-org-2151 10 6 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-2151 10 7 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-2151 10 8 such such PDT en-wikipedia-org-2151 10 9 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-2151 10 10 member member NN en-wikipedia-org-2151 10 11 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-2151 10 12 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-2151 10 13 Indo indo JJ en-wikipedia-org-2151 10 14 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-2151 10 15 Iranian iranian JJ en-wikipedia-org-2151 10 16 branch branch NN en-wikipedia-org-2151 10 17 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-2151 10 18 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-2151 10 19 Indo indo JJ en-wikipedia-org-2151 10 20 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-2151 10 21 European european JJ en-wikipedia-org-2151 10 22 language language NN en-wikipedia-org-2151 10 23 family family NN en-wikipedia-org-2151 10 24 . . . en-wikipedia-org-2151 11 1 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-2151 11 2 oldest old JJS en-wikipedia-org-2151 11 3 known know VBN en-wikipedia-org-2151 11 4 text text NN en-wikipedia-org-2151 11 5 written write VBN en-wikipedia-org-2151 11 6 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-2151 11 7 Old Old NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 11 8 Persian Persian NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 11 9 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-2151 11 10 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-2151 11 11 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-2151 11 12 Behistun Behistun NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 11 13 Inscriptions Inscriptions NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 11 14 . . . en-wikipedia-org-2151 12 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-2151 12 2 9 9 CD en-wikipedia-org-2151 12 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-2151 12 4 Old Old NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 12 5 Persian Persian NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 12 6 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-2151 12 7 one one CD en-wikipedia-org-2151 12 8 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-2151 12 9 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-2151 12 10 oldest old JJS en-wikipedia-org-2151 12 11 Indo indo JJ en-wikipedia-org-2151 12 12 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-2151 12 13 European european JJ en-wikipedia-org-2151 12 14 languages language NNS en-wikipedia-org-2151 12 15 which which WDT en-wikipedia-org-2151 12 16 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-2151 12 17 attested attest VBN en-wikipedia-org-2151 12 18 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-2151 12 19 original original JJ en-wikipedia-org-2151 12 20 texts text NNS en-wikipedia-org-2151 12 21 . . . en-wikipedia-org-2151 13 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-2151 13 2 10 10 CD en-wikipedia-org-2151 13 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-2151 13 4 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-2151 13 5 oldest old JJS en-wikipedia-org-2151 13 6 date date NN en-wikipedia-org-2151 13 7 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-2151 13 8 use use NN en-wikipedia-org-2151 13 9 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-2151 13 10 Old Old NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 13 11 Persian Persian NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 13 12 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-2151 13 13 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-2151 13 14 spoken spoken JJ en-wikipedia-org-2151 13 15 language language NN en-wikipedia-org-2151 13 16 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-2151 13 17 not not RB en-wikipedia-org-2151 13 18 precisely precisely RB en-wikipedia-org-2151 13 19 known know VBN en-wikipedia-org-2151 13 20 . . . en-wikipedia-org-2151 14 1 According accord VBG en-wikipedia-org-2151 14 2 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-2151 14 3 certain certain JJ en-wikipedia-org-2151 14 4 historical historical JJ en-wikipedia-org-2151 14 5 assumptions assumption NNS en-wikipedia-org-2151 14 6 about about IN en-wikipedia-org-2151 14 7 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-2151 14 8 early early JJ en-wikipedia-org-2151 14 9 history history NN en-wikipedia-org-2151 14 10 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-2151 14 11 origin origin NN en-wikipedia-org-2151 14 12 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-2151 14 13 ancient ancient JJ en-wikipedia-org-2151 14 14 Persians Persians NNPS en-wikipedia-org-2151 14 15 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-2151 14 16 Southwestern Southwestern NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 14 17 Iran Iran NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 14 18 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-2151 14 19 where where WRB en-wikipedia-org-2151 14 20 Achaemenids Achaemenids NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 14 21 hailed hail VBD en-wikipedia-org-2151 14 22 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-2151 14 23 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-2151 14 24 , , , en-wikipedia-org-2151 14 25 Old Old NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 14 26 Persian Persian NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 14 27 was be VBD en-wikipedia-org-2151 14 28 originally originally RB en-wikipedia-org-2151 14 29 spoken speak VBN en-wikipedia-org-2151 14 30 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-2151 14 31 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-2151 14 32 tribe tribe NN en-wikipedia-org-2151 14 33 called call VBN en-wikipedia-org-2151 14 34 Parsuwash Parsuwash NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 14 35 , , , en-wikipedia-org-2151 14 36 who who WP en-wikipedia-org-2151 14 37 arrived arrive VBD en-wikipedia-org-2151 14 38 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-2151 14 39 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-2151 14 40 Iranian Iranian NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 14 41 Plateau Plateau NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 14 42 early early RB en-wikipedia-org-2151 14 43 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-2151 14 44 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-2151 14 45 1st 1st JJ en-wikipedia-org-2151 14 46 millennium millennium NN en-wikipedia-org-2151 14 47 BCE BCE NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 14 48 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-2151 14 49 finally finally RB en-wikipedia-org-2151 14 50 migrated migrate VBN en-wikipedia-org-2151 14 51 down down RP en-wikipedia-org-2151 14 52 into into IN en-wikipedia-org-2151 14 53 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-2151 14 54 area area NN en-wikipedia-org-2151 14 55 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-2151 14 56 present present JJ en-wikipedia-org-2151 14 57 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-2151 14 58 day day NN en-wikipedia-org-2151 14 59 Fārs Fārs NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 14 60 province province NN en-wikipedia-org-2151 14 61 . . . en-wikipedia-org-2151 15 1 Their -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-2151 15 2 language language NN en-wikipedia-org-2151 15 3 , , , en-wikipedia-org-2151 15 4 Old Old NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 15 5 Persian Persian NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 15 6 , , , en-wikipedia-org-2151 15 7 became become VBD en-wikipedia-org-2151 15 8 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-2151 15 9 official official JJ en-wikipedia-org-2151 15 10 language language NN en-wikipedia-org-2151 15 11 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-2151 15 12 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-2151 15 13 Achaemenid achaemenid JJ en-wikipedia-org-2151 15 14 kings king NNS en-wikipedia-org-2151 15 15 . . . en-wikipedia-org-2151 16 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-2151 16 2 10 10 CD en-wikipedia-org-2151 16 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-2151 16 4 Assyrian assyrian JJ en-wikipedia-org-2151 16 5 records record NNS en-wikipedia-org-2151 16 6 , , , en-wikipedia-org-2151 16 7 which which WDT en-wikipedia-org-2151 16 8 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-2151 16 9 fact fact NN en-wikipedia-org-2151 16 10 appear appear VBP en-wikipedia-org-2151 16 11 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-2151 16 12 provide provide VB en-wikipedia-org-2151 16 13 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-2151 16 14 earliest early JJS en-wikipedia-org-2151 16 15 evidence evidence NN en-wikipedia-org-2151 16 16 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-2151 16 17 ancient ancient JJ en-wikipedia-org-2151 16 18 Iranian iranian JJ en-wikipedia-org-2151 16 19 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-2151 16 20 Persian Persian NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 16 21 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-2151 16 22 Median median JJ en-wikipedia-org-2151 16 23 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-2151 16 24 presence presence NN en-wikipedia-org-2151 16 25 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-2151 16 26 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-2151 16 27 Iranian Iranian NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 16 28 Plateau Plateau NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 16 29 , , , en-wikipedia-org-2151 16 30 give give VB en-wikipedia-org-2151 16 31 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-2151 16 32 good good JJ en-wikipedia-org-2151 16 33 chronology chronology NN en-wikipedia-org-2151 16 34 but but CC en-wikipedia-org-2151 16 35 only only RB en-wikipedia-org-2151 16 36 an an DT en-wikipedia-org-2151 16 37 approximate approximate JJ en-wikipedia-org-2151 16 38 geographical geographical JJ en-wikipedia-org-2151 16 39 indication indication NN en-wikipedia-org-2151 16 40 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-2151 16 41 what what WP en-wikipedia-org-2151 16 42 seem seem VBP en-wikipedia-org-2151 16 43 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-2151 16 44 be be VB en-wikipedia-org-2151 16 45 ancient ancient JJ en-wikipedia-org-2151 16 46 Persians Persians NNPS en-wikipedia-org-2151 16 47 . . . en-wikipedia-org-2151 17 1 In in IN en-wikipedia-org-2151 17 2 these these DT en-wikipedia-org-2151 17 3 records record NNS en-wikipedia-org-2151 17 4 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-2151 17 5 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-2151 17 6 9th 9th JJ en-wikipedia-org-2151 17 7 century century NN en-wikipedia-org-2151 17 8 BCE BCE NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 17 9 , , , en-wikipedia-org-2151 17 10 Parsuwash Parsuwash NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 17 11 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-2151 17 12 along along IN en-wikipedia-org-2151 17 13 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-2151 17 14 Matai Matai NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 17 15 , , , en-wikipedia-org-2151 17 16 presumably presumably RB en-wikipedia-org-2151 17 17 Medians Medians NNPS en-wikipedia-org-2151 17 18 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-2151 17 19 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-2151 17 20 first first RB en-wikipedia-org-2151 17 21 mentioned mention VBN en-wikipedia-org-2151 17 22 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-2151 17 23 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-2151 17 24 area area NN en-wikipedia-org-2151 17 25 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-2151 17 26 Lake Lake NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 17 27 Urmia Urmia NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 17 28 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-2151 17 29 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-2151 17 30 records record NNS en-wikipedia-org-2151 17 31 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-2151 17 32 Shalmaneser Shalmaneser NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 17 33 III III NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 17 34 . . . en-wikipedia-org-2151 18 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-2151 18 2 11 11 CD en-wikipedia-org-2151 18 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-2151 18 4 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-2151 18 5 exact exact JJ en-wikipedia-org-2151 18 6 identity identity NN en-wikipedia-org-2151 18 7 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-2151 18 8 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-2151 18 9 Parsuwash Parsuwash NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 18 10 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-2151 18 11 not not RB en-wikipedia-org-2151 18 12 known know VBN en-wikipedia-org-2151 18 13 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-2151 18 14 certain certain JJ en-wikipedia-org-2151 18 15 , , , en-wikipedia-org-2151 18 16 but but CC en-wikipedia-org-2151 18 17 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-2151 18 18 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-2151 18 19 linguistic linguistic JJ en-wikipedia-org-2151 18 20 viewpoint viewpoint NN en-wikipedia-org-2151 18 21 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-2151 18 22 word word NN en-wikipedia-org-2151 18 23 matches match VBZ en-wikipedia-org-2151 18 24 Old old JJ en-wikipedia-org-2151 18 25 Persian Persian NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 18 26 pārsa pārsa NN en-wikipedia-org-2151 18 27 itself -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-2151 18 28 coming come VBG en-wikipedia-org-2151 18 29 directly directly RB en-wikipedia-org-2151 18 30 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-2151 18 31 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-2151 18 32 older old JJR en-wikipedia-org-2151 18 33 word word NN en-wikipedia-org-2151 18 34 * * NFP en-wikipedia-org-2151 18 35 pārćwa pārćwa NN en-wikipedia-org-2151 18 36 . . . en-wikipedia-org-2151 19 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-2151 19 2 11 11 CD en-wikipedia-org-2151 19 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-2151 19 4 Also also RB en-wikipedia-org-2151 19 5 , , , en-wikipedia-org-2151 19 6 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-2151 19 7 Old Old NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 19 8 Persian Persian NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 19 9 contains contain VBZ en-wikipedia-org-2151 19 10 many many JJ en-wikipedia-org-2151 19 11 words word NNS en-wikipedia-org-2151 19 12 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-2151 19 13 another another DT en-wikipedia-org-2151 19 14 extinct extinct JJ en-wikipedia-org-2151 19 15 Iranian iranian JJ en-wikipedia-org-2151 19 16 language language NN en-wikipedia-org-2151 19 17 , , , en-wikipedia-org-2151 19 18 Median Median NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 19 19 , , , en-wikipedia-org-2151 19 20 according accord VBG en-wikipedia-org-2151 19 21 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-2151 19 22 P. P. NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 19 23 O. O. NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 19 24 Skjærvø Skjærvø NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 19 25 it -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-2151 19 26 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-2151 19 27 probable probable JJ en-wikipedia-org-2151 19 28 that that IN en-wikipedia-org-2151 19 29 Old Old NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 19 30 Persian Persian NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 19 31 had have VBD en-wikipedia-org-2151 19 32 already already RB en-wikipedia-org-2151 19 33 been be VBN en-wikipedia-org-2151 19 34 spoken speak VBN en-wikipedia-org-2151 19 35 before before IN en-wikipedia-org-2151 19 36 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-2151 19 37 formation formation NN en-wikipedia-org-2151 19 38 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-2151 19 39 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-2151 19 40 Achaemenid Achaemenid NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 19 41 Empire Empire NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 19 42 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-2151 19 43 was be VBD en-wikipedia-org-2151 19 44 spoken speak VBN en-wikipedia-org-2151 19 45 during during IN en-wikipedia-org-2151 19 46 most most JJS en-wikipedia-org-2151 19 47 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-2151 19 48 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-2151 19 49 first first JJ en-wikipedia-org-2151 19 50 half half NN en-wikipedia-org-2151 19 51 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-2151 19 52 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-2151 19 53 first first JJ en-wikipedia-org-2151 19 54 millennium millennium NN en-wikipedia-org-2151 19 55 BCE BCE NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 19 56 . . . en-wikipedia-org-2151 20 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-2151 20 2 10 10 CD en-wikipedia-org-2151 20 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-2151 20 4 Xenophon Xenophon NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 20 5 , , , en-wikipedia-org-2151 20 6 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-2151 20 7 Greek greek JJ en-wikipedia-org-2151 20 8 general general NN en-wikipedia-org-2151 20 9 serving serve VBG en-wikipedia-org-2151 20 10 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-2151 20 11 some some DT en-wikipedia-org-2151 20 12 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-2151 20 13 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-2151 20 14 Persian persian JJ en-wikipedia-org-2151 20 15 expeditions expedition NNS en-wikipedia-org-2151 20 16 , , , en-wikipedia-org-2151 20 17 describes describe VBZ en-wikipedia-org-2151 20 18 many many JJ en-wikipedia-org-2151 20 19 aspects aspect NNS en-wikipedia-org-2151 20 20 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-2151 20 21 Armenian armenian JJ en-wikipedia-org-2151 20 22 village village NN en-wikipedia-org-2151 20 23 life life NN en-wikipedia-org-2151 20 24 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-2151 20 25 hospitality hospitality NN en-wikipedia-org-2151 20 26 in in RB en-wikipedia-org-2151 20 27 around around IN en-wikipedia-org-2151 20 28 401 401 CD en-wikipedia-org-2151 20 29 BCE BCE NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 20 30 , , , en-wikipedia-org-2151 20 31 which which WDT en-wikipedia-org-2151 20 32 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-2151 20 33 when when WRB en-wikipedia-org-2151 20 34 Old Old NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 20 35 Persian Persian NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 20 36 was be VBD en-wikipedia-org-2151 20 37 still still RB en-wikipedia-org-2151 20 38 spoken speak VBN en-wikipedia-org-2151 20 39 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-2151 20 40 extensively extensively RB en-wikipedia-org-2151 20 41 used use VBN en-wikipedia-org-2151 20 42 . . . en-wikipedia-org-2151 21 1 He -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-2151 21 2 relates relate VBZ en-wikipedia-org-2151 21 3 that that IN en-wikipedia-org-2151 21 4 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-2151 21 5 Armenian armenian JJ en-wikipedia-org-2151 21 6 people people NNS en-wikipedia-org-2151 21 7 spoke speak VBD en-wikipedia-org-2151 21 8 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-2151 21 9 language language NN en-wikipedia-org-2151 21 10 that that IN en-wikipedia-org-2151 21 11 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-2151 21 12 his -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-2151 21 13 ear ear NN en-wikipedia-org-2151 21 14 sounded sound VBD en-wikipedia-org-2151 21 15 like like IN en-wikipedia-org-2151 21 16 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-2151 21 17 language language NN en-wikipedia-org-2151 21 18 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-2151 21 19 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-2151 21 20 Persians Persians NNPS en-wikipedia-org-2151 21 21 . . . en-wikipedia-org-2151 22 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-2151 22 2 12 12 CD en-wikipedia-org-2151 22 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-2151 22 4 Classification[edit Classification[edit `` en-wikipedia-org-2151 22 5 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-2151 22 6 Main main JJ en-wikipedia-org-2151 22 7 article article NN en-wikipedia-org-2151 22 8 : : : en-wikipedia-org-2151 22 9 Old old JJ en-wikipedia-org-2151 22 10 Iranian iranian JJ en-wikipedia-org-2151 22 11 languages language NNS en-wikipedia-org-2151 22 12 Old old JJ en-wikipedia-org-2151 22 13 Persian Persian NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 22 14 belongs belong VBZ en-wikipedia-org-2151 22 15 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-2151 22 16 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-2151 22 17 Iranian iranian JJ en-wikipedia-org-2151 22 18 language language NN en-wikipedia-org-2151 22 19 family family NN en-wikipedia-org-2151 22 20 which which WDT en-wikipedia-org-2151 22 21 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-2151 22 22 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-2151 22 23 branch branch NN en-wikipedia-org-2151 22 24 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-2151 22 25 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-2151 22 26 Indo indo JJ en-wikipedia-org-2151 22 27 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-2151 22 28 Iranian iranian JJ en-wikipedia-org-2151 22 29 language language NN en-wikipedia-org-2151 22 30 family family NN en-wikipedia-org-2151 22 31 , , , en-wikipedia-org-2151 22 32 itself -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-2151 22 33 within within IN en-wikipedia-org-2151 22 34 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-2151 22 35 large large JJ en-wikipedia-org-2151 22 36 family family NN en-wikipedia-org-2151 22 37 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-2151 22 38 Indo indo JJ en-wikipedia-org-2151 22 39 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-2151 22 40 European european JJ en-wikipedia-org-2151 22 41 languages language NNS en-wikipedia-org-2151 22 42 . . . en-wikipedia-org-2151 23 1 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-2151 23 2 common common JJ en-wikipedia-org-2151 23 3 ancestors ancestor NNS en-wikipedia-org-2151 23 4 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-2151 23 5 Indo Indo NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 23 6 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-2151 23 7 Iranians Iranians NNPS en-wikipedia-org-2151 23 8 came come VBD en-wikipedia-org-2151 23 9 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-2151 23 10 Central Central NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 23 11 Asia Asia NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 23 12 sometime sometime RB en-wikipedia-org-2151 23 13 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-2151 23 14 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-2151 23 15 first first JJ en-wikipedia-org-2151 23 16 half half NN en-wikipedia-org-2151 23 17 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-2151 23 18 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-2151 23 19 2nd 2nd JJ en-wikipedia-org-2151 23 20 millennium millennium NN en-wikipedia-org-2151 23 21 BCE BCE NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 23 22 . . . en-wikipedia-org-2151 24 1 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-2151 24 2 extinct extinct JJ en-wikipedia-org-2151 24 3 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-2151 24 4 unattested unattested JJ en-wikipedia-org-2151 24 5 Median median JJ en-wikipedia-org-2151 24 6 language language NN en-wikipedia-org-2151 24 7 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-2151 24 8 another another DT en-wikipedia-org-2151 24 9 Old old JJ en-wikipedia-org-2151 24 10 Iranian iranian JJ en-wikipedia-org-2151 24 11 language language NN en-wikipedia-org-2151 24 12 related relate VBN en-wikipedia-org-2151 24 13 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-2151 24 14 Old Old NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 24 15 Persian Persian NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 24 16 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-2151 24 17 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-2151 24 18 example example NN en-wikipedia-org-2151 24 19 , , , en-wikipedia-org-2151 24 20 both both DT en-wikipedia-org-2151 24 21 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-2151 24 22 classified classify VBN en-wikipedia-org-2151 24 23 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-2151 24 24 Western western JJ en-wikipedia-org-2151 24 25 Iranian iranian JJ en-wikipedia-org-2151 24 26 languages language NNS en-wikipedia-org-2151 24 27 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-2151 24 28 many many JJ en-wikipedia-org-2151 24 29 Median median JJ en-wikipedia-org-2151 24 30 names name NNS en-wikipedia-org-2151 24 31 appeared appear VBD en-wikipedia-org-2151 24 32 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-2151 24 33 Old Old NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 24 34 Persian Persian NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 24 35 texts)[13 texts)[13 . en-wikipedia-org-2151 24 36 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-2151 24 37 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-2151 24 38 group group NN en-wikipedia-org-2151 24 39 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-2151 24 40 Old old JJ en-wikipedia-org-2151 24 41 Iranian iranian JJ en-wikipedia-org-2151 24 42 languages language NNS en-wikipedia-org-2151 24 43 was be VBD en-wikipedia-org-2151 24 44 presumably presumably RB en-wikipedia-org-2151 24 45 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-2151 24 46 large large JJ en-wikipedia-org-2151 24 47 group group NN en-wikipedia-org-2151 24 48 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-2151 24 49 however however RB en-wikipedia-org-2151 24 50 knowledge knowledge NN en-wikipedia-org-2151 24 51 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-2151 24 52 it -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-2151 24 53 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-2151 24 54 restricted restrict VBN en-wikipedia-org-2151 24 55 mainly mainly RB en-wikipedia-org-2151 24 56 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-2151 24 57 Old Old NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 24 58 Persian Persian NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 24 59 , , , en-wikipedia-org-2151 24 60 Avestan Avestan NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 24 61 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-2151 24 62 Median Median NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 24 63 . . . en-wikipedia-org-2151 25 1 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-2151 25 2 former former JJ en-wikipedia-org-2151 25 3 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-2151 25 4 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-2151 25 5 only only JJ en-wikipedia-org-2151 25 6 languages language NNS en-wikipedia-org-2151 25 7 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-2151 25 8 that that DT en-wikipedia-org-2151 25 9 group group NN en-wikipedia-org-2151 25 10 which which WDT en-wikipedia-org-2151 25 11 have have VBP en-wikipedia-org-2151 25 12 left leave VBN en-wikipedia-org-2151 25 13 written write VBN en-wikipedia-org-2151 25 14 original original JJ en-wikipedia-org-2151 25 15 texts text NNS en-wikipedia-org-2151 25 16 while while IN en-wikipedia-org-2151 25 17 Median Median NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 25 18 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-2151 25 19 known know VBN en-wikipedia-org-2151 25 20 mostly mostly RB en-wikipedia-org-2151 25 21 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-2151 25 22 loanwords loanword NNS en-wikipedia-org-2151 25 23 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-2151 25 24 Old Old NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 25 25 Persian Persian NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 25 26 . . . en-wikipedia-org-2151 26 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-2151 26 2 14 14 CD en-wikipedia-org-2151 26 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-2151 26 4 Language language NN en-wikipedia-org-2151 26 5 evolution[edit evolution[edit NFP en-wikipedia-org-2151 26 6 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-2151 26 7 By by IN en-wikipedia-org-2151 26 8 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-2151 26 9 4th 4th JJ en-wikipedia-org-2151 26 10 century century NN en-wikipedia-org-2151 26 11 BCE BCE NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 26 12 , , , en-wikipedia-org-2151 26 13 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-2151 26 14 late late JJ en-wikipedia-org-2151 26 15 Achaemenid achaemenid JJ en-wikipedia-org-2151 26 16 period period NN en-wikipedia-org-2151 26 17 , , , en-wikipedia-org-2151 26 18 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-2151 26 19 inscriptions inscription NNS en-wikipedia-org-2151 26 20 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-2151 26 21 Artaxerxes Artaxerxes NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 26 22 II II NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 26 23 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-2151 26 24 Artaxerxes Artaxerxes NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 26 25 III III NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 26 26 differ differ VBP en-wikipedia-org-2151 26 27 enough enough RB en-wikipedia-org-2151 26 28 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-2151 26 29 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-2151 26 30 language language NN en-wikipedia-org-2151 26 31 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-2151 26 32 Darius Darius NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 26 33 ' ' POS en-wikipedia-org-2151 26 34 inscriptions inscription NNS en-wikipedia-org-2151 26 35 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-2151 26 36 be be VB en-wikipedia-org-2151 26 37 called call VBN en-wikipedia-org-2151 26 38 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-2151 26 39 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-2151 26 40 pre pre JJ en-wikipedia-org-2151 26 41 - - JJ en-wikipedia-org-2151 26 42 Middle middle JJ en-wikipedia-org-2151 26 43 Persian Persian NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 26 44 , , , en-wikipedia-org-2151 26 45 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-2151 26 46 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-2151 26 47 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-2151 26 48 post post JJ en-wikipedia-org-2151 26 49 - - JJ en-wikipedia-org-2151 26 50 Old old JJ en-wikipedia-org-2151 26 51 Persian Persian NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 26 52 . . . en-wikipedia-org-2151 27 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-2151 27 2 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-2151 27 3 15 15 CD en-wikipedia-org-2151 27 4 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-2151 27 5 Old old JJ en-wikipedia-org-2151 27 6 Persian Persian NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 27 7 subsequently subsequently RB en-wikipedia-org-2151 27 8 evolved evolve VBD en-wikipedia-org-2151 27 9 into into IN en-wikipedia-org-2151 27 10 Middle Middle NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 27 11 Persian Persian NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 27 12 , , , en-wikipedia-org-2151 27 13 which which WDT en-wikipedia-org-2151 27 14 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-2151 27 15 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-2151 27 16 turn turn NN en-wikipedia-org-2151 27 17 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-2151 27 18 ancestor ancestor NN en-wikipedia-org-2151 27 19 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-2151 27 20 New New NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 27 21 Persian Persian NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 27 22 . . . en-wikipedia-org-2151 28 1 Professor Professor NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 28 2 Gilbert Gilbert NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 28 3 Lazard Lazard NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 28 4 , , , en-wikipedia-org-2151 28 5 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-2151 28 6 famous famous JJ en-wikipedia-org-2151 28 7 Iranologist Iranologist NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 28 8 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-2151 28 9 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-2151 28 10 author author NN en-wikipedia-org-2151 28 11 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-2151 28 12 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-2151 28 13 book book NN en-wikipedia-org-2151 28 14 Persian Persian NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 28 15 Grammar Grammar NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 28 16 states:[16 states:[16 -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-2151 28 17 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-2151 28 18 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-2151 28 19 language language NN en-wikipedia-org-2151 28 20 known know VBN en-wikipedia-org-2151 28 21 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-2151 28 22 New New NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 28 23 Persian Persian NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 28 24 , , , en-wikipedia-org-2151 28 25 which which WDT en-wikipedia-org-2151 28 26 usually usually RB en-wikipedia-org-2151 28 27 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-2151 28 28 called call VBN en-wikipedia-org-2151 28 29 at at IN en-wikipedia-org-2151 28 30 this this DT en-wikipedia-org-2151 28 31 period period NN en-wikipedia-org-2151 28 32 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-2151 28 33 early early JJ en-wikipedia-org-2151 28 34 Islamic islamic JJ en-wikipedia-org-2151 28 35 times time NNS en-wikipedia-org-2151 28 36 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-2151 28 37 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-2151 28 38 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-2151 28 39 name name NN en-wikipedia-org-2151 28 40 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-2151 28 41 Parsi Parsi NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 28 42 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-2151 28 43 Dari Dari NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 28 44 , , , en-wikipedia-org-2151 28 45 can can MD en-wikipedia-org-2151 28 46 be be VB en-wikipedia-org-2151 28 47 classified classify VBN en-wikipedia-org-2151 28 48 linguistically linguistically RB en-wikipedia-org-2151 28 49 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-2151 28 50 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-2151 28 51 continuation continuation NN en-wikipedia-org-2151 28 52 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-2151 28 53 Middle Middle NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 28 54 Persian Persian NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 28 55 , , , en-wikipedia-org-2151 28 56 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-2151 28 57 official official JJ en-wikipedia-org-2151 28 58 religious religious JJ en-wikipedia-org-2151 28 59 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-2151 28 60 literary literary JJ en-wikipedia-org-2151 28 61 language language NN en-wikipedia-org-2151 28 62 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-2151 28 63 Sassanian Sassanian NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 28 64 Iran Iran NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 28 65 , , , en-wikipedia-org-2151 28 66 itself -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-2151 28 67 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-2151 28 68 continuation continuation NN en-wikipedia-org-2151 28 69 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-2151 28 70 Old Old NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 28 71 Persian Persian NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 28 72 , , , en-wikipedia-org-2151 28 73 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-2151 28 74 language language NN en-wikipedia-org-2151 28 75 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-2151 28 76 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-2151 28 77 Achaemenids Achaemenids NNPS en-wikipedia-org-2151 28 78 . . . en-wikipedia-org-2151 29 1 Unlike unlike IN en-wikipedia-org-2151 29 2 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-2151 29 3 other other JJ en-wikipedia-org-2151 29 4 languages language NNS en-wikipedia-org-2151 29 5 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-2151 29 6 dialects dialect NNS en-wikipedia-org-2151 29 7 , , , en-wikipedia-org-2151 29 8 ancient ancient JJ en-wikipedia-org-2151 29 9 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-2151 29 10 modern modern JJ en-wikipedia-org-2151 29 11 , , , en-wikipedia-org-2151 29 12 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-2151 29 13 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-2151 29 14 Iranian iranian JJ en-wikipedia-org-2151 29 15 group group NN en-wikipedia-org-2151 29 16 such such JJ en-wikipedia-org-2151 29 17 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-2151 29 18 Avestan Avestan NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 29 19 , , , en-wikipedia-org-2151 29 20 Parthian parthian JJ en-wikipedia-org-2151 29 21 , , , en-wikipedia-org-2151 29 22 Soghdian soghdian JJ en-wikipedia-org-2151 29 23 , , , en-wikipedia-org-2151 29 24 Kurdish kurdish JJ en-wikipedia-org-2151 29 25 , , , en-wikipedia-org-2151 29 26 Pashto Pashto NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 29 27 , , , en-wikipedia-org-2151 29 28 etc etc FW en-wikipedia-org-2151 29 29 . . FW en-wikipedia-org-2151 29 30 , , , en-wikipedia-org-2151 29 31 Old Old NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 29 32 , , , en-wikipedia-org-2151 29 33 Middle Middle NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 29 34 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-2151 29 35 New New NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 29 36 Persian Persian NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 29 37 represent represent VB en-wikipedia-org-2151 29 38 one one CD en-wikipedia-org-2151 29 39 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-2151 29 40 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-2151 29 41 same same JJ en-wikipedia-org-2151 29 42 language language NN en-wikipedia-org-2151 29 43 at at IN en-wikipedia-org-2151 29 44 three three CD en-wikipedia-org-2151 29 45 states state NNS en-wikipedia-org-2151 29 46 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-2151 29 47 its -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-2151 29 48 history history NN en-wikipedia-org-2151 29 49 . . . en-wikipedia-org-2151 30 1 It -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-2151 30 2 had have VBD en-wikipedia-org-2151 30 3 its -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-2151 30 4 origin origin NN en-wikipedia-org-2151 30 5 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-2151 30 6 Fars Fars NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 30 7 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-2151 30 8 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-2151 30 9 differentiated differentiate VBN en-wikipedia-org-2151 30 10 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-2151 30 11 dialectical dialectical JJ en-wikipedia-org-2151 30 12 features feature NNS en-wikipedia-org-2151 30 13 , , , en-wikipedia-org-2151 30 14 still still RB en-wikipedia-org-2151 30 15 easily easily RB en-wikipedia-org-2151 30 16 recognizable recognizable JJ en-wikipedia-org-2151 30 17 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-2151 30 18 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-2151 30 19 dialect dialect NN en-wikipedia-org-2151 30 20 prevailing prevail VBG en-wikipedia-org-2151 30 21 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-2151 30 22 north north NN en-wikipedia-org-2151 30 23 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-2151 30 24 western western JJ en-wikipedia-org-2151 30 25 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-2151 30 26 eastern eastern JJ en-wikipedia-org-2151 30 27 Iran Iran NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 30 28 . . . en-wikipedia-org-2151 31 1 Middle Middle NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 31 2 Persian Persian NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 31 3 , , , en-wikipedia-org-2151 31 4 also also RB en-wikipedia-org-2151 31 5 sometimes sometimes RB en-wikipedia-org-2151 31 6 called call VBN en-wikipedia-org-2151 31 7 Pahlavi Pahlavi NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 31 8 , , , en-wikipedia-org-2151 31 9 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-2151 31 10 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-2151 31 11 direct direct JJ en-wikipedia-org-2151 31 12 continuation continuation NN en-wikipedia-org-2151 31 13 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-2151 31 14 Old Old NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 31 15 Persian Persian NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 31 16 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-2151 31 17 was be VBD en-wikipedia-org-2151 31 18 used use VBN en-wikipedia-org-2151 31 19 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-2151 31 20 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-2151 31 21 written write VBN en-wikipedia-org-2151 31 22 official official JJ en-wikipedia-org-2151 31 23 language language NN en-wikipedia-org-2151 31 24 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-2151 31 25 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-2151 31 26 country country NN en-wikipedia-org-2151 31 27 . . . en-wikipedia-org-2151 32 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-2151 32 2 17][18 17][18 LS en-wikipedia-org-2151 32 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-2151 32 4 Comparison Comparison NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 32 5 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-2151 32 6 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-2151 32 7 evolution evolution NN en-wikipedia-org-2151 32 8 at at IN en-wikipedia-org-2151 32 9 each each DT en-wikipedia-org-2151 32 10 stage stage NN en-wikipedia-org-2151 32 11 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-2151 32 12 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-2151 32 13 language language NN en-wikipedia-org-2151 32 14 shows show VBZ en-wikipedia-org-2151 32 15 great great JJ en-wikipedia-org-2151 32 16 simplification simplification NN en-wikipedia-org-2151 32 17 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-2151 32 18 grammar grammar NN en-wikipedia-org-2151 32 19 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-2151 32 20 syntax syntax NN en-wikipedia-org-2151 32 21 . . . en-wikipedia-org-2151 33 1 However however RB en-wikipedia-org-2151 33 2 , , , en-wikipedia-org-2151 33 3 New New NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 33 4 Persian Persian NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 33 5 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-2151 33 6 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-2151 33 7 direct direct JJ en-wikipedia-org-2151 33 8 descendant descendant NN en-wikipedia-org-2151 33 9 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-2151 33 10 Middle Middle NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 33 11 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-2151 33 12 Old Old NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 33 13 Persian Persian NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 33 14 . . . en-wikipedia-org-2151 34 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-2151 34 2 19 19 CD en-wikipedia-org-2151 34 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-2151 34 4 Substrates[edit Substrates[edit `` en-wikipedia-org-2151 34 5 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-2151 34 6 Old old JJ en-wikipedia-org-2151 34 7 Persian Persian NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 34 8 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-2151 34 9 presumably"[15 presumably"[15 NN en-wikipedia-org-2151 34 10 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-2151 34 11 has have VBZ en-wikipedia-org-2151 34 12 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-2151 34 13 Median median JJ en-wikipedia-org-2151 34 14 language language NN en-wikipedia-org-2151 34 15 substrate substrate NN en-wikipedia-org-2151 34 16 . . . en-wikipedia-org-2151 35 1 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-2151 35 2 Median median JJ en-wikipedia-org-2151 35 3 element element NN en-wikipedia-org-2151 35 4 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-2151 35 5 readily readily RB en-wikipedia-org-2151 35 6 identifiable identifiable JJ en-wikipedia-org-2151 35 7 because because IN en-wikipedia-org-2151 35 8 it -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-2151 35 9 did do VBD en-wikipedia-org-2151 35 10 not not RB en-wikipedia-org-2151 35 11 share share VB en-wikipedia-org-2151 35 12 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-2151 35 13 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-2151 35 14 developments development NNS en-wikipedia-org-2151 35 15 that that WDT en-wikipedia-org-2151 35 16 were be VBD en-wikipedia-org-2151 35 17 peculiar peculiar JJ en-wikipedia-org-2151 35 18 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-2151 35 19 Old Old NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 35 20 Persian Persian NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 35 21 . . . en-wikipedia-org-2151 36 1 Median median JJ en-wikipedia-org-2151 36 2 forms form NNS en-wikipedia-org-2151 36 3 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-2151 36 4 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-2151 36 5 found find VBN en-wikipedia-org-2151 36 6 only only RB en-wikipedia-org-2151 36 7 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-2151 36 8 personal personal JJ en-wikipedia-org-2151 36 9 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-2151 36 10 geographical geographical JJ en-wikipedia-org-2151 36 11 names name NNS en-wikipedia-org-2151 36 12 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-2151 36 13 ... ... NFP en-wikipedia-org-2151 36 14 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-2151 36 15 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-2151 36 16 some some DT en-wikipedia-org-2151 36 17 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-2151 36 18 typically typically RB en-wikipedia-org-2151 36 19 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-2151 36 20 religious religious JJ en-wikipedia-org-2151 36 21 vocabulary vocabulary NN en-wikipedia-org-2151 36 22 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-2151 36 23 so so RB en-wikipedia-org-2151 36 24 could could MD en-wikipedia-org-2151 36 25 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-2151 36 26 principle principle NN en-wikipedia-org-2151 36 27 also also RB en-wikipedia-org-2151 36 28 be be VB en-wikipedia-org-2151 36 29 influenced influence VBN en-wikipedia-org-2151 36 30 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-2151 36 31 Avestan Avestan NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 36 32 . . . en-wikipedia-org-2151 36 33 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-2151 37 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-2151 37 2 Sometimes sometimes RB en-wikipedia-org-2151 37 3 , , , en-wikipedia-org-2151 37 4 both both CC en-wikipedia-org-2151 37 5 Median median JJ en-wikipedia-org-2151 37 6 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-2151 37 7 Old old JJ en-wikipedia-org-2151 37 8 Persian persian JJ en-wikipedia-org-2151 37 9 forms form NNS en-wikipedia-org-2151 37 10 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-2151 37 11 found find VBN en-wikipedia-org-2151 37 12 , , , en-wikipedia-org-2151 37 13 which which WDT en-wikipedia-org-2151 37 14 gave give VBD en-wikipedia-org-2151 37 15 Old Old NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 37 16 Persian Persian NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 37 17 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-2151 37 18 somewhat somewhat RB en-wikipedia-org-2151 37 19 confusing confusing JJ en-wikipedia-org-2151 37 20 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-2151 37 21 inconsistent inconsistent JJ en-wikipedia-org-2151 37 22 look look NN en-wikipedia-org-2151 37 23 : : : en-wikipedia-org-2151 37 24 ' ' '' en-wikipedia-org-2151 37 25 horse horse NN en-wikipedia-org-2151 37 26 , , , en-wikipedia-org-2151 37 27 ' ' '' en-wikipedia-org-2151 37 28 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-2151 37 29 instance instance NN en-wikipedia-org-2151 37 30 , , , en-wikipedia-org-2151 37 31 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-2151 37 32 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-2151 37 33 attested attest VBN en-wikipedia-org-2151 37 34 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-2151 37 35 Old Old NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 37 36 Persian Persian NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 37 37 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-2151 37 38 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-2151 37 39 both both CC en-wikipedia-org-2151 37 40 asa asa NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 37 41 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-2151 37 42 OPers OPers NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 37 43 . . . en-wikipedia-org-2151 37 44 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-2151 38 1 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-2151 38 2 aspa aspa NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 38 3 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-2151 38 4 Med Med NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 38 5 . . . en-wikipedia-org-2151 38 6 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-2151 38 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-2151 39 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-2151 39 2 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-2151 39 3 15 15 CD en-wikipedia-org-2151 39 4 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-2151 39 5 Script[edit script[edit NN en-wikipedia-org-2151 39 6 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-2151 39 7 Main main JJ en-wikipedia-org-2151 39 8 article article NN en-wikipedia-org-2151 39 9 : : : en-wikipedia-org-2151 39 10 Old old JJ en-wikipedia-org-2151 39 11 Persian persian JJ en-wikipedia-org-2151 39 12 cuneiform cuneiform NN en-wikipedia-org-2151 39 13 Close close NN en-wikipedia-org-2151 39 14 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-2151 39 15 up up NN en-wikipedia-org-2151 39 16 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-2151 39 17 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-2151 39 18 Behistun Behistun NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 39 19 inscription inscription NN en-wikipedia-org-2151 39 20 An an DT en-wikipedia-org-2151 39 21 Old old JJ en-wikipedia-org-2151 39 22 Persian persian JJ en-wikipedia-org-2151 39 23 inscription inscription NN en-wikipedia-org-2151 39 24 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-2151 39 25 Persepolis Persepolis NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 39 26 Old Old NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 39 27 Persian Persian NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 39 28 texts text NNS en-wikipedia-org-2151 39 29 were be VBD en-wikipedia-org-2151 39 30 written write VBN en-wikipedia-org-2151 39 31 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-2151 39 32 left leave VBN en-wikipedia-org-2151 39 33 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-2151 39 34 right right NN en-wikipedia-org-2151 39 35 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-2151 39 36 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-2151 39 37 syllabic syllabic JJ en-wikipedia-org-2151 39 38 Old Old NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 39 39 Persian persian JJ en-wikipedia-org-2151 39 40 cuneiform cuneiform NN en-wikipedia-org-2151 39 41 script script NN en-wikipedia-org-2151 39 42 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-2151 39 43 had have VBD en-wikipedia-org-2151 39 44 36 36 CD en-wikipedia-org-2151 39 45 phonetic phonetic JJ en-wikipedia-org-2151 39 46 characters character NNS en-wikipedia-org-2151 39 47 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-2151 39 48 8 8 CD en-wikipedia-org-2151 39 49 logograms logogram NNS en-wikipedia-org-2151 39 50 . . . en-wikipedia-org-2151 40 1 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-2151 40 2 usage usage NN en-wikipedia-org-2151 40 3 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-2151 40 4 logograms logogram NNS en-wikipedia-org-2151 40 5 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-2151 40 6 not not RB en-wikipedia-org-2151 40 7 obligatory obligatory JJ en-wikipedia-org-2151 40 8 . . . en-wikipedia-org-2151 41 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-2151 41 2 20 20 CD en-wikipedia-org-2151 41 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-2151 41 4 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-2151 41 5 script script NN en-wikipedia-org-2151 41 6 was be VBD en-wikipedia-org-2151 41 7 surprisingly[21 surprisingly[21 NN en-wikipedia-org-2151 41 8 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-2151 41 9 not not RB en-wikipedia-org-2151 41 10 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-2151 41 11 result result NN en-wikipedia-org-2151 41 12 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-2151 41 13 evolution evolution NN en-wikipedia-org-2151 41 14 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-2151 41 15 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-2151 41 16 script script NN en-wikipedia-org-2151 41 17 used use VBN en-wikipedia-org-2151 41 18 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-2151 41 19 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-2151 41 20 nearby nearby JJ en-wikipedia-org-2151 41 21 civilisation civilisation NN en-wikipedia-org-2151 41 22 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-2151 41 23 Mesopotamia Mesopotamia NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 41 24 . . . en-wikipedia-org-2151 42 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-2151 42 2 22 22 CD en-wikipedia-org-2151 42 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-2151 42 4 Despite despite IN en-wikipedia-org-2151 42 5 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-2151 42 6 fact fact NN en-wikipedia-org-2151 42 7 that that IN en-wikipedia-org-2151 42 8 Old Old NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 42 9 Persian Persian NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 42 10 was be VBD en-wikipedia-org-2151 42 11 written write VBN en-wikipedia-org-2151 42 12 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-2151 42 13 cuneiform cuneiform NN en-wikipedia-org-2151 42 14 script script NN en-wikipedia-org-2151 42 15 , , , en-wikipedia-org-2151 42 16 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-2151 42 17 script script NN en-wikipedia-org-2151 42 18 was be VBD en-wikipedia-org-2151 42 19 not not RB en-wikipedia-org-2151 42 20 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-2151 42 21 direct direct JJ en-wikipedia-org-2151 42 22 continuation continuation NN en-wikipedia-org-2151 42 23 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-2151 42 24 Mesopotamian mesopotamian JJ en-wikipedia-org-2151 42 25 tradition tradition NN en-wikipedia-org-2151 42 26 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-2151 42 27 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-2151 42 28 fact fact NN en-wikipedia-org-2151 42 29 , , , en-wikipedia-org-2151 42 30 according accord VBG en-wikipedia-org-2151 42 31 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-2151 42 32 Schmitt Schmitt NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 42 33 , , , en-wikipedia-org-2151 42 34 was be VBD en-wikipedia-org-2151 42 35 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-2151 42 36 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-2151 42 37 deliberate deliberate JJ en-wikipedia-org-2151 42 38 creation creation NN en-wikipedia-org-2151 42 39 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-2151 42 40 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-2151 42 41 sixth sixth JJ en-wikipedia-org-2151 42 42 century century NN en-wikipedia-org-2151 42 43 BCE BCE NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 42 44 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-2151 42 45 . . . en-wikipedia-org-2151 43 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-2151 43 2 22 22 CD en-wikipedia-org-2151 43 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-2151 43 4 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-2151 43 5 origin origin NN en-wikipedia-org-2151 43 6 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-2151 43 7 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-2151 43 8 Old old JJ en-wikipedia-org-2151 43 9 Persian persian JJ en-wikipedia-org-2151 43 10 cuneiform cuneiform NN en-wikipedia-org-2151 43 11 script script NN en-wikipedia-org-2151 43 12 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-2151 43 13 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-2151 43 14 identification identification NN en-wikipedia-org-2151 43 15 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-2151 43 16 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-2151 43 17 date date NN en-wikipedia-org-2151 43 18 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-2151 43 19 process process NN en-wikipedia-org-2151 43 20 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-2151 43 21 introduction introduction NN en-wikipedia-org-2151 43 22 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-2151 43 23 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-2151 43 24 matter matter NN en-wikipedia-org-2151 43 25 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-2151 43 26 discussion discussion NN en-wikipedia-org-2151 43 27 among among IN en-wikipedia-org-2151 43 28 Iranian iranian JJ en-wikipedia-org-2151 43 29 scholars scholar NNS en-wikipedia-org-2151 43 30 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-2151 43 31 no no DT en-wikipedia-org-2151 43 32 general general JJ en-wikipedia-org-2151 43 33 agreement agreement NN en-wikipedia-org-2151 43 34 having have VBG en-wikipedia-org-2151 43 35 been be VBN en-wikipedia-org-2151 43 36 reached reach VBN en-wikipedia-org-2151 43 37 . . . en-wikipedia-org-2151 44 1 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-2151 44 2 factors factor NNS en-wikipedia-org-2151 44 3 making make VBG en-wikipedia-org-2151 44 4 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-2151 44 5 consensus consensus NN en-wikipedia-org-2151 44 6 difficult difficult JJ en-wikipedia-org-2151 44 7 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-2151 44 8 , , , en-wikipedia-org-2151 44 9 among among IN en-wikipedia-org-2151 44 10 others other NNS en-wikipedia-org-2151 44 11 , , , en-wikipedia-org-2151 44 12 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-2151 44 13 difficult difficult JJ en-wikipedia-org-2151 44 14 passage passage NN en-wikipedia-org-2151 44 15 DB DB NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 44 16 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-2151 44 17 IV IV NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 44 18 lines line NNS en-wikipedia-org-2151 44 19 88–92 88–92 IN en-wikipedia-org-2151 44 20 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-2151 44 21 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-2151 44 22 Darius Darius NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 44 23 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-2151 44 24 Great Great NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 44 25 who who WP en-wikipedia-org-2151 44 26 speaks speak VBZ en-wikipedia-org-2151 44 27 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-2151 44 28 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-2151 44 29 new new JJ en-wikipedia-org-2151 44 30 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-2151 44 31 form form NN en-wikipedia-org-2151 44 32 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-2151 44 33 writing writing NN en-wikipedia-org-2151 44 34 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-2151 44 35 being be VBG en-wikipedia-org-2151 44 36 made make VBN en-wikipedia-org-2151 44 37 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-2151 44 38 himself -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-2151 44 39 which which WDT en-wikipedia-org-2151 44 40 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-2151 44 41 said say VBN en-wikipedia-org-2151 44 42 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-2151 44 43 be be VB en-wikipedia-org-2151 44 44 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-2151 44 45 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-2151 44 46 Aryan Aryan NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 44 47 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-2151 44 48 : : : en-wikipedia-org-2151 44 49 King King NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 44 50 Darius Darius NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 44 51 says say VBZ en-wikipedia-org-2151 44 52 : : : en-wikipedia-org-2151 44 53 By by IN en-wikipedia-org-2151 44 54 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-2151 44 55 grace grace NN en-wikipedia-org-2151 44 56 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-2151 44 57 Ahuramazda Ahuramazda NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 44 58 this this DT en-wikipedia-org-2151 44 59 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-2151 44 60 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-2151 44 61 inscription inscription NN en-wikipedia-org-2151 44 62 which which WDT en-wikipedia-org-2151 44 63 I -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-2151 44 64 have have VBP en-wikipedia-org-2151 44 65 made make VBN en-wikipedia-org-2151 44 66 . . . en-wikipedia-org-2151 45 1 Besides besides RB en-wikipedia-org-2151 45 2 , , , en-wikipedia-org-2151 45 3 it -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-2151 45 4 was be VBD en-wikipedia-org-2151 45 5 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-2151 45 6 Aryan Aryan NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 45 7 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-2151 45 8 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-2151 45 9 ariyâ ariyâ NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 45 10 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-2151 45 11 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-2151 45 12 script script NN en-wikipedia-org-2151 45 13 , , , en-wikipedia-org-2151 45 14 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-2151 45 15 it -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-2151 45 16 was be VBD en-wikipedia-org-2151 45 17 composed compose VBN en-wikipedia-org-2151 45 18 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-2151 45 19 clay clay NN en-wikipedia-org-2151 45 20 tablets tablet NNS en-wikipedia-org-2151 45 21 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-2151 45 22 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-2151 45 23 parchment parchment NN en-wikipedia-org-2151 45 24 . . . en-wikipedia-org-2151 46 1 Besides besides RB en-wikipedia-org-2151 46 2 , , , en-wikipedia-org-2151 46 3 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-2151 46 4 sculptured sculptured JJ en-wikipedia-org-2151 46 5 figure figure NN en-wikipedia-org-2151 46 6 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-2151 46 7 myself -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-2151 46 8 I -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-2151 46 9 made make VBD en-wikipedia-org-2151 46 10 . . . en-wikipedia-org-2151 47 1 — — : en-wikipedia-org-2151 47 2     _SP en-wikipedia-org-2151 47 3 Behistun Behistun NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 47 4 Inscription Inscription NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 47 5 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-2151 47 6 IV IV NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 47 7 lines line NNS en-wikipedia-org-2151 47 8 88–92)[23 88–92)[23 CD en-wikipedia-org-2151 47 9 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-2151 47 10 Also also RB en-wikipedia-org-2151 47 11 , , , en-wikipedia-org-2151 47 12 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-2151 47 13 analysis analysis NN en-wikipedia-org-2151 47 14 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-2151 47 15 certain certain JJ en-wikipedia-org-2151 47 16 Old old JJ en-wikipedia-org-2151 47 17 Persian persian JJ en-wikipedia-org-2151 47 18 inscriptions inscription NNS en-wikipedia-org-2151 47 19 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-2151 47 20 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-2151 47 21 supposed suppose VBN en-wikipedia-org-2151 47 22 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-2151 47 23 claimed claim VBN en-wikipedia-org-2151 47 24 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-2151 47 25 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-2151 47 26 predate predate VB en-wikipedia-org-2151 47 27 Darius Darius NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 47 28 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-2151 47 29 Great great JJ en-wikipedia-org-2151 47 30 . . . en-wikipedia-org-2151 48 1 Although although IN en-wikipedia-org-2151 48 2 it -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-2151 48 3 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-2151 48 4 true true JJ en-wikipedia-org-2151 48 5 that that IN en-wikipedia-org-2151 48 6 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-2151 48 7 oldest old JJS en-wikipedia-org-2151 48 8 attested attest VBN en-wikipedia-org-2151 48 9 Old old JJ en-wikipedia-org-2151 48 10 Persian persian JJ en-wikipedia-org-2151 48 11 inscriptions inscription NNS en-wikipedia-org-2151 48 12 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-2151 48 13 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-2151 48 14 Behistun Behistun NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 48 15 monument monument NN en-wikipedia-org-2151 48 16 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-2151 48 17 Darius Darius NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 48 18 , , , en-wikipedia-org-2151 48 19 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-2151 48 20 creation creation NN en-wikipedia-org-2151 48 21 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-2151 48 22 this this DT en-wikipedia-org-2151 48 23 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-2151 48 24 new new JJ en-wikipedia-org-2151 48 25 type type NN en-wikipedia-org-2151 48 26 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-2151 48 27 writing writing NN en-wikipedia-org-2151 48 28 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-2151 48 29 seems seem VBZ en-wikipedia-org-2151 48 30 , , , en-wikipedia-org-2151 48 31 according accord VBG en-wikipedia-org-2151 48 32 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-2151 48 33 Schmitt Schmitt NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 48 34 , , , en-wikipedia-org-2151 48 35 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-2151 48 36 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-2151 48 37 have have VB en-wikipedia-org-2151 48 38 begun begin VBN en-wikipedia-org-2151 48 39 already already RB en-wikipedia-org-2151 48 40 under under IN en-wikipedia-org-2151 48 41 Cyrus Cyrus NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 48 42 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-2151 48 43 Great Great NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 48 44 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-2151 48 45 . . . en-wikipedia-org-2151 49 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-2151 49 2 9 9 CD en-wikipedia-org-2151 49 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-2151 49 4 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-2151 49 5 script script NN en-wikipedia-org-2151 49 6 shows show VBZ en-wikipedia-org-2151 49 7 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-2151 49 8 few few JJ en-wikipedia-org-2151 49 9 changes change NNS en-wikipedia-org-2151 49 10 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-2151 49 11 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-2151 49 12 shape shape NN en-wikipedia-org-2151 49 13 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-2151 49 14 characters character NNS en-wikipedia-org-2151 49 15 during during IN en-wikipedia-org-2151 49 16 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-2151 49 17 period period NN en-wikipedia-org-2151 49 18 it -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-2151 49 19 was be VBD en-wikipedia-org-2151 49 20 used use VBN en-wikipedia-org-2151 49 21 . . . en-wikipedia-org-2151 50 1 This this DT en-wikipedia-org-2151 50 2 can can MD en-wikipedia-org-2151 50 3 be be VB en-wikipedia-org-2151 50 4 seen see VBN en-wikipedia-org-2151 50 5 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-2151 50 6 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-2151 50 7 standardization standardization NN en-wikipedia-org-2151 50 8 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-2151 50 9 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-2151 50 10 heights height NNS en-wikipedia-org-2151 50 11 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-2151 50 12 wedges wedge NNS en-wikipedia-org-2151 50 13 , , , en-wikipedia-org-2151 50 14 which which WDT en-wikipedia-org-2151 50 15 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-2151 50 16 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-2151 50 17 beginning beginning NN en-wikipedia-org-2151 50 18 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-2151 50 19 i.e. i.e. FW en-wikipedia-org-2151 51 1 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-2151 51 2 DB DB NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 51 3 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-2151 51 4 took take VBD en-wikipedia-org-2151 51 5 only only RB en-wikipedia-org-2151 51 6 half half PDT en-wikipedia-org-2151 51 7 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-2151 51 8 height height NN en-wikipedia-org-2151 51 9 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-2151 51 10 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-2151 51 11 line line NN en-wikipedia-org-2151 51 12 . . . en-wikipedia-org-2151 52 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-2151 52 2 24 24 CD en-wikipedia-org-2151 52 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-2151 52 4 Phonology[edit Phonology[edit `` en-wikipedia-org-2151 52 5 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-2151 52 6 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-2151 52 7 following follow VBG en-wikipedia-org-2151 52 8 phonemes phoneme NNS en-wikipedia-org-2151 52 9 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-2151 52 10 expressed express VBN en-wikipedia-org-2151 52 11 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-2151 52 12 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-2151 52 13 Old old JJ en-wikipedia-org-2151 52 14 Persian persian JJ en-wikipedia-org-2151 52 15 script script NN en-wikipedia-org-2151 52 16 : : : en-wikipedia-org-2151 52 17 Vowels Vowels NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 52 18 Long Long NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 52 19 : : : en-wikipedia-org-2151 52 20 /aː/ /aː/ NN en-wikipedia-org-2151 52 21 /iː/ /iː/ NN en-wikipedia-org-2151 52 22 /uː/ /uː/ NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 52 23 Short Short NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 52 24 : : : en-wikipedia-org-2151 52 25 /a/ /a/ . en-wikipedia-org-2151 52 26 /i/ /i/ . en-wikipedia-org-2151 52 27 /u/ /u/ . en-wikipedia-org-2151 52 28 Consonants consonant NNS en-wikipedia-org-2151 52 29 Labial Labial NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 52 30 Dental/ Dental/ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-2151 52 31 Alveolar Alveolar NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 52 32 Palatal Palatal NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 52 33 Velar Velar NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 52 34 Glottal Glottal NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 52 35 Nasal Nasal NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 52 36 m m NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 52 37 n n CC en-wikipedia-org-2151 52 38 Plosive Plosive NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 52 39 p p NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 52 40 b b NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 52 41 t t NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 52 42 d d NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 52 43 k k NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 52 44 ɡ ɡ NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 52 45 Fricative Fricative NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 52 46 f f NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 52 47 θ θ NN en-wikipedia-org-2151 52 48 x x SYM en-wikipedia-org-2151 52 49 h h NN en-wikipedia-org-2151 52 50 Affricate Affricate NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 52 51 t͡s t͡s NN en-wikipedia-org-2151 52 52 t͡ʃ t͡ʃ NN en-wikipedia-org-2151 52 53 d͡ʒ d͡ʒ NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 52 54 Sibilant Sibilant NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 52 55 s s NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 52 56 z z NN en-wikipedia-org-2151 52 57 ʃ ʃ NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 52 58 Rhotic Rhotic NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 52 59 r r NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 52 60 Approximant Approximant NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 52 61 l l NN en-wikipedia-org-2151 52 62 j j NN en-wikipedia-org-2151 52 63 w w NN en-wikipedia-org-2151 52 64 Notes Notes NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 52 65 : : : en-wikipedia-org-2151 52 66 Lycian lycian JJ en-wikipedia-org-2151 52 67 𐊋𐊆𐊈𐊈𐊀𐊓𐊕𐊑𐊏𐊀 𐊋𐊆𐊈𐊈𐊀𐊓𐊕𐊑𐊏𐊀 NN en-wikipedia-org-2151 52 68 Kizzaprñna Kizzaprñna NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 52 69 ~ ~ NFP en-wikipedia-org-2151 52 70 𐊈𐊆𐊖𐊀𐊓𐊕𐊑𐊏𐊀 𐊈𐊆𐊖𐊀𐊓𐊕𐊑𐊏𐊀 NN en-wikipedia-org-2151 52 71 Zisaprñna zisaprñna NN en-wikipedia-org-2151 52 72 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-2151 52 73 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-2151 52 74 genuine genuine JJ en-wikipedia-org-2151 52 75 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-2151 52 76 Old old JJ en-wikipedia-org-2151 52 77 Persian persian JJ en-wikipedia-org-2151 52 78 * * NFP en-wikipedia-org-2151 52 79 Ciçafarnā Ciçafarnā NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 52 80 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-2151 52 81 besides besides IN en-wikipedia-org-2151 52 82 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-2151 52 83 Median median JJ en-wikipedia-org-2151 52 84 form form NN en-wikipedia-org-2151 52 85 * * NFP en-wikipedia-org-2151 52 86 Ciθrafarnah Ciθrafarnah NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 52 87 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-2151 52 88 = = NFP en-wikipedia-org-2151 52 89 Tissaphernes Tissaphernes NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 52 90 suggests suggest VBZ en-wikipedia-org-2151 52 91 /t͡s/ /t͡s/ NFP en-wikipedia-org-2151 52 92 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-2151 52 93 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-2151 52 94 pronunciation pronunciation NN en-wikipedia-org-2151 52 95 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-2151 52 96 ç ç NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 52 97 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-2151 52 98 compare compare VB en-wikipedia-org-2151 52 99 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-2151 52 100 2 2 CD en-wikipedia-org-2151 52 101 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-2151 52 102 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-2151 52 103 Kloekhorst Kloekhorst NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 52 104 2008 2008 CD en-wikipedia-org-2151 52 105 , , , en-wikipedia-org-2151 52 106 p. p. NN en-wikipedia-org-2151 52 107   _SP en-wikipedia-org-2151 52 108 125 125 CD en-wikipedia-org-2151 52 109 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-2151 52 110 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-2151 52 111 3 3 CD en-wikipedia-org-2151 52 112 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-2151 52 113 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-2151 52 114 this this DT en-wikipedia-org-2151 52 115 example example NN en-wikipedia-org-2151 52 116 , , , en-wikipedia-org-2151 52 117 who who WP en-wikipedia-org-2151 52 118 , , , en-wikipedia-org-2151 52 119 however however RB en-wikipedia-org-2151 52 120 , , , en-wikipedia-org-2151 52 121 mistakenly mistakenly RB en-wikipedia-org-2151 52 122 writes write VBZ en-wikipedia-org-2151 52 123 Çiçafarnā Çiçafarnā NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 52 124 , , , en-wikipedia-org-2151 52 125 which which WDT en-wikipedia-org-2151 52 126 contradicts contradict VBZ en-wikipedia-org-2151 52 127 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-2151 52 128 etymology etymology NN en-wikipedia-org-2151 52 129 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-2151 52 130 PIIr PIIr NNS en-wikipedia-org-2151 52 131 . . . en-wikipedia-org-2151 53 1 * * NFP en-wikipedia-org-2151 53 2 Čitra Čitra NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 53 3 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-2151 53 4 swarnas- swarnas- NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 53 5 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-2151 53 6 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-2151 53 7 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-2151 53 8 Middle middle JJ en-wikipedia-org-2151 53 9 Persian persian JJ en-wikipedia-org-2151 53 10 form form NN en-wikipedia-org-2151 53 11 Čehrfar Čehrfar NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 53 12 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-2151 53 13 ç ç DT en-wikipedia-org-2151 53 14 gives give VBZ en-wikipedia-org-2151 53 15 Middle Middle NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 53 16 Persian Persian NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 53 17 s s NN en-wikipedia-org-2151 53 18 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-2151 53 19 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-2151 53 20 . . . en-wikipedia-org-2151 54 1 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-2151 54 2 phoneme phoneme NN en-wikipedia-org-2151 54 3 /l/ /l/ . en-wikipedia-org-2151 54 4 does do VBZ en-wikipedia-org-2151 54 5 not not RB en-wikipedia-org-2151 54 6 occur occur VB en-wikipedia-org-2151 54 7 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-2151 54 8 native native JJ en-wikipedia-org-2151 54 9 Iranian iranian JJ en-wikipedia-org-2151 54 10 vocabulary vocabulary NN en-wikipedia-org-2151 54 11 , , , en-wikipedia-org-2151 54 12 only only RB en-wikipedia-org-2151 54 13 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-2151 54 14 borrowings borrowing NNS en-wikipedia-org-2151 54 15 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-2151 54 16 Akkadian Akkadian NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 54 17 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-2151 54 18 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-2151 54 19 new new JJ en-wikipedia-org-2151 54 20 /l/ /l/ . en-wikipedia-org-2151 54 21 develops develop VBZ en-wikipedia-org-2151 54 22 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-2151 54 23 Middle Middle NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 54 24 Persian Persian NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 54 25 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-2151 54 26 Old Old NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 54 27 Persian persian JJ en-wikipedia-org-2151 54 28 /rd/ /rd/ NFP en-wikipedia-org-2151 54 29 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-2151 54 30 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-2151 54 31 change change NN en-wikipedia-org-2151 54 32 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-2151 54 33 /rθ/ /rθ/ NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 54 34 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-2151 54 35 /hl/ /hl/ . en-wikipedia-org-2151 54 36 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-2151 54 37 . . . en-wikipedia-org-2151 55 1 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-2151 55 2 phoneme phoneme NN en-wikipedia-org-2151 55 3 /r/ /r/ NFP en-wikipedia-org-2151 55 4 can can MD en-wikipedia-org-2151 55 5 also also RB en-wikipedia-org-2151 55 6 form form VB en-wikipedia-org-2151 55 7 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-2151 55 8 syllable syllable JJ en-wikipedia-org-2151 55 9 peak peak NN en-wikipedia-org-2151 55 10 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-2151 55 11 both both CC en-wikipedia-org-2151 55 12 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-2151 55 13 way way NN en-wikipedia-org-2151 55 14 Persian persian JJ en-wikipedia-org-2151 55 15 names name NNS en-wikipedia-org-2151 55 16 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-2151 55 17 syllabic syllabic NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 55 18 /r/ /r/ . en-wikipedia-org-2151 55 19 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-2151 55 20 such such JJ en-wikipedia-org-2151 55 21 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-2151 55 22 Brdiya Brdiya NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 55 23 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-2151 55 24 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-2151 55 25 rendered render VBN en-wikipedia-org-2151 55 26 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-2151 55 27 Elamite Elamite NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 55 28 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-2151 55 29 its -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-2151 55 30 further further JJ en-wikipedia-org-2151 55 31 development development NN en-wikipedia-org-2151 55 32 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-2151 55 33 Middle Middle NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 55 34 Persian Persian NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 55 35 suggest suggest VBP en-wikipedia-org-2151 55 36 that that IN en-wikipedia-org-2151 55 37 before before IN en-wikipedia-org-2151 55 38 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-2151 55 39 syllabic syllabic NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 55 40 /r/ /r/ . en-wikipedia-org-2151 55 41 , , , en-wikipedia-org-2151 55 42 an an DT en-wikipedia-org-2151 55 43 epenthetic epenthetic JJ en-wikipedia-org-2151 55 44 vowel vowel NN en-wikipedia-org-2151 55 45 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-2151 55 46 i i NN en-wikipedia-org-2151 55 47 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-2151 55 48 had have VBD en-wikipedia-org-2151 55 49 developed develop VBN en-wikipedia-org-2151 55 50 already already RB en-wikipedia-org-2151 55 51 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-2151 55 52 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-2151 55 53 Old old JJ en-wikipedia-org-2151 55 54 Persian persian JJ en-wikipedia-org-2151 55 55 period period NN en-wikipedia-org-2151 55 56 , , , en-wikipedia-org-2151 55 57 which which WDT en-wikipedia-org-2151 55 58 later later RB en-wikipedia-org-2151 55 59 became become VBD en-wikipedia-org-2151 55 60 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-2151 55 61 u u NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 55 62 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-2151 55 63 after after IN en-wikipedia-org-2151 55 64 labials labial NNS en-wikipedia-org-2151 55 65 . . . en-wikipedia-org-2151 56 1 For for IN en-wikipedia-org-2151 56 2 example example NN en-wikipedia-org-2151 56 3 , , , en-wikipedia-org-2151 56 4 Old old JJ en-wikipedia-org-2151 56 5 Persian persian JJ en-wikipedia-org-2151 56 6 Vᵃ-rᵃ-kᵃ-a vᵃ-rᵃ-kᵃ-a FW en-wikipedia-org-2151 56 7 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-2151 56 8 nᵃ nᵃ NN en-wikipedia-org-2151 56 9 /wr̩kaːna/ /wr̩kaːna/ , en-wikipedia-org-2151 56 10 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-2151 56 11 rendered render VBN en-wikipedia-org-2151 56 12 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-2151 56 13 Elamite Elamite NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 56 14 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-2151 56 15 Mirkānu-,[25 Mirkānu-,[25 NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 56 16 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-2151 56 17 rendering render VBG en-wikipedia-org-2151 56 18 transcriptions transcription NNS en-wikipedia-org-2151 56 19 such such JJ en-wikipedia-org-2151 56 20 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-2151 56 21 V(a)rakāna v(a)rakāna NN en-wikipedia-org-2151 56 22 , , , en-wikipedia-org-2151 56 23 Varkāna Varkāna NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 56 24 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-2151 56 25 even even RB en-wikipedia-org-2151 56 26 Vurkāna Vurkāna NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 56 27 questionable questionable JJ en-wikipedia-org-2151 56 28 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-2151 56 29 making make VBG en-wikipedia-org-2151 56 30 Vrkāna Vrkāna NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 56 31 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-2151 56 32 Virkāna Virkāna NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 56 33 much much RB en-wikipedia-org-2151 56 34 more more RBR en-wikipedia-org-2151 56 35 realistic realistic JJ en-wikipedia-org-2151 56 36 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-2151 56 37 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-2151 56 38 equally equally RB en-wikipedia-org-2151 56 39 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-2151 56 40 vrka- vrka- JJ en-wikipedia-org-2151 56 41 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-2151 56 42 wolf wolf NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 56 43 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-2151 56 44 , , , en-wikipedia-org-2151 56 45 Brdiya Brdiya NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 56 46 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-2151 56 47 other other JJ en-wikipedia-org-2151 56 48 Old old JJ en-wikipedia-org-2151 56 49 Persian persian JJ en-wikipedia-org-2151 56 50 words word NNS en-wikipedia-org-2151 56 51 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-2151 56 52 names name NNS en-wikipedia-org-2151 56 53 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-2151 56 54 syllabic syllabic NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 56 55 /r/ /r/ . en-wikipedia-org-2151 56 56 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-2151 56 57 . . . en-wikipedia-org-2151 57 1 While while IN en-wikipedia-org-2151 57 2 v v NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 57 3 usually usually RB en-wikipedia-org-2151 57 4 became become VBD en-wikipedia-org-2151 57 5 /v/ /v/ . en-wikipedia-org-2151 57 6 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-2151 57 7 Middle Middle NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 57 8 Persian Persian NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 57 9 , , , en-wikipedia-org-2151 57 10 it -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-2151 57 11 became become VBD en-wikipedia-org-2151 57 12 /b/ /b/ . en-wikipedia-org-2151 57 13 word word NN en-wikipedia-org-2151 57 14 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-2151 57 15 initially initially RB en-wikipedia-org-2151 57 16 , , , en-wikipedia-org-2151 57 17 except except IN en-wikipedia-org-2151 57 18 before before IN en-wikipedia-org-2151 57 19 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-2151 57 20 u u NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 57 21 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-2151 57 22 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-2151 57 23 including include VBG en-wikipedia-org-2151 57 24 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-2151 57 25 epenthetic epenthetic JJ en-wikipedia-org-2151 57 26 vowel vowel NN en-wikipedia-org-2151 57 27 mentioned mention VBN en-wikipedia-org-2151 57 28 above above RB en-wikipedia-org-2151 57 29 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-2151 57 30 , , , en-wikipedia-org-2151 57 31 where where WRB en-wikipedia-org-2151 57 32 it -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-2151 57 33 became become VBD en-wikipedia-org-2151 57 34 /g/. /g/. NNS en-wikipedia-org-2151 58 1 This this DT en-wikipedia-org-2151 58 2 suggests suggest VBZ en-wikipedia-org-2151 58 3 that that IN en-wikipedia-org-2151 58 4 it -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-2151 58 5 was be VBD en-wikipedia-org-2151 58 6 really really RB en-wikipedia-org-2151 58 7 pronounced pronounce VBN en-wikipedia-org-2151 58 8 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-2151 58 9 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-2151 58 10 w w NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 58 11 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-2151 58 12 . . . en-wikipedia-org-2151 59 1 Grammar[edit grammar[edit LS en-wikipedia-org-2151 59 2 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-2151 59 3 Nouns[edit nouns[edit JJ en-wikipedia-org-2151 59 4 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-2151 59 5 Old old JJ en-wikipedia-org-2151 59 6 Persian persian JJ en-wikipedia-org-2151 59 7 stems stem VBZ en-wikipedia-org-2151 59 8 : : : en-wikipedia-org-2151 59 9 a a LS en-wikipedia-org-2151 59 10 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-2151 59 11 stems stem NNS en-wikipedia-org-2151 59 12 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-2151 59 13 -a -a FW en-wikipedia-org-2151 59 14 , , , en-wikipedia-org-2151 59 15 -am -am NFP en-wikipedia-org-2151 59 16 , , , en-wikipedia-org-2151 59 17 -ā -ā FW en-wikipedia-org-2151 59 18 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-2151 59 19 i i NN en-wikipedia-org-2151 59 20 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-2151 59 21 stems stem NNS en-wikipedia-org-2151 59 22 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-2151 59 23 -iš -iš NFP en-wikipedia-org-2151 59 24 , , , en-wikipedia-org-2151 59 25 iy iy NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 59 26 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-2151 59 27 u- u- NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 59 28 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-2151 59 29 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-2151 59 30 au- au- JJS en-wikipedia-org-2151 59 31 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-2151 59 32 stems stem VBZ en-wikipedia-org-2151 59 33 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-2151 59 34 -uš -uš NFP en-wikipedia-org-2151 59 35 , , , en-wikipedia-org-2151 59 36 -uv -uv NFP en-wikipedia-org-2151 59 37 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-2151 59 38 consonantal consonantal JJ en-wikipedia-org-2151 59 39 stems stem NNS en-wikipedia-org-2151 59 40 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-2151 59 41 n n NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 59 42 , , , en-wikipedia-org-2151 59 43 r r NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 59 44 , , , en-wikipedia-org-2151 59 45 h h NN en-wikipedia-org-2151 59 46 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-2151 59 47 -a -a NFP en-wikipedia-org-2151 59 48 -am -am NFP en-wikipedia-org-2151 59 49 -ā -ā : en-wikipedia-org-2151 59 50 Singular singular JJ en-wikipedia-org-2151 59 51 Dual Dual NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 59 52 Plural Plural NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 59 53 Singular Singular NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 59 54 Dual Dual NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 59 55 Plural Plural NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 59 56 Singular singular JJ en-wikipedia-org-2151 59 57 Dual Dual NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 59 58 Plural plural JJ en-wikipedia-org-2151 59 59 Nominative nominative JJ en-wikipedia-org-2151 59 60 -a -a , en-wikipedia-org-2151 59 61 -ā -ā FW en-wikipedia-org-2151 59 62 -ā -ā NN en-wikipedia-org-2151 59 63 , , , en-wikipedia-org-2151 59 64 -āha -āha : en-wikipedia-org-2151 59 65 -am -am : en-wikipedia-org-2151 59 66 -ā -ā FW en-wikipedia-org-2151 59 67 -ā -ā FW en-wikipedia-org-2151 59 68 -ā -ā FW en-wikipedia-org-2151 59 69 -ā -ā FW en-wikipedia-org-2151 59 70 -ā -ā : en-wikipedia-org-2151 59 71 Vocative vocative JJ en-wikipedia-org-2151 59 72 -ā -ā : en-wikipedia-org-2151 59 73 -ā -ā NN en-wikipedia-org-2151 59 74 Accusative accusative NN en-wikipedia-org-2151 59 75 -am -am : en-wikipedia-org-2151 59 76 -ām -ām NFP en-wikipedia-org-2151 59 77 Instrumental/ instrumental/ CD en-wikipedia-org-2151 59 78 Ablative ablative JJ en-wikipedia-org-2151 59 79 -ā -ā HYPH en-wikipedia-org-2151 59 80 -aibiyā -aibiyā JJ en-wikipedia-org-2151 59 81 -aibiš -aibiš JJ en-wikipedia-org-2151 59 82 -ā -ā HYPH en-wikipedia-org-2151 59 83 -aibiyā -aibiyā JJ en-wikipedia-org-2151 59 84 -aibiš -aibiš JJ en-wikipedia-org-2151 59 85 -āyā -āyā -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-2151 59 86 -ābiyā -ābiyā HYPH en-wikipedia-org-2151 59 87 -ābiš -ābiš NN en-wikipedia-org-2151 59 88 Dative dative JJ en-wikipedia-org-2151 59 89 -ahyā -ahyā JJ en-wikipedia-org-2151 59 90 , , , en-wikipedia-org-2151 59 91 -ahya -ahya NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 59 92 -ahyā -ahyā NN en-wikipedia-org-2151 59 93 , , , en-wikipedia-org-2151 59 94 -ahya -ahya HYPH en-wikipedia-org-2151 59 95 Genitive genitive JJ en-wikipedia-org-2151 59 96 -āyā -āyā HYPH en-wikipedia-org-2151 59 97 -ānām -ānām JJ en-wikipedia-org-2151 59 98 -āyā -āyā HYPH en-wikipedia-org-2151 59 99 -ānām -ānām JJ en-wikipedia-org-2151 59 100 -āyā -āyā NFP en-wikipedia-org-2151 59 101 -ānām -ānām NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 59 102 Locative locative JJ en-wikipedia-org-2151 59 103 -aiy -aiy HYPH en-wikipedia-org-2151 59 104 -aišuvā -aišuvā JJ en-wikipedia-org-2151 59 105 -aiy -aiy HYPH en-wikipedia-org-2151 59 106 -aišuvā -aišuvā JJ en-wikipedia-org-2151 59 107 -āšuvā -āšuvā JJ en-wikipedia-org-2151 59 108 -iš -iš HYPH en-wikipedia-org-2151 59 109 -iy -iy NFP en-wikipedia-org-2151 59 110 -uš -uš -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-2151 59 111 -uv -uv : en-wikipedia-org-2151 59 112 Singular singular JJ en-wikipedia-org-2151 59 113 Dual Dual NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 59 114 Plural Plural NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 59 115 Singular Singular NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 59 116 Dual Dual NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 59 117 Plural Plural NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 59 118 Singular Singular NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 59 119 Dual Dual NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 59 120 Plural Plural NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 59 121 Singular singular JJ en-wikipedia-org-2151 59 122 Dual dual JJ en-wikipedia-org-2151 59 123 Plural plural JJ en-wikipedia-org-2151 59 124 Nominative nominative JJ en-wikipedia-org-2151 59 125 -iš -iš HYPH en-wikipedia-org-2151 59 126 -īy -īy NFP en-wikipedia-org-2151 59 127 -iya -iya -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-2151 59 128 -iy -iy FW en-wikipedia-org-2151 59 129 -in -in FW en-wikipedia-org-2151 59 130 -īn -īn HYPH en-wikipedia-org-2151 59 131 -uš -uš NFP en-wikipedia-org-2151 59 132 -ūv -ūv HYPH en-wikipedia-org-2151 59 133 -uva -uva -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-2151 59 134 -uv -uv NFP en-wikipedia-org-2151 59 135 -un -un HYPH en-wikipedia-org-2151 59 136 -ūn -ūn : en-wikipedia-org-2151 59 137 Vocative vocative JJ en-wikipedia-org-2151 59 138 -i -i : en-wikipedia-org-2151 59 139 -u -u NFP en-wikipedia-org-2151 59 140 Accusative accusative JJ en-wikipedia-org-2151 59 141 -im -im HYPH en-wikipedia-org-2151 59 142 -iš -iš : en-wikipedia-org-2151 59 143 -um -um HYPH en-wikipedia-org-2151 59 144 -ūn -ūn NFP en-wikipedia-org-2151 59 145 Instrumental/ instrumental/ CD en-wikipedia-org-2151 59 146 Ablative ablative JJ en-wikipedia-org-2151 59 147 -auš -auš HYPH en-wikipedia-org-2151 59 148 -ībiyā -ībiyā NFP en-wikipedia-org-2151 59 149 -ībiš -ībiš JJ en-wikipedia-org-2151 59 150 -auš -auš CD en-wikipedia-org-2151 59 151 -ībiyā -ībiyā HYPH en-wikipedia-org-2151 59 152 -ībiš -ībiš CD en-wikipedia-org-2151 59 153 -auv -auv CD en-wikipedia-org-2151 59 154 -ūbiyā -ūbiyā HYPH en-wikipedia-org-2151 59 155 -ūbiš -ūbiš VBN en-wikipedia-org-2151 59 156 -auv -auv HYPH en-wikipedia-org-2151 59 157 -ūbiyā -ūbiyā CD en-wikipedia-org-2151 59 158 -ūbiš -ūbiš NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 59 159 Dative dative JJ en-wikipedia-org-2151 59 160 -aiš -aiš : en-wikipedia-org-2151 59 161 -aiš -aiš : en-wikipedia-org-2151 59 162 -auš -auš : en-wikipedia-org-2151 59 163 -auš -auš . en-wikipedia-org-2151 59 164 Genitive genitive JJ en-wikipedia-org-2151 59 165 -īyā -īyā HYPH en-wikipedia-org-2151 59 166 -īnām -īnām JJ en-wikipedia-org-2151 59 167 -īyā -īyā HYPH en-wikipedia-org-2151 59 168 -īnām -īnām JJ en-wikipedia-org-2151 59 169 -ūvā -ūvā -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-2151 59 170 -ūnām -ūnām JJ en-wikipedia-org-2151 59 171 -ūvā -ūvā -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-2151 59 172 -ūnām -ūnām NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 59 173 Locative locative JJ en-wikipedia-org-2151 59 174 -auv -auv HYPH en-wikipedia-org-2151 59 175 -išuvā -išuvā NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 59 176 -auv -auv NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 59 177 -išuvā -išuvā JJ en-wikipedia-org-2151 59 178 -āvā -āvā NFP en-wikipedia-org-2151 59 179 -ušuvā -ušuvā HYPH en-wikipedia-org-2151 59 180 -āvā -āvā NFP en-wikipedia-org-2151 59 181 -ušuvā -ušuvā NFP en-wikipedia-org-2151 59 182 Adjectives adjective NNS en-wikipedia-org-2151 59 183 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-2151 59 184 declinable declinable JJ en-wikipedia-org-2151 59 185 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-2151 59 186 similar similar JJ en-wikipedia-org-2151 59 187 way way NN en-wikipedia-org-2151 59 188 . . . en-wikipedia-org-2151 60 1 Verbs[edit verbs[edit LS en-wikipedia-org-2151 60 2 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-2151 60 3 Voices Voices NNPS en-wikipedia-org-2151 60 4 Active Active NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 60 5 , , , en-wikipedia-org-2151 60 6 Middle Middle NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 60 7 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-2151 60 8 them -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-2151 60 9 . . . en-wikipedia-org-2151 61 1 pres pre NNS en-wikipedia-org-2151 61 2 . . . en-wikipedia-org-2151 62 1 -aiy- -aiy- : en-wikipedia-org-2151 62 2 , , , en-wikipedia-org-2151 62 3 -ataiy- -ataiy- NN en-wikipedia-org-2151 62 4 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-2151 62 5 , , , en-wikipedia-org-2151 62 6 Passive Passive NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 62 7 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-2151 62 8 -ya- -ya- NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 62 9 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-2151 62 10 . . . en-wikipedia-org-2151 63 1 Mostly mostly RB en-wikipedia-org-2151 63 2 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-2151 63 3 forms form NNS en-wikipedia-org-2151 63 4 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-2151 63 5 first first JJ en-wikipedia-org-2151 63 6 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-2151 63 7 third third JJ en-wikipedia-org-2151 63 8 persons person NNS en-wikipedia-org-2151 63 9 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-2151 63 10 attested attest VBN en-wikipedia-org-2151 63 11 . . . en-wikipedia-org-2151 64 1 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-2151 64 2 only only JJ en-wikipedia-org-2151 64 3 preserved preserve VBN en-wikipedia-org-2151 64 4 Dual dual JJ en-wikipedia-org-2151 64 5 form form NN en-wikipedia-org-2151 64 6 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-2151 64 7 ajīvatam ajīvatam NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 64 8 ' ' POS en-wikipedia-org-2151 64 9 both both DT en-wikipedia-org-2151 64 10 lived live VBD en-wikipedia-org-2151 64 11 ' ' '' en-wikipedia-org-2151 64 12 . . . en-wikipedia-org-2151 65 1 Present present JJ en-wikipedia-org-2151 65 2 , , , en-wikipedia-org-2151 65 3 Active active JJ en-wikipedia-org-2151 65 4 Athematic athematic JJ en-wikipedia-org-2151 65 5 Thematic Thematic NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 65 6 ' ' '' en-wikipedia-org-2151 65 7 be be VB en-wikipedia-org-2151 65 8 ' ' '' en-wikipedia-org-2151 65 9 ' ' `` en-wikipedia-org-2151 65 10 bring bring VB en-wikipedia-org-2151 65 11 ' ' '' en-wikipedia-org-2151 65 12 Sg sg UH en-wikipedia-org-2151 65 13 . . . en-wikipedia-org-2151 66 1 1.pers 1.per NNS en-wikipedia-org-2151 66 2 . . . en-wikipedia-org-2151 67 1 aʰmiy aʰmiy NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 67 2 barāmiy barāmiy NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 67 3 3.pers 3.pers NNPS en-wikipedia-org-2151 67 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-2151 68 1 astiy astiy NNS en-wikipedia-org-2151 68 2 baratiy baratiy NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 68 3 Pl Pl NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 68 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-2151 69 1 1.pers 1.per NNS en-wikipedia-org-2151 69 2 . . . en-wikipedia-org-2151 70 1 aʰmahiy aʰmahiy NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 70 2 barāmahiy barāmahiy NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 70 3 3.pers 3.pers NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 70 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-2151 71 1 hatiy hatiy NN en-wikipedia-org-2151 71 2 baratiy baratiy NN en-wikipedia-org-2151 71 3 Imperfect Imperfect NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 71 4 , , , en-wikipedia-org-2151 71 5 Active active JJ en-wikipedia-org-2151 71 6 Athematic Athematic NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 71 7 Thematic Thematic NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 71 8 ' ' '' en-wikipedia-org-2151 71 9 do do VBP en-wikipedia-org-2151 71 10 , , , en-wikipedia-org-2151 71 11 make make VB en-wikipedia-org-2151 71 12 ' ' '' en-wikipedia-org-2151 71 13 ' ' '' en-wikipedia-org-2151 71 14 be be VB en-wikipedia-org-2151 71 15 , , , en-wikipedia-org-2151 71 16 become become VBN en-wikipedia-org-2151 71 17 ' ' `` en-wikipedia-org-2151 71 18 Sg sg NN en-wikipedia-org-2151 71 19 . . . en-wikipedia-org-2151 72 1 1.pers 1.per NNS en-wikipedia-org-2151 72 2 . . . en-wikipedia-org-2151 73 1 akunavam akunavam NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 73 2 abavam abavam NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 73 3 3.pers 3.pers NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 73 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-2151 74 1 akunauš akunauš NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 74 2 abava abava NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 74 3 Pl Pl NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 74 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-2151 75 1 1.pers 1.per NNS en-wikipedia-org-2151 75 2 . . . en-wikipedia-org-2151 76 1 akumā akumā NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 76 2 abavāmā abavāmā NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 76 3 3.pers 3.pers NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 76 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-2151 77 1 akunava akunava NN en-wikipedia-org-2151 77 2 abava abava NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 77 3 Present present JJ en-wikipedia-org-2151 77 4 participle participle NNS en-wikipedia-org-2151 77 5 Active Active NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 77 6 Middle middle NN en-wikipedia-org-2151 77 7 -nt- -nt- , en-wikipedia-org-2151 77 8 -amna- -amna- NN en-wikipedia-org-2151 77 9 Past past JJ en-wikipedia-org-2151 77 10 participle participle JJ en-wikipedia-org-2151 77 11 -ta- -ta- : en-wikipedia-org-2151 77 12 Infinitive infinitive JJ en-wikipedia-org-2151 77 13 -tanaiy -tanaiy NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 77 14 Lexicon[edit lexicon[edit NN en-wikipedia-org-2151 77 15 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-2151 77 16 Proto Proto NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 77 17 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-2151 77 18 Indo Indo NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 77 19 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-2151 77 20 Iranian iranian JJ en-wikipedia-org-2151 77 21 Old old JJ en-wikipedia-org-2151 77 22 Persian persian JJ en-wikipedia-org-2151 77 23 Middle middle JJ en-wikipedia-org-2151 77 24 Persian persian JJ en-wikipedia-org-2151 77 25 Modern modern JJ en-wikipedia-org-2151 77 26 Persian persian JJ en-wikipedia-org-2151 77 27 meaning meaning NN en-wikipedia-org-2151 77 28 * * NFP en-wikipedia-org-2151 77 29 Hasura Hasura NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 77 30 MazdʰaH MazdʰaH NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 77 31 Ahura Ahura NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 77 32 Mazda Mazda NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 77 33 Ohrmazd Ohrmazd NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 77 34 𐭠𐭥𐭧𐭥𐭬𐭦𐭣 𐭠𐭥𐭧𐭥𐭬𐭦𐭣 JJ en-wikipedia-org-2151 77 35 Ormazd Ormazd NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 77 36 اورمزد اورمزد VBZ en-wikipedia-org-2151 77 37 Ahura Ahura NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 77 38 Mazda Mazda NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 77 39 * * NFP en-wikipedia-org-2151 77 40 Haĉwas Haĉwas NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 77 41 aspa aspa NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 77 42 asp asp NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 77 43 asb asb NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 77 44 اسب اسب NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 77 45 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-2151 77 46 asp asp NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 77 47 اسپ اسپ NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 77 48 horse horse NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 77 49 * * NFP en-wikipedia-org-2151 77 50 kaHmas kaHmas NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 77 51 kāma kāma NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 77 52 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-2151 77 53 𐎣𐎠𐎶 𐎣𐎠𐎶 NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 77 54 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-2151 77 55 kām kām NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 77 56 kām kām NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 77 57 کام کام CC en-wikipedia-org-2151 77 58 desire desire NN en-wikipedia-org-2151 77 59 * * NFP en-wikipedia-org-2151 77 60 daywas daywas JJ en-wikipedia-org-2151 77 61 daiva daiva NN en-wikipedia-org-2151 77 62 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-2151 77 63 𐎭𐎡𐎺 𐎭𐎡𐎺 UH en-wikipedia-org-2151 77 64 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-2151 77 65 dēw dēw NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 77 66 div div NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 77 67 دیو دیو NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 77 68 devil devil NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 77 69 * * NFP en-wikipedia-org-2151 77 70 ĵrayas ĵrayas JJ en-wikipedia-org-2151 77 71 drayah drayah NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 77 72 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-2151 77 73 𐎭𐎼𐎹 𐎭𐎼𐎹 NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 77 74 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-2151 77 75 drayā drayā NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 77 76 daryā daryā NN en-wikipedia-org-2151 77 77 دریا دریا NN en-wikipedia-org-2151 77 78 sea sea NN en-wikipedia-org-2151 77 79 * * NFP en-wikipedia-org-2151 77 80 ĵʰastas ĵʰastas NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 77 81 dasta dasta NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 77 82 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-2151 77 83 𐎭𐎿𐎫 𐎭𐎿𐎫 NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 77 84 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-2151 77 85 dast dast NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 77 86 𐭩𐭣𐭤 𐭩𐭣𐭤 NN en-wikipedia-org-2151 77 87 dast dast JJ en-wikipedia-org-2151 77 88 دست دست NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 77 89 hand hand NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 77 90 * * NFP en-wikipedia-org-2151 77 91 bʰagas bʰagas NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 77 92 bāji bāji NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 77 93 bāj bāj NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 77 94 bāj bāj NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 77 95 باج باج NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 77 96 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-2151 77 97 باژ باژ NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 77 98 toll toll NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 77 99 * * NFP en-wikipedia-org-2151 77 100 bʰraHtā bʰraHtā NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 77 101 brātar brātar NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 77 102 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-2151 77 103 𐎲𐎼𐎠𐎫𐎠 𐎲𐎼𐎠𐎫𐎠 NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 77 104 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-2151 77 105 brâdar brâdar NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 77 106 barādar barādar NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 77 107 برادر برادر NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 77 108 brother brother NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 77 109 * * NFP en-wikipedia-org-2151 77 110 bʰuHmiš bʰuhmiš NN en-wikipedia-org-2151 77 111 būmi būmi NNS en-wikipedia-org-2151 77 112 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-2151 77 113 𐏏 𐏏 NN en-wikipedia-org-2151 77 114 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-2151 77 115 būm būm NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 77 116 𐭡𐭥𐭬 𐭡𐭥𐭬 NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 77 117 būm būm NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 77 118 بوم بوم NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 77 119 region region NN en-wikipedia-org-2151 77 120 , , , en-wikipedia-org-2151 77 121 land land NN en-wikipedia-org-2151 77 122 * * NFP en-wikipedia-org-2151 77 123 martyas martyas NN en-wikipedia-org-2151 77 124 martya martya NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 77 125 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-2151 77 126 𐎶𐎼𐎫𐎡𐎹 𐎶𐎼𐎫𐎡𐎹 NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 77 127 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-2151 77 128 mard mard NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 77 129 mard mard NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 77 130 مرد مرد NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 77 131 man man NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 77 132 * * NFP en-wikipedia-org-2151 77 133 māHas māHas NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 77 134 māha māha NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 77 135 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-2151 77 136 𐎶𐎠𐏃 𐎶𐎠𐏃 NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 77 137 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-2151 77 138 māh māh NN en-wikipedia-org-2151 77 139 𐭡𐭩𐭥𐭧 𐭡𐭩𐭥𐭧 NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 77 140 māh māh NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 77 141 ماه ماه NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 77 142 moon moon NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 77 143 , , , en-wikipedia-org-2151 77 144 month month NN en-wikipedia-org-2151 77 145 * * NFP en-wikipedia-org-2151 77 146 wasr̥ wasr̥ NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 77 147 vāhara vāhara NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 77 148 wahār wahār NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 77 149 bahār bahār NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 77 150 بهار بهار NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 77 151 spring spring NN en-wikipedia-org-2151 77 152 * * NFP en-wikipedia-org-2151 77 153 stʰuHnaH stʰuhnah CD en-wikipedia-org-2151 77 154 stūnā stūnā NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 77 155 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-2151 77 156 𐎿𐎬𐎢𐎴𐎠 𐎿𐎬𐎢𐎴𐎠 NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 77 157 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-2151 77 158 stūn stūn NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 77 159 sotūn sotūn NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 77 160 ستون ستون NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 77 161 stand stand NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 77 162 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-2151 77 163 column column NN en-wikipedia-org-2151 77 164 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-2151 77 165 * * NFP en-wikipedia-org-2151 77 166 ĉyaHtas ĉyahtas UH en-wikipedia-org-2151 77 167 šiyāta šiyāta NN en-wikipedia-org-2151 77 168 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-2151 77 169 𐏁𐎡𐎹𐎠𐎫 𐏁𐎡𐎹𐎠𐎫 NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 77 170 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-2151 77 171 šād šād NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 77 172 šād šād NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 77 173 شاد شاد NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 77 174 happy happy NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 77 175 * * NFP en-wikipedia-org-2151 77 176 Hr̥tas Hr̥tas NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 77 177 arta arta NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 77 178 ard ard NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 77 179 ord ord NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 77 180 ارد ارد NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 77 181 order order NN en-wikipedia-org-2151 77 182 , , , en-wikipedia-org-2151 77 183 truth truth NN en-wikipedia-org-2151 77 184 * * NFP en-wikipedia-org-2151 77 185 dʰrawgʰas dʰrawgʰas NN en-wikipedia-org-2151 77 186 druj druj NN en-wikipedia-org-2151 77 187 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-2151 77 188 𐎭𐎼𐎢𐎥 𐎭𐎼𐎢𐎥 NN en-wikipedia-org-2151 77 189 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-2151 77 190 drugh drugh NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 77 191 dorugh dorugh NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 77 192 دروغ دروغ NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 77 193 lie lie NN en-wikipedia-org-2151 77 194 * * NFP en-wikipedia-org-2151 77 195 ĉwáHdʰaH ĉwáHdʰaH NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 77 196 spada spada NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 77 197 spah spah NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 77 198 𐭮𐭯𐭠𐭧 𐭮𐭯𐭠𐭧 NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 77 199 sepah sepah NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 77 200 سپاه سپاه VBZ en-wikipedia-org-2151 77 201 army army NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 77 202 See See NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 77 203 also[edit also[edit LS en-wikipedia-org-2151 77 204 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-2151 77 205 Asia Asia NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 77 206 portal portal JJ en-wikipedia-org-2151 77 207 Category category NN en-wikipedia-org-2151 77 208 : : : en-wikipedia-org-2151 77 209 Old old JJ en-wikipedia-org-2151 77 210 Persian persian JJ en-wikipedia-org-2151 77 211 language language NN en-wikipedia-org-2151 77 212 Notes[edit notes[edit NN en-wikipedia-org-2151 77 213 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-2151 77 214 ^ ^ FW en-wikipedia-org-2151 77 215 cf cf NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 77 216 . . . en-wikipedia-org-2151 78 1 Gershevitch Gershevitch NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 78 2 , , , en-wikipedia-org-2151 78 3 Ilya Ilya NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 78 4 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-2151 78 5 1968 1968 CD en-wikipedia-org-2151 78 6 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-2151 78 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-2151 79 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-2151 79 2 Old old JJ en-wikipedia-org-2151 79 3 Iranian Iranian NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 79 4 Literature Literature NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 79 5 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-2151 79 6 . . . en-wikipedia-org-2151 80 1 Handbuch Handbuch NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 80 2 der der VBP en-wikipedia-org-2151 80 3 Orientalistik Orientalistik NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 80 4 , , , en-wikipedia-org-2151 80 5 Literatur Literatur NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 80 6 I. I. NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 80 7 Leiden Leiden NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 80 8 : : : en-wikipedia-org-2151 80 9 Brill Brill NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 80 10 . . . en-wikipedia-org-2151 81 1 pp pp NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 81 2 . . . en-wikipedia-org-2151 82 1 1–31 1–31 NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 82 2 . . NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 82 3 , , , en-wikipedia-org-2151 82 4 p. p. NN en-wikipedia-org-2151 82 5 2 2 CD en-wikipedia-org-2151 82 6 . . . en-wikipedia-org-2151 83 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 83 2 Gnoli Gnoli NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 83 3 , , , en-wikipedia-org-2151 83 4 Gherardo Gherardo NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 83 5 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-2151 83 6 2006 2006 CD en-wikipedia-org-2151 83 7 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-2151 83 8 . . . en-wikipedia-org-2151 84 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-2151 84 2 Iranian Iranian NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 84 3 Identity Identity NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 84 4 ii ii NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 84 5 . . . en-wikipedia-org-2151 85 1 Pre pre JJ en-wikipedia-org-2151 85 2 - - JJ en-wikipedia-org-2151 85 3 Islamic Islamic NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 85 4 Period Period NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 85 5 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-2151 85 6 . . . en-wikipedia-org-2151 86 1 Encyclopædia Encyclopædia NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 86 2 Iranica Iranica NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 86 3 . . . en-wikipedia-org-2151 87 1 13 13 CD en-wikipedia-org-2151 87 2 . . . en-wikipedia-org-2151 88 1 New New NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 88 2 York York NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 88 3 : : : en-wikipedia-org-2151 88 4 Routledge Routledge NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 88 5 & & CC en-wikipedia-org-2151 88 6 Kegan Kegan NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 88 7 Paul Paul NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 88 8 . . . en-wikipedia-org-2151 89 1 ... ... : en-wikipedia-org-2151 89 2 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-2151 89 3 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-2151 89 4 Old old JJ en-wikipedia-org-2151 89 5 Persian persian JJ en-wikipedia-org-2151 89 6 version version NN en-wikipedia-org-2151 89 7 , , , en-wikipedia-org-2151 89 8 whose whose WP$ en-wikipedia-org-2151 89 9 language language NN en-wikipedia-org-2151 89 10 was be VBD en-wikipedia-org-2151 89 11 called call VBN en-wikipedia-org-2151 89 12 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-2151 89 13 Iranian Iranian NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 89 14 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-2151 89 15 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-2151 89 16 ariya ariya JJ en-wikipedia-org-2151 89 17 . . . en-wikipedia-org-2151 90 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 90 2 Kuhrt Kuhrt NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 90 3 2013 2013 CD en-wikipedia-org-2151 90 4 , , , en-wikipedia-org-2151 90 5 p. p. NN en-wikipedia-org-2151 90 6   _SP en-wikipedia-org-2151 90 7 197 197 CD en-wikipedia-org-2151 90 8 . . . en-wikipedia-org-2151 91 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 91 2 Frye Frye NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 91 3 1984 1984 CD en-wikipedia-org-2151 91 4 , , , en-wikipedia-org-2151 91 5 p. p. NN en-wikipedia-org-2151 91 6   _SP en-wikipedia-org-2151 91 7 103 103 CD en-wikipedia-org-2151 91 8 . . . en-wikipedia-org-2151 92 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 92 2 Schmitt Schmitt NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 92 3 2000 2000 CD en-wikipedia-org-2151 92 4 , , , en-wikipedia-org-2151 92 5 p. p. NN en-wikipedia-org-2151 92 6   _SP en-wikipedia-org-2151 92 7 53 53 CD en-wikipedia-org-2151 92 8 . . . en-wikipedia-org-2151 93 1 ^ ^ FW en-wikipedia-org-2151 93 2 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-2151 93 3 Old Old NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 93 4 Persian Persian NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 93 5 Texts Texts NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 93 6 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-2151 93 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-2151 94 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 94 2 Kent Kent NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 94 3 , , , en-wikipedia-org-2151 94 4 R. R. NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 94 5 G. G. NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 94 6 : : : en-wikipedia-org-2151 94 7 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-2151 94 8 Old old JJ en-wikipedia-org-2151 94 9 Persian persian JJ en-wikipedia-org-2151 94 10 : : : en-wikipedia-org-2151 94 11 Grammar Grammar NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 94 12 Texts Texts NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 94 13 Lexicon lexicon NN en-wikipedia-org-2151 94 14 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-2151 94 15 , , , en-wikipedia-org-2151 94 16 page page NN en-wikipedia-org-2151 94 17 6 6 CD en-wikipedia-org-2151 94 18 . . . en-wikipedia-org-2151 95 1 American American NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 95 2 Oriental Oriental NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 95 3 Society Society NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 95 4 , , , en-wikipedia-org-2151 95 5 1950 1950 CD en-wikipedia-org-2151 95 6 . . . en-wikipedia-org-2151 96 1 ^ ^ FW en-wikipedia-org-2151 96 2 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-2151 96 3 Everyday everyday JJ en-wikipedia-org-2151 96 4 text text NN en-wikipedia-org-2151 96 5 shows show VBZ en-wikipedia-org-2151 96 6 that that IN en-wikipedia-org-2151 96 7 Old Old NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 96 8 Persian Persian NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 96 9 was be VBD en-wikipedia-org-2151 96 10 probably probably RB en-wikipedia-org-2151 96 11 more more RBR en-wikipedia-org-2151 96 12 commonly commonly RB en-wikipedia-org-2151 96 13 used use VBN en-wikipedia-org-2151 96 14 than than IN en-wikipedia-org-2151 96 15 previously previously RB en-wikipedia-org-2151 96 16 thought think VBN en-wikipedia-org-2151 96 17 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-2151 96 18 . . . en-wikipedia-org-2151 97 1 Accessed access VBN en-wikipedia-org-2151 97 2 September September NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 97 3 2010 2010 CD en-wikipedia-org-2151 97 4 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-2151 97 5 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-2151 97 6 1 1 CD en-wikipedia-org-2151 97 7 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-2151 97 8 ^ ^ FW en-wikipedia-org-2151 97 9 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-2151 97 10 b b NN en-wikipedia-org-2151 97 11 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-2151 97 12 Schmitt Schmitt NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 97 13 2008 2008 CD en-wikipedia-org-2151 97 14 , , , en-wikipedia-org-2151 97 15 pp pp NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 97 16 . . . en-wikipedia-org-2151 98 1 80–1 80–1 NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 98 2 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-2151 98 3 harv harv NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 98 4 error error NN en-wikipedia-org-2151 98 5 : : : en-wikipedia-org-2151 98 6 multiple multiple JJ en-wikipedia-org-2151 98 7 targets target NNS en-wikipedia-org-2151 98 8 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-2151 98 9 2× 2× NN en-wikipedia-org-2151 98 10 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-2151 98 11 : : : en-wikipedia-org-2151 98 12 CITEREFSchmitt2008 CITEREFSchmitt2008 NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 98 13 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-2151 98 14 help help NN en-wikipedia-org-2151 98 15 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-2151 98 16 ^ ^ FW en-wikipedia-org-2151 98 17 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-2151 98 18 b b NN en-wikipedia-org-2151 98 19 c c NN en-wikipedia-org-2151 98 20 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-2151 98 21 Skjærvø Skjærvø NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 98 22 2006 2006 CD en-wikipedia-org-2151 98 23 , , , en-wikipedia-org-2151 98 24 vi(2 vi(2 JJ en-wikipedia-org-2151 98 25 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-2151 98 26 . . . en-wikipedia-org-2151 99 1 Documentation documentation NN en-wikipedia-org-2151 99 2 . . . en-wikipedia-org-2151 100 1 Old old JJ en-wikipedia-org-2151 100 2 Persian Persian NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 100 3 . . . en-wikipedia-org-2151 100 4 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-2151 101 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 101 2 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-2151 101 3 b b NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 101 4 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-2151 101 5 Skjærvø Skjærvø NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 101 6 2006 2006 CD en-wikipedia-org-2151 101 7 , , , en-wikipedia-org-2151 101 8 vi(1 vi(1 NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 101 9 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-2151 101 10 . . . en-wikipedia-org-2151 102 1 Earliest Earliest NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 102 2 Evidence Evidence NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 102 3 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-2151 102 4 ^ ^ NFP en-wikipedia-org-2151 102 5 Xenophon Xenophon NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 102 6 . . . en-wikipedia-org-2151 103 1 Anabasis anabasis NN en-wikipedia-org-2151 103 2 . . . en-wikipedia-org-2151 104 1 pp pp NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 104 2 . . . en-wikipedia-org-2151 105 1 IV.v.2–9 IV.v.2–9 NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 105 2 . . . en-wikipedia-org-2151 106 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 106 2 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-2151 106 3 Schmitt Schmitt NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 106 4 2008 2008 CD en-wikipedia-org-2151 106 5 , , , en-wikipedia-org-2151 106 6 p. p. NN en-wikipedia-org-2151 106 7   _SP en-wikipedia-org-2151 106 8 76 76 CD en-wikipedia-org-2151 106 9 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-2151 106 10 harv harv NN en-wikipedia-org-2151 106 11 error error NN en-wikipedia-org-2151 106 12 : : : en-wikipedia-org-2151 106 13 multiple multiple JJ en-wikipedia-org-2151 106 14 targets target NNS en-wikipedia-org-2151 106 15 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-2151 106 16 2× 2× NN en-wikipedia-org-2151 106 17 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-2151 106 18 : : : en-wikipedia-org-2151 106 19 CITEREFSchmitt2008 CITEREFSchmitt2008 NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 106 20 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-2151 106 21 help help NN en-wikipedia-org-2151 106 22 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-2151 106 23 ^ ^ . en-wikipedia-org-2151 106 24 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-2151 106 25 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-2151 106 26 Skjærvø Skjærvø NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 106 27 2006 2006 CD en-wikipedia-org-2151 106 28 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-2151 106 29 harv harv NN en-wikipedia-org-2151 106 30 error error NN en-wikipedia-org-2151 106 31 : : : en-wikipedia-org-2151 106 32 no no DT en-wikipedia-org-2151 106 33 target target NN en-wikipedia-org-2151 106 34 : : : en-wikipedia-org-2151 106 35 CITEREF(Skjærvø2006 citeref(skjærvø2006 NN en-wikipedia-org-2151 106 36 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-2151 106 37 help help NN en-wikipedia-org-2151 106 38 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-2151 106 39 ^ ^ FW en-wikipedia-org-2151 106 40 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-2151 106 41 b b NN en-wikipedia-org-2151 106 42 c c NN en-wikipedia-org-2151 106 43 Skjærvø Skjærvø NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 106 44 , , , en-wikipedia-org-2151 106 45 Prods Prods NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 106 46 Oktor Oktor NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 106 47 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-2151 106 48 2005 2005 CD en-wikipedia-org-2151 106 49 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-2151 106 50 , , , en-wikipedia-org-2151 106 51 An an DT en-wikipedia-org-2151 106 52 Introduction introduction NN en-wikipedia-org-2151 106 53 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-2151 106 54 Old Old NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 106 55 Persian Persian NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 106 56 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-2151 106 57 PDF PDF NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 106 58 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-2151 106 59 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-2151 106 60 2nd 2nd NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 106 61   _SP en-wikipedia-org-2151 106 62 ed ed NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 106 63 . . . en-wikipedia-org-2151 107 1 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-2151 107 2 , , , en-wikipedia-org-2151 107 3 Cambridge Cambridge NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 107 4 : : : en-wikipedia-org-2151 107 5 Harvard Harvard NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 107 6 ^ ^ NN en-wikipedia-org-2151 107 7 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-2151 107 8 Lazard Lazard NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 107 9 , , , en-wikipedia-org-2151 107 10 Gilbert Gilbert NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 107 11 1975 1975 CD en-wikipedia-org-2151 107 12 , , , en-wikipedia-org-2151 107 13 “ " `` en-wikipedia-org-2151 107 14 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-2151 107 15 Rise rise NN en-wikipedia-org-2151 107 16 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-2151 107 17 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-2151 107 18 New New NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 107 19 Persian Persian NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 107 20 Language Language NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 107 21 ” " '' en-wikipedia-org-2151 107 22 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-2151 107 23 Frye Frye NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 107 24 , , , en-wikipedia-org-2151 107 25 R. R. NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 107 26 N. N. NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 107 27 , , , en-wikipedia-org-2151 107 28 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-2151 107 29 Cambridge Cambridge NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 107 30 History History NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 107 31 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-2151 107 32 Iran Iran NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 107 33 , , , en-wikipedia-org-2151 107 34 Vol Vol NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 107 35 . . . en-wikipedia-org-2151 108 1 4 4 LS en-wikipedia-org-2151 108 2 , , , en-wikipedia-org-2151 108 3 pp pp NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 108 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-2151 109 1 595 595 CD en-wikipedia-org-2151 109 2 - - SYM en-wikipedia-org-2151 109 3 632 632 CD en-wikipedia-org-2151 109 4 , , , en-wikipedia-org-2151 109 5 Cambridge Cambridge NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 109 6 : : : en-wikipedia-org-2151 109 7 Cambridge Cambridge NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 109 8 University University NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 109 9 Press Press NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 109 10 . . . en-wikipedia-org-2151 110 1 ^ ^ NFP en-wikipedia-org-2151 110 2 Ulrich Ulrich NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 110 3 Ammon Ammon NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 110 4 , , , en-wikipedia-org-2151 110 5 Norbert Norbert NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 110 6 Dittmar Dittmar NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 110 7 , , , en-wikipedia-org-2151 110 8 Klaus Klaus NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 110 9 J. J. NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 110 10 Mattheier Mattheier NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 110 11 , , , en-wikipedia-org-2151 110 12 Peter Peter NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 110 13 Trudgill Trudgill NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 110 14 , , , en-wikipedia-org-2151 110 15 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-2151 110 16 Sociolinguistics sociolinguistic NNS en-wikipedia-org-2151 110 17 Hsk Hsk NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 110 18 3/3 3/3 CD en-wikipedia-org-2151 110 19 Series Series NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 110 20 Volume volume NN en-wikipedia-org-2151 110 21 3 3 CD en-wikipedia-org-2151 110 22 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-2151 110 23 Sociolinguistics sociolinguistic NNS en-wikipedia-org-2151 110 24 : : : en-wikipedia-org-2151 110 25 An an DT en-wikipedia-org-2151 110 26 International International NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 110 27 Handbook Handbook NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 110 28 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-2151 110 29 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-2151 110 30 Science Science NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 110 31 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-2151 110 32 Language Language NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 110 33 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-2151 110 34 Society Society NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 110 35 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-2151 110 36 , , , en-wikipedia-org-2151 110 37 Walter Walter NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 110 38 de de NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 110 39 Gruyter Gruyter NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 110 40 , , , en-wikipedia-org-2151 110 41 2006 2006 CD en-wikipedia-org-2151 110 42 . . . en-wikipedia-org-2151 111 1 2nd 2nd NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 111 2 edition edition NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 111 3 . . . en-wikipedia-org-2151 112 1 pg pg NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 112 2 1912 1912 CD en-wikipedia-org-2151 112 3 : : : en-wikipedia-org-2151 112 4 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-2151 112 5 Middle Middle NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 112 6 Persian Persian NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 112 7 , , , en-wikipedia-org-2151 112 8 also also RB en-wikipedia-org-2151 112 9 called call VBN en-wikipedia-org-2151 112 10 Pahlavi Pahlavi NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 112 11 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-2151 112 12 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-2151 112 13 direct direct JJ en-wikipedia-org-2151 112 14 continuation continuation NN en-wikipedia-org-2151 112 15 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-2151 112 16 old old JJ en-wikipedia-org-2151 112 17 Persian Persian NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 112 18 , , , en-wikipedia-org-2151 112 19 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-2151 112 20 was be VBD en-wikipedia-org-2151 112 21 used use VBN en-wikipedia-org-2151 112 22 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-2151 112 23 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-2151 112 24 written write VBN en-wikipedia-org-2151 112 25 official official JJ en-wikipedia-org-2151 112 26 language language NN en-wikipedia-org-2151 112 27 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-2151 112 28 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-2151 112 29 country country NN en-wikipedia-org-2151 112 30 . . . en-wikipedia-org-2151 112 31 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-2151 113 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-2151 113 2 However however RB en-wikipedia-org-2151 113 3 , , , en-wikipedia-org-2151 113 4 after after IN en-wikipedia-org-2151 113 5 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-2151 113 6 Moslem Moslem NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 113 7 conquest conquest NN en-wikipedia-org-2151 113 8 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-2151 113 9 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-2151 113 10 collapse collapse NN en-wikipedia-org-2151 113 11 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-2151 113 12 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-2151 113 13 Sassanids Sassanids NNPS en-wikipedia-org-2151 113 14 , , , en-wikipedia-org-2151 113 15 Arabic Arabic NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 113 16 became become VBD en-wikipedia-org-2151 113 17 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-2151 113 18 dominant dominant JJ en-wikipedia-org-2151 113 19 language language NN en-wikipedia-org-2151 113 20 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-2151 113 21 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-2151 113 22 country country NN en-wikipedia-org-2151 113 23 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-2151 113 24 Pahlavi Pahlavi NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 113 25 lost lose VBD en-wikipedia-org-2151 113 26 its -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-2151 113 27 importance importance NN en-wikipedia-org-2151 113 28 , , , en-wikipedia-org-2151 113 29 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-2151 113 30 was be VBD en-wikipedia-org-2151 113 31 gradually gradually RB en-wikipedia-org-2151 113 32 replaced replace VBN en-wikipedia-org-2151 113 33 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-2151 113 34 Dari Dari NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 113 35 , , , en-wikipedia-org-2151 113 36 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-2151 113 37 variety variety NN en-wikipedia-org-2151 113 38 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-2151 113 39 Middle Middle NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 113 40 Persian Persian NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 113 41 , , , en-wikipedia-org-2151 113 42 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-2151 113 43 considerable considerable JJ en-wikipedia-org-2151 113 44 loan loan NN en-wikipedia-org-2151 113 45 elements element NNS en-wikipedia-org-2151 113 46 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-2151 113 47 Arabic Arabic NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 113 48 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-2151 113 49 Parthian Parthian NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 113 50 . . . en-wikipedia-org-2151 113 51 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-2151 114 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 114 2 Bo Bo NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 114 3 Utas Utas NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 114 4 , , , en-wikipedia-org-2151 114 5 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-2151 114 6 Semitic semitic JJ en-wikipedia-org-2151 114 7 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-2151 114 8 Iranian Iranian NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 114 9 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-2151 114 10 , , , en-wikipedia-org-2151 114 11 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-2151 114 12 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-2151 114 13 Linguistic linguistic JJ en-wikipedia-org-2151 114 14 convergence convergence NN en-wikipedia-org-2151 114 15 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-2151 114 16 areal areal NN en-wikipedia-org-2151 114 17 diffusion diffusion NN en-wikipedia-org-2151 114 18 : : : en-wikipedia-org-2151 114 19 case case NN en-wikipedia-org-2151 114 20 studies study NNS en-wikipedia-org-2151 114 21 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-2151 114 22 Iranian iranian JJ en-wikipedia-org-2151 114 23 , , , en-wikipedia-org-2151 114 24 Semitic Semitic NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 114 25 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-2151 114 26 Turkic Turkic NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 114 27 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-2151 114 28 editors editor NNS en-wikipedia-org-2151 114 29 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-2151 114 30 Éva Éva NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 114 31 Ágnes Ágnes NNPS en-wikipedia-org-2151 114 32 Csató Csató NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 114 33 , , , en-wikipedia-org-2151 114 34 Bo Bo NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 114 35 Isaksson Isaksson NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 114 36 , , , en-wikipedia-org-2151 114 37 Carina Carina NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 114 38 Jahani),Routledge Jahani),Routledge NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 114 39 , , , en-wikipedia-org-2151 114 40 2005 2005 CD en-wikipedia-org-2151 114 41 . . . en-wikipedia-org-2151 114 42 pg pg NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 114 43 71 71 CD en-wikipedia-org-2151 114 44 : : : en-wikipedia-org-2151 114 45 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-2151 114 46 As as IN en-wikipedia-org-2151 114 47 already already RB en-wikipedia-org-2151 114 48 mentioned mention VBN en-wikipedia-org-2151 114 49 , , , en-wikipedia-org-2151 114 50 it -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-2151 114 51 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-2151 114 52 not not RB en-wikipedia-org-2151 114 53 likely likely JJ en-wikipedia-org-2151 114 54 that that IN en-wikipedia-org-2151 114 55 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-2151 114 56 scribes scribe NNS en-wikipedia-org-2151 114 57 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-2151 114 58 Sassanian sassanian JJ en-wikipedia-org-2151 114 59 chanceries chancery NNS en-wikipedia-org-2151 114 60 had have VBD en-wikipedia-org-2151 114 61 any any DT en-wikipedia-org-2151 114 62 idea idea NN en-wikipedia-org-2151 114 63 about about IN en-wikipedia-org-2151 114 64 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-2151 114 65 Old old JJ en-wikipedia-org-2151 114 66 Persian persian JJ en-wikipedia-org-2151 114 67 cuneiform cuneiform NN en-wikipedia-org-2151 114 68 writing writing NN en-wikipedia-org-2151 114 69 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-2151 114 70 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-2151 114 71 language language NN en-wikipedia-org-2151 114 72 couched couch VBN en-wikipedia-org-2151 114 73 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-2151 114 74 it -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-2151 114 75 . . . en-wikipedia-org-2151 115 1 Still still RB en-wikipedia-org-2151 115 2 , , , en-wikipedia-org-2151 115 3 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-2151 115 4 Middle middle JJ en-wikipedia-org-2151 115 5 Persian persian JJ en-wikipedia-org-2151 115 6 language language NN en-wikipedia-org-2151 115 7 that that WDT en-wikipedia-org-2151 115 8 appeared appear VBD en-wikipedia-org-2151 115 9 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-2151 115 10 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-2151 115 11 third third JJ en-wikipedia-org-2151 115 12 century century NN en-wikipedia-org-2151 115 13 AD ad NN en-wikipedia-org-2151 115 14 may may MD en-wikipedia-org-2151 115 15 be be VB en-wikipedia-org-2151 115 16 seen see VBN en-wikipedia-org-2151 115 17 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-2151 115 18 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-2151 115 19 continuation continuation NN en-wikipedia-org-2151 115 20 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-2151 115 21 Old old JJ en-wikipedia-org-2151 115 22 Persian Persian NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 115 23 ^ ^ NN en-wikipedia-org-2151 115 24 Skjærvø Skjærvø NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 115 25 , , , en-wikipedia-org-2151 115 26 Prods Prods NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 115 27 Oktor Oktor NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 115 28 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-2151 115 29 2006 2006 CD en-wikipedia-org-2151 115 30 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-2151 115 31 , , , en-wikipedia-org-2151 115 32 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-2151 115 33 Iran Iran NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 115 34 , , , en-wikipedia-org-2151 115 35 vi vi NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 115 36 . . . en-wikipedia-org-2151 116 1 Iranian iranian JJ en-wikipedia-org-2151 116 2 languages language NNS en-wikipedia-org-2151 116 3 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-2151 116 4 scripts script NNS en-wikipedia-org-2151 116 5 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-2151 116 6 , , , en-wikipedia-org-2151 116 7 Encyclopaedia Encyclopaedia NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 116 8 Iranica Iranica NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 116 9 , , , en-wikipedia-org-2151 116 10 13 13 CD en-wikipedia-org-2151 116 11 . . . en-wikipedia-org-2151 117 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 117 2 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-2151 117 3 Schmitt Schmitt NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 117 4 2008 2008 CD en-wikipedia-org-2151 117 5 , , , en-wikipedia-org-2151 117 6 p. p. NN en-wikipedia-org-2151 117 7   _SP en-wikipedia-org-2151 117 8 78 78 CD en-wikipedia-org-2151 117 9 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-2151 117 10 harv harv NN en-wikipedia-org-2151 117 11 error error NN en-wikipedia-org-2151 117 12 : : : en-wikipedia-org-2151 117 13 multiple multiple JJ en-wikipedia-org-2151 117 14 targets target NNS en-wikipedia-org-2151 117 15 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-2151 117 16 2× 2× NN en-wikipedia-org-2151 117 17 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-2151 117 18 : : : en-wikipedia-org-2151 117 19 CITEREFSchmitt2008 CITEREFSchmitt2008 NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 117 20 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-2151 117 21 help help NN en-wikipedia-org-2151 117 22 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-2151 117 23 ^ ^ . en-wikipedia-org-2151 117 24 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-2151 117 25 Schmitt Schmitt NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 117 26 2008 2008 CD en-wikipedia-org-2151 117 27 , , , en-wikipedia-org-2151 117 28 p. p. NN en-wikipedia-org-2151 117 29   _SP en-wikipedia-org-2151 117 30 78 78 CD en-wikipedia-org-2151 117 31 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-2151 117 32 harv harv NN en-wikipedia-org-2151 117 33 error error NN en-wikipedia-org-2151 117 34 : : : en-wikipedia-org-2151 117 35 multiple multiple JJ en-wikipedia-org-2151 117 36 targets target NNS en-wikipedia-org-2151 117 37 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-2151 117 38 2× 2× NN en-wikipedia-org-2151 117 39 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-2151 117 40 : : : en-wikipedia-org-2151 117 41 CITEREFSchmitt2008 CITEREFSchmitt2008 NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 117 42 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-2151 117 43 help help NN en-wikipedia-org-2151 117 44 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-2151 117 45 Excerpt excerpt VB en-wikipedia-org-2151 117 46 : : : en-wikipedia-org-2151 117 47 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-2151 117 48 It -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-2151 117 49 remains remain VBZ en-wikipedia-org-2151 117 50 unclear unclear JJ en-wikipedia-org-2151 117 51 why why WRB en-wikipedia-org-2151 117 52 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-2151 117 53 Persians Persians NNPS en-wikipedia-org-2151 117 54 did do VBD en-wikipedia-org-2151 117 55 not not RB en-wikipedia-org-2151 117 56 take take VB en-wikipedia-org-2151 117 57 over over RP en-wikipedia-org-2151 117 58 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-2151 117 59 Mesopotamian mesopotamian JJ en-wikipedia-org-2151 117 60 system system NN en-wikipedia-org-2151 117 61 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-2151 117 62 earlier early JJR en-wikipedia-org-2151 117 63 times time NNS en-wikipedia-org-2151 117 64 , , , en-wikipedia-org-2151 117 65 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-2151 117 66 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-2151 117 67 Elamites Elamites NNPS en-wikipedia-org-2151 117 68 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-2151 117 69 other other JJ en-wikipedia-org-2151 117 70 peoples people NNS en-wikipedia-org-2151 117 71 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-2151 117 72 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-2151 117 73 Near Near NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 117 74 East East NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 117 75 had have VBD en-wikipedia-org-2151 117 76 , , , en-wikipedia-org-2151 117 77 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-2151 117 78 , , , en-wikipedia-org-2151 117 79 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-2151 117 80 that that DT en-wikipedia-org-2151 117 81 matter matter NN en-wikipedia-org-2151 117 82 , , , en-wikipedia-org-2151 117 83 why why WRB en-wikipedia-org-2151 117 84 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-2151 117 85 Persians Persians NNPS en-wikipedia-org-2151 117 86 did do VBD en-wikipedia-org-2151 117 87 not not RB en-wikipedia-org-2151 117 88 adopt adopt VB en-wikipedia-org-2151 117 89 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-2151 117 90 Aramaic Aramaic NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 117 91 consonantal consonantal JJ en-wikipedia-org-2151 117 92 script script NN en-wikipedia-org-2151 117 93 .. .. NFP en-wikipedia-org-2151 117 94 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-2151 117 95 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 117 96 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-2151 117 97 b b NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 117 98 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-2151 117 99 Schmitt Schmitt NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 117 100 2008 2008 CD en-wikipedia-org-2151 117 101 , , , en-wikipedia-org-2151 117 102 p. p. NN en-wikipedia-org-2151 117 103   _SP en-wikipedia-org-2151 117 104 77 77 CD en-wikipedia-org-2151 117 105 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-2151 117 106 harv harv NN en-wikipedia-org-2151 117 107 error error NN en-wikipedia-org-2151 117 108 : : : en-wikipedia-org-2151 117 109 multiple multiple JJ en-wikipedia-org-2151 117 110 targets target NNS en-wikipedia-org-2151 117 111 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-2151 117 112 2× 2× NN en-wikipedia-org-2151 117 113 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-2151 117 114 : : : en-wikipedia-org-2151 117 115 CITEREFSchmitt2008 CITEREFSchmitt2008 NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 117 116 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-2151 117 117 help help NN en-wikipedia-org-2151 117 118 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-2151 117 119 ^ ^ . en-wikipedia-org-2151 117 120 Behistun Behistun NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 117 121 T T NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 117 122 42 42 CD en-wikipedia-org-2151 117 123 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-2151 117 124 Livius livius NN en-wikipedia-org-2151 117 125 . . . en-wikipedia-org-2151 118 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 118 2 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-2151 118 3 Schmitt Schmitt NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 118 4 2008 2008 CD en-wikipedia-org-2151 118 5 , , , en-wikipedia-org-2151 118 6 p. p. NN en-wikipedia-org-2151 118 7   _SP en-wikipedia-org-2151 118 8 79 79 CD en-wikipedia-org-2151 118 9 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-2151 118 10 harv harv NN en-wikipedia-org-2151 118 11 error error NN en-wikipedia-org-2151 118 12 : : : en-wikipedia-org-2151 118 13 multiple multiple JJ en-wikipedia-org-2151 118 14 targets target NNS en-wikipedia-org-2151 118 15 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-2151 118 16 2× 2× NN en-wikipedia-org-2151 118 17 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-2151 118 18 : : : en-wikipedia-org-2151 118 19 CITEREFSchmitt2008 CITEREFSchmitt2008 NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 118 20 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-2151 118 21 help help NN en-wikipedia-org-2151 118 22 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-2151 118 23 ^ ^ . en-wikipedia-org-2151 118 24 Stolper Stolper NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 118 25 , , , en-wikipedia-org-2151 118 26 M. M. NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 118 27 W. W. NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 118 28 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-2151 118 29 1997 1997 CD en-wikipedia-org-2151 118 30 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-2151 118 31 , , , en-wikipedia-org-2151 118 32 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-2151 118 33 Mirkānu Mirkānu NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 118 34 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-2151 118 35 , , , en-wikipedia-org-2151 118 36 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-2151 118 37 Ebeling Ebeling NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 118 38 , , , en-wikipedia-org-2151 118 39 Erich Erich NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 118 40 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-2151 118 41 Meissner Meissner NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 118 42 , , , en-wikipedia-org-2151 118 43 Bruno Bruno NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 118 44 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-2151 118 45 Edzard Edzard NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 118 46 , , , en-wikipedia-org-2151 118 47 Dietz Dietz NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 118 48 Otto Otto NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 118 49 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-2151 118 50 eds eds XX en-wikipedia-org-2151 118 51 . . . en-wikipedia-org-2151 119 1 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-2151 119 2 , , , en-wikipedia-org-2151 119 3 Reallexikon Reallexikon NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 119 4 der der VBP en-wikipedia-org-2151 119 5 Assyriologie Assyriologie NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 119 6 und und NN en-wikipedia-org-2151 119 7 vorderasiatischen vorderasiatischen NN en-wikipedia-org-2151 119 8 Archäologie Archäologie NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 119 9 : : : en-wikipedia-org-2151 119 10 Meek Meek NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 119 11 – – : en-wikipedia-org-2151 119 12 Mythologie Mythologie NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 119 13 , , , en-wikipedia-org-2151 119 14 8 8 CD en-wikipedia-org-2151 119 15 , , , en-wikipedia-org-2151 119 16 Berlin Berlin NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 119 17 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-2151 119 18 New New NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 119 19 York York NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 119 20 : : : en-wikipedia-org-2151 119 21 Walter Walter NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 119 22 de de NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 119 23 Gruyter Gruyter NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 119 24 , , , en-wikipedia-org-2151 119 25 p. p. NN en-wikipedia-org-2151 119 26   _SP en-wikipedia-org-2151 119 27 221 221 CD en-wikipedia-org-2151 119 28 , , , en-wikipedia-org-2151 119 29 ISBN ISBN NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 119 30   _SP en-wikipedia-org-2151 119 31 978 978 CD en-wikipedia-org-2151 119 32 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-2151 119 33 3 3 CD en-wikipedia-org-2151 119 34 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-2151 119 35 11 11 CD en-wikipedia-org-2151 119 36 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-2151 119 37 014809 014809 CD en-wikipedia-org-2151 119 38 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-2151 119 39 1 1 CD en-wikipedia-org-2151 119 40 , , , en-wikipedia-org-2151 119 41 retrieved retrieve VBD en-wikipedia-org-2151 119 42 15 15 CD en-wikipedia-org-2151 119 43 August August NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 119 44 2013 2013 CD en-wikipedia-org-2151 119 45 Bibliography[edit bibliography[edit NN en-wikipedia-org-2151 119 46 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-2151 119 47 Brandenstein Brandenstein NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 119 48 , , , en-wikipedia-org-2151 119 49 Wilhelm Wilhelm NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 119 50 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-2151 119 51 1964 1964 CD en-wikipedia-org-2151 119 52 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-2151 119 53 , , , en-wikipedia-org-2151 119 54 Handbuch Handbuch NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 119 55 des des NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 119 56 Altpersischen Altpersischen NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 119 57 , , , en-wikipedia-org-2151 119 58 Wiesbaden Wiesbaden NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 119 59 : : : en-wikipedia-org-2151 119 60 O. O. NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 119 61 Harrassowitz Harrassowitz NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 119 62 Hinz Hinz NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 119 63 , , , en-wikipedia-org-2151 119 64 Walther Walther NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 119 65 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-2151 119 66 1966 1966 CD en-wikipedia-org-2151 119 67 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-2151 119 68 , , , en-wikipedia-org-2151 119 69 Altpersischer Altpersischer NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 119 70 Wortschatz Wortschatz NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 119 71 , , , en-wikipedia-org-2151 119 72 Nendeln Nendeln NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 119 73 , , , en-wikipedia-org-2151 119 74 Liechtenstein Liechtenstein NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 119 75 : : : en-wikipedia-org-2151 119 76 Kraus Kraus NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 119 77 Frye Frye NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 119 78 , , , en-wikipedia-org-2151 119 79 Richard Richard NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 119 80 Nelson Nelson NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 119 81 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-2151 119 82 1984 1984 CD en-wikipedia-org-2151 119 83 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-2151 119 84 . . . en-wikipedia-org-2151 120 1 Handbuch Handbuch NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 120 2 der der NN en-wikipedia-org-2151 120 3 Altertumswissenschaft altertumswissenschaft NN en-wikipedia-org-2151 120 4 : : : en-wikipedia-org-2151 120 5 Alter Alter NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 120 6 Orient Orient NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 120 7 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-2151 120 8 Griechische Griechische NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 120 9 Geschichte Geschichte NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 120 10 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-2151 120 11 Römische Römische NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 120 12 Geschichte Geschichte NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 120 13 . . . en-wikipedia-org-2151 121 1 Band Band NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 121 2 III,7 III,7 VBZ en-wikipedia-org-2151 121 3 : : : en-wikipedia-org-2151 121 4 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-2151 121 5 History history NN en-wikipedia-org-2151 121 6 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-2151 121 7 Ancient Ancient NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 121 8 Iran Iran NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 121 9 . . . en-wikipedia-org-2151 122 1 C.H.Beck C.H.Beck NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 122 2 . . . en-wikipedia-org-2151 123 1 ISBN ISBN NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 123 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-2151 123 3 978 978 CD en-wikipedia-org-2151 123 4 - - SYM en-wikipedia-org-2151 123 5 3406093975 3406093975 CD en-wikipedia-org-2151 123 6 . . . en-wikipedia-org-2151 124 1 Kent Kent NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 124 2 , , , en-wikipedia-org-2151 124 3 Roland Roland NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 124 4 G. G. NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 124 5 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-2151 124 6 1953 1953 CD en-wikipedia-org-2151 124 7 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-2151 124 8 , , , en-wikipedia-org-2151 124 9 Old old JJ en-wikipedia-org-2151 124 10 Persian Persian NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 124 11 : : : en-wikipedia-org-2151 124 12 Grammar Grammar NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 124 13 , , , en-wikipedia-org-2151 124 14 Texts Texts NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 124 15 , , , en-wikipedia-org-2151 124 16 Lexicon Lexicon NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 124 17 , , , en-wikipedia-org-2151 124 18 New New NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 124 19 Haven Haven NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 124 20 : : : en-wikipedia-org-2151 124 21 American American NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 124 22 Oriental Oriental NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 124 23 Society Society NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 124 24 Kuhrt Kuhrt NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 124 25 , , , en-wikipedia-org-2151 124 26 A. a. NN en-wikipedia-org-2151 125 1 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-2151 125 2 2013 2013 CD en-wikipedia-org-2151 125 3 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-2151 125 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-2151 126 1 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-2151 126 2 Persian persian JJ en-wikipedia-org-2151 126 3 Empire Empire NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 126 4 : : : en-wikipedia-org-2151 126 5 A a DT en-wikipedia-org-2151 126 6 Corpus Corpus NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 126 7 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-2151 126 8 Sources Sources NNPS en-wikipedia-org-2151 126 9 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-2151 126 10 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-2151 126 11 Achaemenid Achaemenid NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 126 12 Period Period NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 126 13 . . . en-wikipedia-org-2151 127 1 Routledge Routledge NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 127 2 . . . en-wikipedia-org-2151 128 1 ISBN ISBN NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 128 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-2151 128 3 978 978 CD en-wikipedia-org-2151 128 4 - - SYM en-wikipedia-org-2151 128 5 1136016943 1136016943 CD en-wikipedia-org-2151 128 6 . . . en-wikipedia-org-2151 129 1 Sims Sims NNPS en-wikipedia-org-2151 129 2 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-2151 129 3 Williams Williams NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 129 4 , , , en-wikipedia-org-2151 129 5 Nicholas Nicholas NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 129 6 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-2151 129 7 1996 1996 CD en-wikipedia-org-2151 129 8 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-2151 129 9 , , , en-wikipedia-org-2151 129 10 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-2151 129 11 Iranian iranian JJ en-wikipedia-org-2151 129 12 languages language NNS en-wikipedia-org-2151 129 13 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-2151 129 14 , , , en-wikipedia-org-2151 129 15 Encyclopedia Encyclopedia NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 129 16 Iranica Iranica NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 129 17 , , , en-wikipedia-org-2151 129 18 7 7 CD en-wikipedia-org-2151 129 19 , , , en-wikipedia-org-2151 129 20 Costa Costa NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 129 21 Mesa Mesa NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 129 22 : : : en-wikipedia-org-2151 129 23 Mazda Mazda NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 129 24 : : : en-wikipedia-org-2151 129 25 238 238 CD en-wikipedia-org-2151 129 26 - - SYM en-wikipedia-org-2151 129 27 245 245 CD en-wikipedia-org-2151 129 28 Schmitt Schmitt NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 129 29 , , , en-wikipedia-org-2151 129 30 Rüdiger Rüdiger NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 129 31 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-2151 129 32 1989 1989 CD en-wikipedia-org-2151 129 33 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-2151 129 34 , , , en-wikipedia-org-2151 129 35 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-2151 129 36 Altpersisch Altpersisch NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 129 37 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-2151 129 38 , , , en-wikipedia-org-2151 129 39 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-2151 129 40 R. R. NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 129 41 Schmitt Schmitt NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 129 42 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-2151 129 43 ed ed NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 129 44 . . . en-wikipedia-org-2151 130 1 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-2151 130 2 , , , en-wikipedia-org-2151 130 3 Compendium compendium NN en-wikipedia-org-2151 130 4 linguarum linguarum NN en-wikipedia-org-2151 130 5 Iranicarum Iranicarum NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 130 6 , , , en-wikipedia-org-2151 130 7 Wiesbaden Wiesbaden NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 130 8 : : : en-wikipedia-org-2151 130 9 Reichert Reichert NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 130 10 : : : en-wikipedia-org-2151 130 11 56–85 56–85 JJ en-wikipedia-org-2151 130 12 Schmitt Schmitt NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 130 13 , , , en-wikipedia-org-2151 130 14 Rüdiger Rüdiger NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 130 15 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-2151 130 16 2000 2000 CD en-wikipedia-org-2151 130 17 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-2151 130 18 . . . en-wikipedia-org-2151 131 1 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-2151 131 2 Old Old NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 131 3 Persian persian JJ en-wikipedia-org-2151 131 4 Inscriptions Inscriptions NNPS en-wikipedia-org-2151 131 5 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-2151 131 6 Naqsh Naqsh NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 131 7 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-2151 131 8 i i NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 131 9 Rustam Rustam NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 131 10 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-2151 131 11 Persepolis Persepolis NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 131 12 . . . en-wikipedia-org-2151 132 1 Corpus Corpus NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 132 2 Inscriptionum Inscriptionum NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 132 3 Iranicarum Iranicarum NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 132 4 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-2151 132 5 School School NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 132 6 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-2151 132 7 Oriental Oriental NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 132 8 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-2151 132 9 African African NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 132 10 Studies Studies NNPS en-wikipedia-org-2151 132 11 . . . en-wikipedia-org-2151 133 1 ISBN ISBN NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 133 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-2151 133 3 978 978 CD en-wikipedia-org-2151 133 4 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-2151 133 5 0728603141 0728603141 CD en-wikipedia-org-2151 133 6 . . . en-wikipedia-org-2151 134 1 Schmitt Schmitt NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 134 2 , , , en-wikipedia-org-2151 134 3 R. R. NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 134 4 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-2151 134 5 2008 2008 CD en-wikipedia-org-2151 134 6 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-2151 134 7 , , , en-wikipedia-org-2151 134 8 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-2151 134 9 Old Old NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 134 10 Persian Persian NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 134 11 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-2151 134 12 , , , en-wikipedia-org-2151 134 13 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-2151 134 14 Roger Roger NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 134 15 D. D. NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 134 16 Woodard Woodard NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 134 17 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-2151 134 18 ed ed NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 134 19 . . . en-wikipedia-org-2151 135 1 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-2151 135 2 , , , en-wikipedia-org-2151 135 3 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-2151 135 4 Ancient Ancient NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 135 5 Languages Languages NNPS en-wikipedia-org-2151 135 6 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-2151 135 7 Asia Asia NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 135 8 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-2151 135 9 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-2151 135 10 Americas Americas NNPS en-wikipedia-org-2151 135 11 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-2151 135 12 illustrated illustrate VBN en-wikipedia-org-2151 135 13   _SP en-wikipedia-org-2151 135 14 ed ed NN en-wikipedia-org-2151 135 15 . . . en-wikipedia-org-2151 136 1 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-2151 136 2 , , , en-wikipedia-org-2151 136 3 Cambridge Cambridge NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 136 4 University University NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 136 5 Press Press NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 136 6 , , , en-wikipedia-org-2151 136 7 pp pp NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 136 8 . . . en-wikipedia-org-2151 137 1 76–100 76–100 NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 137 2 , , , en-wikipedia-org-2151 137 3 ISBN ISBN NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 137 4   _SP en-wikipedia-org-2151 137 5 978 978 CD en-wikipedia-org-2151 137 6 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-2151 137 7 0521684941 0521684941 CD en-wikipedia-org-2151 137 8 Skjærvø Skjærvø NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 137 9 , , , en-wikipedia-org-2151 137 10 Prods Prods NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 137 11 Oktor Oktor NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 137 12 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-2151 137 13 2006 2006 CD en-wikipedia-org-2151 137 14 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-2151 137 15 , , , en-wikipedia-org-2151 137 16 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-2151 137 17 Iran Iran NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 137 18 , , , en-wikipedia-org-2151 137 19 vi vi NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 137 20 . . . en-wikipedia-org-2151 138 1 Iranian iranian JJ en-wikipedia-org-2151 138 2 languages language NNS en-wikipedia-org-2151 138 3 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-2151 138 4 scripts script NNS en-wikipedia-org-2151 138 5 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-2151 138 6 , , , en-wikipedia-org-2151 138 7 Encyclopaedia Encyclopaedia NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 138 8 Iranica Iranica NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 138 9 , , , en-wikipedia-org-2151 138 10 13 13 CD en-wikipedia-org-2151 138 11 Tolman Tolman NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 138 12 , , , en-wikipedia-org-2151 138 13 Herbert Herbert NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 138 14 Cushing Cushing NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 138 15 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-2151 138 16 1908 1908 CD en-wikipedia-org-2151 138 17 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-2151 138 18 , , , en-wikipedia-org-2151 138 19 Ancient Ancient NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 138 20 Persian Persian NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 138 21 Lexicon Lexicon NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 138 22 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-2151 138 23 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-2151 138 24 Texts Texts NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 138 25 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-2151 138 26 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-2151 138 27 Achaemenidan Achaemenidan NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 138 28 Inscriptions Inscriptions NNPS en-wikipedia-org-2151 138 29 Transliterated Transliterated NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 138 30 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-2151 138 31 Translated translate VBN en-wikipedia-org-2151 138 32 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-2151 138 33 Special Special NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 138 34 Reference Reference NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 138 35 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-2151 138 36 Their -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-2151 138 37 Recent Recent NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 138 38 Re re NN en-wikipedia-org-2151 138 39 - - NN en-wikipedia-org-2151 138 40 examination examination NN en-wikipedia-org-2151 138 41 , , , en-wikipedia-org-2151 138 42 New New NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 138 43 York York NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 138 44 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-2151 138 45 Cincinnati Cincinnati NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 138 46 : : : en-wikipedia-org-2151 138 47 American American NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 138 48 Book Book NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 138 49 Company Company NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 138 50 Further Further NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 138 51 reading[edit reading[edit LS en-wikipedia-org-2151 138 52 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-2151 138 53 Edwin Edwin NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 138 54 Lee Lee NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 138 55 Johnson Johnson NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 138 56 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-2151 138 57 1917 1917 CD en-wikipedia-org-2151 138 58 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-2151 138 59 , , , en-wikipedia-org-2151 138 60 Historical historical JJ en-wikipedia-org-2151 138 61 grammar grammar NN en-wikipedia-org-2151 138 62 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-2151 138 63 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-2151 138 64 ancient ancient JJ en-wikipedia-org-2151 138 65 Persian persian JJ en-wikipedia-org-2151 138 66 language language NN en-wikipedia-org-2151 138 67 , , , en-wikipedia-org-2151 138 68 Volume volume NN en-wikipedia-org-2151 138 69 8 8 CD en-wikipedia-org-2151 138 70 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-2151 138 71 Vanderbilt Vanderbilt NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 138 72 oriental oriental JJ en-wikipedia-org-2151 138 73 series series NN en-wikipedia-org-2151 138 74 , , , en-wikipedia-org-2151 138 75 American american JJ en-wikipedia-org-2151 138 76 book book NN en-wikipedia-org-2151 138 77 company company NN en-wikipedia-org-2151 138 78 , , , en-wikipedia-org-2151 138 79 p. p. NN en-wikipedia-org-2151 138 80   _SP en-wikipedia-org-2151 138 81 251 251 CD en-wikipedia-org-2151 138 82 , , , en-wikipedia-org-2151 138 83 retrieved retrieve VBD en-wikipedia-org-2151 138 84 2011 2011 CD en-wikipedia-org-2151 138 85 - - SYM en-wikipedia-org-2151 138 86 07 07 CD en-wikipedia-org-2151 138 87 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-2151 138 88 06 06 CD en-wikipedia-org-2151 138 89 Edwin Edwin NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 138 90 Lee Lee NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 138 91 Johnson Johnson NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 138 92 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-2151 138 93 1917 1917 CD en-wikipedia-org-2151 138 94 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-2151 138 95 , , , en-wikipedia-org-2151 138 96 Historical historical JJ en-wikipedia-org-2151 138 97 grammar grammar NN en-wikipedia-org-2151 138 98 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-2151 138 99 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-2151 138 100 ancient ancient JJ en-wikipedia-org-2151 138 101 Persian persian JJ en-wikipedia-org-2151 138 102 language language NN en-wikipedia-org-2151 138 103 , , , en-wikipedia-org-2151 138 104 Volume volume NN en-wikipedia-org-2151 138 105 8 8 CD en-wikipedia-org-2151 138 106 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-2151 138 107 Vanderbilt Vanderbilt NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 138 108 oriental oriental JJ en-wikipedia-org-2151 138 109 series series NN en-wikipedia-org-2151 138 110 , , , en-wikipedia-org-2151 138 111 American american JJ en-wikipedia-org-2151 138 112 book book NN en-wikipedia-org-2151 138 113 company company NN en-wikipedia-org-2151 138 114 , , , en-wikipedia-org-2151 138 115 p. p. NN en-wikipedia-org-2151 138 116   _SP en-wikipedia-org-2151 138 117 251 251 CD en-wikipedia-org-2151 138 118 , , , en-wikipedia-org-2151 138 119 retrieved retrieve VBD en-wikipedia-org-2151 138 120 2011 2011 CD en-wikipedia-org-2151 138 121 - - SYM en-wikipedia-org-2151 138 122 07 07 CD en-wikipedia-org-2151 138 123 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-2151 138 124 06 06 CD en-wikipedia-org-2151 138 125 Herbert Herbert NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 138 126 Cushing Cushing NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 138 127 Tolman Tolman NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 138 128 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-2151 138 129 1892 1892 CD en-wikipedia-org-2151 138 130 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-2151 138 131 , , , en-wikipedia-org-2151 138 132 Grammar Grammar NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 138 133 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-2151 138 134 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-2151 138 135 Old old JJ en-wikipedia-org-2151 138 136 Persian persian JJ en-wikipedia-org-2151 138 137 language language NN en-wikipedia-org-2151 138 138 : : : en-wikipedia-org-2151 138 139 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-2151 138 140 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-2151 138 141 inscriptions inscription NNS en-wikipedia-org-2151 138 142 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-2151 138 143 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-2151 138 144 Achaemenian achaemenian JJ en-wikipedia-org-2151 138 145 kings king NNS en-wikipedia-org-2151 138 146 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-2151 138 147 vocabulary vocabulary NN en-wikipedia-org-2151 138 148 , , , en-wikipedia-org-2151 138 149 Ginn Ginn NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 138 150 , , , en-wikipedia-org-2151 138 151 p. p. NN en-wikipedia-org-2151 138 152   _SP en-wikipedia-org-2151 138 153 55 55 CD en-wikipedia-org-2151 138 154 , , , en-wikipedia-org-2151 138 155 retrieved retrieve VBD en-wikipedia-org-2151 138 156 2011 2011 CD en-wikipedia-org-2151 138 157 - - SYM en-wikipedia-org-2151 138 158 07 07 CD en-wikipedia-org-2151 138 159 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-2151 138 160 06 06 CD en-wikipedia-org-2151 138 161 Herbert Herbert NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 138 162 Cushing Cushing NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 138 163 Tolman Tolman NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 138 164 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-2151 138 165 1893 1893 CD en-wikipedia-org-2151 138 166 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-2151 138 167 , , , en-wikipedia-org-2151 138 168 A a DT en-wikipedia-org-2151 138 169 guide guide NN en-wikipedia-org-2151 138 170 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-2151 138 171 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-2151 138 172 Old old JJ en-wikipedia-org-2151 138 173 Persian persian JJ en-wikipedia-org-2151 138 174 inscriptions inscription NNS en-wikipedia-org-2151 138 175 , , , en-wikipedia-org-2151 138 176 American american JJ en-wikipedia-org-2151 138 177 book book NN en-wikipedia-org-2151 138 178 company company NN en-wikipedia-org-2151 138 179 , , , en-wikipedia-org-2151 138 180 p. p. NN en-wikipedia-org-2151 138 181   _SP en-wikipedia-org-2151 138 182 186 186 CD en-wikipedia-org-2151 138 183 , , , en-wikipedia-org-2151 138 184 retrieved retrieve VBD en-wikipedia-org-2151 138 185 2011 2011 CD en-wikipedia-org-2151 138 186 - - SYM en-wikipedia-org-2151 138 187 07 07 CD en-wikipedia-org-2151 138 188 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-2151 138 189 06 06 CD en-wikipedia-org-2151 138 190 Edwin Edwin NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 138 191 Lee Lee NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 138 192 Johnson Johnson NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 138 193 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-2151 138 194 1910 1910 CD en-wikipedia-org-2151 138 195 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-2151 138 196 , , , en-wikipedia-org-2151 138 197 Herbert Herbert NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 138 198 Cushing Cushing NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 138 199 Tolman Tolman NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 138 200 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-2151 138 201 ed ed NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 138 202 . . . en-wikipedia-org-2151 139 1 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-2151 139 2 , , , en-wikipedia-org-2151 139 3 Cuneiform cuneiform NN en-wikipedia-org-2151 139 4 supplement supplement NN en-wikipedia-org-2151 139 5 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-2151 139 6 autographed autographed JJ en-wikipedia-org-2151 139 7 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-2151 139 8 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-2151 139 9 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-2151 139 10 author author NN en-wikipedia-org-2151 139 11 's 's POS en-wikipedia-org-2151 139 12 Ancient ancient JJ en-wikipedia-org-2151 139 13 Persian persian JJ en-wikipedia-org-2151 139 14 lexicon lexicon NN en-wikipedia-org-2151 139 15 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-2151 139 16 texts text NNS en-wikipedia-org-2151 139 17 : : : en-wikipedia-org-2151 139 18 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-2151 139 19 brief brief JJ en-wikipedia-org-2151 139 20 historical historical JJ en-wikipedia-org-2151 139 21 synopsis synopsis NN en-wikipedia-org-2151 139 22 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-2151 139 23 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-2151 139 24 language language NN en-wikipedia-org-2151 139 25 , , , en-wikipedia-org-2151 139 26 Volume volume NN en-wikipedia-org-2151 139 27 7 7 CD en-wikipedia-org-2151 139 28 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-2151 139 29 Vanderbilt Vanderbilt NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 139 30 oriental oriental JJ en-wikipedia-org-2151 139 31 series series NN en-wikipedia-org-2151 139 32 , , , en-wikipedia-org-2151 139 33 American American NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 139 34 Book Book NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 139 35 Co. Co. NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 139 36 , , , en-wikipedia-org-2151 139 37 p. p. NN en-wikipedia-org-2151 139 38   _SP en-wikipedia-org-2151 139 39 122 122 CD en-wikipedia-org-2151 139 40 , , , en-wikipedia-org-2151 139 41 retrieved retrieve VBD en-wikipedia-org-2151 139 42 2011 2011 CD en-wikipedia-org-2151 139 43 - - SYM en-wikipedia-org-2151 139 44 07 07 CD en-wikipedia-org-2151 139 45 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-2151 139 46 06 06 CD en-wikipedia-org-2151 139 47 translated translate VBN en-wikipedia-org-2151 139 48 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-2151 139 49 Herbert Herbert NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 139 50 Cushing Cushing NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 139 51 Tolman Tolman NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 139 52 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-2151 139 53 1908 1908 CD en-wikipedia-org-2151 139 54 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-2151 139 55 , , , en-wikipedia-org-2151 139 56 Ancient ancient JJ en-wikipedia-org-2151 139 57 Persian persian JJ en-wikipedia-org-2151 139 58 lexicon lexicon NN en-wikipedia-org-2151 139 59 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-2151 139 60 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-2151 139 61 texts text NNS en-wikipedia-org-2151 139 62 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-2151 139 63 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-2151 139 64 Achaemenidan Achaemenidan NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 139 65 inscriptions inscription NNS en-wikipedia-org-2151 139 66 transliterated transliterate VBD en-wikipedia-org-2151 139 67 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-2151 139 68 translated translate VBN en-wikipedia-org-2151 139 69 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-2151 139 70 special special JJ en-wikipedia-org-2151 139 71 reference reference NN en-wikipedia-org-2151 139 72 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-2151 139 73 their -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-2151 139 74 recent recent JJ en-wikipedia-org-2151 139 75 re re NN en-wikipedia-org-2151 139 76 - - NN en-wikipedia-org-2151 139 77 examination examination NN en-wikipedia-org-2151 139 78 , , , en-wikipedia-org-2151 139 79 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-2151 139 80 Herbert Herbert NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 139 81 Cushing Cushing NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 139 82 Tolman Tolman NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 139 83 .. .. NFP en-wikipedia-org-2151 139 84 , , , en-wikipedia-org-2151 139 85 Volume volume NN en-wikipedia-org-2151 139 86 6 6 CD en-wikipedia-org-2151 139 87 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-2151 139 88 Vanderbilt Vanderbilt NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 139 89 oriental oriental JJ en-wikipedia-org-2151 139 90 series series NN en-wikipedia-org-2151 139 91 , , , en-wikipedia-org-2151 139 92 American American NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 139 93 Book Book NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 139 94 Company Company NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 139 95 , , , en-wikipedia-org-2151 139 96 p. p. NN en-wikipedia-org-2151 139 97   _SP en-wikipedia-org-2151 139 98 134 134 CD en-wikipedia-org-2151 139 99 , , , en-wikipedia-org-2151 139 100 retrieved retrieve VBD en-wikipedia-org-2151 139 101 2011 2011 CD en-wikipedia-org-2151 139 102 - - SYM en-wikipedia-org-2151 139 103 07 07 CD en-wikipedia-org-2151 139 104 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-2151 139 105 06 06 CD en-wikipedia-org-2151 139 106 Herbert Herbert NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 139 107 Cushing Cushing NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 139 108 Tolman Tolman NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 139 109 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-2151 139 110 1908 1908 CD en-wikipedia-org-2151 139 111 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-2151 139 112 , , , en-wikipedia-org-2151 139 113 Ancient ancient JJ en-wikipedia-org-2151 139 114 Persian persian JJ en-wikipedia-org-2151 139 115 lexicon lexicon NN en-wikipedia-org-2151 139 116 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-2151 139 117 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-2151 139 118 texts text NNS en-wikipedia-org-2151 139 119 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-2151 139 120 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-2151 139 121 Achaemenidan Achaemenidan NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 139 122 inscriptions inscription NNS en-wikipedia-org-2151 139 123 transliterated transliterate VBD en-wikipedia-org-2151 139 124 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-2151 139 125 translated translate VBN en-wikipedia-org-2151 139 126 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-2151 139 127 special special JJ en-wikipedia-org-2151 139 128 reference reference NN en-wikipedia-org-2151 139 129 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-2151 139 130 their -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-2151 139 131 recent recent JJ en-wikipedia-org-2151 139 132 re re NN en-wikipedia-org-2151 139 133 - - NN en-wikipedia-org-2151 139 134 examination examination NN en-wikipedia-org-2151 139 135 , , , en-wikipedia-org-2151 139 136 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-2151 139 137 Herbert Herbert NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 139 138 Cushing Cushing NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 139 139 Tolman Tolman NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 139 140 .. .. NFP en-wikipedia-org-2151 139 141 , , , en-wikipedia-org-2151 139 142 Volume volume NN en-wikipedia-org-2151 139 143 6 6 CD en-wikipedia-org-2151 139 144 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-2151 139 145 Vanderbilt Vanderbilt NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 139 146 oriental oriental JJ en-wikipedia-org-2151 139 147 series series NN en-wikipedia-org-2151 139 148 , , , en-wikipedia-org-2151 139 149 American American NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 139 150 Book Book NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 139 151 Company Company NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 139 152 , , , en-wikipedia-org-2151 139 153 p. p. NN en-wikipedia-org-2151 139 154   _SP en-wikipedia-org-2151 139 155 134 134 CD en-wikipedia-org-2151 139 156 , , , en-wikipedia-org-2151 139 157 retrieved retrieve VBD en-wikipedia-org-2151 139 158 2011 2011 CD en-wikipedia-org-2151 139 159 - - SYM en-wikipedia-org-2151 139 160 07 07 CD en-wikipedia-org-2151 139 161 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-2151 139 162 06 06 CD en-wikipedia-org-2151 139 163 Darius Darius NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 139 164 I I NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 139 165 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-2151 139 166 King King NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 139 167 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-2151 139 168 Persia Persia NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 139 169 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-2151 139 170 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-2151 139 171 1908 1908 CD en-wikipedia-org-2151 139 172 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-2151 139 173 , , , en-wikipedia-org-2151 139 174 Translated translate VBN en-wikipedia-org-2151 139 175 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-2151 139 176 Herbert Herbert NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 139 177 Cushing Cushing NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 139 178 Tolman Tolman NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 139 179 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-2151 139 180 ed ed NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 139 181 . . . en-wikipedia-org-2151 140 1 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-2151 140 2 , , , en-wikipedia-org-2151 140 3 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-2151 140 4 Behistan Behistan NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 140 5 inscription inscription NN en-wikipedia-org-2151 140 6 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-2151 140 7 King King NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 140 8 Darius Darius NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 140 9 : : : en-wikipedia-org-2151 140 10 translation translation NN en-wikipedia-org-2151 140 11 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-2151 140 12 critical critical JJ en-wikipedia-org-2151 140 13 notes note NNS en-wikipedia-org-2151 140 14 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-2151 140 15 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-2151 140 16 Persian persian JJ en-wikipedia-org-2151 140 17 text text NN en-wikipedia-org-2151 140 18 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-2151 140 19 special special JJ en-wikipedia-org-2151 140 20 reference reference NN en-wikipedia-org-2151 140 21 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-2151 140 22 recent recent JJ en-wikipedia-org-2151 140 23 re re NNS en-wikipedia-org-2151 140 24 - - NNS en-wikipedia-org-2151 140 25 examinations examination NNS en-wikipedia-org-2151 140 26 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-2151 140 27 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-2151 140 28 rock rock NN en-wikipedia-org-2151 140 29 , , , en-wikipedia-org-2151 140 30 Volume volume NN en-wikipedia-org-2151 140 31 1 1 CD en-wikipedia-org-2151 140 32 , , , en-wikipedia-org-2151 140 33 Issue issue NN en-wikipedia-org-2151 140 34 1 1 CD en-wikipedia-org-2151 140 35 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-2151 140 36 Vanderbilt Vanderbilt NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 140 37 University University NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 140 38 studies study NNS en-wikipedia-org-2151 140 39 ATLA ATLA NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 140 40 monograph monograph NN en-wikipedia-org-2151 140 41 preservation preservation NN en-wikipedia-org-2151 140 42 program program NN en-wikipedia-org-2151 140 43 Volume volume NN en-wikipedia-org-2151 140 44 3384 3384 CD en-wikipedia-org-2151 140 45 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-2151 140 46 Harvard Harvard NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 140 47 College College NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 140 48 Library Library NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 140 49 preservation preservation NN en-wikipedia-org-2151 140 50 microfilm microfilm JJ en-wikipedia-org-2151 140 51 program program NN en-wikipedia-org-2151 140 52 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-2151 140 53 reprint reprint NN en-wikipedia-org-2151 140 54   _SP en-wikipedia-org-2151 140 55 ed ed NN en-wikipedia-org-2151 140 56 . . . en-wikipedia-org-2151 141 1 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-2151 141 2 , , , en-wikipedia-org-2151 141 3 Vanderbilt Vanderbilt NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 141 4 University University NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 141 5 , , , en-wikipedia-org-2151 141 6 p. p. NN en-wikipedia-org-2151 141 7   _SP en-wikipedia-org-2151 141 8 39 39 CD en-wikipedia-org-2151 141 9 , , , en-wikipedia-org-2151 141 10 retrieved retrieve VBD en-wikipedia-org-2151 141 11 2011 2011 CD en-wikipedia-org-2151 141 12 - - SYM en-wikipedia-org-2151 141 13 07 07 CD en-wikipedia-org-2151 141 14 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-2151 141 15 06 06 CD en-wikipedia-org-2151 141 16 Darius Darius NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 141 17 I I NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 141 18 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-2151 141 19 King King NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 141 20 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-2151 141 21 Persia Persia NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 141 22 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-2151 141 23 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-2151 141 24 1908 1908 CD en-wikipedia-org-2151 141 25 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-2151 141 26 , , , en-wikipedia-org-2151 141 27 Herbert Herbert NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 141 28 Cushing Cushing NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 141 29 Tolman Tolman NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 141 30 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-2151 141 31 ed ed NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 141 32 . . . en-wikipedia-org-2151 142 1 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-2151 142 2 , , , en-wikipedia-org-2151 142 3 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-2151 142 4 Behistan Behistan NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 142 5 inscription inscription NN en-wikipedia-org-2151 142 6 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-2151 142 7 King King NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 142 8 Darius Darius NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 142 9 : : : en-wikipedia-org-2151 142 10 translation translation NN en-wikipedia-org-2151 142 11 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-2151 142 12 critical critical JJ en-wikipedia-org-2151 142 13 notes note NNS en-wikipedia-org-2151 142 14 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-2151 142 15 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-2151 142 16 Persian persian JJ en-wikipedia-org-2151 142 17 text text NN en-wikipedia-org-2151 142 18 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-2151 142 19 special special JJ en-wikipedia-org-2151 142 20 reference reference NN en-wikipedia-org-2151 142 21 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-2151 142 22 recent recent JJ en-wikipedia-org-2151 142 23 re re NNS en-wikipedia-org-2151 142 24 - - NNS en-wikipedia-org-2151 142 25 examinations examination NNS en-wikipedia-org-2151 142 26 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-2151 142 27 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-2151 142 28 rock rock NN en-wikipedia-org-2151 142 29 , , , en-wikipedia-org-2151 142 30 Volume volume NN en-wikipedia-org-2151 142 31 1 1 CD en-wikipedia-org-2151 142 32 , , , en-wikipedia-org-2151 142 33 Issue issue NN en-wikipedia-org-2151 142 34 1 1 CD en-wikipedia-org-2151 142 35 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-2151 142 36 Vanderbilt Vanderbilt NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 142 37 University University NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 142 38 studies study NNS en-wikipedia-org-2151 142 39 , , , en-wikipedia-org-2151 142 40 Vanderbilt Vanderbilt NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 142 41 university university NN en-wikipedia-org-2151 142 42 , , , en-wikipedia-org-2151 142 43 p. p. NN en-wikipedia-org-2151 142 44   _SP en-wikipedia-org-2151 142 45 39 39 CD en-wikipedia-org-2151 142 46 , , , en-wikipedia-org-2151 142 47 retrieved retrieve VBD en-wikipedia-org-2151 142 48 2011 2011 CD en-wikipedia-org-2151 142 49 - - SYM en-wikipedia-org-2151 142 50 07 07 CD en-wikipedia-org-2151 142 51 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-2151 142 52 06 06 CD en-wikipedia-org-2151 142 53 Skjærvø Skjærvø NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 142 54 , , , en-wikipedia-org-2151 142 55 Prods Prods NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 142 56 Oktor Oktor NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 142 57 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-2151 142 58 2005 2005 CD en-wikipedia-org-2151 142 59 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-2151 142 60 , , , en-wikipedia-org-2151 142 61 An an DT en-wikipedia-org-2151 142 62 Introduction introduction NN en-wikipedia-org-2151 142 63 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-2151 142 64 Old Old NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 142 65 Persian Persian NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 142 66 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-2151 142 67 PDF PDF NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 142 68 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-2151 142 69 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-2151 142 70 2nd 2nd NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 142 71   _SP en-wikipedia-org-2151 142 72 ed ed NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 142 73 . . . en-wikipedia-org-2151 143 1 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-2151 143 2 , , , en-wikipedia-org-2151 143 3 Cambridge Cambridge NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 143 4 : : : en-wikipedia-org-2151 143 5 Harvard Harvard NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 143 6 Peterson Peterson NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 143 7 , , , en-wikipedia-org-2151 143 8 Joseph Joseph NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 143 9 H. H. NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 143 10 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-2151 143 11 2006 2006 CD en-wikipedia-org-2151 143 12 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-2151 143 13 , , , en-wikipedia-org-2151 143 14 Old Old NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 143 15 Persian Persian NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 143 16 Texts Texts NNPS en-wikipedia-org-2151 143 17 , , , en-wikipedia-org-2151 143 18 Herndon Herndon NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 143 19 , , , en-wikipedia-org-2151 143 20 VA VA NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 143 21 : : : en-wikipedia-org-2151 143 22 avesta.org avesta.org NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 143 23 Harvey Harvey NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 143 24 , , , en-wikipedia-org-2151 143 25 Scott Scott NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 143 26 L. L. NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 143 27 , , , en-wikipedia-org-2151 143 28 Old Old NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 143 29 Iranian iranian JJ en-wikipedia-org-2151 143 30 Online Online NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 143 31 Windfuhr Windfuhr NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 143 32 , , , en-wikipedia-org-2151 143 33 Gernot Gernot NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 143 34 L. L. NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 143 35 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-2151 143 36 1995 1995 CD en-wikipedia-org-2151 143 37 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-2151 143 38 , , , en-wikipedia-org-2151 143 39 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-2151 143 40 Cases case NNS en-wikipedia-org-2151 143 41 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-2151 143 42 Iranian iranian JJ en-wikipedia-org-2151 143 43 languages language NNS en-wikipedia-org-2151 143 44 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-2151 143 45 dialects dialect NNS en-wikipedia-org-2151 143 46 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-2151 143 47 , , , en-wikipedia-org-2151 143 48 Encyclopedia Encyclopedia NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 143 49 Iranica Iranica NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 143 50 , , , en-wikipedia-org-2151 143 51 5 5 CD en-wikipedia-org-2151 143 52 , , , en-wikipedia-org-2151 143 53 Costa Costa NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 143 54 Mesa Mesa NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 143 55 : : : en-wikipedia-org-2151 143 56 Mazda Mazda NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 143 57 , , , en-wikipedia-org-2151 143 58 pp pp NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 143 59 . . . en-wikipedia-org-2151 144 1 25–37 25–37 CD en-wikipedia-org-2151 144 2 , , , en-wikipedia-org-2151 144 3 archived archive VBN en-wikipedia-org-2151 144 4 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-2151 144 5 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-2151 144 6 original original NN en-wikipedia-org-2151 144 7 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-2151 144 8 2007 2007 CD en-wikipedia-org-2151 144 9 - - SYM en-wikipedia-org-2151 144 10 11 11 CD en-wikipedia-org-2151 144 11 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-2151 144 12 04 04 CD en-wikipedia-org-2151 144 13 Stolper Stolper NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 144 14 , , , en-wikipedia-org-2151 144 15 Matthew Matthew NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 144 16 W. W. NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 144 17 & & CC en-wikipedia-org-2151 144 18 Jan Jan NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 144 19 Tavernier Tavernier NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 144 20 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-2151 144 21 1995 1995 CD en-wikipedia-org-2151 144 22 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-2151 144 23 , , , en-wikipedia-org-2151 144 24 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-2151 144 25 From from IN en-wikipedia-org-2151 144 26 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-2151 144 27 Persepolis Persepolis NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 144 28 Fortification Fortification NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 144 29 Archive Archive NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 144 30 Project Project NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 144 31 , , , en-wikipedia-org-2151 144 32 1 1 CD en-wikipedia-org-2151 144 33 : : : en-wikipedia-org-2151 144 34 An An NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 144 35 Old Old NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 144 36 Persian persian JJ en-wikipedia-org-2151 144 37 Administrative Administrative NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 144 38 Tablet Tablet NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 144 39 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-2151 144 40 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-2151 144 41 Persepolis Persepolis NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 144 42 Fortification Fortification NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 144 43 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-2151 144 44 , , , en-wikipedia-org-2151 144 45 Arta Arta NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 144 46 , , , en-wikipedia-org-2151 144 47 2007:1 2007:1 CD en-wikipedia-org-2151 144 48 , , , en-wikipedia-org-2151 144 49 Paris Paris NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 144 50 : : : en-wikipedia-org-2151 144 51 Achemenet.com Achemenet.com NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 144 52 Schmitt Schmitt NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 144 53 , , , en-wikipedia-org-2151 144 54 R. R. NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 144 55 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-2151 144 56 2008 2008 CD en-wikipedia-org-2151 144 57 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-2151 144 58 , , , en-wikipedia-org-2151 144 59 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-2151 144 60 Old Old NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 144 61 Persian Persian NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 144 62 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-2151 144 63 , , , en-wikipedia-org-2151 144 64 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-2151 144 65 Roger Roger NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 144 66 D. D. NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 144 67 Woodard Woodard NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 144 68 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-2151 144 69 ed ed NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 144 70 . . . en-wikipedia-org-2151 145 1 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-2151 145 2 , , , en-wikipedia-org-2151 145 3 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-2151 145 4 Ancient Ancient NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 145 5 Languages Languages NNPS en-wikipedia-org-2151 145 6 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-2151 145 7 Asia Asia NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 145 8 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-2151 145 9 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-2151 145 10 Americas Americas NNPS en-wikipedia-org-2151 145 11 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-2151 145 12 illustrated illustrate VBN en-wikipedia-org-2151 145 13   _SP en-wikipedia-org-2151 145 14 ed ed NN en-wikipedia-org-2151 145 15 . . . en-wikipedia-org-2151 146 1 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-2151 146 2 , , , en-wikipedia-org-2151 146 3 Cambridge Cambridge NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 146 4 University University NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 146 5 Press Press NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 146 6 , , , en-wikipedia-org-2151 146 7 pp pp NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 146 8 . . . en-wikipedia-org-2151 147 1 76–100 76–100 NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 147 2 , , , en-wikipedia-org-2151 147 3 ISBN ISBN NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 147 4   _SP en-wikipedia-org-2151 147 5 978 978 CD en-wikipedia-org-2151 147 6 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-2151 147 7 0521684941 0521684941 CD en-wikipedia-org-2151 147 8 Asatrian Asatrian NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 147 9 , , , en-wikipedia-org-2151 147 10 Garnik Garnik NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 147 11 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-2151 147 12 2010 2010 CD en-wikipedia-org-2151 147 13 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-2151 147 14 , , , en-wikipedia-org-2151 147 15 Etymological Etymological NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 147 16 Dictionary Dictionary NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 147 17 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-2151 147 18 Persian Persian NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 147 19 , , , en-wikipedia-org-2151 147 20 Leiden Leiden NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 147 21 Indo Indo NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 147 22 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-2151 147 23 European European NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 147 24 Etymological Etymological NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 147 25 Dictionary Dictionary NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 147 26 Series Series NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 147 27 , , , en-wikipedia-org-2151 147 28 12 12 CD en-wikipedia-org-2151 147 29 , , , en-wikipedia-org-2151 147 30 Brill Brill NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 147 31 Academic Academic NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 147 32 Publishers Publishers NNPS en-wikipedia-org-2151 147 33 , , , en-wikipedia-org-2151 147 34 ISBN ISBN NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 147 35   _SP en-wikipedia-org-2151 147 36 978 978 CD en-wikipedia-org-2151 147 37 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-2151 147 38 90 90 CD en-wikipedia-org-2151 147 39 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-2151 147 40 04 04 CD en-wikipedia-org-2151 147 41 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-2151 147 42 18341 18341 CD en-wikipedia-org-2151 147 43 - - SYM en-wikipedia-org-2151 147 44 4 4 CD en-wikipedia-org-2151 147 45 v v NN en-wikipedia-org-2151 147 46 t t NN en-wikipedia-org-2151 147 47 e e NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 147 48 Achaemenid Achaemenid NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 147 49 Empire Empire NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 147 50 History History NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 147 51 Kingdom Kingdom NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 147 52 Family Family NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 147 53 tree tree NN en-wikipedia-org-2151 147 54 Timeline Timeline NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 147 55 History history NN en-wikipedia-org-2151 147 56 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-2151 147 57 democracy democracy NN en-wikipedia-org-2151 147 58 Art Art NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 147 59 Achaemenid Achaemenid NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 147 60 Persian Persian NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 147 61 Lion Lion NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 147 62 Rhyton Rhyton NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 147 63 Achaemenid Achaemenid NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 147 64 coinage coinage NN en-wikipedia-org-2151 147 65 Danake Danake NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 147 66 Persian persian JJ en-wikipedia-org-2151 147 67 daric daric JJ en-wikipedia-org-2151 147 68 Architecture Architecture NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 147 69 Achaemenid Achaemenid NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 147 70 architecture architecture NN en-wikipedia-org-2151 147 71 Persepolis Persepolis NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 147 72 Pasargadae Pasargadae NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 147 73 Tomb Tomb NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 147 74 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-2151 147 75 Cyrus Cyrus NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 147 76 Naqsh Naqsh NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 147 77 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-2151 147 78 e e NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 147 79 Rostam Rostam NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 147 80 Ka'ba Ka'ba NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 147 81 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-2151 147 82 ye ye NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 147 83 Zartosht Zartosht NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 147 84 Mausoleum Mausoleum NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 147 85 at at IN en-wikipedia-org-2151 147 86 Halicarnassus Halicarnassus NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 147 87 Tombs Tombs NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 147 88 at at IN en-wikipedia-org-2151 147 89 Xanthos Xanthos NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 147 90 Harpy Harpy NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 147 91 Tomb Tomb NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 147 92 Nereid Nereid NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 147 93 Monument Monument NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 147 94 Tomb Tomb NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 147 95 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-2151 147 96 Payava Payava NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 147 97 Culture Culture NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 147 98 Persepolis Persepolis NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 147 99 Administrative Administrative NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 147 100 Archives Archives NNPS en-wikipedia-org-2151 147 101 Old old JJ en-wikipedia-org-2151 147 102 Persian persian JJ en-wikipedia-org-2151 147 103 cuneiform cuneiform NN en-wikipedia-org-2151 147 104 Old Old NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 147 105 Persian Persian NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 147 106 Behistun Behistun NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 147 107 Inscription Inscription NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 147 108 Xerxes Xerxes NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 147 109 I -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-2151 147 110 's be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-2151 147 111 inscription inscription NN en-wikipedia-org-2151 147 112 at at IN en-wikipedia-org-2151 147 113 Van Van NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 147 114 Ganjnameh Ganjnameh NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 147 115 Warfare Warfare NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 147 116 Persian Persian NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 147 117 Revolt Revolt NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 147 118 Battle Battle NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 147 119 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-2151 147 120 Hyrba Hyrba NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 147 121 Battle Battle NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 147 122 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-2151 147 123 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-2151 147 124 Persian Persian NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 147 125 Border Border NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 147 126 Lydian lydian JJ en-wikipedia-org-2151 147 127 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-2151 147 128 Persian Persian NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 147 129 Wars Wars NNPS en-wikipedia-org-2151 147 130 Battle Battle NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 147 131 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-2151 147 132 Pteria Pteria NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 147 133 Battle Battle NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 147 134 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-2151 147 135 Thymbra Thymbra NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 147 136 Siege Siege NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 147 137 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-2151 147 138 Sardis Sardis NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 147 139 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-2151 147 140 547 547 CD en-wikipedia-org-2151 147 141 BC BC NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 147 142 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-2151 147 143 Battle Battle NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 147 144 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-2151 147 145 Opis Opis NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 147 146 First first RB en-wikipedia-org-2151 147 147 conquest conquest NN en-wikipedia-org-2151 147 148 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-2151 147 149 Egypt Egypt NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 147 150 Battle Battle NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 147 151 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-2151 147 152 Cunaxa Cunaxa NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 147 153 Conquest Conquest NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 147 154 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-2151 147 155 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-2151 147 156 Indus Indus NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 147 157 Valley Valley NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 147 158 Scythian scythian JJ en-wikipedia-org-2151 147 159 campaign campaign NN en-wikipedia-org-2151 147 160 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-2151 147 161 Darius Darius NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 147 162 I I NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 147 163 Greco Greco NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 147 164 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-2151 147 165 Persian Persian NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 147 166 Wars Wars NNPS en-wikipedia-org-2151 147 167 Ionian Ionian NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 147 168 Revolt Revolt NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 147 169 Battle Battle NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 147 170 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-2151 147 171 Thermopylae Thermopylae NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 147 172 Battle Battle NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 147 173 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-2151 147 174 Artemisium Artemisium NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 147 175 Battle Battle NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 147 176 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-2151 147 177 Salamis Salamis NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 147 178 Battle Battle NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 147 179 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-2151 147 180 Plataea Plataea NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 147 181 Battle Battle NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 147 182 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-2151 147 183 Mycale Mycale NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 147 184 Battle Battle NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 147 185 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-2151 147 186 Marathon Marathon NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 147 187 Delian Delian NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 147 188 League League NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 147 189 Battle Battle NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 147 190 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-2151 147 191 Lade Lade NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 147 192 Siege Siege NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 147 193 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-2151 147 194 Eretria Eretria NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 147 195 Siege Siege NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 147 196 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-2151 147 197 Naxos Naxos NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 147 198 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-2151 147 199 499 499 CD en-wikipedia-org-2151 147 200 BC BC NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 147 201 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-2151 147 202 Wars Wars NNPS en-wikipedia-org-2151 147 203 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-2151 147 204 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-2151 147 205 Delian Delian NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 147 206 League League NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 147 207 Battle Battle NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 147 208 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-2151 147 209 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-2151 147 210 Eurymedon Eurymedon NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 147 211 Peloponnesian Peloponnesian NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 147 212 War War NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 147 213 Battle Battle NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 147 214 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-2151 147 215 Cyzicus Cyzicus NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 147 216 Corinthian Corinthian NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 147 217 War War NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 147 218 Battle Battle NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 147 219 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-2151 147 220 Cnidus Cnidus NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 147 221 Great Great NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 147 222 Satraps Satraps NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 147 223 ' ' POS en-wikipedia-org-2151 147 224 Revolt Revolt NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 147 225 Second Second NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 147 226 conquest conquest NN en-wikipedia-org-2151 147 227 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-2151 147 228 Egypt Egypt NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 147 229 Wars Wars NNPS en-wikipedia-org-2151 147 230 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-2151 147 231 Alexander Alexander NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 147 232 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-2151 147 233 Great Great NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 147 234 Battle Battle NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 147 235 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-2151 147 236 Gaugamela Gaugamela NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 147 237 Battle Battle NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 147 238 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-2151 147 239 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-2151 147 240 Granicus Granicus NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 147 241 Battle Battle NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 147 242 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-2151 147 243 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-2151 147 244 Persian Persian NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 147 245 Gate Gate NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 147 246 Battle Battle NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 147 247 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-2151 147 248 Issus Issus NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 147 249 Siege Siege NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 147 250 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-2151 147 251 Gaza Gaza NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 147 252 Siege Siege NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 147 253 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-2151 147 254 Halicarnassus Halicarnassus NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 147 255 Siege Siege NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 147 256 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-2151 147 257 Miletus Miletus NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 147 258 Siege Siege NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 147 259 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-2151 147 260 Perinthus Perinthus NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 147 261 Siege Siege NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 147 262 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-2151 147 263 Tyre Tyre NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 147 264 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-2151 147 265 332 332 CD en-wikipedia-org-2151 147 266 BC BC NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 147 267 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-2151 147 268 Related Related NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 147 269 Achaemenid Achaemenid NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 147 270 dynasty dynasty NN en-wikipedia-org-2151 147 271 Pharnacid Pharnacid NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 147 272 dynasty dynasty NN en-wikipedia-org-2151 147 273 Peace Peace NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 147 274 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-2151 147 275 Antalcidas Antalcidas NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 147 276 Peace Peace NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 147 277 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-2151 147 278 Callias Callias NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 147 279 Kingdom Kingdom NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 147 280 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-2151 147 281 Pontus Pontus NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 147 282 Mithridatic Mithridatic NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 147 283 dynasty dynasty NN en-wikipedia-org-2151 147 284 Kingdom Kingdom NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 147 285 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-2151 147 286 Cappadocia Cappadocia NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 147 287 Ariarathid Ariarathid NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 147 288 dynasty dynasty NN en-wikipedia-org-2151 147 289 2,500 2,500 CD en-wikipedia-org-2151 147 290 year year NN en-wikipedia-org-2151 147 291 celebration celebration NN en-wikipedia-org-2151 147 292 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-2151 147 293 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-2151 147 294 Persian Persian NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 147 295 Empire Empire NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 147 296 Districts Districts NNPS en-wikipedia-org-2151 147 297 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-2151 147 298 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-2151 147 299 Empire Empire NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 147 300 Royal Royal NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 147 301 Road Road NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 147 302 Xanthian Xanthian NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 147 303 Obelisk Obelisk NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 147 304 v v NN en-wikipedia-org-2151 147 305 t t NN en-wikipedia-org-2151 147 306 e e NN en-wikipedia-org-2151 147 307 Persian persian JJ en-wikipedia-org-2151 147 308 language language NN en-wikipedia-org-2151 147 309 History History NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 147 310 Proto Proto NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 147 311 - - : en-wikipedia-org-2151 147 312 Indo Indo NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 147 313 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-2151 147 314 European European NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 147 315 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-2151 147 316 c. c. NN en-wikipedia-org-2151 147 317 3000 3000 CD en-wikipedia-org-2151 147 318 BCE BCE NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 147 319 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-2151 147 320 Proto Proto NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 147 321 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-2151 147 322 Indo Indo NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 147 323 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-2151 147 324 Iranian Iranian NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 147 325 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-2151 147 326 c. c. NN en-wikipedia-org-2151 147 327 2000 2000 CD en-wikipedia-org-2151 147 328 BCE BCE NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 147 329 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-2151 147 330 Proto Proto NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 147 331 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-2151 147 332 Iranian Iranian NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 147 333 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-2151 147 334 c. c. NN en-wikipedia-org-2151 147 335 1500 1500 CD en-wikipedia-org-2151 147 336 BCE BCE NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 147 337 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-2151 147 338 Old Old NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 147 339 Persian Persian NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 147 340 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-2151 147 341 c. c. NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 147 342 525 525 CD en-wikipedia-org-2151 147 343 – – : en-wikipedia-org-2151 147 344 300 300 CD en-wikipedia-org-2151 147 345 BCE BCE NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 147 346 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-2151 147 347 Middle Middle NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 147 348 Persian Persian NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 147 349 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-2151 147 350 c. c. NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 147 351 300 300 CD en-wikipedia-org-2151 147 352 BCE BCE NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 147 353 – – : en-wikipedia-org-2151 147 354 800 800 CD en-wikipedia-org-2151 147 355 CE CE NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 147 356 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-2151 147 357 Modern Modern NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 147 358 Persian Persian NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 147 359 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-2151 147 360 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-2151 147 361 800 800 CD en-wikipedia-org-2151 147 362 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-2151 147 363 Language language NN en-wikipedia-org-2151 147 364 families family NNS en-wikipedia-org-2151 147 365 Indo indo JJ en-wikipedia-org-2151 147 366 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-2151 147 367 Iranian iranian JJ en-wikipedia-org-2151 147 368 languages language NNS en-wikipedia-org-2151 147 369 Iranian iranian JJ en-wikipedia-org-2151 147 370 languages language VBZ en-wikipedia-org-2151 147 371 Western western JJ en-wikipedia-org-2151 147 372 Iranian iranian JJ en-wikipedia-org-2151 147 373 languages language NNS en-wikipedia-org-2151 147 374 Dialects dialect NNS en-wikipedia-org-2151 147 375 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-2151 147 376 varieties variety NNS en-wikipedia-org-2151 147 377 Western western JJ en-wikipedia-org-2151 147 378 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-2151 147 379 Iranian iranian JJ en-wikipedia-org-2151 147 380 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-2151 147 381 Dari Dari NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 147 382 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-2151 147 383 Afghanistan Afghanistan NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 147 384 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-2151 147 385 Tajik Tajik VBD en-wikipedia-org-2151 147 386 Hazaragi Hazaragi NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 147 387 Aimaq Aimaq NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 147 388 Kuwaiti Kuwaiti NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 147 389 Persian Persian NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 147 390 Tat Tat NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 147 391 Judeo judeo JJ en-wikipedia-org-2151 147 392 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-2151 147 393 Persian persian JJ en-wikipedia-org-2151 147 394 Judeo Judeo NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 147 395 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-2151 147 396 Tat tat NN en-wikipedia-org-2151 147 397 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-2151 147 398 Juhuri Juhuri NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 147 399 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-2151 147 400 Bukhori bukhori NN en-wikipedia-org-2151 147 401 Sistani Sistani NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 147 402 Dehwari Dehwari NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 147 403 Standard Standard NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 147 404 Persian Persian NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 147 405 Language Language NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 147 406 features feature VBZ en-wikipedia-org-2151 147 407 Vocabulary Vocabulary NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 147 408 Nouns Nouns NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 147 409 Verbs Verbs NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 147 410 Phonology Phonology NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 147 411 Grammar Grammar NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 147 412 Persian Persian NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 147 413 grammar grammar NN en-wikipedia-org-2151 147 414 Ezāfe Ezāfe NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 147 415 Tajik Tajik NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 147 416 grammar grammar NN en-wikipedia-org-2151 147 417 Writing writing NN en-wikipedia-org-2151 147 418 system system NN en-wikipedia-org-2151 147 419 Old old JJ en-wikipedia-org-2151 147 420 Persian persian JJ en-wikipedia-org-2151 147 421 cuneiform cuneiform NN en-wikipedia-org-2151 147 422 Pahlavi Pahlavi NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 147 423 scripts script VBZ en-wikipedia-org-2151 147 424 Persian persian JJ en-wikipedia-org-2151 147 425 alphabet alphabet NN en-wikipedia-org-2151 147 426 Persian persian JJ en-wikipedia-org-2151 147 427 calligraphy calligraphy NN en-wikipedia-org-2151 147 428 Tajik tajik NN en-wikipedia-org-2151 147 429 alphabet alphabet NN en-wikipedia-org-2151 147 430 Romanized romanize VBD en-wikipedia-org-2151 147 431 Persian persian JJ en-wikipedia-org-2151 147 432 alphabet alphabet NN en-wikipedia-org-2151 147 433 Persian Persian NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 147 434 Braille Braille NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 147 435 Literature Literature NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 147 436 Persian persian JJ en-wikipedia-org-2151 147 437 literature literature NN en-wikipedia-org-2151 147 438 Middle middle JJ en-wikipedia-org-2151 147 439 Persian persian JJ en-wikipedia-org-2151 147 440 literature literature NN en-wikipedia-org-2151 147 441 Tajik tajik NN en-wikipedia-org-2151 147 442 literature literature NN en-wikipedia-org-2151 147 443 Other other JJ en-wikipedia-org-2151 147 444 topics topic NNS en-wikipedia-org-2151 147 445 List List NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 147 446 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-2151 147 447 English english JJ en-wikipedia-org-2151 147 448 words word NNS en-wikipedia-org-2151 147 449 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-2151 147 450 Persian persian JJ en-wikipedia-org-2151 147 451 origin origin NN en-wikipedia-org-2151 147 452 List List NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 147 453 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-2151 147 454 French french JJ en-wikipedia-org-2151 147 455 loanwords loanword NNS en-wikipedia-org-2151 147 456 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-2151 147 457 Persian Persian NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 147 458 List List NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 147 459 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-2151 147 460 territorial territorial JJ en-wikipedia-org-2151 147 461 entities entity NNS en-wikipedia-org-2151 147 462 where where WRB en-wikipedia-org-2151 147 463 Persian Persian NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 147 464 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-2151 147 465 an an DT en-wikipedia-org-2151 147 466 official official JJ en-wikipedia-org-2151 147 467 language language NN en-wikipedia-org-2151 147 468 Persian persian JJ en-wikipedia-org-2151 147 469 language language NN en-wikipedia-org-2151 147 470 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-2151 147 471 South South NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 147 472 Asia Asia NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 147 473 v v NN en-wikipedia-org-2151 147 474 t t NN en-wikipedia-org-2151 147 475 e e NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 147 476 Iranian iranian JJ en-wikipedia-org-2151 147 477 languages language NNS en-wikipedia-org-2151 147 478 Old Old NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 147 479 Eastern Eastern NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 147 480 Avestan Avestan NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 147 481 Old Old NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 147 482 Scythian Scythian NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 147 483 Western Western NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 147 484 Median median JJ en-wikipedia-org-2151 147 485 Old Old NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 147 486 Persian persian JJ en-wikipedia-org-2151 147 487 Middle middle JJ en-wikipedia-org-2151 147 488 Eastern eastern JJ en-wikipedia-org-2151 147 489 Bactrian bactrian JJ en-wikipedia-org-2151 147 490 Khwarezmian Khwarezmian NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 147 491 Ossetic Ossetic NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 147 492 Jassic Jassic NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 147 493 Saka Saka NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 147 494 Scythian Scythian NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 147 495 Sogdian sogdian JJ en-wikipedia-org-2151 147 496 Western Western NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 147 497 Middle middle JJ en-wikipedia-org-2151 147 498 Persian persian JJ en-wikipedia-org-2151 147 499 Parthian parthian JJ en-wikipedia-org-2151 147 500 Modern modern JJ en-wikipedia-org-2151 147 501 Eastern Eastern NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 147 502 Pamir Pamir NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 147 503 Bartangi Bartangi NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 147 504 Ishkashimi Ishkashimi NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 147 505 Khufi Khufi NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 147 506 Munji Munji NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 147 507 Roshani Roshani NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 147 508 Sanglechi Sanglechi NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 147 509 Sarikoli Sarikoli NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 147 510 Shughni Shughni NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 147 511 Vanji Vanji NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 147 512 Wakhi Wakhi NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 147 513 Yazghulami Yazghulami NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 147 514 Yidgha Yidgha NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 147 515 Others Others NNPS en-wikipedia-org-2151 147 516 Ossetian ossetian JJ en-wikipedia-org-2151 147 517 Digor Digor NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 147 518 Iron Iron NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 147 519 Pashto Pashto NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 147 520 Central Central NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 147 521 Northern northern JJ en-wikipedia-org-2151 147 522 Southern Southern NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 147 523 Wanetsi Wanetsi NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 147 524 Ormuri Ormuri NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 147 525 Parachi Parachi NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 147 526 Yaghnobi Yaghnobi NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 147 527 Western Western NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 147 528 North North NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 147 529 Balochi Balochi NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 147 530 Daylami Daylami NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 147 531 Fars Fars NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 147 532 Gilaki Gilaki NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 147 533 Gorani Gorani NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 147 534 Kurdish kurdish JJ en-wikipedia-org-2151 147 535 Kurmanji Kurmanji NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 147 536 Laki Laki NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 147 537 Sorani Sorani NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 147 538 Xwarin Xwarin NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 147 539 Mazandarani Mazandarani NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 147 540 Old Old NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 147 541 Azari Azari NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 147 542 Semnani Semnani NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 147 543 Lasgerdi Lasgerdi NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 147 544 , , , en-wikipedia-org-2151 147 545 Sangsari Sangsari NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 147 546 , , , en-wikipedia-org-2151 147 547 Sorkhei Sorkhei NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 147 548 Taleshi Taleshi NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 147 549 Tati Tati NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 147 550 Zaza Zaza NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 147 551 Zoroastrian Zoroastrian NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 147 552 Dari Dari NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 147 553 South South NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 147 554 Achomi Achomi NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 147 555 Bashkardi Bashkardi NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 147 556 Kumzari Kumzari NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 147 557 Luri Luri NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 147 558 Bakhtiari Bakhtiari NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 147 559 Persian persian JJ en-wikipedia-org-2151 147 560 Caucasian Caucasian NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 147 561 Tat Tat NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 147 562 Dari Dari NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 147 563 Hazaragi Hazaragi NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 147 564 Tajik Tajik NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 147 565 Italics Italics NNPS en-wikipedia-org-2151 147 566 indicate indicate VBP en-wikipedia-org-2151 147 567 extinct extinct JJ en-wikipedia-org-2151 147 568 languages language NNS en-wikipedia-org-2151 147 569 . . . en-wikipedia-org-2151 148 1 v v NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 148 2 t t NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 148 3 e e NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 148 4 Ancient Ancient NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 148 5 Mesopotamia Mesopotamia NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 148 6 Geography Geography NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 148 7 Modern Modern NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 148 8 Euphrates Euphrates NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 148 9 Upper Upper NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 148 10 Mesopotamia Mesopotamia NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 148 11 Mesopotamian mesopotamian JJ en-wikipedia-org-2151 148 12 Marshes marshe VBZ en-wikipedia-org-2151 148 13 Persian Persian NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 148 14 Gulf Gulf NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 148 15 Syrian Syrian NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 148 16 Desert Desert NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 148 17 Taurus Taurus NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 148 18 Mountains Mountains NNPS en-wikipedia-org-2151 148 19 Tigris Tigris NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 148 20 Zagros Zagros NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 148 21 Mountains Mountains NNPS en-wikipedia-org-2151 148 22 Ancient Ancient NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 148 23 Akkad Akkad NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 148 24 Assyria Assyria NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 148 25 Babylonia Babylonia NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 148 26 Chaldea Chaldea NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 148 27 Elam Elam NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 148 28 Hittites Hittites NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 148 29 Media Media NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 148 30 Mitanni Mitanni NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 148 31 Sumer Sumer NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 148 32 Urartu Urartu NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 148 33 Cities Cities NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 148 34 History History NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 148 35 Pre- Pre- NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 148 36 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-2151 148 37 Protohistory Protohistory NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 148 38 Acheulean Acheulean NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 148 39 Mousterian Mousterian NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 148 40 Trialetian trialetian JJ en-wikipedia-org-2151 148 41 Zarzian zarzian JJ en-wikipedia-org-2151 148 42 Natufian Natufian NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 148 43 Nemrikian Nemrikian NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 148 44 Khiamian Khiamian NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 148 45 Pre Pre NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 148 46 - - NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 148 47 Pottery Pottery NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 148 48 Neolithic neolithic JJ en-wikipedia-org-2151 148 49 A a NN en-wikipedia-org-2151 148 50 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-2151 148 51 PPNA PPNA NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 148 52 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-2151 148 53 Pre pre JJ en-wikipedia-org-2151 148 54 - - JJ en-wikipedia-org-2151 148 55 Pottery pottery JJ en-wikipedia-org-2151 148 56 Neolithic neolithic JJ en-wikipedia-org-2151 148 57 B b NN en-wikipedia-org-2151 148 58 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-2151 148 59 PPNB PPNB NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 148 60 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-2151 148 61 Hassuna Hassuna NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 148 62 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-2151 148 63 Samarra Samarra NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 148 64 Halaf Halaf NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 148 65 Ubaid Ubaid NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 148 66 Uruk Uruk NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 148 67 Jemdet Jemdet NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 148 68 Nasr Nasr NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 148 69 Kish kish JJ en-wikipedia-org-2151 148 70 civilization civilization NN en-wikipedia-org-2151 148 71 History history NN en-wikipedia-org-2151 148 72 Early Early NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 148 73 Dynastic dynastic JJ en-wikipedia-org-2151 148 74 Akkadian Akkadian NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 148 75 Gutians Gutians NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 148 76 Simurrum Simurrum NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 148 77 Ur Ur NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 148 78 III III NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 148 79 Isin Isin NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 148 80 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-2151 148 81 Larsa Larsa NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 148 82 Old old JJ en-wikipedia-org-2151 148 83 Babylonian babylonian JJ en-wikipedia-org-2151 148 84 Kassite Kassite NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 148 85 Middle middle NN en-wikipedia-org-2151 148 86 Babylonian Babylonian NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 148 87 Neo Neo NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 148 88 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-2151 148 89 Assyrian Assyrian NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 148 90 Neo Neo NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 148 91 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-2151 148 92 Babylonian babylonian JJ en-wikipedia-org-2151 148 93 Achaemenid Achaemenid NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 148 94 Seleucid Seleucid NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 148 95 Parthian parthian JJ en-wikipedia-org-2151 148 96 Roman roman JJ en-wikipedia-org-2151 148 97 Sasanian Sasanian NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 148 98 Muslim Muslim NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 148 99 conquest conquest VBD en-wikipedia-org-2151 148 100 Timeline Timeline NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 148 101 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-2151 148 102 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-2151 148 103 Assyrian Assyrian NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 148 104 Empire Empire NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 148 105 Hakkari Hakkari NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 148 106 Languages Languages NNPS en-wikipedia-org-2151 148 107 Akkadian Akkadian NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 148 108 Amorite Amorite NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 148 109 Aramaic Aramaic NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 148 110 Eblaite Eblaite NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 148 111 Elamite Elamite NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 148 112 Gutian Gutian NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 148 113 Hittite Hittite NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 148 114 Hurrian Hurrian NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 148 115 Luwian Luwian NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 148 116 Middle Middle NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 148 117 Persian Persian NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 148 118 Old Old NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 148 119 Persian persian JJ en-wikipedia-org-2151 148 120 Parthian Parthian NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 148 121 Proto Proto NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 148 122 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-2151 148 123 Armenian armenian JJ en-wikipedia-org-2151 148 124 Sumerian Sumerian NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 148 125 Urartian Urartian NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 148 126 Culture Culture NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 148 127 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-2151 148 128 Society Society NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 148 129 Architecture Architecture NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 148 130 Art Art NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 148 131 Cuneiform cuneiform NN en-wikipedia-org-2151 148 132 Akkadian akkadian JJ en-wikipedia-org-2151 148 133 literature literature NN en-wikipedia-org-2151 148 134 Sumerian sumerian JJ en-wikipedia-org-2151 148 135 literature literature NN en-wikipedia-org-2151 148 136 Music Music NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 148 137 Religion Religion NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 148 138 Indus Indus NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 148 139 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-2151 148 140 Mesopotamia Mesopotamia NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 148 141 relations relation NNS en-wikipedia-org-2151 148 142 Egypt Egypt NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 148 143 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-2151 148 144 Mesopotamia Mesopotamia NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 148 145 relations relation NNS en-wikipedia-org-2151 148 146 Royal Royal NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 148 147 titles title NNS en-wikipedia-org-2151 148 148 Archaeology Archaeology NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 148 149 Looting Looting NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 148 150 Destruction destruction NN en-wikipedia-org-2151 148 151 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-2151 148 152 ISIL ISIL NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 148 153 Tell Tell NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 148 154 Retrieved retrieve VBN en-wikipedia-org-2151 148 155 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-2151 148 156 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-2151 148 157 https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Old_Persian&oldid=998684196 https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=old_persian&oldid=998684196 JJ en-wikipedia-org-2151 148 158 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-2151 148 159 Categories category NNS en-wikipedia-org-2151 148 160 : : : en-wikipedia-org-2151 148 161 Languages language NNS en-wikipedia-org-2151 148 162 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-2151 148 163 Linglist Linglist NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 148 164 code code NN en-wikipedia-org-2151 148 165 Languages Languages NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 148 166 attested attest VBD en-wikipedia-org-2151 148 167 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-2151 148 168 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-2151 148 169 6th 6th JJ en-wikipedia-org-2151 148 170 century century NN en-wikipedia-org-2151 148 171 BC BC NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 148 172 Old Old NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 148 173 Persian persian JJ en-wikipedia-org-2151 148 174 language language NN en-wikipedia-org-2151 148 175 Languages language NNS en-wikipedia-org-2151 148 176 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-2151 148 177 ancient ancient JJ en-wikipedia-org-2151 148 178 Anatolia Anatolia NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 148 179 Hidden Hidden NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 148 180 categories category NNS en-wikipedia-org-2151 148 181 : : : en-wikipedia-org-2151 148 182 Harv Harv NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 148 183 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-2151 148 184 Sfn Sfn NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 148 185 multiple multiple JJ en-wikipedia-org-2151 148 186 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-2151 148 187 target target NN en-wikipedia-org-2151 148 188 errors error NNS en-wikipedia-org-2151 148 189 Harv Harv NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 148 190 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-2151 148 191 Sfn Sfn NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 148 192 no no DT en-wikipedia-org-2151 148 193 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-2151 148 194 target target NN en-wikipedia-org-2151 148 195 errors error NNS en-wikipedia-org-2151 148 196 Articles article NNS en-wikipedia-org-2151 148 197 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-2151 148 198 short short JJ en-wikipedia-org-2151 148 199 description description NN en-wikipedia-org-2151 148 200 Short short JJ en-wikipedia-org-2151 148 201 description description NN en-wikipedia-org-2151 148 202 matches match VBZ en-wikipedia-org-2151 148 203 Wikidata Wikidata NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 148 204 Languages Languages NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 148 205 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-2151 148 206 ISO iso NN en-wikipedia-org-2151 148 207 639 639 CD en-wikipedia-org-2151 148 208 - - SYM en-wikipedia-org-2151 148 209 2 2 CD en-wikipedia-org-2151 148 210 code code NN en-wikipedia-org-2151 148 211 Language language NN en-wikipedia-org-2151 148 212 articles article NNS en-wikipedia-org-2151 148 213 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-2151 148 214 unreferenced unreferenced JJ en-wikipedia-org-2151 148 215 extinction extinction NN en-wikipedia-org-2151 148 216 date date NN en-wikipedia-org-2151 148 217 CS1 CS1 NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 148 218 : : : en-wikipedia-org-2151 148 219 long long JJ en-wikipedia-org-2151 148 220 volume volume NN en-wikipedia-org-2151 148 221 value value NN en-wikipedia-org-2151 148 222 Navigation Navigation NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 148 223 menu menu NN en-wikipedia-org-2151 148 224 Personal personal JJ en-wikipedia-org-2151 148 225 tools tool NNS en-wikipedia-org-2151 148 226 Not not RB en-wikipedia-org-2151 148 227 logged log VBN en-wikipedia-org-2151 148 228 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-2151 148 229 Talk Talk NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 148 230 Contributions Contributions NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 148 231 Create Create NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 148 232 account account NN en-wikipedia-org-2151 148 233 Log Log NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 148 234 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-2151 148 235 Namespaces Namespaces NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 148 236 Article Article NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 148 237 Talk talk NN en-wikipedia-org-2151 148 238 Variants variant VBZ en-wikipedia-org-2151 148 239 Views view NNS en-wikipedia-org-2151 148 240 Read read VBP en-wikipedia-org-2151 148 241 Edit edit NN en-wikipedia-org-2151 148 242 View View NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 148 243 history history NN en-wikipedia-org-2151 148 244 More More JJR en-wikipedia-org-2151 148 245 Search Search NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 148 246 Navigation Navigation NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 148 247 Main Main NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 148 248 page page NN en-wikipedia-org-2151 148 249 Contents content VBZ en-wikipedia-org-2151 148 250 Current current JJ en-wikipedia-org-2151 148 251 events event NNS en-wikipedia-org-2151 148 252 Random random JJ en-wikipedia-org-2151 148 253 article article NN en-wikipedia-org-2151 148 254 About about IN en-wikipedia-org-2151 148 255 Wikipedia Wikipedia NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 148 256 Contact Contact NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 148 257 us -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-2151 148 258 Donate Donate NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 148 259 Contribute contribute NN en-wikipedia-org-2151 148 260 Help help NN en-wikipedia-org-2151 148 261 Learn learn VB en-wikipedia-org-2151 148 262 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-2151 148 263 edit edit VB en-wikipedia-org-2151 148 264 Community community NN en-wikipedia-org-2151 148 265 portal portal JJ en-wikipedia-org-2151 148 266 Recent recent JJ en-wikipedia-org-2151 148 267 changes change NNS en-wikipedia-org-2151 148 268 Upload upload JJ en-wikipedia-org-2151 148 269 file file NN en-wikipedia-org-2151 148 270 Tools tool NNS en-wikipedia-org-2151 148 271 What what WP en-wikipedia-org-2151 148 272 links link NNS en-wikipedia-org-2151 148 273 here here RB en-wikipedia-org-2151 148 274 Related relate VBN en-wikipedia-org-2151 148 275 changes change VBZ en-wikipedia-org-2151 148 276 Upload upload JJ en-wikipedia-org-2151 148 277 file file VBP en-wikipedia-org-2151 148 278 Special special JJ en-wikipedia-org-2151 148 279 pages page NNS en-wikipedia-org-2151 148 280 Permanent permanent JJ en-wikipedia-org-2151 148 281 link link NN en-wikipedia-org-2151 148 282 Page Page NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 148 283 information information NN en-wikipedia-org-2151 148 284 Cite cite VB en-wikipedia-org-2151 148 285 this this DT en-wikipedia-org-2151 148 286 page page NN en-wikipedia-org-2151 148 287 Wikidata wikidata NN en-wikipedia-org-2151 148 288 item item NN en-wikipedia-org-2151 148 289 Print print NN en-wikipedia-org-2151 148 290 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-2151 148 291 export export NN en-wikipedia-org-2151 148 292 Download Download NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 148 293 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-2151 148 294 PDF PDF NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 148 295 Printable Printable NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 148 296 version version NN en-wikipedia-org-2151 148 297 In in IN en-wikipedia-org-2151 148 298 other other JJ en-wikipedia-org-2151 148 299 projects project NNS en-wikipedia-org-2151 148 300 Wikimedia Wikimedia NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 148 301 Commons Commons NNPS en-wikipedia-org-2151 148 302 Languages Languages NNPS en-wikipedia-org-2151 148 303 العربية العربية NN en-wikipedia-org-2151 148 304 Asturianu Asturianu NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 148 305 تۆرکجه تۆرکجه NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 148 306 Български Български NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 148 307 Català Català NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 148 308 Чӑвашла Чӑвашла NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 148 309 Čeština Čeština NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 148 310 Dansk Dansk NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 148 311 Deutsch Deutsch NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 148 312 Ελληνικά Ελληνικά NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 148 313 Español Español NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 148 314 Esperanto Esperanto NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 148 315 Euskara Euskara NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 148 316 فارسی فارسی JJ en-wikipedia-org-2151 148 317 Français Français NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 148 318 한국어 한국어 NN en-wikipedia-org-2151 148 319 Հայերեն Հայերեն NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 148 320 Bahasa Bahasa NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 148 321 Indonesia Indonesia NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 148 322 Íslenska Íslenska NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 148 323 Italiano Italiano NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 148 324 עברית עברית NN en-wikipedia-org-2151 148 325 Қазақша Қазақша NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 148 326 Коми Коми NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 148 327 Kurdî Kurdî NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 148 328 Latina Latina NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 148 329 Latviešu Latviešu NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 148 330 Lietuvių Lietuvių NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 148 331 Македонски Македонски NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 148 332 Malagasy Malagasy NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 148 333 Bahasa Bahasa NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 148 334 Melayu Melayu NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 148 335 Мокшень Мокшень NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 148 336 日本語 日本語 NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 148 337 Norsk Norsk NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 148 338 bokmål bokmål NN en-wikipedia-org-2151 148 339 Occitan Occitan NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 148 340 Oʻzbekcha/ўзбекча Oʻzbekcha/ўзбекча NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 148 341 پنجابی پنجابی JJ en-wikipedia-org-2151 148 342 پښتو پښتو NN en-wikipedia-org-2151 148 343 Polski Polski NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 148 344 Português Português NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 148 345 Română Română NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 148 346 Русский Русский NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 148 347 Simple Simple NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 148 348 English English NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 148 349 کوردی کوردی VBD en-wikipedia-org-2151 148 350 Suomi Suomi NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 148 351 Svenska Svenska NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 148 352 ไทย ไทย NN en-wikipedia-org-2151 148 353 Тоҷикӣ Тоҷикӣ NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 148 354 Türkçe Türkçe NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 148 355 Українська Українська NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 148 356 اردو اردو NN en-wikipedia-org-2151 148 357 Tiếng Tiếng NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 148 358 Việt Việt NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 148 359 中文 中文 NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 148 360 Edit Edit NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 148 361 links link NNS en-wikipedia-org-2151 148 362 This this DT en-wikipedia-org-2151 148 363 page page NN en-wikipedia-org-2151 148 364 was be VBD en-wikipedia-org-2151 148 365 last last RB en-wikipedia-org-2151 148 366 edited edit VBN en-wikipedia-org-2151 148 367 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-2151 148 368 6 6 CD en-wikipedia-org-2151 148 369 January January NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 148 370 2021 2021 CD en-wikipedia-org-2151 148 371 , , , en-wikipedia-org-2151 148 372 at at IN en-wikipedia-org-2151 148 373 15:20 15:20 CD en-wikipedia-org-2151 148 374   _SP en-wikipedia-org-2151 148 375 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-2151 148 376 UTC UTC NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 148 377 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-2151 148 378 . . . en-wikipedia-org-2151 149 1 Text text NN en-wikipedia-org-2151 149 2 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-2151 149 3 available available JJ en-wikipedia-org-2151 149 4 under under IN en-wikipedia-org-2151 149 5 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-2151 149 6 Creative Creative NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 149 7 Commons Commons NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 149 8 Attribution Attribution NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 149 9 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-2151 149 10 ShareAlike ShareAlike NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 149 11 License License NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 149 12 ; ; , en-wikipedia-org-2151 149 13 additional additional JJ en-wikipedia-org-2151 149 14 terms term NNS en-wikipedia-org-2151 149 15 may may MD en-wikipedia-org-2151 149 16 apply apply VB en-wikipedia-org-2151 149 17 . . . en-wikipedia-org-2151 150 1 By by IN en-wikipedia-org-2151 150 2 using use VBG en-wikipedia-org-2151 150 3 this this DT en-wikipedia-org-2151 150 4 site site NN en-wikipedia-org-2151 150 5 , , , en-wikipedia-org-2151 150 6 you -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-2151 150 7 agree agree VBP en-wikipedia-org-2151 150 8 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-2151 150 9 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-2151 150 10 Terms term NNS en-wikipedia-org-2151 150 11 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-2151 150 12 Use Use NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 150 13 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-2151 150 14 Privacy Privacy NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 150 15 Policy Policy NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 150 16 . . . en-wikipedia-org-2151 151 1 Wikipedia Wikipedia NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 151 2 ® ® NNPS en-wikipedia-org-2151 151 3 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-2151 151 4 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-2151 151 5 registered registered JJ en-wikipedia-org-2151 151 6 trademark trademark NN en-wikipedia-org-2151 151 7 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-2151 151 8 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-2151 151 9 Wikimedia Wikimedia NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 151 10 Foundation Foundation NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 151 11 , , , en-wikipedia-org-2151 151 12 Inc. Inc. NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 151 13 , , , en-wikipedia-org-2151 151 14 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-2151 151 15 non non JJ en-wikipedia-org-2151 151 16 - - JJ en-wikipedia-org-2151 151 17 profit profit JJ en-wikipedia-org-2151 151 18 organization organization NN en-wikipedia-org-2151 151 19 . . . en-wikipedia-org-2151 152 1 Privacy privacy NN en-wikipedia-org-2151 152 2 policy policy NN en-wikipedia-org-2151 152 3 About about IN en-wikipedia-org-2151 152 4 Wikipedia Wikipedia NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 152 5 Disclaimers Disclaimers NNPS en-wikipedia-org-2151 152 6 Contact Contact NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 152 7 Wikipedia Wikipedia NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 152 8 Mobile Mobile NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 152 9 view view NN en-wikipedia-org-2151 152 10 Developers Developers NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 152 11 Statistics Statistics NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 152 12 Cookie Cookie NNP en-wikipedia-org-2151 152 13 statement statement NN