id sid tid token lemma pos en-wikipedia-org-1136 1 1 Phoenicia Phoenicia NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 1 2 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-1136 1 3 Wikipedia Wikipedia NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 1 4 Phoenicia Phoenicia NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 1 5 From from IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 1 6 Wikipedia Wikipedia NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 1 7 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 1 8 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 1 9 free free JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 1 10 encyclopedia encyclopedia NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 1 11 Jump Jump NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 1 12 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 1 13 navigation navigation NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 1 14 Jump Jump NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 1 15 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-1136 1 16 search search VB en-wikipedia-org-1136 1 17 Ancient ancient JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 1 18 Semitic semitic JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 1 19 civilization civilization NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 1 20 For for IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 1 21 other other JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 1 22 uses use NNS en-wikipedia-org-1136 1 23 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 1 24 see see VB en-wikipedia-org-1136 1 25 Phoenicia Phoenicia NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 1 26 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 1 27 disambiguation disambiguation NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 1 28 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 1 29 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 2 1 Coordinates coordinate NNS en-wikipedia-org-1136 2 2 : : : en-wikipedia-org-1136 2 3 34 34 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 2 4 ° ° , en-wikipedia-org-1136 2 5 07′25″N 07′25″n CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 2 6 35 35 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 2 7 ° ° , en-wikipedia-org-1136 2 8 39′04″E 39′04″e CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 2 9 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-1136 2 10 34.12361 34.12361 NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 2 11 ° ° , en-wikipedia-org-1136 2 12 N n CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 2 13 35.65111 35.65111 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 2 14 ° ° NNS en-wikipedia-org-1136 2 15 E E NNS en-wikipedia-org-1136 2 16 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-1136 2 17 34.12361 34.12361 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 2 18 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-1136 2 19 35.65111 35.65111 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 2 20 Phoenicia Phoenicia NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 2 21 𐤐𐤕 𐤐𐤕 NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 2 22 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-1136 2 23 Pūt Pūt NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 2 24       _SP en-wikipedia-org-1136 2 25 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 2 26 Phoenician Phoenician NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 2 27 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 2 28 Φοινίκη Φοινίκη NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 2 29 Phoiníkē Phoiníkē NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 2 30       _SP en-wikipedia-org-1136 2 31 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 2 32 Greek Greek NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 2 33 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 2 34 2500 2500 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 2 35   _SP en-wikipedia-org-1136 2 36 BC[1]–539 BC[1]–539 NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 2 37   _SP en-wikipedia-org-1136 2 38 BC BC NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 2 39 Map Map NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 2 40 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 2 41 Phoenicia Phoenicia NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 2 42 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1136 2 43 its -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-1136 2 44 Mediterranean mediterranean JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 2 45 trade trade NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 2 46 routes route VBZ en-wikipedia-org-1136 2 47 Capital Capital NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 2 48 None None NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 2 49 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-1136 2 50 dominant dominant JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 2 51 cities city NNS en-wikipedia-org-1136 2 52 were be VBD en-wikipedia-org-1136 2 53 Byblos Byblos NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 2 54 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 2 55 2500–1000 2500–1000 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 2 56 BC BC NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 2 57 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 2 58 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1136 2 59 Tyre Tyre NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 2 60 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 2 61 900–550 900–550 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 2 62 BC)[2 bc)[2 NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 2 63 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 2 64 Common common JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 2 65   _SP en-wikipedia-org-1136 2 66 languages language VBZ en-wikipedia-org-1136 2 67 Phoenician phoenician JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 2 68 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 2 69 Punic Punic NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 2 70 Religion Religion NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 2 71 Canaanite Canaanite NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 2 72 religion religion NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 2 73 Demonym(s demonym(s NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 2 74 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 2 75 Phoenician Phoenician NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 2 76 Government Government NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 2 77 City City NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 2 78 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-1136 2 79 states state NNS en-wikipedia-org-1136 2 80 ruled rule VBN en-wikipedia-org-1136 2 81 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 2 82 kings king NNS en-wikipedia-org-1136 2 83 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 2 84 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 2 85 varying vary VBG en-wikipedia-org-1136 2 86 degrees degree NNS en-wikipedia-org-1136 2 87 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 2 88 oligarchic oligarchic JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 2 89 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-1136 2 90 plutocratic plutocratic JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 2 91 elements element NNS en-wikipedia-org-1136 2 92 ; ; , en-wikipedia-org-1136 2 93 oligarchic oligarchic JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 2 94 republic republic NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 2 95 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 2 96 Carthage Carthage NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 2 97 after after IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 2 98 c. c. NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 2 99 480 480 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 2 100 BC[3 BC[3 NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 2 101 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 2 102 Well well RB en-wikipedia-org-1136 2 103 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-1136 2 104 known know VBN en-wikipedia-org-1136 2 105 kings king NNS en-wikipedia-org-1136 2 106 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 2 107 Phoenician phoenician JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 2 108 cities city NNS en-wikipedia-org-1136 2 109     _SP en-wikipedia-org-1136 2 110 • • NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 2 111   _SP en-wikipedia-org-1136 2 112 c. c. NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 2 113     _SP en-wikipedia-org-1136 2 114 1000 1000 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 2 115   _SP en-wikipedia-org-1136 2 116 BC BC NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 2 117 Ahiram Ahiram NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 2 118 • • NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 2 119   _SP en-wikipedia-org-1136 2 120 969 969 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 2 121   _SP en-wikipedia-org-1136 2 122 – – : en-wikipedia-org-1136 2 123 936 936 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 2 124   _SP en-wikipedia-org-1136 2 125 BC BC NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 2 126 Hiram Hiram NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 2 127 I -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-1136 2 128 • • VBP en-wikipedia-org-1136 2 129   _SP en-wikipedia-org-1136 2 130 820 820 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 2 131   _SP en-wikipedia-org-1136 2 132 – – : en-wikipedia-org-1136 2 133 774 774 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 2 134   _SP en-wikipedia-org-1136 2 135 BC BC NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 2 136 Pygmalion Pygmalion NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 2 137 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 2 138 Tyre Tyre NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 2 139 Historical Historical NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 2 140 era era NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 2 141 Classical classical JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 2 142 antiquity antiquity NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 2 143 • • NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 2 144   _SP en-wikipedia-org-1136 2 145 Established establish VBD en-wikipedia-org-1136 2 146 2500 2500 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 2 147   _SP en-wikipedia-org-1136 2 148 BC[1 BC[1 NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 2 149 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 2 150 • • VBP en-wikipedia-org-1136 2 151   _SP en-wikipedia-org-1136 2 152 Tyre Tyre NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 2 153 becomes become VBZ en-wikipedia-org-1136 2 154 dominant dominant JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 2 155 city city NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 2 156 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-1136 2 157 state state NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 2 158 under under IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 2 159 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 2 160 reign reign NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 2 161 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 2 162 Hiram Hiram NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 2 163 I -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-1136 2 164 969 969 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 2 165   _SP en-wikipedia-org-1136 2 166 BC BC NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 2 167 • • NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 2 168   _SP en-wikipedia-org-1136 2 169 Carthage carthage NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 2 170 founded found VBD en-wikipedia-org-1136 2 171 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 2 172 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 2 173 Roman roman JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 2 174 accounts account NNS en-wikipedia-org-1136 2 175 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 2 176 Dido Dido NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 2 177 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 2 178 814 814 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 2 179   _SP en-wikipedia-org-1136 2 180 BC BC NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 2 181 • • NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 2 182   _SP en-wikipedia-org-1136 2 183 Cyrus Cyrus NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 2 184 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 2 185 Great great JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 2 186 conquers conquer NNS en-wikipedia-org-1136 2 187 Phoenicia Phoenicia NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 2 188 539 539 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 2 189   _SP en-wikipedia-org-1136 2 190 BC BC NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 2 191 Area Area NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 2 192 1000 1000 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 2 193 BC BC NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 2 194 20,000 20,000 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 2 195   _SP en-wikipedia-org-1136 2 196 km2 km2 NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 2 197 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 2 198 7,700 7,700 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 2 199   _SP en-wikipedia-org-1136 2 200 sq sq XX en-wikipedia-org-1136 2 201   _SP en-wikipedia-org-1136 2 202 mi mi NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 2 203 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 2 204 Preceded precede VBN en-wikipedia-org-1136 2 205 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 2 206 Succeeded succeed VBN en-wikipedia-org-1136 2 207 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 2 208 Canaanites Canaanites NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 2 209 Hittite Hittite NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 2 210 Empire Empire NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 2 211 Egyptian Egyptian NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 2 212 Empire empire NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 2 213 Achaemenid Achaemenid NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 2 214 Phoenicia Phoenicia NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 2 215 Ancient Ancient NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 2 216 Carthage Carthage NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 2 217 Phoenicia Phoenicia NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 2 218 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 2 219 /fəˈnɪʃə /fəˈnɪʃə NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 2 220 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 2 221 -ˈniː-/;[4 -ˈniː-/;[4 : en-wikipedia-org-1136 2 222 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 2 223 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 2 224 Ancient Ancient NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 2 225 Greek Greek NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 2 226 : : : en-wikipedia-org-1136 2 227 Φοινίκη Φοινίκη NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 2 228 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 2 229 Phoiníkē Phoiníkē NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 2 230 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 2 231 was be VBD en-wikipedia-org-1136 2 232 an an DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 2 233 ancient ancient JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 2 234 Semitic Semitic NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 2 235 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-1136 2 236 speaking speak VBG en-wikipedia-org-1136 2 237 thalassocratic thalassocratic JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 2 238 civilization civilization NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 2 239 that that WDT en-wikipedia-org-1136 2 240 originated originate VBD en-wikipedia-org-1136 2 241 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 2 242 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 2 243 Levant Levant NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 2 244 region region NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 2 245 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 2 246 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 2 247 eastern eastern JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 2 248 Mediterranean Mediterranean NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 2 249 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 2 250 primarily primarily RB en-wikipedia-org-1136 2 251 modern modern JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 2 252 Lebanon Lebanon NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 2 253 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 3 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 3 2 5][6 5][6 VBN en-wikipedia-org-1136 3 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 3 4 It -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-1136 3 5 was be VBD en-wikipedia-org-1136 3 6 concentrated concentrate VBN en-wikipedia-org-1136 3 7 along along IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 3 8 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 3 9 coast coast NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 3 10 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 3 11 Lebanon Lebanon NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 3 12 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1136 3 13 included include VBD en-wikipedia-org-1136 3 14 some some DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 3 15 coastal coastal JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 3 16 areas area NNS en-wikipedia-org-1136 3 17 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 3 18 modern modern JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 3 19 Syria Syria NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 3 20 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1136 3 21 Galilee Galilee NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 3 22 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 3 23 northern northern JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 3 24 Palestine Palestine NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 3 25 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 3 26 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 3 27 reaching reach VBG en-wikipedia-org-1136 3 28 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 3 29 far far RB en-wikipedia-org-1136 3 30 north north RB en-wikipedia-org-1136 3 31 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 3 32 Arwad Arwad NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 3 33 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1136 3 34 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 3 35 far far RB en-wikipedia-org-1136 3 36 south south RB en-wikipedia-org-1136 3 37 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 3 38 Acre Acre NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 3 39 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1136 3 40 possibly possibly RB en-wikipedia-org-1136 3 41 Gaza Gaza NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 3 42 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 4 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 4 2 7][8][9 7][8][9 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 4 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 4 4 At at IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 4 5 its -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-1136 4 6 height height NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 4 7 between between IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 4 8 1100 1100 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 4 9 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1136 4 10 200 200 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 4 11 BC BC NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 4 12 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 4 13 Phoenician phoenician JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 4 14 civilization civilization NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 4 15 spread spread VBD en-wikipedia-org-1136 4 16 across across IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 4 17 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 4 18 Mediterranean Mediterranean NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 4 19 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 4 20 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 4 21 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 4 22 Levant Levant NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 4 23 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 4 24 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 4 25 Iberian Iberian NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 4 26 Peninsula Peninsula NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 4 27 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 5 1 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 5 2 term term NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 5 3 Phoenicia Phoenicia NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 5 4 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-1136 5 5 an an DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 5 6 exonym exonym NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 5 7 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 5 8 ancient ancient JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 5 9 Greek Greek NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 5 10 that that IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 5 11 most most RBS en-wikipedia-org-1136 5 12 likely likely RB en-wikipedia-org-1136 5 13 described describe VBD en-wikipedia-org-1136 5 14 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 5 15 dye dye NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 5 16 also also RB en-wikipedia-org-1136 5 17 known know VBN en-wikipedia-org-1136 5 18 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 5 19 Tyrian tyrian JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 5 20 purple purple NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 5 21 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 5 22 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 5 23 major major JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 5 24 export export NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 5 25 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 5 26 Canaanite canaanite JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 5 27 port port NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 5 28 towns town NNS en-wikipedia-org-1136 5 29 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 6 1 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 6 2 term term NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 6 3 did do VBD en-wikipedia-org-1136 6 4 not not RB en-wikipedia-org-1136 6 5 correspond correspond VB en-wikipedia-org-1136 6 6 precisely precisely RB en-wikipedia-org-1136 6 7 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 6 8 Phoenician phoenician JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 6 9 culture culture NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 6 10 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-1136 6 11 society society NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 6 12 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 6 13 it -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-1136 6 14 would would MD en-wikipedia-org-1136 6 15 have have VB en-wikipedia-org-1136 6 16 been be VBN en-wikipedia-org-1136 6 17 understood understand VBN en-wikipedia-org-1136 6 18 natively,[10 natively,[10 ADD en-wikipedia-org-1136 6 19 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 6 20 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1136 6 21 it -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-1136 6 22 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-1136 6 23 debated debate VBN en-wikipedia-org-1136 6 24 whether whether IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 6 25 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 6 26 Phoenicians Phoenicians NNPS en-wikipedia-org-1136 6 27 were be VBD en-wikipedia-org-1136 6 28 actually actually RB en-wikipedia-org-1136 6 29 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 6 30 distinct distinct JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 6 31 civilization civilization NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 6 32 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 6 33 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 6 34 Canaanites Canaanites NNPS en-wikipedia-org-1136 6 35 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1136 6 36 other other JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 6 37 residents resident NNS en-wikipedia-org-1136 6 38 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 6 39 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 6 40 Levant Levant NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 6 41 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 7 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 7 2 11][12 11][12 LS en-wikipedia-org-1136 7 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 7 4 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 7 5 Phoenicians Phoenicians NNPS en-wikipedia-org-1136 7 6 came come VBD en-wikipedia-org-1136 7 7 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 7 8 prominence prominence NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 7 9 following follow VBG en-wikipedia-org-1136 7 10 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 7 11 collapse collapse NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 7 12 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 7 13 c. c. NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 7 14 1150 1150 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 7 15 BC BC NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 7 16 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 7 17 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 7 18 most most JJS en-wikipedia-org-1136 7 19 major major JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 7 20 cultures culture NNS en-wikipedia-org-1136 7 21 during during IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 7 22 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 7 23 Late Late NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 7 24 Bronze Bronze NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 7 25 Age Age NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 7 26 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 8 1 They -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-1136 8 2 were be VBD en-wikipedia-org-1136 8 3 renowned renowne VBN en-wikipedia-org-1136 8 4 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 8 5 antiquity antiquity NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 8 6 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 8 7 adept adept JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 8 8 merchants merchant NNS en-wikipedia-org-1136 8 9 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 8 10 expert expert NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 8 11 seafarers seafarer NNS en-wikipedia-org-1136 8 12 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 8 13 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1136 8 14 intrepid intrepid JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 8 15 explorers explorer NNS en-wikipedia-org-1136 8 16 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 9 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 9 2 citation citation NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 9 3 needed need VBN en-wikipedia-org-1136 9 4 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 9 5 They -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-1136 9 6 developed develop VBD en-wikipedia-org-1136 9 7 an an DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 9 8 expansive expansive JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 9 9 maritime maritime JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 9 10 trade trade NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 9 11 network network NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 9 12 that that WDT en-wikipedia-org-1136 9 13 lasted last VBD en-wikipedia-org-1136 9 14 over over IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 9 15 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 9 16 millennium millennium NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 9 17 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 9 18 becoming become VBG en-wikipedia-org-1136 9 19 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 9 20 dominant dominant JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 9 21 commercial commercial JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 9 22 power power NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 9 23 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 9 24 much much JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 9 25 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 9 26 classical classical JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 9 27 antiquity antiquity NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 9 28 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 10 1 Phoenician phoenician JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 10 2 trade trade NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 10 3 also also RB en-wikipedia-org-1136 10 4 helped help VBD en-wikipedia-org-1136 10 5 facilitate facilitate VB en-wikipedia-org-1136 10 6 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 10 7 exchange exchange NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 10 8 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 10 9 cultures culture NNS en-wikipedia-org-1136 10 10 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 10 11 ideas idea NNS en-wikipedia-org-1136 10 12 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 10 13 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1136 10 14 knowledge knowledge NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 10 15 between between IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 10 16 major major JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 10 17 cradles cradle NNS en-wikipedia-org-1136 10 18 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 10 19 civilization civilization NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 10 20 such such JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 10 21 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 10 22 Greece Greece NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 10 23 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 10 24 Egypt Egypt NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 10 25 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 10 26 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1136 10 27 Mesopotamia Mesopotamia NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 10 28 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 11 1 After after IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 11 2 its -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-1136 11 3 zenith zenith NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 11 4 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 11 5 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 11 6 ninth ninth JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 11 7 century century NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 11 8 BC BC NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 11 9 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 11 10 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 11 11 Phoenician phoenician JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 11 12 civilization civilization NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 11 13 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 11 14 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 11 15 eastern eastern JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 11 16 Mediterranean Mediterranean NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 11 17 slowly slowly RB en-wikipedia-org-1136 11 18 declined decline VBD en-wikipedia-org-1136 11 19 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 11 20 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 11 21 face face NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 11 22 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 11 23 foreign foreign JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 11 24 influence influence NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 11 25 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1136 11 26 conquest conquest NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 11 27 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 11 28 though though IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 11 29 its -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-1136 11 30 presence presence NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 11 31 would would MD en-wikipedia-org-1136 11 32 remain remain VB en-wikipedia-org-1136 11 33 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 11 34 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 11 35 central central JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 11 36 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1136 11 37 western western JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 11 38 Mediterranean Mediterranean NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 11 39 until until IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 11 40 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 11 41 second second JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 11 42 century century NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 11 43 BC BC NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 11 44 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 12 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 12 2 citation citation NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 12 3 needed need VBN en-wikipedia-org-1136 12 4 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 12 5 Phoenician phoenician JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 12 6 civilization civilization NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 12 7 was be VBD en-wikipedia-org-1136 12 8 organized organize VBN en-wikipedia-org-1136 12 9 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 12 10 city city NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 12 11 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-1136 12 12 states state NNS en-wikipedia-org-1136 12 13 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 12 14 similar similar JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 12 15 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 12 16 those those DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 12 17 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 12 18 ancient ancient JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 12 19 Greece Greece NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 12 20 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 12 21 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 12 22 which which WDT en-wikipedia-org-1136 12 23 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 12 24 most most RBS en-wikipedia-org-1136 12 25 notable notable JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 12 26 were be VBD en-wikipedia-org-1136 12 27 Tyre Tyre NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 12 28 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 12 29 Sidon Sidon NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 12 30 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 12 31 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1136 12 32 Byblos Byblos NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 12 33 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 13 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 13 2 13][14 13][14 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 13 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 13 4 Each each DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 13 5 city city NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 13 6 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-1136 13 7 state state NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 13 8 was be VBD en-wikipedia-org-1136 13 9 politically politically RB en-wikipedia-org-1136 13 10 independent independent JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 13 11 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 13 12 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1136 13 13 there there EX en-wikipedia-org-1136 13 14 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-1136 13 15 no no DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 13 16 evidence evidence NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 13 17 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 13 18 Phoenicians Phoenicians NNPS en-wikipedia-org-1136 13 19 viewed view VBD en-wikipedia-org-1136 13 20 themselves -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-1136 13 21 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 13 22 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 13 23 single single JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 13 24 nationality nationality NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 13 25 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 14 1 [ [ -LRB- 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BC BC NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 14 26 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 15 1 Though though IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 15 2 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 15 3 Phoenicians Phoenicians NNPS en-wikipedia-org-1136 15 4 were be VBD en-wikipedia-org-1136 15 5 long long RB en-wikipedia-org-1136 15 6 considered consider VBN en-wikipedia-org-1136 15 7 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 15 8 lost lose VBN en-wikipedia-org-1136 15 9 civilization civilization NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 15 10 due due IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 15 11 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 15 12 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 15 13 lack lack NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 15 14 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 15 15 indigenous indigenous JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 15 16 written write VBN en-wikipedia-org-1136 15 17 records record NNS en-wikipedia-org-1136 15 18 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 15 19 academic academic JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 15 20 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1136 15 21 archaeological archaeological JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 15 22 developments development NNS en-wikipedia-org-1136 15 23 since since IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 15 24 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 15 25 mid-20th mid-20th JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 15 26 century century NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 15 27 have have VBP en-wikipedia-org-1136 15 28 revealed reveal VBN en-wikipedia-org-1136 15 29 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 15 30 complex complex JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 15 31 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1136 15 32 influential influential JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 15 33 civilization civilization NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 15 34 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 16 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 16 2 16 16 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 16 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 16 4 Their -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-1136 16 5 best well RBS en-wikipedia-org-1136 16 6 known know VBN en-wikipedia-org-1136 16 7 legacy legacy NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 16 8 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-1136 16 9 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 16 10 world world NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 16 11 's 's POS en-wikipedia-org-1136 16 12 oldest old JJS en-wikipedia-org-1136 16 13 verified verified JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 16 14 alphabet alphabet NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 16 15 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 16 16 which which WDT en-wikipedia-org-1136 16 17 they -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-1136 16 18 transmitted transmit VBD en-wikipedia-org-1136 16 19 across across IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 16 20 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 16 21 Mediterranean Mediterranean NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 16 22 world world NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 16 23 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 17 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 17 2 17][18 17][18 LS en-wikipedia-org-1136 17 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 17 4 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 17 5 Phoenicians Phoenicians NNPS en-wikipedia-org-1136 17 6 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-1136 17 7 also also RB en-wikipedia-org-1136 17 8 credited credit VBN en-wikipedia-org-1136 17 9 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 17 10 innovations innovation NNS en-wikipedia-org-1136 17 11 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 17 12 shipbuilding shipbuilding NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 17 13 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 17 14 navigation navigation NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 17 15 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 17 16 industry industry NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 17 17 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 17 18 agriculture agriculture NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 17 19 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 17 20 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1136 17 21 government government NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 17 22 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 18 1 Their -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-1136 18 2 international international JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 18 3 trade trade NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 18 4 network network NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 18 5 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-1136 18 6 believed believe VBN en-wikipedia-org-1136 18 7 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-1136 18 8 have have VB en-wikipedia-org-1136 18 9 fostered foster VBN en-wikipedia-org-1136 18 10 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 18 11 economic economic JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 18 12 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 18 13 political political JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 18 14 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 18 15 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1136 18 16 cultural cultural JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 18 17 foundations foundation NNS en-wikipedia-org-1136 18 18 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 18 19 Classical classical JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 18 20 Western western JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 18 21 civilization civilization NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 18 22 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 19 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 19 2 19 19 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 19 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 19 4 Contents content NNS en-wikipedia-org-1136 19 5 1 1 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 19 6 Etymology etymology NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 19 7 2 2 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 19 8 History history NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 19 9 2.1 2.1 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 19 10 Origins Origins NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 19 11 2.2 2.2 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 19 12 Emergence emergence NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 19 13 during during IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 19 14 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 19 15 Late Late NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 19 16 Bronze Bronze NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 19 17 Age Age NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 19 18 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 19 19 1550–1200 1550–1200 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 19 20 BC BC NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 19 21 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 19 22 2.3 2.3 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 19 23 Ascendance ascendance NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 19 24 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1136 19 25 high high JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 19 26 point point NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 19 27 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 19 28 1200–800 1200–800 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 19 29 BC BC NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 19 30 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 19 31 2.4 2.4 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 19 32 Foundation Foundation NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 19 33 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 19 34 Carthage Carthage NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 19 35 2.5 2.5 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 19 36 Vassalage Vassalage NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 19 37 under under IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 19 38 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 19 39 Assyrians Assyrians NNPS en-wikipedia-org-1136 19 40 & & CC en-wikipedia-org-1136 19 41 Babylonians Babylonians NNPS en-wikipedia-org-1136 19 42 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 19 43 858–538 858–538 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 19 44 BC BC NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 19 45 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 19 46 2.6 2.6 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 19 47 Persian persian JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 19 48 period period NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 19 49 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 19 50 539–332 539–332 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 19 51 BC BC NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 19 52 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 19 53 2.7 2.7 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 19 54 Hellenistic hellenistic JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 19 55 period period NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 19 56 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 19 57 332–63 332–63 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 19 58 BC BC NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 19 59 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 19 60 3 3 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 19 61 Demographics demographic NNS en-wikipedia-org-1136 19 62 3.1 3.1 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 19 63 Genetic genetic JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 19 64 studies study NNS en-wikipedia-org-1136 19 65 4 4 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 19 66 Economy economy NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 19 67 4.1 4.1 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 19 68 Trade Trade NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 19 69 4.2 4.2 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 19 70 Industry Industry NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 19 71 4.2.1 4.2.1 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 19 72 Tyrian tyrian JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 19 73 purple purple JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 19 74 4.2.2 4.2.2 NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 19 75 Mining Mining NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 19 76 4.2.3 4.2.3 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 19 77 Viticulture Viticulture NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 19 78 4.2.4 4.2.4 NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 19 79 Shipbuilding shipbuilding NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 19 80 5 5 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 19 81 Important important JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 19 82 cities city NNS en-wikipedia-org-1136 19 83 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1136 19 84 colonies colony NNS en-wikipedia-org-1136 19 85 5.1 5.1 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 19 86 Phoenician phoenician JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 19 87 colonization colonization NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 19 88 6 6 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 19 89 Society Society NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 19 90 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1136 19 91 culture culture NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 19 92 6.1 6.1 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 19 93 Politics politic NNS en-wikipedia-org-1136 19 94 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1136 19 95 government government NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 19 96 6.2 6.2 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 19 97 Law Law NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 19 98 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1136 19 99 administration administration NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 19 100 6.3 6.3 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 19 101 Military Military NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 19 102 6.4 6.4 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 19 103 Language Language NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 19 104 6.4.1 6.4.1 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 19 105 Alphabet Alphabet NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 19 106 6.5 6.5 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 19 107 Art art NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 19 108 6.6 6.6 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 19 109 Women woman NNS en-wikipedia-org-1136 19 110 7 7 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 19 111 Religion religion NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 19 112 8 8 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 19 113 See see VB en-wikipedia-org-1136 19 114 also also RB en-wikipedia-org-1136 19 115 9 9 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 19 116 References reference NNS en-wikipedia-org-1136 19 117 9.1 9.1 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 19 118 Citations citation NNS en-wikipedia-org-1136 19 119 9.2 9.2 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 19 120 Sources source NNS en-wikipedia-org-1136 19 121 10 10 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 19 122 Further further JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 19 123 reading read VBG en-wikipedia-org-1136 19 124 11 11 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 19 125 External external JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 19 126 links link NNS en-wikipedia-org-1136 19 127 Etymology[edit etymology[edit NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 19 128 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 19 129 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 19 130 name name NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 19 131 Phoenicians Phoenicians NNPS en-wikipedia-org-1136 19 132 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 19 133 like like IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 19 134 Latin Latin NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 19 135 Poenī Poenī NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 19 136 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 19 137 adj adj RB en-wikipedia-org-1136 19 138 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 20 1 poenicus poenicus NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 20 2 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 20 3 later later JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 20 4 pūnicus pūnicus NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 20 5 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 20 6 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 20 7 comes come VBZ en-wikipedia-org-1136 20 8 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 20 9 Greek Greek NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 20 10 Φοινίκη Φοινίκη NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 20 11 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 20 12 Phoínikē Phoínikē NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 20 13 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 20 14 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 21 1 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 21 2 word word NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 21 3 φοῖνιξ φοῖνιξ VBN en-wikipedia-org-1136 21 4 phoînix phoînix NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 21 5 meant mean VBD en-wikipedia-org-1136 21 6 variably variably RB en-wikipedia-org-1136 21 7 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-1136 21 8 Phoenician phoenician JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 21 9 person person NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 21 10 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-1136 21 11 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 21 12 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-1136 21 13 Tyrian tyrian JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 21 14 purple purple NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 21 15 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 21 16 crimson crimson FW en-wikipedia-org-1136 21 17 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-1136 21 18 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-1136 21 19 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-1136 21 20 date date NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 21 21 palm palm NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 21 22 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 21 23 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-1136 22 1 Homer Homer NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 22 2 used use VBD en-wikipedia-org-1136 22 3 it -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-1136 22 4 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 22 5 each each DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 22 6 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 22 7 these these DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 22 8 meanings meaning NNS en-wikipedia-org-1136 22 9 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 23 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 23 2 20 20 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 23 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 23 4 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 23 5 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 23 6 mythical mythical JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 23 7 bird bird NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 23 8 phoenix phoenix NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 23 9 also also RB en-wikipedia-org-1136 23 10 carries carry VBZ en-wikipedia-org-1136 23 11 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 23 12 same same JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 23 13 name name NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 23 14 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 23 15 but but CC en-wikipedia-org-1136 23 16 this this DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 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en-wikipedia-org-1136 25 28 𐤐𐤍𐤉𐤌 𐤐𐤍𐤉𐤌 NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 25 29 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 25 30 Pōnnim Pōnnim NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 25 31 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 25 32 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 26 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 26 2 21 21 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 26 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 26 4 History[edit History[edit VBN en-wikipedia-org-1136 26 5 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 26 6 Main main JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 26 7 article article NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 26 8 : : : en-wikipedia-org-1136 26 9 History history NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 26 10 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 26 11 Phoenicia Phoenicia NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 26 12 Since since IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 26 13 little little JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 26 14 has have VBZ en-wikipedia-org-1136 26 15 survived survive VBN en-wikipedia-org-1136 26 16 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 26 17 Phoenician phoenician JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 26 18 records record NNS en-wikipedia-org-1136 26 19 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-1136 26 20 literature literature NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 26 21 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 26 22 most most JJS en-wikipedia-org-1136 26 23 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 26 24 what what WP en-wikipedia-org-1136 26 25 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-1136 26 26 known know VBN en-wikipedia-org-1136 26 27 about about IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 26 28 their -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-1136 26 29 origins origin NNS en-wikipedia-org-1136 26 30 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1136 26 31 history history NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 26 32 comes come VBZ en-wikipedia-org-1136 26 33 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 26 34 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 26 35 accounts account NNS en-wikipedia-org-1136 26 36 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 26 37 other other JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 26 38 civilizations civilization NNS en-wikipedia-org-1136 26 39 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1136 26 40 inferences inference NNS en-wikipedia-org-1136 26 41 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 26 42 their -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-1136 26 43 material material NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 26 44 culture culture NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 26 45 excavated excavate VBN en-wikipedia-org-1136 26 46 throughout throughout IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 26 47 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 26 48 Mediterranean Mediterranean NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 26 49 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 27 1 Origins[edit origins[edit LS en-wikipedia-org-1136 27 2 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 27 3 Main main JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 27 4 articles article NNS en-wikipedia-org-1136 27 5 : : : en-wikipedia-org-1136 27 6 Canaan Canaan NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 27 7 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 27 8 Retjenu Retjenu NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 27 9 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 27 10 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1136 27 11 Prehistory prehistory NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 27 12 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 27 13 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 27 14 Levant Levant NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 27 15 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 27 16 Canaanite Canaanite NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 27 17 culture culture NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 27 18 that that WDT en-wikipedia-org-1136 27 19 gave give VBD en-wikipedia-org-1136 27 20 rise rise NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 27 21 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 27 22 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 27 23 Phoenicians Phoenicians NNPS en-wikipedia-org-1136 27 24 apparently apparently RB en-wikipedia-org-1136 27 25 developed develop VBD en-wikipedia-org-1136 27 26 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 27 27 situ situ NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 27 28 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 27 29 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 27 30 earlier early JJR en-wikipedia-org-1136 27 31 Ghassulian ghassulian JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 27 32 chalcolithic chalcolithic JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 27 33 culture culture NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 27 34 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 28 1 Ghassulian Ghassulian NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 28 2 itself -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-1136 28 3 developed develop VBD en-wikipedia-org-1136 28 4 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 28 5 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 28 6 Circum Circum NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 28 7 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-1136 28 8 Arabian arabian JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 28 9 Nomadic Nomadic NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 28 10 Pastoral Pastoral NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 28 11 Complex Complex NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 28 12 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 28 13 which which WDT en-wikipedia-org-1136 28 14 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 28 15 turn turn NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 28 16 developed develop VBN en-wikipedia-org-1136 28 17 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 28 18 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 28 19 fusion fusion NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 28 20 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 28 21 their -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-1136 28 22 ancestral ancestral JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 28 23 Natufian natufian JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 28 24 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1136 28 25 Harifian harifian JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 28 26 cultures culture NNS en-wikipedia-org-1136 28 27 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 28 28 Pre pre JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 28 29 - - NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 28 30 Pottery Pottery NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 28 31 Neolithic neolithic JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 28 32 B b NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 28 33 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 28 34 PPNB PPNB NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 28 35 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 28 36 farming farm VBG en-wikipedia-org-1136 28 37 cultures culture NNS en-wikipedia-org-1136 28 38 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 28 39 practicing practice VBG en-wikipedia-org-1136 28 40 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 28 41 domestication domestication NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 28 42 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 28 43 animals animal NNS en-wikipedia-org-1136 28 44 during during IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 28 45 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 28 46 6200 6200 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 28 47   _SP en-wikipedia-org-1136 28 48 BC BC NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 28 49 climate climate NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 28 50 crisis crisis NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 28 51 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 28 52 which which WDT en-wikipedia-org-1136 28 53 led lead VBD en-wikipedia-org-1136 28 54 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 28 55 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 28 56 Neolithic Neolithic NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 28 57 Revolution Revolution NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 28 58 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 28 59 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 28 60 Levant Levant NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 28 61 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 29 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 29 2 22 22 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 29 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 29 4 Byblos Byblos NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 29 5 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-1136 29 6 attested attest VBN en-wikipedia-org-1136 29 7 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 29 8 an an DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 29 9 archaeological archaeological JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 29 10 site site NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 29 11 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 29 12 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 29 13 Early early JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 29 14 Bronze Bronze NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 29 15 Age Age NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 29 16 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 30 1 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 30 2 Late Late NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 30 3 Bronze Bronze NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 30 4 Age Age NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 30 5 state state NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 30 6 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 30 7 Ugarit Ugarit NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 30 8 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-1136 30 9 considered consider VBN en-wikipedia-org-1136 30 10 quintessentially quintessentially RB en-wikipedia-org-1136 30 11 Canaanite canaanite JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 30 12 archaeologically,[23 archaeologically,[23 NFP en-wikipedia-org-1136 30 13 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 30 14 even even RB en-wikipedia-org-1136 30 15 though though IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 30 16 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 30 17 Ugaritic ugaritic JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 30 18 language language NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 30 19 does do VBZ en-wikipedia-org-1136 30 20 not not RB en-wikipedia-org-1136 30 21 belong belong VB en-wikipedia-org-1136 30 22 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 30 23 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 30 24 Canaanite Canaanite NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 30 25 languages language NNS en-wikipedia-org-1136 30 26 proper proper JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 30 27 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 31 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 31 2 24][25 24][25 LS en-wikipedia-org-1136 31 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 31 4 Some some DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 31 5 scholars scholar NNS en-wikipedia-org-1136 31 6 suggest suggest VBP en-wikipedia-org-1136 31 7 there there EX en-wikipedia-org-1136 31 8 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-1136 31 9 evidence evidence NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 31 10 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 31 11 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 31 12 Semitic semitic JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 31 13 dispersal dispersal NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 31 14 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 31 15 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 31 16 fertile fertile JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 31 17 crescent crescent NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 31 18 circa circa NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 31 19 2500 2500 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 31 20 BC BC NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 31 21 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-1136 31 22 others other NNS en-wikipedia-org-1136 31 23 believe believe VBP en-wikipedia-org-1136 31 24 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 31 25 Phoenicians Phoenicians NNPS en-wikipedia-org-1136 31 26 originated originate VBD en-wikipedia-org-1136 31 27 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 31 28 an an DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 31 29 admixture admixture NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 31 30 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 31 31 previous previous JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 31 32 non non JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 31 33 - - JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 31 34 Semitic semitic JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 31 35 inhabitants inhabitant NNS en-wikipedia-org-1136 31 36 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 31 37 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 31 38 Semitic semitic JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 31 39 arrivals arrival NNS en-wikipedia-org-1136 31 40 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 32 1 Herodotus Herodotus NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 32 2 believed believe VBD en-wikipedia-org-1136 32 3 that that IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 32 4 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 32 5 Phoenicians Phoenicians NNPS en-wikipedia-org-1136 32 6 originated originate VBD en-wikipedia-org-1136 32 7 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 32 8 Bahrain,[26][27 bahrain,[26][27 LS en-wikipedia-org-1136 32 9 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 32 10 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 32 11 view view NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 32 12 shared share VBN en-wikipedia-org-1136 32 13 centuries century NNS en-wikipedia-org-1136 32 14 later later RB en-wikipedia-org-1136 32 15 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 32 16 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 32 17 historian historian NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 32 18 Strabo Strabo NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 32 19 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 33 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 33 2 28 28 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 33 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 33 4 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 33 5 people people NNS en-wikipedia-org-1136 33 6 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 33 7 modern modern JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 33 8 Tyre Tyre NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 33 9 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 33 10 Lebanon Lebanon NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 33 11 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 33 12 have have VBP en-wikipedia-org-1136 33 13 particularly particularly RB en-wikipedia-org-1136 33 14 long long RB en-wikipedia-org-1136 33 15 maintained maintain VBN en-wikipedia-org-1136 33 16 Persian Persian NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 33 17 Gulf Gulf NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 33 18 origins origin NNS en-wikipedia-org-1136 33 19 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 34 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 34 2 29 29 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 34 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 34 4 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 34 5 Dilmun Dilmun NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 34 6 civilization civilization NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 34 7 thrived thrive VBD en-wikipedia-org-1136 34 8 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 34 9 Bahrain Bahrain NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 34 10 during during IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 34 11 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 34 12 period period NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 34 13 2200–1600 2200–1600 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 34 14 BC BC NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 34 15 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 34 16 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 34 17 shown show VBN en-wikipedia-org-1136 34 18 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 34 19 excavations excavation NNS en-wikipedia-org-1136 34 20 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 34 21 settlements settlement NNS en-wikipedia-org-1136 34 22 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1136 34 23 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 34 24 Dilmun Dilmun NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 34 25 burial burial NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 34 26 mounds mound NNS en-wikipedia-org-1136 34 27 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 35 1 However however RB en-wikipedia-org-1136 35 2 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 35 3 recent recent JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 35 4 genetic genetic JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 35 5 researches research NNS en-wikipedia-org-1136 35 6 have have VBP en-wikipedia-org-1136 35 7 shown show VBN en-wikipedia-org-1136 35 8 that that IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 35 9 present present JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 35 10 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-1136 35 11 day day NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 35 12 Lebanese lebanese JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 35 13 derive derive VBP en-wikipedia-org-1136 35 14 most most JJS en-wikipedia-org-1136 35 15 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 35 16 their -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-1136 35 17 ancestry ancestry NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 35 18 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 35 19 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 35 20 Canaanite Canaanite NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 35 21 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-1136 35 22 related relate VBN en-wikipedia-org-1136 35 23 population population NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 35 24 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 36 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 36 2 30 30 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 36 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 36 4 Emergence emergence NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 36 5 during during IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 36 6 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 36 7 Late Late NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 36 8 Bronze Bronze NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 36 9 Age Age NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 36 10 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 36 11 1550–1200 1550–1200 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 36 12 BC)[edit bc)[edit NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 36 13 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 36 14 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 36 15 first first JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 36 16 known know VBN en-wikipedia-org-1136 36 17 account account NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 36 18 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 36 19 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 36 20 Phoenicians Phoenicians NNPS en-wikipedia-org-1136 36 21 relates relate VBZ en-wikipedia-org-1136 36 22 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 36 23 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 36 24 conquests conquest NNS en-wikipedia-org-1136 36 25 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 36 26 Pharaoh Pharaoh NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 36 27 Thutmose Thutmose NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 36 28 III III NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 36 29 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 36 30 1479–1425 1479–1425 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 36 31 BC BC NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 36 32 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 36 33 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 37 1 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 37 2 Egyptians Egyptians NNPS en-wikipedia-org-1136 37 3 targeted target VBD en-wikipedia-org-1136 37 4 coastal coastal JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 37 5 cities city NNS en-wikipedia-org-1136 37 6 such such JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 37 7 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 37 8 Byblos Byblos NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 37 9 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 37 10 Arwad Arwad NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 37 11 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 37 12 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1136 37 13 Ullasa Ullasa NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 37 14 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 37 15 their -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-1136 37 16 crucial crucial JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 37 17 geographic geographic JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 37 18 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1136 37 19 commercial commercial JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 37 20 links link NNS en-wikipedia-org-1136 37 21 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 37 22 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 37 23 interior interior NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 37 24 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 37 25 via via IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 37 26 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 37 27 Nahr Nahr NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 37 28 al al NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 37 29 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-1136 37 30 Kabir Kabir NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 37 31 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1136 37 32 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 37 33 Orontes Orontes NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 37 34 rivers river NNS en-wikipedia-org-1136 37 35 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 37 36 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 38 1 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 38 2 cities city NNS en-wikipedia-org-1136 38 3 provided provide VBD en-wikipedia-org-1136 38 4 Egypt Egypt NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 38 5 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 38 6 access access NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 38 7 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 38 8 Mesopotamian mesopotamian JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 38 9 trade trade NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 38 10 as as RB en-wikipedia-org-1136 38 11 well well RB en-wikipedia-org-1136 38 12 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 38 13 abundant abundant JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 38 14 stocks stock NNS en-wikipedia-org-1136 38 15 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 38 16 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 38 17 region region NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 38 18 's 's POS en-wikipedia-org-1136 38 19 native native JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 38 20 cedar cedar NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 38 21 wood wood NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 38 22 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 38 23 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 38 24 which which WDT en-wikipedia-org-1136 38 25 there there EX en-wikipedia-org-1136 38 26 was be VBD en-wikipedia-org-1136 38 27 no no DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 38 28 equivalent equivalent NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 38 29 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 38 30 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 38 31 Egyptian egyptian JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 38 32 homeland homeland NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 38 33 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 39 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 39 2 31 31 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 39 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 39 4 By by IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 39 5 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 39 6 mid mid JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 39 7 14th 14th JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 39 8 century century NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 39 9 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 39 10 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 39 11 Phoenician phoenician JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 39 12 city city NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 39 13 states state NNS en-wikipedia-org-1136 39 14 were be VBD en-wikipedia-org-1136 39 15 considered consider VBN en-wikipedia-org-1136 39 16 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-1136 39 17 favored favor VBN en-wikipedia-org-1136 39 18 cities city NNS en-wikipedia-org-1136 39 19 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-1136 39 20 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 39 21 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 39 22 Egyptians Egyptians NNPS en-wikipedia-org-1136 39 23 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 40 1 Tyre Tyre NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 40 2 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 40 3 Sidon Sidon NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 40 4 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 40 5 Beirut Beirut NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 40 6 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 40 7 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1136 40 8 Byblos Byblos NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 40 9 were be VBD en-wikipedia-org-1136 40 10 regarded regard VBN en-wikipedia-org-1136 40 11 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 40 12 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 40 13 most most RBS en-wikipedia-org-1136 40 14 important important JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 40 15 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 41 1 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 41 2 Phoenicians Phoenicians NNPS en-wikipedia-org-1136 41 3 had have VBD en-wikipedia-org-1136 41 4 considerable considerable JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 41 5 autonomy autonomy NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 41 6 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1136 41 7 their -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-1136 41 8 cities city NNS en-wikipedia-org-1136 41 9 were be VBD en-wikipedia-org-1136 41 10 fairly fairly RB en-wikipedia-org-1136 41 11 well well RB en-wikipedia-org-1136 41 12 developed developed JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 41 13 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1136 41 14 prosperous prosperous JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 41 15 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 42 1 Byblos Byblos NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 42 2 was be VBD en-wikipedia-org-1136 42 3 evidently evidently RB en-wikipedia-org-1136 42 4 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 42 5 leading lead VBG en-wikipedia-org-1136 42 6 city city NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 42 7 outside outside IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 42 8 Egypt Egypt NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 42 9 proper proper JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 42 10 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-1136 42 11 it -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-1136 42 12 was be VBD en-wikipedia-org-1136 42 13 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 42 14 major major JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 42 15 center center NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 42 16 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 42 17 bronze bronze NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 42 18 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-1136 42 19 making making NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 42 20 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 42 21 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1136 42 22 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 42 23 primary primary JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 42 24 terminus terminus NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 42 25 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 42 26 precious precious JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 42 27 goods good NNS en-wikipedia-org-1136 42 28 such such JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 42 29 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 42 30 tin tin NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 42 31 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1136 42 32 lapis lapis NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 42 33 lazuli lazuli NNS en-wikipedia-org-1136 42 34 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 42 35 as as RB en-wikipedia-org-1136 42 36 far far RB en-wikipedia-org-1136 42 37 east east RB en-wikipedia-org-1136 42 38 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 42 39 Afghanistan Afghanistan NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 42 40 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 43 1 Sidon Sidon NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 43 2 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1136 43 3 Tyre Tyre NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 43 4 also also RB en-wikipedia-org-1136 43 5 commanded command VBD en-wikipedia-org-1136 43 6 interest interest NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 43 7 among among IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 43 8 Egyptian egyptian JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 43 9 officials official NNS en-wikipedia-org-1136 43 10 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 43 11 beginning begin VBG en-wikipedia-org-1136 43 12 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 43 13 pattern pattern NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 43 14 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 43 15 rivalry rivalry NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 43 16 that that WDT en-wikipedia-org-1136 43 17 would would MD en-wikipedia-org-1136 43 18 span span VB en-wikipedia-org-1136 43 19 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 43 20 next next JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 43 21 millennium millennium NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 43 22 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 44 1 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 44 2 Amarna Amarna NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 44 3 letters letter NNS en-wikipedia-org-1136 44 4 report report VBP en-wikipedia-org-1136 44 5 that that IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 44 6 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 44 7 1350 1350 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 44 8 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 44 9 1300 1300 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 44 10 BC BC NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 44 11 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 44 12 neighboring neighboring NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 44 13 Amorites Amorites NNPS en-wikipedia-org-1136 44 14 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1136 44 15 Hittites Hittites NNPS en-wikipedia-org-1136 44 16 were be VBD en-wikipedia-org-1136 44 17 capturing capture VBG en-wikipedia-org-1136 44 18 Phoenician phoenician JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 44 19 cities city NNS en-wikipedia-org-1136 44 20 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 44 21 especially especially RB en-wikipedia-org-1136 44 22 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 44 23 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 44 24 north north NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 44 25 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 45 1 Egypt Egypt NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 45 2 subsequently subsequently RB en-wikipedia-org-1136 45 3 lost lose VBD en-wikipedia-org-1136 45 4 its -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-1136 45 5 coastal coastal JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 45 6 holdings holding NNS en-wikipedia-org-1136 45 7 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 45 8 Ugarit Ugarit NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 45 9 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 45 10 northern northern JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 45 11 Syria Syria NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 45 12 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 45 13 Byblos Byblos NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 45 14 near near IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 45 15 central central JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 45 16 Lebanon Lebanon NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 45 17 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 46 1 Ascendance ascendance NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 46 2 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1136 46 3 high high JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 46 4 point point NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 46 5 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 46 6 1200–800 1200–800 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 46 7 BC)[edit bc)[edit NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 46 8 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 46 9 Some some DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 46 10 time time NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 46 11 between between IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 46 12 1200 1200 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 46 13 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1136 46 14 1150 1150 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 46 15 BC BC NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 46 16 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 46 17 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 46 18 Late Late NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 46 19 Bronze Bronze NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 46 20 Age Age NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 46 21 collapse collapse NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 46 22 severely severely RB en-wikipedia-org-1136 46 23 weakened weaken VBD en-wikipedia-org-1136 46 24 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-1136 46 25 destroyed destroy VBN en-wikipedia-org-1136 46 26 most most JJS en-wikipedia-org-1136 46 27 civilizations civilization NNS en-wikipedia-org-1136 46 28 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 46 29 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 46 30 region region NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 46 31 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 46 32 including include VBG en-wikipedia-org-1136 46 33 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 46 34 Egyptians Egyptians NNPS en-wikipedia-org-1136 46 35 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1136 46 36 Hittites Hittites NNPS en-wikipedia-org-1136 46 37 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 47 1 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 47 2 Phoenicians Phoenicians NNPS en-wikipedia-org-1136 47 3 appear appear VBP en-wikipedia-org-1136 47 4 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-1136 47 5 have have VB en-wikipedia-org-1136 47 6 weathered weather VBN en-wikipedia-org-1136 47 7 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 47 8 crisis crisis NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 47 9 relatively relatively RB en-wikipedia-org-1136 47 10 well well RB en-wikipedia-org-1136 47 11 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 47 12 emerging emerge VBG en-wikipedia-org-1136 47 13 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 47 14 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 47 15 distinct distinct JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 47 16 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1136 47 17 organized organized JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 47 18 civilization civilization NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 47 19 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 47 20 1230 1230 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 47 21 BC BC NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 47 22 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 48 1 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 48 2 period period NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 48 3 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-1136 48 4 sometimes sometimes RB en-wikipedia-org-1136 48 5 described describe VBN en-wikipedia-org-1136 48 6 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 48 7 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 48 8 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-1136 48 9 Phoenician phoenician JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 48 10 renaissance renaissance NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 48 11 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 49 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-1136 49 2 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 49 3 32 32 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 49 4 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 49 5 They -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-1136 49 6 filled fill VBD en-wikipedia-org-1136 49 7 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 49 8 power power NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 49 9 vacuum vacuum NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 49 10 caused cause VBN en-wikipedia-org-1136 49 11 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 49 12 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 49 13 Late Late NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 49 14 Bronze Bronze NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 49 15 Age Age NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 49 16 collapse collapse NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 49 17 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 49 18 becoming become VBG en-wikipedia-org-1136 49 19 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 49 20 sole sole JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 49 21 mercantile mercantile NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 49 22 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1136 49 23 maritime maritime JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 49 24 power power NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 49 25 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 49 26 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 49 27 region region NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 49 28 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 49 29 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 49 30 status status NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 49 31 they -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-1136 49 32 would would MD en-wikipedia-org-1136 49 33 maintain maintain VB en-wikipedia-org-1136 49 34 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 49 35 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 49 36 next next JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 49 37 several several JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 49 38 centuries century NNS en-wikipedia-org-1136 49 39 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 50 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 50 2 11 11 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 50 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 50 4 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 50 5 recovery recovery NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 50 6 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 50 7 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 50 8 Mediterranean Mediterranean NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 50 9 economy economy NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 50 10 can can MD en-wikipedia-org-1136 50 11 be be VB en-wikipedia-org-1136 50 12 credited credit VBN en-wikipedia-org-1136 50 13 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 50 14 Phoenician phoenician JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 50 15 mariners mariner NNS en-wikipedia-org-1136 50 16 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1136 50 17 merchants merchant NNS en-wikipedia-org-1136 50 18 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 50 19 who who WP en-wikipedia-org-1136 50 20 re re VBD en-wikipedia-org-1136 50 21 - - VBD en-wikipedia-org-1136 50 22 established established JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 50 23 long long JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 50 24 distance distance NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 50 25 trade trade NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 50 26 between between IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 50 27 Egypt Egypt NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 50 28 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1136 50 29 Mesopotamia Mesopotamia NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 50 30 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 50 31 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 50 32 10th 10th JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 50 33 century century NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 50 34 BC BC NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 50 35 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 51 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 51 2 33 33 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 51 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 51 4 Early early RB en-wikipedia-org-1136 51 5 into into IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 51 6 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 51 7 Iron Iron NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 51 8 Age Age NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 51 9 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 51 10 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 51 11 Phoenicians Phoenicians NNPS en-wikipedia-org-1136 51 12 established establish VBD en-wikipedia-org-1136 51 13 ports port NNS en-wikipedia-org-1136 51 14 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 51 15 warehouses warehouse NNS en-wikipedia-org-1136 51 16 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 51 17 markets market NNS en-wikipedia-org-1136 51 18 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 51 19 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1136 51 20 settlement settlement NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 51 21 all all DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 51 22 across across IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 51 23 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 51 24 Mediterranean Mediterranean NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 51 25 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1136 51 26 up up IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 51 27 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 51 28 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 51 29 southern southern JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 51 30 Black Black NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 51 31 Sea Sea NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 51 32 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 52 1 Colonies colony NNS en-wikipedia-org-1136 52 2 were be VBD en-wikipedia-org-1136 52 3 established establish VBN en-wikipedia-org-1136 52 4 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 52 5 Cyprus Cyprus NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 52 6 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 52 7 Sardinia Sardinia NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 52 8 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 52 9 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 52 10 Balearic Balearic NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 52 11 Islands Islands NNPS en-wikipedia-org-1136 52 12 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 52 13 Sicily Sicily NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 52 14 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 52 15 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1136 52 16 Malta Malta NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 52 17 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 52 18 as as RB en-wikipedia-org-1136 52 19 well well RB en-wikipedia-org-1136 52 20 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 52 21 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 52 22 coasts coast NNS en-wikipedia-org-1136 52 23 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 52 24 North North NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 52 25 Africa Africa NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 52 26 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1136 52 27 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 52 28 Iberian Iberian NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 52 29 Peninsula Peninsula NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 52 30 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 53 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 53 2 34 34 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 53 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 53 4 Phoenician phoenician JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 53 5 hacksilver hacksilver RB en-wikipedia-org-1136 53 6 dated date VBD en-wikipedia-org-1136 53 7 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 53 8 this this DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 53 9 period period NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 53 10 bears bear VBZ en-wikipedia-org-1136 53 11 lead lead VBP en-wikipedia-org-1136 53 12 isotope isotope NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 53 13 ratios ratio NNS en-wikipedia-org-1136 53 14 matching match VBG en-wikipedia-org-1136 53 15 ores ore NNS en-wikipedia-org-1136 53 16 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 53 17 Sardinia Sardinia NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 53 18 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1136 53 19 Spain Spain NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 53 20 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 53 21 indicating indicate VBG en-wikipedia-org-1136 53 22 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 53 23 extent extent NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 53 24 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 53 25 Phoenician phoenician JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 53 26 trade trade NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 53 27 networks network NNS en-wikipedia-org-1136 53 28 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 54 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 54 2 35 35 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 54 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 54 4 By by IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 54 5 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 54 6 tenth tenth JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 54 7 century century NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 54 8 BC BC NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 54 9 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 54 10 Tyre Tyre NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 54 11 rose rise VBD en-wikipedia-org-1136 54 12 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-1136 54 13 become become VB en-wikipedia-org-1136 54 14 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 54 15 richest rich JJS en-wikipedia-org-1136 54 16 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1136 54 17 most most RBS en-wikipedia-org-1136 54 18 powerful powerful JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 54 19 Phoenician phoenician JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 54 20 city city NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 54 21 state state NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 54 22 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 54 23 particularly particularly RB en-wikipedia-org-1136 54 24 during during IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 54 25 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 54 26 reign reign NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 54 27 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 54 28 Hiram Hiram NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 54 29 I I NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 54 30 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 54 31 c. c. NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 54 32 969–936 969–936 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 54 33 BC BC NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 54 34 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 54 35 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 55 1 During during IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 55 2 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 55 3 rule rule NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 55 4 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 55 5 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 55 6 priest priest NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 55 7 Ithobaal Ithobaal NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 55 8 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 55 9 887–856 887–856 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 55 10   _SP en-wikipedia-org-1136 55 11 BC BC NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 55 12 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 55 13 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 55 14 Tyre Tyre NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 55 15 expanded expand VBD en-wikipedia-org-1136 55 16 its -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-1136 55 17 territory territory NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 55 18 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 55 19 far far RB en-wikipedia-org-1136 55 20 north north RB en-wikipedia-org-1136 55 21 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 55 22 Beirut Beirut NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 55 23 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 55 24 incorporating incorporate VBG en-wikipedia-org-1136 55 25 its -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-1136 55 26 former former JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 55 27 rival rival JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 55 28 Sidon Sidon NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 55 29 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 55 30 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1136 55 31 into into IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 55 32 part part NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 55 33 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 55 34 Cyprus Cyprus NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 55 35 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-1136 55 36 this this DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 55 37 unusual unusual JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 55 38 act act NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 55 39 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 55 40 aggression aggression NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 55 41 was be VBD en-wikipedia-org-1136 55 42 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 55 43 closest close JJS en-wikipedia-org-1136 55 44 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 55 45 Phoenicians Phoenicians NNPS en-wikipedia-org-1136 55 46 ever ever RB en-wikipedia-org-1136 55 47 came come VBD en-wikipedia-org-1136 55 48 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 55 49 forming form VBG en-wikipedia-org-1136 55 50 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 55 51 unitary unitary JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 55 52 territorial territorial JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 55 53 state state NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 55 54 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 56 1 Once once IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 56 2 his -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-1136 56 3 realm realm NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 56 4 reached reach VBD en-wikipedia-org-1136 56 5 its -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-1136 56 6 greatest great JJS en-wikipedia-org-1136 56 7 territorial territorial JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 56 8 extent extent NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 56 9 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 56 10 Ithobaal Ithobaal NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 56 11 declared declare VBD en-wikipedia-org-1136 56 12 himself -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-1136 56 13 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-1136 56 14 King King NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 56 15 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 56 16 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 56 17 Sidonians Sidonians NNPS en-wikipedia-org-1136 56 18 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-1136 56 19 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 56 20 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 56 21 title title NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 56 22 that that WDT en-wikipedia-org-1136 56 23 would would MD en-wikipedia-org-1136 56 24 be be VB en-wikipedia-org-1136 56 25 used use VBN en-wikipedia-org-1136 56 26 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 56 27 his -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-1136 56 28 successors successor NNS en-wikipedia-org-1136 56 29 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1136 56 30 mentioned mention VBN en-wikipedia-org-1136 56 31 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 56 32 both both DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 56 33 Greek greek JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 56 34 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1136 56 35 Jewish jewish JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 56 36 accounts account NNS en-wikipedia-org-1136 56 37 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 57 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 57 2 36 36 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 57 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 57 4 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 57 5 Late Late NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 57 6 Iron Iron NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 57 7 Age Age NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 57 8 saw see VBD en-wikipedia-org-1136 57 9 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 57 10 height height NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 57 11 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 57 12 Phoenician phoenician JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 57 13 shipping shipping NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 57 14 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 57 15 mercantile mercantile NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 57 16 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 57 17 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1136 57 18 cultural cultural JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 57 19 activity activity NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 57 20 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 57 21 particularly particularly RB en-wikipedia-org-1136 57 22 between between IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 57 23 750 750 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 57 24 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1136 57 25 650 650 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 57 26 BC bc NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 57 27 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 58 1 Phoenician phoenician JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 58 2 influence influence NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 58 3 was be VBD en-wikipedia-org-1136 58 4 visible visible JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 58 5 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 58 6 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 58 7 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-1136 58 8 Orientalization Orientalization NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 58 9 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-1136 58 10 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 58 11 Greek greek JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 58 12 cultural cultural JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 58 13 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1136 58 14 artistic artistic JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 58 15 conventions convention NNS en-wikipedia-org-1136 58 16 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 59 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 59 2 11 11 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 59 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 59 4 Among among IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 59 5 their -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-1136 59 6 most most RBS en-wikipedia-org-1136 59 7 popular popular JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 59 8 goods good NNS en-wikipedia-org-1136 59 9 were be VBD en-wikipedia-org-1136 59 10 fine fine JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 59 11 textiles textile NNS en-wikipedia-org-1136 59 12 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 59 13 typically typically RB en-wikipedia-org-1136 59 14 dyed dye VBD en-wikipedia-org-1136 59 15 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 59 16 Tyrian tyrian JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 59 17 purple purple NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 59 18 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 60 1 Homer Homer NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 60 2 's 's POS en-wikipedia-org-1136 60 3 Iliad Iliad NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 60 4 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 60 5 which which WDT en-wikipedia-org-1136 60 6 was be VBD en-wikipedia-org-1136 60 7 composed compose VBN en-wikipedia-org-1136 60 8 during during IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 60 9 this this DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 60 10 period period NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 60 11 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 60 12 references reference VBZ en-wikipedia-org-1136 60 13 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 60 14 quality quality NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 60 15 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 60 16 Phoenician phoenician JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 60 17 clothing clothing NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 60 18 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1136 60 19 metal metal NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 60 20 goods good NNS en-wikipedia-org-1136 60 21 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 61 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 61 2 11 11 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 61 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 61 4 Foundation Foundation NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 61 5 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 61 6 Carthage[edit carthage[edit JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 61 7 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 61 8 Main main JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 61 9 articles article NNS en-wikipedia-org-1136 61 10 : : : en-wikipedia-org-1136 61 11 Carthage carthage NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 61 12 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 61 13 History history NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 61 14 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 61 15 Carthage carthage NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 61 16 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 61 17 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1136 61 18 Punic Punic NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 61 19 Wars Wars NNPS en-wikipedia-org-1136 61 20 Carthage Carthage NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 61 21 was be VBD en-wikipedia-org-1136 61 22 founded found VBN en-wikipedia-org-1136 61 23 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 61 24 Phoenicians Phoenicians NNPS en-wikipedia-org-1136 61 25 coming come VBG en-wikipedia-org-1136 61 26 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 61 27 Tyre Tyre NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 61 28 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 61 29 probably probably RB en-wikipedia-org-1136 61 30 initially initially RB en-wikipedia-org-1136 61 31 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 61 32 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 61 33 station station NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 61 34 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 61 35 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 61 36 metal metal NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 61 37 trade trade NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 61 38 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 61 39 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 61 40 southern southern JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 61 41 Iberian Iberian NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 61 42 Peninsula Peninsula NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 61 43 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 62 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 62 2 37][page 37][page CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 62 3   _SP en-wikipedia-org-1136 62 4 needed need VBN en-wikipedia-org-1136 62 5 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 62 6 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 62 7 city city NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 62 8 's 's POS en-wikipedia-org-1136 62 9 name name NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 62 10 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 62 11 Punic Punic NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 62 12 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 62 13 Qart Qart NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 62 14 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-1136 62 15 Ḥadašt Ḥadašt NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 62 16 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 62 17 𐤒𐤓𐤕 𐤒𐤓𐤕 NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 62 18 𐤇𐤃𐤔𐤕‎ 𐤇𐤃𐤔𐤕‎ NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 62 19 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 62 20 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 62 21 means mean VBZ en-wikipedia-org-1136 62 22 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-1136 62 23 New New NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 62 24 City City NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 62 25 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-1136 62 26 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 63 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 63 2 38 38 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 63 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 63 4 There there EX en-wikipedia-org-1136 63 5 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-1136 63 6 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 63 7 tradition tradition NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 63 8 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 63 9 some some DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 63 10 ancient ancient JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 63 11 sources source NNS en-wikipedia-org-1136 63 12 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 63 13 such such JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 63 14 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 63 15 Philistos Philistos NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 63 16 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 63 17 Syracuse Syracuse NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 63 18 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 63 19 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 63 20 an an DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 63 21 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-1136 63 22 early early JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 63 23 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-1136 63 24 foundation foundation NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 63 25 date date NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 63 26 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 63 27 around around RB en-wikipedia-org-1136 63 28 1215 1215 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 63 29 BC BC NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 63 30 — — : en-wikipedia-org-1136 63 31 before before IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 63 32 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 63 33 fall fall NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 63 34 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 63 35 Troy Troy NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 63 36 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 63 37 1180 1180 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 63 38 BC BC NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 63 39 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 64 1 However however RB en-wikipedia-org-1136 64 2 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 64 3 Timaeus Timaeus NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 64 4 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 64 5 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 64 6 Greek greek JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 64 7 historian historian NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 64 8 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 64 9 Sicily Sicily NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 64 10 c. c. NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 64 11 300 300 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 64 12 BC BC NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 64 13 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 64 14 places place VBZ en-wikipedia-org-1136 64 15 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 64 16 foundation foundation NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 64 17 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 64 18 Carthage Carthage NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 64 19 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 64 20 814 814 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 64 21 BC BC NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 64 22 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 64 23 which which WDT en-wikipedia-org-1136 64 24 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-1136 64 25 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 64 26 date date NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 64 27 generally generally RB en-wikipedia-org-1136 64 28 accepted accept VBN en-wikipedia-org-1136 64 29 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 64 30 modern modern JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 64 31 historians historian NNS en-wikipedia-org-1136 64 32 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 65 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 65 2 39 39 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 65 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 65 4 Legend Legend NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 65 5 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 65 6 including include VBG en-wikipedia-org-1136 65 7 Virgil Virgil NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 65 8 's 's POS en-wikipedia-org-1136 65 9 Aeneid Aeneid NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 65 10 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 65 11 assigns assign VBZ en-wikipedia-org-1136 65 12 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 65 13 founding founding NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 65 14 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 65 15 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 65 16 city city NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 65 17 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 65 18 Queen Queen NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 65 19 Dido Dido NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 65 20 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 66 1 Carthage carthage NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 66 2 would would MD en-wikipedia-org-1136 66 3 grow grow VB en-wikipedia-org-1136 66 4 into into IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 66 5 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 66 6 multi multi JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 66 7 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-1136 66 8 ethnic ethnic JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 66 9 empire empire NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 66 10 spanning span VBG en-wikipedia-org-1136 66 11 North North NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 66 12 Africa Africa NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 66 13 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 66 14 Sardinia Sardinia NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 66 15 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 66 16 Sicily Sicily NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 66 17 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 66 18 Malta Malta NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 66 19 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 66 20 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 66 21 Balearic Balearic NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 66 22 Islands Islands NNPS en-wikipedia-org-1136 66 23 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 66 24 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1136 66 25 southern southern JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 66 26 Iberia Iberia NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 66 27 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 66 28 but but CC en-wikipedia-org-1136 66 29 would would MD en-wikipedia-org-1136 66 30 ultimately ultimately RB en-wikipedia-org-1136 66 31 be be VB en-wikipedia-org-1136 66 32 destroyed destroy VBN en-wikipedia-org-1136 66 33 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 66 34 Rome Rome NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 66 35 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 66 36 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 66 37 Punic Punic NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 66 38 Wars Wars NNPS en-wikipedia-org-1136 66 39 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 66 40 264–146 264–146 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 66 41 BC BC NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 66 42 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 66 43 before before IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 66 44 being be VBG en-wikipedia-org-1136 66 45 rebuilt rebuild VBN en-wikipedia-org-1136 66 46 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 66 47 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 66 48 Roman roman JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 66 49 city city NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 66 50 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 67 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 67 2 citation citation NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 67 3 needed need VBN en-wikipedia-org-1136 67 4 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 67 5 Vassalage Vassalage NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 67 6 under under IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 67 7 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 67 8 Assyrians Assyrians NNPS en-wikipedia-org-1136 67 9 & & CC en-wikipedia-org-1136 67 10 Babylonians Babylonians NNPS en-wikipedia-org-1136 67 11 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 67 12 858–538 858–538 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 67 13 BC)[edit bc)[edit NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 67 14 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 67 15 Main main JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 67 16 article article NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 67 17 : : : en-wikipedia-org-1136 67 18 Phoenicia phoenicia NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 67 19 under under IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 67 20 Babylonian babylonian JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 67 21 rule rule NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 67 22 Two two CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 67 23 bronze bronze NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 67 24 fragments fragment NNS en-wikipedia-org-1136 67 25 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 67 26 an an DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 67 27 Assyrian assyrian JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 67 28 palace palace NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 67 29 gate gate NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 67 30 depicting depict VBG en-wikipedia-org-1136 67 31 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 67 32 collection collection NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 67 33 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 67 34 tribute tribute NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 67 35 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 67 36 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 67 37 Phoenician phoenician JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 67 38 cities city NNS en-wikipedia-org-1136 67 39 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 67 40 Tyre Tyre NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 67 41 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1136 67 42 Sidon Sidon NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 67 43 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 67 44 859–824 859–824 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 67 45 BC BC NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 67 46 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 67 47 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 68 1 British British NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 68 2 Museum Museum NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 68 3 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 69 1 As as IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 69 2 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 69 3 mercantile mercantile NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 69 4 power power NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 69 5 concentrated concentrate VBD en-wikipedia-org-1136 69 6 along along IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 69 7 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 69 8 narrow narrow JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 69 9 coastal coastal JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 69 10 strip strip NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 69 11 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 69 12 land land NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 69 13 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 69 14 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 69 15 Phoenicians Phoenicians NNPS en-wikipedia-org-1136 69 16 lacked lack VBD en-wikipedia-org-1136 69 17 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 69 18 size size NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 69 19 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1136 69 20 population population NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 69 21 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-1136 69 22 support support VB en-wikipedia-org-1136 69 23 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 69 24 large large JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 69 25 military military NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 69 26 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 70 1 Thus thus RB en-wikipedia-org-1136 70 2 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 70 3 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 70 4 neighboring neighboring NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 70 5 empires empire NNS en-wikipedia-org-1136 70 6 began begin VBD en-wikipedia-org-1136 70 7 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-1136 70 8 rise rise VB en-wikipedia-org-1136 70 9 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 70 10 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 70 11 Phoenicians Phoenicians NNPS en-wikipedia-org-1136 70 12 increasingly increasingly RB en-wikipedia-org-1136 70 13 fell fall VBD en-wikipedia-org-1136 70 14 under under IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 70 15 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 70 16 sway sway NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 70 17 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 70 18 foreign foreign JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 70 19 rulers ruler NNS en-wikipedia-org-1136 70 20 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 70 21 who who WP en-wikipedia-org-1136 70 22 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 70 23 varying vary VBG en-wikipedia-org-1136 70 24 degrees degree NNS en-wikipedia-org-1136 70 25 circumscribed circumscribe VBD en-wikipedia-org-1136 70 26 their -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-1136 70 27 autonomy autonomy NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 70 28 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 71 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 71 2 36 36 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 71 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 71 4 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 71 5 Assyrian assyrian JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 71 6 conquest conquest NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 71 7 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 71 8 Phoenicia Phoenicia NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 71 9 began begin VBD en-wikipedia-org-1136 71 10 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 71 11 King King NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 71 12 Shalmaneser Shalmaneser NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 71 13 III III NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 71 14 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 71 15 who who WP en-wikipedia-org-1136 71 16 rose rise VBD en-wikipedia-org-1136 71 17 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 71 18 power power NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 71 19 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 71 20 858 858 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 71 21 BC BC NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 71 22 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1136 71 23 began begin VBD en-wikipedia-org-1136 71 24 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 71 25 series series NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 71 26 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 71 27 campaigns campaign NNS en-wikipedia-org-1136 71 28 against against IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 71 29 neighboring neighboring NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 71 30 states state NNS en-wikipedia-org-1136 71 31 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 72 1 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 72 2 Phoenician phoenician JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 72 3 city city NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 72 4 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-1136 72 5 states state NNS en-wikipedia-org-1136 72 6 fell fall VBD en-wikipedia-org-1136 72 7 under under IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 72 8 his -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-1136 72 9 rule rule NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 72 10 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 72 11 forced force VBN en-wikipedia-org-1136 72 12 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-1136 72 13 pay pay VB en-wikipedia-org-1136 72 14 heavy heavy JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 72 15 tribute tribute NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 72 16 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 72 17 money money NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 72 18 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 72 19 goods good NNS en-wikipedia-org-1136 72 20 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 72 21 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1136 72 22 natural natural JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 72 23 resources resource NNS en-wikipedia-org-1136 72 24 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 73 1 Initially initially RB en-wikipedia-org-1136 73 2 they -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-1136 73 3 were be VBD en-wikipedia-org-1136 73 4 not not RB en-wikipedia-org-1136 73 5 annexed annex VBN en-wikipedia-org-1136 73 6 outright outright RB en-wikipedia-org-1136 73 7 — — : en-wikipedia-org-1136 73 8 they -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-1136 73 9 remained remain VBD en-wikipedia-org-1136 73 10 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 73 11 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 73 12 state state NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 73 13 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 73 14 vassalage vassalage NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 73 15 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 73 16 subordinate subordinate JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 73 17 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 73 18 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 73 19 Assyrians Assyrians NNPS en-wikipedia-org-1136 73 20 but but CC en-wikipedia-org-1136 73 21 allowed allow VBN en-wikipedia-org-1136 73 22 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 73 23 certain certain JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 73 24 degree degree NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 73 25 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 73 26 freedom freedom NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 73 27 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 74 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 74 2 36 36 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 74 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 74 4 This this DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 74 5 changed change VBD en-wikipedia-org-1136 74 6 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 74 7 744 744 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 74 8 BC BC NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 74 9 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 74 10 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 74 11 ascension ascension NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 74 12 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 74 13 Tiglath Tiglath NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 74 14 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-1136 74 15 Pileser Pileser NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 74 16 III III NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 74 17 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 75 1 By by IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 75 2 738 738 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 75 3 BC BC NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 75 4 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 75 5 most most JJS en-wikipedia-org-1136 75 6 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 75 7 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 75 8 Levant Levant NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 75 9 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 75 10 including include VBG en-wikipedia-org-1136 75 11 northern northern JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 75 12 Phoenicia Phoenicia NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 75 13 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 75 14 were be VBD en-wikipedia-org-1136 75 15 annexed annex VBN en-wikipedia-org-1136 75 16 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-1136 75 17 only only RB en-wikipedia-org-1136 75 18 Tyre Tyre NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 75 19 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1136 75 20 Byblos Byblos NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 75 21 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 75 22 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 75 23 most most RBS en-wikipedia-org-1136 75 24 powerful powerful JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 75 25 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 75 26 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 75 27 city city NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 75 28 states state NNS en-wikipedia-org-1136 75 29 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 75 30 remained remain VBD en-wikipedia-org-1136 75 31 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 75 32 tributary tributary JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 75 33 states state NNS en-wikipedia-org-1136 75 34 outside outside RB en-wikipedia-org-1136 75 35 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 75 36 direct direct JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 75 37 Assyrian assyrian JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 75 38 control control NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 75 39 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 76 1 Tyre Tyre NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 76 2 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 76 3 Byblos Byblos NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 76 4 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 76 5 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1136 76 6 Sidon Sidon NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 76 7 all all DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 76 8 rebelled rebel VBD en-wikipedia-org-1136 76 9 against against IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 76 10 Assyrian assyrian JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 76 11 rule rule NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 76 12 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 77 1 In in IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 77 2 721 721 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 77 3 BC BC NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 77 4 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 77 5 Sargon Sargon NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 77 6 II II NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 77 7 besieged besiege VBD en-wikipedia-org-1136 77 8 Tyre Tyre NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 77 9 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1136 77 10 crushed crush VBD en-wikipedia-org-1136 77 11 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 77 12 rebellion 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destroyed destroy VBN en-wikipedia-org-1136 79 13 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 79 14 Esarhaddon Esarhaddon NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 79 15 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 79 16 who who WP en-wikipedia-org-1136 79 17 enslaved enslave VBD en-wikipedia-org-1136 79 18 its -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-1136 79 19 inhabitants inhabitant NNS en-wikipedia-org-1136 79 20 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1136 79 21 built build VBD en-wikipedia-org-1136 79 22 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 79 23 new new JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 79 24 city city NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 79 25 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 79 26 its -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-1136 79 27 ruins ruin NNS en-wikipedia-org-1136 79 28 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 80 1 By by IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 80 2 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 80 3 end end NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 80 4 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 80 5 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 80 6 century century NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 80 7 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 80 8 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 80 9 Assyrians Assyrians NNPS en-wikipedia-org-1136 80 10 had have VBD en-wikipedia-org-1136 80 11 been be VBN en-wikipedia-org-1136 80 12 weakened weaken VBN en-wikipedia-org-1136 80 13 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 80 14 successive successive JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 80 15 revolts revolt NNS en-wikipedia-org-1136 80 16 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 80 17 which which WDT en-wikipedia-org-1136 80 18 led lead VBD en-wikipedia-org-1136 80 19 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 80 20 their -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-1136 80 21 destruction destruction NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 80 22 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 80 23 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 80 24 Median Median NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 80 25 Empire Empire NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 80 26 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 81 1 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 81 2 Babylonians Babylonians NNPS en-wikipedia-org-1136 81 3 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 81 4 formerly formerly RB en-wikipedia-org-1136 81 5 vassals vassal NNS en-wikipedia-org-1136 81 6 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 81 7 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 81 8 Assyrians Assyrians NNPS en-wikipedia-org-1136 81 9 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 81 10 took take VBD en-wikipedia-org-1136 81 11 advantage advantage NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 81 12 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 81 13 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 81 14 empire empire NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 81 15 's 's POS en-wikipedia-org-1136 81 16 collapse collapse NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 81 17 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1136 81 18 rebelled rebel VBD en-wikipedia-org-1136 81 19 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 81 20 quickly quickly RB en-wikipedia-org-1136 81 21 establishing establish VBG en-wikipedia-org-1136 81 22 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 81 23 Neo Neo NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 81 24 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-1136 81 25 Babylonian Babylonian NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 81 26 Empire Empire NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 81 27 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 81 28 its -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-1136 81 29 place place NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 81 30 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 82 1 Phoenician phoenician JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 82 2 cities city NNS en-wikipedia-org-1136 82 3 revolted revolt VBD en-wikipedia-org-1136 82 4 several several JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 82 5 times time NNS en-wikipedia-org-1136 82 6 throughout throughout IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 82 7 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 82 8 reigns reign NNS en-wikipedia-org-1136 82 9 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 82 10 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 82 11 first first JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 82 12 Babylonian babylonian JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 82 13 king king NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 82 14 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 82 15 Nabopolassar Nabopolassar NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 82 16 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 82 17 626–605 626–605 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 82 18 BC BC NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 82 19 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 82 20 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 82 21 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1136 82 22 his -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-1136 82 23 son son NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 82 24 Nebuchadnezzar Nebuchadnezzar NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 82 25 II II NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 82 26 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 82 27 c. c. NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 82 28 605–c 605–c CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 82 29 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 83 1 562 562 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 83 2 BC BC NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 83 3 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 83 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 84 1 In in IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 84 2 587 587 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 84 3 BC BC NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 84 4 Nebuchadnezzar Nebuchadnezzar NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 84 5 besieged besiege VBD en-wikipedia-org-1136 84 6 Tyre Tyre NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 84 7 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 84 8 which which WDT en-wikipedia-org-1136 84 9 resisted resist VBD en-wikipedia-org-1136 84 10 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 84 11 thirteen thirteen CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 84 12 years year NNS en-wikipedia-org-1136 84 13 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 84 14 but but CC en-wikipedia-org-1136 84 15 ultimately ultimately RB en-wikipedia-org-1136 84 16 capitulated capitulate VBN en-wikipedia-org-1136 84 17 under under IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 84 18 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-1136 84 19 favorable favorable JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 84 20 terms term NNS en-wikipedia-org-1136 84 21 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-1136 84 22 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 85 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 85 2 40 40 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 85 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 85 4 Persian persian JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 85 5 period period NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 85 6 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 85 7 539–332 539–332 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 85 8 BC)[edit bc)[edit NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 85 9 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 85 10 Main main JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 85 11 article article NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 85 12 : : : en-wikipedia-org-1136 85 13 Achaemenid achaemenid JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 85 14 Phoenicia Phoenicia NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 85 15 Phoenicians Phoenicians NNPS en-wikipedia-org-1136 85 16 constructing construct VBG en-wikipedia-org-1136 85 17 Pontoon Pontoon NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 85 18 Bridges Bridges NNPS en-wikipedia-org-1136 85 19 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 85 20 Xerxes Xerxes NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 85 21 I -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-1136 85 22 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 85 23 Persia Persia NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 85 24 during during IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 85 25 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 85 26 second second JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 85 27 Persian persian JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 85 28 invasion invasion NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 85 29 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 85 30 Greece Greece NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 85 31 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 85 32 480 480 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 85 33 BC bc NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 85 34 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 86 1 In in IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 86 2 539 539 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 86 3 BC BC NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 86 4 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 86 5 Cyrus Cyrus NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 86 6 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 86 7 Great Great NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 86 8 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 86 9 king king NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 86 10 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1136 86 11 founder founder NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 86 12 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 86 13 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 86 14 Persian Persian NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 86 15 Achaemenid Achaemenid NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 86 16 Empire Empire NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 86 17 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 86 18 took take VBD en-wikipedia-org-1136 86 19 Babylon Babylon NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 86 20 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 87 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 87 2 41 41 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 87 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 87 4 As as IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 87 5 Cyrus Cyrus NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 87 6 began begin VBD en-wikipedia-org-1136 87 7 consolidating consolidate VBG en-wikipedia-org-1136 87 8 territories territory NNS en-wikipedia-org-1136 87 9 across across IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 87 10 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 87 11 Near Near NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 87 12 East East NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 87 13 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 87 14 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 87 15 Phoenicians Phoenicians NNPS en-wikipedia-org-1136 87 16 apparently apparently RB en-wikipedia-org-1136 87 17 made make VBD en-wikipedia-org-1136 87 18 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 87 19 pragmatic pragmatic JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 87 20 calculation calculation NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 87 21 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 87 22 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-1136 87 23 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 87 24 yielding yield VBG en-wikipedia-org-1136 87 25 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 87 26 themselves -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-1136 87 27 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 87 28 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 87 29 Persians Persians NNPS en-wikipedia-org-1136 87 30 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 88 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-1136 88 2 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 88 3 42 42 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 88 4 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 88 5 Most Most JJS en-wikipedia-org-1136 88 6 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 88 7 the the DT 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92 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 92 2 41][44 41][44 LS en-wikipedia-org-1136 92 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 92 4 Coin Coin NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 92 5 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 92 6 Abdashtart Abdashtart NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 92 7 I -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-1136 92 8 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 92 9 Sidon Sidon NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 92 10 during during IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 92 11 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 92 12 Achaemenid achaemenid JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 92 13 period period NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 92 14 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 93 1 He -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-1136 93 2 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-1136 93 3 depicted depict VBN en-wikipedia-org-1136 93 4 behind behind IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 93 5 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 93 6 Persian persian JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 93 7 king king NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 93 8 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 93 9 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 93 10 chariot chariot NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 93 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against IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 97 20 Artaxerxes Artaxerxes NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 97 21 III III NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 97 22 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 97 23 enlisting enlist VBG en-wikipedia-org-1136 97 24 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 97 25 help help NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 97 26 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 97 27 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 97 28 Egyptians Egyptians NNPS en-wikipedia-org-1136 97 29 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 97 30 who who WP en-wikipedia-org-1136 97 31 were be VBD en-wikipedia-org-1136 97 32 subsequently subsequently RB en-wikipedia-org-1136 97 33 drawn draw VBN en-wikipedia-org-1136 97 34 into into IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 97 35 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 97 36 war war NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 97 37 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 97 38 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 97 39 Persians Persians NNPS en-wikipedia-org-1136 97 40 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 98 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 98 2 48 48 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 98 3 ] ] -RRB- 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Alexander Alexander NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 99 19 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 99 20 Great Great NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 99 21 during during IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 99 22 his -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-1136 99 23 military military JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 99 24 campaigns campaign NNS en-wikipedia-org-1136 99 25 across across IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 99 26 western western JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 99 27 Asia Asia NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 99 28 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 100 1 Alexander Alexander NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 100 2 's 's POS en-wikipedia-org-1136 100 3 main main JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 100 4 target target NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 100 5 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 100 6 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 100 7 Persian Persian NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 100 8 Levant Levant NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 100 9 was be VBD en-wikipedia-org-1136 100 10 Tyre Tyre NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 100 11 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 100 12 now now RB en-wikipedia-org-1136 100 13 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 100 14 region region NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 100 15 's 's POS en-wikipedia-org-1136 100 16 largest large JJS en-wikipedia-org-1136 100 17 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1136 100 18 most most RBS en-wikipedia-org-1136 100 19 important important JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 100 20 city city NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 100 21 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 101 1 It -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-1136 101 2 capitulated capitulate VBD en-wikipedia-org-1136 101 3 after after IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 101 4 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 101 5 roughly roughly RB en-wikipedia-org-1136 101 6 seven seven CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 101 7 month month NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 101 8 siege siege NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 101 9 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 101 10 during during IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 101 11 which which WDT en-wikipedia-org-1136 101 12 many many JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 101 13 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 101 14 its -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-1136 101 15 citizens citizen NNS en-wikipedia-org-1136 101 16 fled flee VBD en-wikipedia-org-1136 101 17 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 101 18 Carthage Carthage NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 101 19 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 102 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 102 2 49 49 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 102 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 102 4 Tyre Tyre NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 102 5 's 's POS en-wikipedia-org-1136 102 6 refusal refusal NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 102 7 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-1136 102 8 allow allow VB en-wikipedia-org-1136 102 9 Alexander Alexander NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 102 10 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-1136 102 11 visit visit VB en-wikipedia-org-1136 102 12 its -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-1136 102 13 temple temple NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 102 14 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 102 15 Melqart Melqart NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 102 16 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 102 17 culminating culminate VBG en-wikipedia-org-1136 102 18 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 102 19 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 102 20 killing killing NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 102 21 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 102 22 his -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-1136 102 23 envoys envoy NNS en-wikipedia-org-1136 102 24 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 102 25 led lead VBD en-wikipedia-org-1136 102 26 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 102 27 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 102 28 brutal brutal JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 102 29 reprisal reprisal NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 102 30 : : : en-wikipedia-org-1136 102 31 2,000 2,000 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 102 32 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 102 33 its -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-1136 102 34 leading lead VBG en-wikipedia-org-1136 102 35 citizens citizen NNS en-wikipedia-org-1136 102 36 were be VBD en-wikipedia-org-1136 102 37 crucified crucify VBN en-wikipedia-org-1136 102 38 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1136 102 39 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 102 40 puppet puppet NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 102 41 ruler ruler NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 102 42 was be VBD en-wikipedia-org-1136 102 43 installed instal VBN en-wikipedia-org-1136 102 44 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 103 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 103 2 50 50 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 103 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 103 4 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 103 5 rest rest NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 103 6 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 103 7 Phoenicia Phoenicia NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 103 8 easily easily RB en-wikipedia-org-1136 103 9 came come VBD en-wikipedia-org-1136 103 10 under under IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 103 11 his -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-1136 103 12 control control NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 103 13 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 103 14 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 103 15 Sidon Sidon NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 103 16 surrendering surrender VBG en-wikipedia-org-1136 103 17 peacefully peacefully RB en-wikipedia-org-1136 103 18 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 104 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 104 2 51 51 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 104 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 104 4 A a DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 104 5 naval naval JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 104 6 action action NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 104 7 during during IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 104 8 Alexander Alexander NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 104 9 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 104 10 Great Great NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 104 11 's 's POS en-wikipedia-org-1136 104 12 siege siege NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 104 13 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 104 14 Tyre Tyre NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 104 15 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 104 16 350 350 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 104 17 BC BC NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 104 18 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 104 19 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 105 1 Drawing draw VBG en-wikipedia-org-1136 105 2 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 105 3 André André NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 105 4 Castaigne Castaigne NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 105 5 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 105 6 1888–89 1888–89 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 105 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 106 1 Alexander Alexander NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 106 2 's 's POS en-wikipedia-org-1136 106 3 empire empire NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 106 4 had have VBD en-wikipedia-org-1136 106 5 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 106 6 policy policy NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 106 7 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 106 8 Hellenization Hellenization NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 106 9 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 106 10 whereby whereby WRB en-wikipedia-org-1136 106 11 Greek greek JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 106 12 culture culture NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 106 13 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 106 14 religion religion NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 106 15 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 106 16 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1136 106 17 sometimes sometimes RB en-wikipedia-org-1136 106 18 language language NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 106 19 were be VBD en-wikipedia-org-1136 106 20 spread spread VBN en-wikipedia-org-1136 106 21 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-1136 106 22 imposed impose VBN en-wikipedia-org-1136 106 23 across across IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 106 24 conquered conquer VBN en-wikipedia-org-1136 106 25 peoples people NNS en-wikipedia-org-1136 106 26 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 107 1 This this DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 107 2 was be VBD en-wikipedia-org-1136 107 3 typically typically RB en-wikipedia-org-1136 107 4 implemented implement VBN en-wikipedia-org-1136 107 5 through through IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 107 6 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 107 7 founding founding NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 107 8 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 107 9 new new JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 107 10 cities city NNS en-wikipedia-org-1136 107 11 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 107 12 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 107 13 settlement settlement NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 107 14 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 107 15 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 107 16 Greek greek JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 107 17 urban urban JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 107 18 elite elite NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 107 19 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 107 20 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1136 107 21 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 107 22 alteration alteration NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 107 23 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 107 24 native native JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 107 25 place place NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 107 26 names name NNS en-wikipedia-org-1136 107 27 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 107 28 Greek Greek NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 107 29 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 108 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 108 2 49 49 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 108 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 108 4 However however RB en-wikipedia-org-1136 108 5 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 108 6 there there EX en-wikipedia-org-1136 108 7 was be VBD en-wikipedia-org-1136 108 8 evidently evidently RB en-wikipedia-org-1136 108 9 no no DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 108 10 organized organized JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 108 11 Hellenization Hellenization NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 108 12 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 108 13 Phoenicia Phoenicia NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 108 14 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 108 15 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1136 108 16 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 108 17 one one CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 108 18 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-1136 108 19 two two CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 108 20 minor minor JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 108 21 exceptions exception NNS en-wikipedia-org-1136 108 22 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 108 23 all all DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 108 24 Phoenician phoenician JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 108 25 city city NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 108 26 states state NNS en-wikipedia-org-1136 108 27 retained retain VBD en-wikipedia-org-1136 108 28 their -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-1136 108 29 native native JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 108 30 names name NNS en-wikipedia-org-1136 108 31 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 108 32 while while IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 108 33 Greek greek JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 108 34 settlement settlement NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 108 35 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1136 108 36 administration administration NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 108 37 appears appear VBZ en-wikipedia-org-1136 108 38 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-1136 108 39 have have VB en-wikipedia-org-1136 108 40 been be VBN en-wikipedia-org-1136 108 41 limited limit VBN en-wikipedia-org-1136 108 42 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 109 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 109 2 49 49 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 109 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 109 4 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 109 5 Phoenicians Phoenicians NNPS en-wikipedia-org-1136 109 6 maintained maintain VBD en-wikipedia-org-1136 109 7 cultural cultural JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 109 8 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1136 109 9 commercial commercial JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 109 10 links link NNS en-wikipedia-org-1136 109 11 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 109 12 their -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-1136 109 13 western western JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 109 14 counterparts counterpart NNS en-wikipedia-org-1136 109 15 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 110 1 Polybius Polybius NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 110 2 recounts recount VBZ en-wikipedia-org-1136 110 3 how how WRB en-wikipedia-org-1136 110 4 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 110 5 Seleucid seleucid JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 110 6 king king NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 110 7 Demetrius Demetrius NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 110 8 I -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-1136 110 9 escaped escape VBD en-wikipedia-org-1136 110 10 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 110 11 Rome Rome NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 110 12 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 110 13 boarding board VBG en-wikipedia-org-1136 110 14 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 110 15 Carthaginian carthaginian JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 110 16 ship ship NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 110 17 that that WDT en-wikipedia-org-1136 110 18 was be VBD en-wikipedia-org-1136 110 19 delivering deliver VBG en-wikipedia-org-1136 110 20 goods good NNS en-wikipedia-org-1136 110 21 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 110 22 Tyre Tyre NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 110 23 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 111 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 111 2 49 49 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 111 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 111 4 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 111 5 adaptation adaptation NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 111 6 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 111 7 Macedonian macedonian JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 111 8 rule rule NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 111 9 was be VBD en-wikipedia-org-1136 111 10 likely likely RB en-wikipedia-org-1136 111 11 aided aid VBN en-wikipedia-org-1136 111 12 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 111 13 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 111 14 Phoenicians Phoenicians NNPS en-wikipedia-org-1136 111 15 ' ' POS en-wikipedia-org-1136 111 16 historical historical JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 111 17 ties tie NNS en-wikipedia-org-1136 111 18 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 111 19 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 111 20 Greeks Greeks NNPS en-wikipedia-org-1136 111 21 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 111 22 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 111 23 whom whom WP en-wikipedia-org-1136 111 24 they -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-1136 111 25 shared share VBD en-wikipedia-org-1136 111 26 some some DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 111 27 mythological mythological JJ 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en-wikipedia-org-1136 112 9 after after IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 112 10 his -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-1136 112 11 death death NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 112 12 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 112 13 323 323 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 112 14 BC BC NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 112 15 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 112 16 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 112 17 Phoenicians Phoenicians NNPS en-wikipedia-org-1136 112 18 came come VBD en-wikipedia-org-1136 112 19 under under IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 112 20 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 112 21 control control NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 112 22 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 112 23 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 112 24 largest large JJS en-wikipedia-org-1136 112 25 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 112 26 its -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-1136 112 27 successors successor NNS en-wikipedia-org-1136 112 28 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 112 29 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 112 30 Seleucids seleucid NNS en-wikipedia-org-1136 112 31 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 113 1 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 113 2 Phoenician phoenician JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 113 3 homeland homeland NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 113 4 was be VBD en-wikipedia-org-1136 113 5 repeatedly repeatedly RB en-wikipedia-org-1136 113 6 contested contest VBN en-wikipedia-org-1136 113 7 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 113 8 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 113 9 Ptolemaic Ptolemaic NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 113 10 Kingdom Kingdom NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 113 11 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 113 12 Egypt Egypt NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 113 13 during during IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 113 14 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 113 15 forty forty CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 113 16 year year NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 113 17 Syrian Syrian NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 113 18 Wars Wars NNPS en-wikipedia-org-1136 113 19 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 113 20 coming come VBG en-wikipedia-org-1136 113 21 under under IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 113 22 Ptolemaic Ptolemaic NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 113 23 rule rule NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 113 24 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 113 25 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 113 26 third third JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 113 27 century century NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 113 28 BC BC NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 113 29 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 114 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 114 2 40 40 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 114 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 114 4 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 114 5 Seleucids Seleucids NNPS en-wikipedia-org-1136 114 6 reclaimed reclaim VBD en-wikipedia-org-1136 114 7 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 114 8 area area NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 114 9 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 114 10 following follow VBG en-wikipedia-org-1136 114 11 century century NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 114 12 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 114 13 holding hold VBG en-wikipedia-org-1136 114 14 it -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-1136 114 15 until until IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 114 16 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 114 17 mid mid JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 114 18 - - JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 114 19 first first JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 114 20 century century NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 114 21 BC BC NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 114 22 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 115 1 Under under IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 115 2 their -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-1136 115 3 rule rule NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 115 4 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 115 5 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 115 6 Phoenicians Phoenicians NNPS en-wikipedia-org-1136 115 7 were be VBD en-wikipedia-org-1136 115 8 evidently evidently RB en-wikipedia-org-1136 115 9 allowed allow VBN en-wikipedia-org-1136 115 10 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 115 11 considerable considerable JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 115 12 degree degree NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 115 13 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 115 14 autonomy autonomy NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 115 15 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 116 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 116 2 40 40 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 116 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 116 4 During during IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 116 5 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 116 6 Seleucid Seleucid NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 116 7 Dynastic Dynastic NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 116 8 Wars Wars NNPS en-wikipedia-org-1136 116 9 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 116 10 157–63 157–63 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 116 11 BC BC NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 116 12 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 116 13 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 116 14 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 116 15 Phoenician phoenician JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 116 16 cities city NNS en-wikipedia-org-1136 116 17 were be VBD en-wikipedia-org-1136 116 18 fought fight VBN en-wikipedia-org-1136 116 19 over over RP en-wikipedia-org-1136 116 20 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 116 21 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 116 22 warring war VBG en-wikipedia-org-1136 116 23 factions faction NNS en-wikipedia-org-1136 116 24 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 116 25 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 116 26 Seleucid Seleucid NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 116 27 royal royal JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 116 28 family family NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 116 29 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 117 1 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 117 2 Seleucid Seleucid NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 117 3 Kingdom Kingdom NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 117 4 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 117 5 including include VBG en-wikipedia-org-1136 117 6 Phoenicia Phoenicia NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 117 7 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 117 8 was be VBD en-wikipedia-org-1136 117 9 seized seize VBN en-wikipedia-org-1136 117 10 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 117 11 Tigranes tigrane NNS en-wikipedia-org-1136 117 12 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 117 13 Great Great NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 117 14 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 117 15 Armenia Armenia NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 117 16 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 117 17 82 82 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 117 18 BC BC NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 117 19 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 118 1 With with IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 118 2 their -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-1136 118 3 strategically strategically RB en-wikipedia-org-1136 118 4 valuable valuable JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 118 5 buffer buffer NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 118 6 state state NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 118 7 absorbed absorb VBN en-wikipedia-org-1136 118 8 into into IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 118 9 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 118 10 rival rival JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 118 11 power power NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 118 12 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 118 13 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 118 14 Romans Romans NNPS en-wikipedia-org-1136 118 15 were be VBD en-wikipedia-org-1136 118 16 moved move VBN en-wikipedia-org-1136 118 17 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-1136 118 18 intervene intervene VB en-wikipedia-org-1136 118 19 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1136 118 20 conquer conquer VB en-wikipedia-org-1136 118 21 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 118 22 territory territory NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 118 23 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 118 24 62 62 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 118 25 BC BC NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 118 26 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 119 1 Shortly shortly RB en-wikipedia-org-1136 119 2 thereafter thereafter RB en-wikipedia-org-1136 119 3 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 119 4 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 119 5 territory territory NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 119 6 was be VBD en-wikipedia-org-1136 119 7 incorporated incorporate VBN en-wikipedia-org-1136 119 8 into into IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 119 9 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 119 10 Roman roman JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 119 11 province province NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 119 12 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 119 13 Syria Syria NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 119 14 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 120 1 Phoenicia Phoenicia NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 120 2 became become VBD en-wikipedia-org-1136 120 3 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 120 4 separate separate JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 120 5 province province NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 120 6 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 120 7 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 120 8 third third JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 120 9 century century NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 120 10 AD ad NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 120 11 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 121 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 121 2 citation citation NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 121 3 needed need VBN en-wikipedia-org-1136 121 4 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 121 5 Demographics[edit demographics[edit NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 121 6 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 121 7 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 121 8 Phoenicians Phoenicians NNPS en-wikipedia-org-1136 121 9 were be VBD en-wikipedia-org-1136 121 10 an an DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 121 11 offshoot offshoot NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 121 12 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 121 13 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 121 14 Canaanites Canaanites NNPS en-wikipedia-org-1136 121 15 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 121 16 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 121 17 group group NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 121 18 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 121 19 ancient ancient JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 121 20 Semitic Semitic NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 121 21 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-1136 121 22 speaking speak VBG en-wikipedia-org-1136 121 23 peoples people NNS en-wikipedia-org-1136 121 24 that that WDT en-wikipedia-org-1136 121 25 emerged emerge VBD en-wikipedia-org-1136 121 26 at at IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 121 27 least least JJS en-wikipedia-org-1136 121 28 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 121 29 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 121 30 second second JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 121 31 millennium millennium NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 121 32 BC BC NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 121 33 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 122 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 122 2 11 11 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 122 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 122 4 Though though IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 122 5 they -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-1136 122 6 were be VBD en-wikipedia-org-1136 122 7 often often RB en-wikipedia-org-1136 122 8 known know VBN en-wikipedia-org-1136 122 9 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 122 10 outsiders outsider NNS en-wikipedia-org-1136 122 11 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 122 12 Canaanites Canaanites NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 122 13 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 122 14 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1136 122 15 continued continue VBD en-wikipedia-org-1136 122 16 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-1136 122 17 self self NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 122 18 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-1136 122 19 identify identify VB en-wikipedia-org-1136 122 20 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 122 21 such such JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 122 22 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 122 23 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 122 24 Phoenicians Phoenicians NNPS en-wikipedia-org-1136 122 25 became become VBD en-wikipedia-org-1136 122 26 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 122 27 distinct distinct JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 122 28 people people NNS en-wikipedia-org-1136 122 29 some some DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 122 30 time time NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 122 31 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 122 32 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 122 33 Late Late NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 122 34 Bronze Bronze NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 122 35 Age Age NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 122 36 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 122 37 between between IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 122 38 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 122 39 14th 14th JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 122 40 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1136 122 41 13th 13th JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 122 42 centuries century NNS en-wikipedia-org-1136 122 43 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 123 1 A a DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 123 2 2018 2018 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 123 3 study study NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 123 4 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 123 5 mitochondrial mitochondrial NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 123 6 lineages lineage NNS en-wikipedia-org-1136 123 7 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 123 8 Sardinia Sardinia NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 123 9 concluded conclude VBD en-wikipedia-org-1136 123 10 that that IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 123 11 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 123 12 Phoenicians Phoenicians NNPS en-wikipedia-org-1136 123 13 were be VBD en-wikipedia-org-1136 123 14 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-1136 123 15 inclusive inclusive JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 123 16 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 123 17 multicultural multicultural JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 123 18 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1136 123 19 featured feature VBD en-wikipedia-org-1136 123 20 significant significant JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 123 21 female female JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 123 22 mobility mobility NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 123 23 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-1136 123 24 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 123 25 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 123 26 evidence evidence NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 123 27 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 123 28 indigenous indigenous JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 123 29 Sardinians Sardinians NNPS en-wikipedia-org-1136 123 30 integrating integrate VBG en-wikipedia-org-1136 123 31 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-1136 123 32 peacefully peacefully RB en-wikipedia-org-1136 123 33 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1136 123 34 permanently permanently RB en-wikipedia-org-1136 123 35 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-1136 123 36 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 123 37 Phoenician phoenician JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 123 38 settlers settler NNS en-wikipedia-org-1136 123 39 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 124 1 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 124 2 study study NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 124 3 also also RB en-wikipedia-org-1136 124 4 found find VBD en-wikipedia-org-1136 124 5 evidence evidence NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 124 6 suggesting suggest VBG en-wikipedia-org-1136 124 7 that that IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 124 8 Europeans Europeans NNPS en-wikipedia-org-1136 124 9 may may MD en-wikipedia-org-1136 124 10 have have VB en-wikipedia-org-1136 124 11 settled settle VBN en-wikipedia-org-1136 124 12 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 124 13 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 124 14 area area NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 124 15 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 124 16 modern modern JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 124 17 Lebanon Lebanon NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 124 18 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 125 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 125 2 52 52 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 125 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 125 4 Genetic genetic JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 125 5 studies[edit studies[edit NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 125 6 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 125 7 See see VB en-wikipedia-org-1136 125 8 also also RB en-wikipedia-org-1136 125 9 : : : en-wikipedia-org-1136 125 10 Archaeogenetics archaeogenetic NNS en-wikipedia-org-1136 125 11 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 125 12 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 125 13 Near Near NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 125 14 East East NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 125 15 Part Part NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 125 16 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 125 17 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 125 18 series series NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 125 19 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 125 20 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 125 21 History history NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 125 22 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 125 23 Lebanon Lebanon NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 125 24 Prehistory Prehistory NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 125 25 Ancient Ancient NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 125 26 Canaan Canaan NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 125 27 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-1136 125 28 Phoenicia Phoenicia NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 125 29 2500–333 2500–333 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 125 30 BC BC NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 125 31 Egyptian egyptian JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 125 32 rule rule NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 125 33 1550–1077 1550–1077 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 125 34 BC BC NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 125 35 Hittite Hittite NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 125 36 rule rule NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 125 37 1600–1178 1600–1178 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 125 38 BC BC NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 125 39 Assyrian Assyrian NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 125 40 rule rule NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 125 41 883–605 883–605 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 125 42 BC BC NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 125 43 Babylonian Babylonian NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 125 44 rule rule NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 125 45 605–538 605–538 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 125 46 BC BC NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 125 47 Persian Persian NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 125 48 rule rule NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 125 49 538–332 538–332 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 125 50 BC BC NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 125 51 Classical Classical NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 125 52 Hellenistic Hellenistic NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 125 53 rule rule NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 125 54 332–64 332–64 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 125 55 BC BC NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 125 56 Roman Roman NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 125 57 rule rule NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 125 58 64 64 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 125 59 BC–646 BC–646 NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 125 60 AD AD NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 125 61 Sassanid Sassanid NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 125 62 interlude interlude NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 125 63 602–628 602–628 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 125 64 AD ad NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 125 65 Medieval medieval JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 125 66 Arab arab JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 125 67 rule rule NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 125 68 636–1099 636–1099 NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 125 69 Rashidun Rashidun NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 125 70 Caliphate Caliphate NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 125 71 636–661 636–661 NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 125 72 Umayyad Umayyad NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 125 73 Caliphate Caliphate NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 125 74 661–750 661–750 NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 125 75 Abbasid Abbasid NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 125 76 Caliphate Caliphate NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 125 77 750–1258 750–1258 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 125 78 Tulunids Tulunids NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 125 79 868–905 868–905 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 125 80 Hamdanid hamdanid CC en-wikipedia-org-1136 125 81 dynasty dynasty NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 125 82 890–1004 890–1004 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 125 83 Fatimid Fatimid NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 125 84 Caliphate Caliphate NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 125 85 909–1171 909–1171 NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 125 86 Ikhshidid Ikhshidid NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 125 87 dynasty dynasty NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 125 88 935–969 935–969 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 125 89 Mirdasid Mirdasid NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 125 90 dynasty dynasty NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 125 91 1024–1080 1024–1080 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 125 92 Seljuk Seljuk NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 125 93 Empire Empire NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 125 94 1037–1194 1037–1194 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 125 95 County County NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 125 96 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 125 97 Tripoli Tripoli NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 125 98 1099–1291 1099–1291 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 125 99 Kingdom Kingdom NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 125 100 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 125 101 Jerusalem Jerusalem NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 125 102 1099–1291 1099–1291 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 125 103 Mamluk Mamluk NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 125 104 Sultanate Sultanate NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 125 105 1291–1515 1291–1515 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 125 106 Ma'anids Ma'anids NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 125 107 1490–1697 1490–1697 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 125 108 Harfushids Harfushids NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 125 109 1493–1860 1493–1860 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 125 110 Colonial Colonial NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 125 111 Ottoman Ottoman NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 125 112 rule rule NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 125 113 1516–1918 1516–1918 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 125 114 Assafs Assafs NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 125 115 1516–1591 1516–1591 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 125 116 Shihabs Shihabs NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 125 117 1697–1842 1697–1842 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 125 118 Allied Allied NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 125 119 administration administration NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 125 120 1918–1920 1918–1920 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 125 121 French french JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 125 122 rule rule NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 125 123 1920–1943 1920–1943 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 125 124 Republic Republic NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 125 125 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 125 126 Lebanon Lebanon NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 125 127 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 125 128 since since IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 125 129 1943 1943 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 125 130 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 125 131 1958 1958 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 125 132 Lebanon Lebanon NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 125 133 crisis crisis NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 125 134 Palestinian palestinian JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 125 135 insurgency insurgency NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 125 136 Lebanese lebanese JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 125 137 Civil Civil NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 125 138 War War NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 125 139 Israeli israeli JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 125 140 occupation occupation NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 125 141 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 125 142 Southern Southern NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 125 143 Lebanon Lebanon NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 125 144 Syrian syrian JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 125 145 occupation occupation NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 125 146 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 125 147 Lebanon Lebanon NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 125 148 2005 2005 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 125 149 Lebanon Lebanon NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 125 150 bombings bombing NNS en-wikipedia-org-1136 125 151 Cedar Cedar NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 125 152 Revolution Revolution NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 125 153 2006 2006 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 125 154 July July NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 125 155 War War NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 125 156 2006–08 2006–08 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 125 157 political political JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 125 158 protests protest NNS en-wikipedia-org-1136 125 159 2007 2007 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 125 160 North North NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 125 161 Lebanon Lebanon NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 125 162 conflict conflict NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 125 163 2008 2008 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 125 164 conflict conflict NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 125 165 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 125 166 Lebanon Lebanon NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 125 167 Syrian Syrian NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 125 168 Civil Civil NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 125 169 War War NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 125 170 spillover spillover NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 125 171 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 125 172 Lebanon Lebanon NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 125 173 Liquidity Liquidity NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 125 174 crisis crisis NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 125 175 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 125 176 Reaction reaction NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 125 177 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 125 178 2020 2020 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 125 179 Beirut Beirut NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 125 180 explosion explosion NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 125 181 Timeline Timeline NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 125 182   _SP en-wikipedia-org-1136 125 183 Lebanon Lebanon NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 125 184 portal portal JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 125 185 v v NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 125 186 t t NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 125 187 e e NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 125 188 Part part NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 125 189 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 125 190 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 125 191 series series NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 125 192 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 125 193 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 125 194 History History NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 125 195 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 125 196 Syria Syria NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 125 197 Prehistory Prehistory NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 125 198 Levantine Levantine NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 125 199 corridor corridor NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 125 200 Natufian natufian JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 125 201 culture culture NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 125 202 Halaf Halaf NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 125 203 culture culture NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 125 204 Uruk Uruk NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 125 205 period period NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 125 206 Abu Abu NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 125 207 Hureyra Hureyra NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 125 208 Aswad Aswad NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 125 209 Yarmukian yarmukian JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 125 210 culture culture NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 125 211 Bronze Bronze NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 125 212 Age Age NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 125 213 Amorites Amorites NNPS en-wikipedia-org-1136 125 214 Akkadian Akkadian NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 125 215 Empire empire NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 125 216 Arameans Arameans NNPS en-wikipedia-org-1136 125 217 Canaanites Canaanites NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 125 218 Old Old NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 125 219 Assyrian Assyrian NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 125 220 Empire Empire NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 125 221 Middle Middle NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 125 222 Assyrian Assyrian NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 125 223 Empire Empire NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 125 224 Ebla Ebla NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 125 225 Yamhad Yamhad NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 125 226 Qatna Qatna NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 125 227 Mari Mari NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 125 228 Ugarit Ugarit NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 125 229 Late Late NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 125 230 Bronze Bronze NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 125 231 Age Age NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 125 232 collapse collapse NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 125 233 Antiquity Antiquity NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 125 234 Aram Aram NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 125 235 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-1136 125 236 Damascus Damascus NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 125 237 Syro Syro NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 125 238 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-1136 125 239 Hittite Hittite NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 125 240 states state NNS en-wikipedia-org-1136 125 241 Neo Neo NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 125 242 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-1136 125 243 Assyrian Assyrian NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 125 244 Empire Empire NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 125 245 Neo Neo NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 125 246 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-1136 125 247 Babylonian Babylonian NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 125 248 Empire Empire NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 125 249 Achaemenid Achaemenid NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 125 250 Syria Syria NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 125 251 Seleucid Seleucid NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 125 252 Syria Syria NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 125 253 Parthian Parthian NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 125 254 Empire Empire NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 125 255 Roman Roman NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 125 256 Syria Syria NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 125 257 Palmyrene Palmyrene NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 125 258 Empire Empire NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 125 259 Byzantine Byzantine NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 125 260 Syria Syria NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 125 261 Middle Middle NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 125 262 Ages Ages NNPS en-wikipedia-org-1136 125 263 Muslim Muslim NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 125 264 conquest conquest VBP en-wikipedia-org-1136 125 265 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 125 266 636 636 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 125 267 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 125 268 Caliphal Caliphal NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 125 269 Syria Syria NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 125 270 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 125 271 Bilad Bilad NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 125 272 al al NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 125 273 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-1136 125 274 Sham Sham NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 125 275 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 125 276 Tulunid Tulunid NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 125 277 dynasty dynasty NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 125 278 Ikhshidid Ikhshidid NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 125 279 dynasty dynasty NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 125 280 Zengid Zengid NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 125 281 dynasty dynasty NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 125 282 Hamdanid Hamdanid NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 125 283 dynasty dynasty NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 125 284 Mirdasid Mirdasid NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 125 285 dynasty dynasty NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 125 286 Fatimid Fatimid NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 125 287 Syria Syria NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 125 288 Seljuk Seljuk NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 125 289 Syria Syria NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 125 290 Crusader Crusader NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 125 291 states state VBZ en-wikipedia-org-1136 125 292 County County NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 125 293 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 125 294 Edessa Edessa NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 125 295 Principality Principality NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 125 296 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 125 297 Antioch Antioch NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 125 298 County County NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 125 299 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 125 300 Tripoli Tripoli NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 125 301 Ayyubid Ayyubid NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 125 302 Syria Syria NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 125 303 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 125 304 1174–1260 1174–1260 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 125 305 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 125 306 Mamluk Mamluk NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 125 307 Syria Syria NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 125 308 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 125 309 1260–1516 1260–1516 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 125 310 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 125 311 Early early JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 125 312 modern modern JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 125 313 Ottoman Ottoman NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 125 314 Syria Syria NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 125 315 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 125 316 1516–1918 1516–1918 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 125 317 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 125 318 Modern Modern NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 125 319 Arab Arab NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 125 320 Kingdom Kingdom NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 125 321 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 125 322 Syria Syria NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 125 323 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 125 324 1920 1920 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 125 325 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 125 326 French French NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 125 327 Mandate Mandate NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 125 328 Syrian Syrian NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 125 329 Federation Federation NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 125 330 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 125 331 1922–25 1922–25 NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 125 332 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 125 333 State State NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 125 334 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 125 335 Syria Syria NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 125 336 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 125 337 1925–30 1925–30 NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 125 338 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 125 339 Mandatory Mandatory NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 125 340 Republic Republic NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 125 341 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 125 342 1930–46 1930–46 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 125 343 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 125 344 Independent Independent NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 125 345 First First NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 125 346 Syrian Syrian NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 125 347 Republic Republic NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 125 348 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 125 349 1946–50 1946–50 NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 125 350 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 125 351 Second Second NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 125 352 Syrian Syrian NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 125 353 Republic Republic NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 125 354 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 125 355 1950–58 1950–58 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 125 356 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 125 357 1961–63 1961–63 LS en-wikipedia-org-1136 125 358 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 125 359 United United NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 125 360 Arab Arab NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 125 361 Republic Republic NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 125 362 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 125 363 1958–61 1958–61 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 125 364 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 125 365 Baathist Baathist NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 125 366 Syria Syria NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 125 367 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 125 368 1963–present 1963–present CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 125 369 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 125 370 Timeline Timeline NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 125 371   _SP en-wikipedia-org-1136 125 372 Asia Asia NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 125 373 portal portal JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 125 374   _SP en-wikipedia-org-1136 125 375 History history NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 125 376 portal portal JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 125 377 v v IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 125 378 t t NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 125 379 e e NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 125 380 A A NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 125 381 2008 2008 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 125 382 study study NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 125 383 led lead VBN en-wikipedia-org-1136 125 384 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 125 385 Pierre Pierre NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 125 386 Zalloua Zalloua NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 125 387 found find VBD en-wikipedia-org-1136 125 388 that that IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 125 389 six six CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 125 390 subclades subclade NNS en-wikipedia-org-1136 125 391 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 125 392 Haplogroup Haplogroup NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 125 393 J J NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 125 394 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-1136 125 395 M172 M172 NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 125 396 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 125 397 J2)—thought J2)—thought NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 125 398 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-1136 125 399 have have VB en-wikipedia-org-1136 125 400 originated originate VBN en-wikipedia-org-1136 125 401 between between IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 125 402 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 125 403 Caucasus Caucasus NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 125 404 Mountains Mountains NNPS en-wikipedia-org-1136 125 405 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 125 406 Mesopotamia Mesopotamia NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 125 407 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1136 125 408 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 125 409 Levant Levant NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 125 410 — — : en-wikipedia-org-1136 125 411 were be VBD en-wikipedia-org-1136 125 412 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 125 413 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 125 414 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-1136 125 415 Phoenician phoenician JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 125 416 signature signature NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 125 417 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-1136 125 418 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1136 125 419 present present JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 125 420 amongst amongst IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 125 421 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 125 422 male male JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 125 423 populations population NNS en-wikipedia-org-1136 125 424 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 125 425 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 125 426 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-1136 125 427 coastal coastal JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 125 428 Lebanese lebanese JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 125 429 Phoenician Phoenician NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 125 430 Heartland Heartland NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 125 431 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-1136 125 432 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1136 125 433 wider wide JJR en-wikipedia-org-1136 125 434 Levant Levant NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 125 435 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 125 436 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 125 437 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-1136 125 438 Phoenician Phoenician NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 125 439 Periphery Periphery NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 125 440 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-1136 125 441 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 125 442 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 125 443 followed follow VBN en-wikipedia-org-1136 125 444 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 125 445 other other JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 125 446 areas area NNS en-wikipedia-org-1136 125 447 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 125 448 historic historic JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 125 449 Phoenician phoenician JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 125 450 settlement settlement NN 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16 historical historical JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 126 17 expansion expansion NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 126 18 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 126 19 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 126 20 population population NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 126 21 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 126 22 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 126 23 particular particular JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 126 24 geographic geographic JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 126 25 genetic genetic JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 126 26 pattern pattern NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 126 27 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-1136 126 28 patterns pattern NNS en-wikipedia-org-1136 126 29 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 127 1 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 127 2 researchers researcher NNS en-wikipedia-org-1136 127 3 suggested suggest VBD en-wikipedia-org-1136 127 4 that that IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 127 5 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 127 6 proposed propose VBN en-wikipedia-org-1136 127 7 genetic genetic JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 127 8 signature signature NN 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IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 128 11 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 128 12 genetic genetic JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 128 13 persistence persistence NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 128 14 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 128 15 Phoenicians Phoenicians NNPS en-wikipedia-org-1136 128 16 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 128 17 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 128 18 Spanish spanish JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 128 19 island island NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 128 20 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 128 21 Ibiza Ibiza NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 128 22 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 129 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 129 2 54 54 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 129 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 129 4 In in IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 129 5 2016 2016 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 129 6 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 129 7 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 129 8 skeleton skeleton NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 129 9 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 129 10 2,500 2,500 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 129 11 year year NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 129 12 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134 2 expansive expansive JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 134 3 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1136 134 4 enduring enduring JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 134 5 trade trade NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 134 6 network network NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 134 7 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-1136 134 8 credited credit VBN en-wikipedia-org-1136 134 9 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 134 10 laying lay VBG en-wikipedia-org-1136 134 11 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 134 12 foundations foundation NNS en-wikipedia-org-1136 134 13 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 134 14 an an DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 134 15 economically economically RB en-wikipedia-org-1136 134 16 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1136 134 17 culturally culturally RB en-wikipedia-org-1136 134 18 cohesive cohesive JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 134 19 Mediterranean Mediterranean NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 134 20 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 134 21 which which WDT en-wikipedia-org-1136 134 22 would would MD en-wikipedia-org-1136 134 23 be be VB en-wikipedia-org-1136 134 24 continued continue VBN en-wikipedia-org-1136 134 25 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 134 26 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 134 27 Greeks Greeks NNPS en-wikipedia-org-1136 134 28 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1136 134 29 especially especially RB en-wikipedia-org-1136 134 30 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 134 31 Romans Romans NNPS en-wikipedia-org-1136 134 32 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 135 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 135 2 33 33 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 135 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 135 4 Phoenician phoenician JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 135 5 ties tie NNS en-wikipedia-org-1136 135 6 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 135 7 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 135 8 Greeks Greeks NNPS en-wikipedia-org-1136 135 9 ran run VBD en-wikipedia-org-1136 135 10 deep deep RB en-wikipedia-org-1136 135 11 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 136 1 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 136 2 earliest early JJS en-wikipedia-org-1136 136 3 verified verified JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 136 4 relationship relationship NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 136 5 appears appear VBZ en-wikipedia-org-1136 136 6 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-1136 136 7 have have VB en-wikipedia-org-1136 136 8 begun begin VBN en-wikipedia-org-1136 136 9 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 136 10 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 136 11 Minoan Minoan NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 136 12 civilization civilization NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 136 13 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 136 14 Crete Crete NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 136 15 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 136 16 1950–1450 1950–1450 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 136 17 BC BC NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 136 18 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 136 19 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 136 20 which which WDT en-wikipedia-org-1136 136 21 together together RB en-wikipedia-org-1136 136 22 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 136 23 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 136 24 Mycenaean mycenaean JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 136 25 civilization civilization NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 136 26 ( ( -LRB- 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143 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 143 4 Archaeological Archaeological NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 143 5 Museum Museum NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 143 6 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 143 7 Cádiz Cádiz NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 143 8 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 144 1 From from IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 144 2 elsewhere elsewhere RB en-wikipedia-org-1136 144 3 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 144 4 they -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-1136 144 5 obtained obtain VBD en-wikipedia-org-1136 144 6 other other JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 144 7 materials material NNS en-wikipedia-org-1136 144 8 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 144 9 perhaps perhaps RB en-wikipedia-org-1136 144 10 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 144 11 most most RBS en-wikipedia-org-1136 144 12 important important JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 144 13 being be VBG en-wikipedia-org-1136 144 14 silver silver NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 144 15 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 144 16 mostly mostly RB en-wikipedia-org-1136 144 17 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 144 18 Sardinia Sardinia NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 144 19 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1136 144 20 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 144 21 Iberian Iberian NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 144 22 Peninsula Peninsula NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 144 23 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 145 1 Tin tin NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 145 2 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 145 3 making make VBG en-wikipedia-org-1136 145 4 bronze bronze NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 145 5 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-1136 145 6 may may MD en-wikipedia-org-1136 145 7 have have VB en-wikipedia-org-1136 145 8 been be VBN en-wikipedia-org-1136 145 9 acquired acquire VBN en-wikipedia-org-1136 145 10 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 145 11 Galicia Galicia NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 145 12 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 145 13 way way NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 145 14 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 145 15 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 145 16 Atlantic Atlantic NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 145 17 coast coast NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 145 18 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-1136 145 19 southern southern JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 145 20 Spain Spain NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 145 21 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-1136 145 22 alternatively alternatively RB en-wikipedia-org-1136 145 23 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 145 24 it -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-1136 145 25 may may MD en-wikipedia-org-1136 145 26 have have VB en-wikipedia-org-1136 145 27 come come VBN en-wikipedia-org-1136 145 28 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 145 29 northern northern JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 145 30 Europe Europe NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 145 31 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 145 32 Cornwall Cornwall NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 145 33 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-1136 145 34 Brittany Brittany NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 145 35 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 145 36 via via IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 145 37 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 145 38 Rhone Rhone NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 145 39 valley valley NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 145 40 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1136 145 41 coastal coastal JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 145 42 Massalia Massalia NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 145 43 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-1136 145 44 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 146 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 146 2 63 63 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 146 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 146 4 Strabo Strabo NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 146 5 states state NNS en-wikipedia-org-1136 146 6 that that IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 146 7 there there EX en-wikipedia-org-1136 146 8 was be VBD en-wikipedia-org-1136 146 9 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 146 10 highly highly RB en-wikipedia-org-1136 146 11 lucrative lucrative JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 146 12 Phoenician phoenician JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 146 13 trade trade NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 146 14 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 146 15 Britain Britain NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 146 16 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 146 17 tin tin NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 146 18 via via IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 146 19 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 146 20 Cassiterides Cassiterides NNPS en-wikipedia-org-1136 146 21 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 146 22 whose whose WP$ en-wikipedia-org-1136 146 23 location location NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 146 24 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-1136 146 25 unknown unknown JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 146 26 but but CC en-wikipedia-org-1136 146 27 may may MD en-wikipedia-org-1136 146 28 have have VB en-wikipedia-org-1136 146 29 been be VBN en-wikipedia-org-1136 146 30 off off IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 146 31 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 146 32 northwest northwest JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 146 33 coast coast NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 146 34 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 146 35 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 146 36 Iberian Iberian NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 146 37 Peninsula Peninsula NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 146 38 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 147 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 147 2 64 64 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 147 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 147 4 Industry[edit industry[edit NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 147 5 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 147 6 Phoenician phoenician JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 147 7 bowl bowl NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 147 8 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 147 9 hunting hunt VBG en-wikipedia-org-1136 147 10 scene scene NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 147 11 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 147 12 eighth eighth JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 147 13 century century NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 147 14 BC BC NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 147 15 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 147 16 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 148 1 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 148 2 clothing clothing NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 148 3 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1136 148 4 hairstyle hairstyle NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 148 5 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 148 6 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 148 7 figures figure NNS en-wikipedia-org-1136 148 8 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-1136 148 9 Egyptian egyptian JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 148 10 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 148 11 while while IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 148 12 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 148 13 subject subject JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 148 14 matter matter NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 148 15 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 148 16 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 148 17 central central JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 148 18 scene scene NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 148 19 conforms conform VBZ en-wikipedia-org-1136 148 20 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 148 21 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 148 22 Mesopotamian mesopotamian JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 148 23 theme theme NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 148 24 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 148 25 combat combat NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 148 26 between between IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 148 27 man man NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 148 28 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1136 148 29 beast beast NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 148 30 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 149 1 Phoenician phoenician JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 149 2 artisans artisan NNS en-wikipedia-org-1136 149 3 frequently frequently RB en-wikipedia-org-1136 149 4 adapted adapt VBD en-wikipedia-org-1136 149 5 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 149 6 styles style NNS en-wikipedia-org-1136 149 7 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 149 8 neighboring neighboring NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 149 9 cultures culture NNS en-wikipedia-org-1136 149 10 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 150 1 Phoenicia Phoenicia NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 150 2 lacked lack VBD en-wikipedia-org-1136 150 3 notable notable JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 150 4 natural natural JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 150 5 resources resource NNS en-wikipedia-org-1136 150 6 other other JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 150 7 than than IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 150 8 its -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-1136 150 9 cedar cedar NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 150 10 wood wood NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 150 11 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 151 1 Timber Timber NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 151 2 was be VBD en-wikipedia-org-1136 151 3 probably probably RB en-wikipedia-org-1136 151 4 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 151 5 earliest early JJS en-wikipedia-org-1136 151 6 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1136 151 7 most most RBS en-wikipedia-org-1136 151 8 lucrative lucrative JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 151 9 source source NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 151 10 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 151 11 wealth wealth NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 151 12 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-1136 151 13 neither neither CC en-wikipedia-org-1136 151 14 Egypt Egypt NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 151 15 nor nor CC en-wikipedia-org-1136 151 16 Mesopotamia Mesopotamia NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 151 17 had have VBD en-wikipedia-org-1136 151 18 adequate adequate JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 151 19 sources source NNS en-wikipedia-org-1136 151 20 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 151 21 wood wood NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 151 22 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 152 1 Unable unable JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 152 2 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-1136 152 3 rely rely VB en-wikipedia-org-1136 152 4 solely solely RB en-wikipedia-org-1136 152 5 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 152 6 this this DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 152 7 limited limited JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 152 8 resource resource NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 152 9 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 152 10 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 152 11 Phoenicians Phoenicians NNPS en-wikipedia-org-1136 152 12 developed develop VBD en-wikipedia-org-1136 152 13 an an DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 152 14 industrial industrial JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 152 15 base base NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 152 16 manufacturing manufacture VBG en-wikipedia-org-1136 152 17 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 152 18 variety variety NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 152 19 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 152 20 goods good NNS en-wikipedia-org-1136 152 21 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 152 22 both both CC en-wikipedia-org-1136 152 23 common common JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 152 24 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1136 152 25 luxury luxury NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 152 26 use use NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 152 27 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 153 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 153 2 11 11 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 153 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 153 4 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 153 5 Phoenicians Phoenicians NNPS en-wikipedia-org-1136 153 6 developed develop VBD en-wikipedia-org-1136 153 7 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-1136 153 8 mastered master VBN en-wikipedia-org-1136 153 9 techniques technique NNS en-wikipedia-org-1136 153 10 such such JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 153 11 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 153 12 glass glass NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 153 13 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-1136 153 14 making making NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 153 15 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 153 16 engraved engrave VBN en-wikipedia-org-1136 153 17 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1136 153 18 chased chase VBN en-wikipedia-org-1136 153 19 metalwork metalwork NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 153 20 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 153 21 including include VBG en-wikipedia-org-1136 153 22 bronze bronze NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 153 23 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 153 24 iron iron NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 153 25 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 153 26 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1136 153 27 gold gold NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 153 28 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 153 29 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 153 30 ivory ivory NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 153 31 carving carving NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 153 32 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 153 33 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1136 153 34 woodwork woodwork NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 153 35 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 154 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 154 2 65 65 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 154 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 154 4 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 154 5 Phoenicians Phoenicians NNPS en-wikipedia-org-1136 154 6 were be VBD en-wikipedia-org-1136 154 7 early early JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 154 8 pioneers pioneer NNS en-wikipedia-org-1136 154 9 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 154 10 mass mass NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 154 11 production production NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 154 12 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 154 13 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1136 154 14 sold sell VBD en-wikipedia-org-1136 154 15 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 154 16 variety variety NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 154 17 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 154 18 items item NNS en-wikipedia-org-1136 154 19 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 154 20 bulk bulk NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 154 21 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 155 1 They -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-1136 155 2 became become VBD en-wikipedia-org-1136 155 3 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 155 4 leading leading JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 155 5 source source NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 155 6 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 155 7 glassware glassware NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 155 8 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 155 9 antiquity antiquity NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 155 10 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 155 11 shipping ship VBG en-wikipedia-org-1136 155 12 thousands thousand NNS en-wikipedia-org-1136 155 13 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 155 14 flasks flask NNS en-wikipedia-org-1136 155 15 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 155 16 beads bead NNS en-wikipedia-org-1136 155 17 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 155 18 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1136 155 19 other other JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 155 20 glass glass NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 155 21 objects object NNS en-wikipedia-org-1136 155 22 across across IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 155 23 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 155 24 Mediterranean Mediterranean NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 155 25 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 156 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 156 2 66 66 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 156 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 156 4 Excavations excavation NNS en-wikipedia-org-1136 156 5 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 156 6 colonies colony NNS en-wikipedia-org-1136 156 7 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 156 8 Spain Spain NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 156 9 suggest suggest VBP en-wikipedia-org-1136 156 10 they -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-1136 156 11 also also RB en-wikipedia-org-1136 156 12 utilized utilize VBD en-wikipedia-org-1136 156 13 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 156 14 potter potter NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 156 15 's 's POS en-wikipedia-org-1136 156 16 wheel wheel NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 156 17 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 157 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 157 2 67 67 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 157 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 157 4 Their -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-1136 157 5 exposure exposure NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 157 6 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 157 7 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 157 8 wide wide JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 157 9 variety variety NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 157 10 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 157 11 cultures culture NNS en-wikipedia-org-1136 157 12 allowed allow VBD en-wikipedia-org-1136 157 13 them -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-1136 157 14 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-1136 157 15 manufacture manufacture VB en-wikipedia-org-1136 157 16 goods good NNS en-wikipedia-org-1136 157 17 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 157 18 specific specific JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 157 19 markets market NNS en-wikipedia-org-1136 157 20 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 158 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 158 2 65 65 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 158 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 158 4 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 158 5 Iliad Iliad NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 158 6 suggests suggest VBZ en-wikipedia-org-1136 158 7 Phoenician phoenician JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 158 8 clothing clothing NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 158 9 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1136 158 10 metal metal NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 158 11 goods good NNS en-wikipedia-org-1136 158 12 were be VBD en-wikipedia-org-1136 158 13 highly highly RB en-wikipedia-org-1136 158 14 prized prize VBN en-wikipedia-org-1136 158 15 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 158 16 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 158 17 Greeks Greeks NNPS en-wikipedia-org-1136 158 18 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 159 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 159 2 11 11 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 159 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 159 4 Specialized specialized JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 159 5 goods good NNS en-wikipedia-org-1136 159 6 were be VBD en-wikipedia-org-1136 159 7 designed design VBN en-wikipedia-org-1136 159 8 specifically specifically RB en-wikipedia-org-1136 159 9 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 159 10 wealthier wealthy JJR en-wikipedia-org-1136 159 11 clientele clientele NNS en-wikipedia-org-1136 159 12 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 159 13 including include VBG en-wikipedia-org-1136 159 14 ivory ivory NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 159 15 reliefs relief NNS en-wikipedia-org-1136 159 16 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1136 159 17 plaques plaque NNS en-wikipedia-org-1136 159 18 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 159 19 carved carve VBN en-wikipedia-org-1136 159 20 clam clam NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 159 21 shells shell NNS en-wikipedia-org-1136 159 22 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 159 23 sculpted sculpted JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 159 24 amber amber NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 159 25 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 159 26 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1136 159 27 finely finely RB en-wikipedia-org-1136 159 28 detailed detail VBD en-wikipedia-org-1136 159 29 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1136 159 30 painted paint VBN en-wikipedia-org-1136 159 31 ostrich ostrich NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 159 32 eggs egg NNS en-wikipedia-org-1136 159 33 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 160 1 Tyrian Tyrian NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 160 2 purple[edit purple[edit NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 160 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 160 4 An an DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 160 5 Etruscan etruscan JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 160 6 tomb tomb NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 160 7 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 160 8 c. c. NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 160 9 350 350 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 160 10   _SP en-wikipedia-org-1136 160 11 BC BC NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 160 12 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 160 13 depicting depict VBG en-wikipedia-org-1136 160 14 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 160 15 man man NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 160 16 wearing wear VBG en-wikipedia-org-1136 160 17 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 160 18 an an DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 160 19 all all DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 160 20 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-1136 160 21 purple purple JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 160 22 toga toga NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 160 23 picta picta NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 160 24 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 161 1 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 161 2 most most RBS en-wikipedia-org-1136 161 3 prized prize VBN en-wikipedia-org-1136 161 4 Phoenician phoenician JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 161 5 goods good NNS en-wikipedia-org-1136 161 6 were be VBD en-wikipedia-org-1136 161 7 fabrics fabric NNS en-wikipedia-org-1136 161 8 dyed dye VBN en-wikipedia-org-1136 161 9 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 161 10 Tyrian tyrian JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 161 11 purple purple NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 161 12 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 161 13 which which WDT en-wikipedia-org-1136 161 14 formed form VBD en-wikipedia-org-1136 161 15 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 161 16 major major JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 161 17 part part NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 161 18 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 161 19 Phoenician phoenician JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 161 20 wealth wealth NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 161 21 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 162 1 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 162 2 violet violet NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 162 3 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-1136 162 4 purple purple JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 162 5 dye dye NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 162 6 derived derive VBN en-wikipedia-org-1136 162 7 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 162 8 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 162 9 hypobranchial hypobranchial NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 162 10 gland gland NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 162 11 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 162 12 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 162 13 Murex Murex NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 162 14 sea sea NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 162 15 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-1136 162 16 snail snail NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 162 17 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 162 18 once once RB en-wikipedia-org-1136 162 19 profusely profusely RB en-wikipedia-org-1136 162 20 available available JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 162 21 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 162 22 coastal coastal JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 162 23 waters water NNS en-wikipedia-org-1136 162 24 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 162 25 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 162 26 eastern eastern JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 162 27 Mediterranean Mediterranean NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 162 28 Sea Sea NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 162 29 but but CC en-wikipedia-org-1136 162 30 exploited exploit VBD en-wikipedia-org-1136 162 31 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 162 32 local local JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 162 33 extinction extinction NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 162 34 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 163 1 Phoenicians phoenician NNS en-wikipedia-org-1136 163 2 may may MD en-wikipedia-org-1136 163 3 have have VB en-wikipedia-org-1136 163 4 discovered discover VBN en-wikipedia-org-1136 163 5 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 163 6 dye dye NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 163 7 as as RB en-wikipedia-org-1136 163 8 early early RB en-wikipedia-org-1136 163 9 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 163 10 1750 1750 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 163 11 BC BC NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 163 12 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 164 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 164 2 68 68 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 164 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 164 4 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 164 5 Phoenicians Phoenicians NNPS en-wikipedia-org-1136 164 6 established establish VBD en-wikipedia-org-1136 164 7 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 164 8 second second JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 164 9 production production NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 164 10 center center NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 164 11 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 164 12 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 164 13 dye dye NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 164 14 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 164 15 Mogador Mogador NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 164 16 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 164 17 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 164 18 present present JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 164 19 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-1136 164 20 day day NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 164 21 Morocco Morocco NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 164 22 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 165 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 165 2 69 69 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 165 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 165 4 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 165 5 Phoenicians Phoenicians NNPS en-wikipedia-org-1136 165 6 ' ' POS en-wikipedia-org-1136 165 7 exclusive exclusive JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 165 8 command command NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 165 9 over over IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 165 10 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 165 11 production production NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 165 12 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1136 165 13 trade trade NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 165 14 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 165 15 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 165 16 dye dye NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 165 17 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 165 18 combined combine VBN en-wikipedia-org-1136 165 19 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 165 20 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 165 21 labor labor NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 165 22 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-1136 165 23 intensive intensive JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 165 24 extraction extraction NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 165 25 process process NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 165 26 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 165 27 made make VBD en-wikipedia-org-1136 165 28 it -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-1136 165 29 very very RB en-wikipedia-org-1136 165 30 expensive expensive JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 165 31 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 166 1 Tyrian tyrian JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 166 2 purple purple NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 166 3 subsequently subsequently RB en-wikipedia-org-1136 166 4 became become VBD en-wikipedia-org-1136 166 5 associated associate VBN en-wikipedia-org-1136 166 6 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 166 7 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 166 8 upper upper JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 166 9 classes class NNS en-wikipedia-org-1136 166 10 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1136 166 11 soon soon RB en-wikipedia-org-1136 166 12 became become VBD en-wikipedia-org-1136 166 13 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 166 14 status status NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 166 15 symbol symbol NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 166 16 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 166 17 several several JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 166 18 civilizations civilization NNS en-wikipedia-org-1136 166 19 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 166 20 most most RBS en-wikipedia-org-1136 166 21 notably notably RB en-wikipedia-org-1136 166 22 among among IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 166 23 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 166 24 Romans Romans NNPS en-wikipedia-org-1136 166 25 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 167 1 Assyrian assyrian JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 167 2 records record NNS en-wikipedia-org-1136 167 3 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 167 4 tribute tribute NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 167 5 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 167 6 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 167 7 Phoenicians Phoenicians NNPS en-wikipedia-org-1136 167 8 include include VBP en-wikipedia-org-1136 167 9 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-1136 167 10 garments garment NNS en-wikipedia-org-1136 167 11 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 167 12 brightly brightly RB en-wikipedia-org-1136 167 13 colored color VBN en-wikipedia-org-1136 167 14 stuff stuff NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 167 15 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-1136 167 16 that that WDT en-wikipedia-org-1136 167 17 most most RBS en-wikipedia-org-1136 167 18 likely likely RB en-wikipedia-org-1136 167 19 included include VBD en-wikipedia-org-1136 167 20 Tyrian tyrian JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 167 21 purple purple NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 167 22 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 168 1 While while IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 168 2 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 168 3 designs design NNS en-wikipedia-org-1136 168 4 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 168 5 ornamentation ornamentation NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 168 6 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 168 7 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1136 168 8 embroidery embroidery NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 168 9 used use VBN en-wikipedia-org-1136 168 10 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 168 11 Phoenician phoenician JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 168 12 textiles textile NNS en-wikipedia-org-1136 168 13 were be VBD en-wikipedia-org-1136 168 14 apparently apparently RB en-wikipedia-org-1136 168 15 well well RB en-wikipedia-org-1136 168 16 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-1136 168 17 regarded regarded JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 168 18 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 168 19 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 168 20 techniques technique NNS en-wikipedia-org-1136 168 21 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1136 168 22 specific specific JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 168 23 descriptions description NNS en-wikipedia-org-1136 168 24 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-1136 168 25 unknown unknown JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 168 26 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 169 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 169 2 65 65 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 169 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 169 4 Mining[edit mining[edit NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 169 5 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 169 6 Mining mining NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 169 7 operations operation NNS en-wikipedia-org-1136 169 8 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 169 9 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 169 10 Phoenician phoenician JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 169 11 homeland homeland NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 169 12 were be VBD en-wikipedia-org-1136 169 13 limited limited JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 169 14 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-1136 169 15 iron iron NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 169 16 was be VBD en-wikipedia-org-1136 169 17 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 169 18 only only JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 169 19 metal metal NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 169 20 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 169 21 any any DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 169 22 worth worth NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 169 23 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 170 1 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 170 2 first first JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 170 3 large large JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 170 4 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-1136 170 5 scale scale NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 170 6 mining mining NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 170 7 operations operation NNS en-wikipedia-org-1136 170 8 probably probably RB en-wikipedia-org-1136 170 9 occurred occur VBD en-wikipedia-org-1136 170 10 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 170 11 Cyprus Cyprus NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 170 12 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 170 13 principally principally RB en-wikipedia-org-1136 170 14 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 170 15 copper copper NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 170 16 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 171 1 Sardinia Sardinia NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 171 2 may may MD en-wikipedia-org-1136 171 3 have have VB en-wikipedia-org-1136 171 4 been be VBN en-wikipedia-org-1136 171 5 colonized colonize VBN en-wikipedia-org-1136 171 6 almost almost RB en-wikipedia-org-1136 171 7 exclusively exclusively RB en-wikipedia-org-1136 171 8 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 171 9 its -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-1136 171 10 mineral mineral NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 171 11 resources resource NNS en-wikipedia-org-1136 171 12 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-1136 171 13 Phoenician phoenician JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 171 14 settlements settlement NNS en-wikipedia-org-1136 171 15 were be VBD en-wikipedia-org-1136 171 16 concentrated concentrate VBN en-wikipedia-org-1136 171 17 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 171 18 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 171 19 southern southern JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 171 20 parts part NNS en-wikipedia-org-1136 171 21 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 171 22 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 171 23 island island NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 171 24 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 171 25 close close RB en-wikipedia-org-1136 171 26 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 171 27 sources source NNS en-wikipedia-org-1136 171 28 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 171 29 copper copper NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 171 30 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1136 171 31 lead lead NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 171 32 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 172 1 Piles Piles NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 172 2 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 172 3 scoria scoria NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 172 4 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1136 172 5 copper copper NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 172 6 ingots ingot NNS en-wikipedia-org-1136 172 7 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 172 8 which which WDT en-wikipedia-org-1136 172 9 appear appear VBP en-wikipedia-org-1136 172 10 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-1136 172 11 predate predate VB en-wikipedia-org-1136 172 12 Roman roman JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 172 13 occupation occupation NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 172 14 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 172 15 suggest suggest VBP en-wikipedia-org-1136 172 16 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 172 17 Phoenicians Phoenicians NNPS en-wikipedia-org-1136 172 18 mined mine VBD en-wikipedia-org-1136 172 19 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1136 172 20 processed process VBN en-wikipedia-org-1136 172 21 metals metal NNS en-wikipedia-org-1136 172 22 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 172 23 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 172 24 island island NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 172 25 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 173 1 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 173 2 Iberian Iberian NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 173 3 Peninsula Peninsula NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 173 4 was be VBD en-wikipedia-org-1136 173 5 known know VBN en-wikipedia-org-1136 173 6 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 173 7 being be VBG en-wikipedia-org-1136 173 8 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 173 9 richest rich JJS en-wikipedia-org-1136 173 10 source source NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 173 11 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 173 12 numerous numerous JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 173 13 metals metal NNS en-wikipedia-org-1136 173 14 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 173 15 antiquity antiquity NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 173 16 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 173 17 including include VBG en-wikipedia-org-1136 173 18 gold gold NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 173 19 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 173 20 silver silver NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 173 21 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 173 22 copper copper NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 173 23 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 173 24 iron iron NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 173 25 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 173 26 tin tin NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 173 27 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 173 28 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1136 173 29 lead lead NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 173 30 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 174 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 174 2 70][page 70][page CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 174 3   _SP en-wikipedia-org-1136 174 4 needed need VBN en-wikipedia-org-1136 174 5 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 174 6 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 174 7 significant significant JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 174 8 output output NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 174 9 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 174 10 these these DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 174 11 metals metal NNS en-wikipedia-org-1136 174 12 during during IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 174 13 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 174 14 Phoenician phoenician JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 174 15 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1136 174 16 Carthaginian carthaginian JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 174 17 occupation occupation NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 174 18 strongly strongly RB en-wikipedia-org-1136 174 19 implied imply VBD en-wikipedia-org-1136 174 20 large large JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 174 21 scale scale NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 174 22 mining mining NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 174 23 operations operation NNS en-wikipedia-org-1136 174 24 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 175 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 175 2 70][page 70][page CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 175 3   _SP en-wikipedia-org-1136 175 4 needed need VBN en-wikipedia-org-1136 175 5 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 175 6 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 175 7 Carthaginians Carthaginians NNPS en-wikipedia-org-1136 175 8 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-1136 175 9 documented document VBN en-wikipedia-org-1136 175 10 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-1136 175 11 have have VB en-wikipedia-org-1136 175 12 relied rely VBN en-wikipedia-org-1136 175 13 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 175 14 slave slave NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 175 15 labor labor NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 175 16 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 175 17 mining mining NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 175 18 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 175 19 though though IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 175 20 it -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-1136 175 21 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-1136 175 22 unknown unknown JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 175 23 if if IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 175 24 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 175 25 Phoenicians Phoenicians NNPS en-wikipedia-org-1136 175 26 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 175 27 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 175 28 whole whole NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 175 29 did do VBD en-wikipedia-org-1136 175 30 so so RB en-wikipedia-org-1136 175 31 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 176 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 176 2 70][page 70][page CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 176 3   _SP en-wikipedia-org-1136 176 4 needed need VBN en-wikipedia-org-1136 176 5 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 176 6 Viticulture[edit viticulture[edit JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 176 7 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 176 8 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 176 9 most most RBS en-wikipedia-org-1136 176 10 notable notable JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 176 11 agricultural agricultural JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 176 12 product product NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 176 13 was be VBD en-wikipedia-org-1136 176 14 wine wine NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 176 15 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 176 16 which which WDT en-wikipedia-org-1136 176 17 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 176 18 Phoenicians Phoenicians NNPS en-wikipedia-org-1136 176 19 helped help VBD en-wikipedia-org-1136 176 20 propagate propagate VB en-wikipedia-org-1136 176 21 across across IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 176 22 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 176 23 Mediterranean Mediterranean NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 176 24 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 177 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 177 2 71 71 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 177 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 177 4 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 177 5 common common JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 177 6 grape grape NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 177 7 vine vine NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 177 8 may may MD en-wikipedia-org-1136 177 9 have have VB en-wikipedia-org-1136 177 10 been be VBN en-wikipedia-org-1136 177 11 domesticated domesticate VBN en-wikipedia-org-1136 177 12 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 177 13 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 177 14 Phoenicians Phoenicians NNPS en-wikipedia-org-1136 177 15 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-1136 177 16 Canaanites Canaanites NNPS en-wikipedia-org-1136 177 17 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 177 18 although although IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 177 19 it -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-1136 177 20 most most RBS en-wikipedia-org-1136 177 21 likely likely RB en-wikipedia-org-1136 177 22 arrived arrive VBD en-wikipedia-org-1136 177 23 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 177 24 Transcaucasia Transcaucasia NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 177 25 via via IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 177 26 trade trade NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 177 27 routes route NNS en-wikipedia-org-1136 177 28 across across IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 177 29 Mesopotamia Mesopotamia NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 177 30 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-1136 177 31 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 177 32 Black Black NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 177 33 Sea Sea NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 177 34 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 178 1 Vines Vines NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 178 2 grew grow VBD en-wikipedia-org-1136 178 3 readily readily RB en-wikipedia-org-1136 178 4 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 178 5 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 178 6 coastal coastal JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 178 7 Levant Levant NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 178 8 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 178 9 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1136 178 10 wine wine NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 178 11 was be VBD en-wikipedia-org-1136 178 12 exported export VBN en-wikipedia-org-1136 178 13 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 178 14 Egypt Egypt NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 178 15 as as RB en-wikipedia-org-1136 178 16 early early RB en-wikipedia-org-1136 178 17 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 178 18 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 178 19 Old Old NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 178 20 Kingdom Kingdom NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 178 21 period period NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 178 22 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 178 23 2686–2134 2686–2134 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 178 24 BC BC NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 178 25 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 178 26 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 179 1 Wine wine NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 179 2 played play VBD en-wikipedia-org-1136 179 3 an an DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 179 4 important important JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 179 5 part part NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 179 6 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 179 7 Phoenician phoenician JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 179 8 religion religion NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 179 9 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 179 10 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uncover VBD en-wikipedia-org-1136 180 15 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 180 16 wine wine NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 180 17 factory factory NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 180 18 used use VBN en-wikipedia-org-1136 180 19 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 180 20 at at IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 180 21 least least JJS en-wikipedia-org-1136 180 22 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 180 23 seventh seventh JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 180 24 century century NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 180 25 BC BC NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 180 26 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 180 27 which which WDT en-wikipedia-org-1136 180 28 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-1136 180 29 believed believe VBN en-wikipedia-org-1136 180 30 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-1136 180 31 have have VB en-wikipedia-org-1136 180 32 been be VBN en-wikipedia-org-1136 180 33 aimed aim VBN en-wikipedia-org-1136 180 34 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 180 35 an an DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 180 36 overseas overseas JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 180 37 market market NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 180 38 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 181 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 181 2 71 71 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 181 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 181 4 To to TO en-wikipedia-org-1136 181 5 prevent prevent VB en-wikipedia-org-1136 181 6 oxidation oxidation NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 181 7 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 181 8 vessels vessel NNS en-wikipedia-org-1136 181 9 were be VBD en-wikipedia-org-1136 181 10 sealed seal VBN en-wikipedia-org-1136 181 11 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 181 12 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 181 13 layer layer NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 181 14 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 181 15 olive olive NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 181 16 oil oil NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 181 17 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 181 18 pinewood pinewood NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 181 19 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 181 20 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1136 181 21 resin resin NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 181 22 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 182 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 182 2 citation citation NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 182 3 needed need VBN en-wikipedia-org-1136 182 4 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 182 5 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 182 6 Phoenicians Phoenicians NNPS en-wikipedia-org-1136 182 7 established establish VBD en-wikipedia-org-1136 182 8 vineyards vineyard NNS en-wikipedia-org-1136 182 9 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1136 182 10 wineries winery NNS en-wikipedia-org-1136 182 11 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 182 12 their -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-1136 182 13 colonies colony NNS en-wikipedia-org-1136 182 14 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 182 15 North North NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 182 16 Africa Africa NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 182 17 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 182 18 Sicily Sicily NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 182 19 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 182 20 France France NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 182 21 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 182 22 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1136 182 23 Spain,[71 Spain,[71 NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 182 24 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 182 25 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1136 182 26 may may MD en-wikipedia-org-1136 182 27 have have VB en-wikipedia-org-1136 182 28 taught teach VBN en-wikipedia-org-1136 182 29 winemaking winemake VBG en-wikipedia-org-1136 182 30 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 182 31 some some DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 182 32 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 182 33 their -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-1136 182 34 trading trading NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 182 35 partners partner NNS en-wikipedia-org-1136 182 36 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 183 1 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 183 2 ancient ancient JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 183 3 Iberians Iberians NNPS en-wikipedia-org-1136 183 4 began begin VBD en-wikipedia-org-1136 183 5 producing produce VBG en-wikipedia-org-1136 183 6 wine wine NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 183 7 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 183 8 local local JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 183 9 grape grape NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 183 10 varieties variety NNS en-wikipedia-org-1136 183 11 following follow VBG en-wikipedia-org-1136 183 12 their -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-1136 183 13 encounter encounter NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 183 14 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 183 15 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 183 16 Phoenicians Phoenicians NNPS en-wikipedia-org-1136 183 17 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 183 18 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1136 183 19 Iberian iberian JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 183 20 cultivars cultivar NNS en-wikipedia-org-1136 183 21 subsequently subsequently RB en-wikipedia-org-1136 183 22 formed form VBD en-wikipedia-org-1136 183 23 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 183 24 basis basis NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 183 25 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 183 26 most most JJS en-wikipedia-org-1136 183 27 western western JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 183 28 European european JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 183 29 wine wine NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 183 30 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 184 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 184 2 72 72 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 184 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 184 4 Shipbuilding[edit shipbuilding[edit NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 184 5 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 184 6 As as RB en-wikipedia-org-1136 184 7 early early RB en-wikipedia-org-1136 184 8 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 184 9 1200 1200 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 184 10 BC BC NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 184 11 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 184 12 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 184 13 Phoenicians Phoenicians NNPS en-wikipedia-org-1136 184 14 built build VBD en-wikipedia-org-1136 184 15 large large JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 184 16 merchant merchant NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 184 17 ships ship NNS en-wikipedia-org-1136 184 18 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 185 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 185 2 citation citation NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 185 3 needed need VBN en-wikipedia-org-1136 185 4 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 185 5 During during IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 185 6 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 185 7 Bronze Bronze NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 185 8 Age Age NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 185 9 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 185 10 they -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-1136 185 11 developed develop VBD en-wikipedia-org-1136 185 12 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 185 13 keel keel NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 185 14 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 186 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 186 2 citation citation NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 186 3 needed need VBN en-wikipedia-org-1136 186 4 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 186 5 Pegged peg VBN en-wikipedia-org-1136 186 6 mortise mortise NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 186 7 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-1136 186 8 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1136 186 9 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-1136 186 10 tenon tenon NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 186 11 joints joint NNS en-wikipedia-org-1136 186 12 proved prove VBD en-wikipedia-org-1136 186 13 effective effective JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 186 14 enough enough RB en-wikipedia-org-1136 186 15 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-1136 186 16 serve serve VB en-wikipedia-org-1136 186 17 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 186 18 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 186 19 standard standard NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 186 20 until until IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 186 21 late late RB en-wikipedia-org-1136 186 22 into into IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 186 23 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 186 24 Roman Roman NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 186 25 Empire Empire NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 186 26 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 187 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 187 2 citation citation NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 187 3 needed need VBN en-wikipedia-org-1136 187 4 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 187 5 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 187 6 Phoenicians Phoenicians NNPS en-wikipedia-org-1136 187 7 were be VBD en-wikipedia-org-1136 187 8 possibly possibly RB en-wikipedia-org-1136 187 9 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 187 10 first first JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 187 11 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-1136 187 12 introduce introduce VB en-wikipedia-org-1136 187 13 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 187 14 bireme bireme NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 187 15 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 187 16 around around RB en-wikipedia-org-1136 187 17 700 700 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 187 18 BC BC NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 187 19 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 188 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 188 2 73 73 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 188 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 188 4 An an DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 188 5 Assyrian assyrian JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 188 6 account account NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 188 7 describes describe VBZ en-wikipedia-org-1136 188 8 Phoenicians Phoenicians NNPS en-wikipedia-org-1136 188 9 evading evade VBG en-wikipedia-org-1136 188 10 capture capture NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 188 11 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 188 12 these these DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 188 13 ships ship NNS en-wikipedia-org-1136 188 14 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 189 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 189 2 citation citation NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 189 3 needed need VBN en-wikipedia-org-1136 189 4 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 189 5 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 189 6 Phoenicians Phoenicians NNPS en-wikipedia-org-1136 189 7 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-1136 189 8 also also RB en-wikipedia-org-1136 189 9 credited credit VBN en-wikipedia-org-1136 189 10 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 189 11 inventing invent VBG en-wikipedia-org-1136 189 12 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 189 13 trireme trireme NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 189 14 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 189 15 which which WDT en-wikipedia-org-1136 189 16 was be VBD en-wikipedia-org-1136 189 17 regarded regard VBN en-wikipedia-org-1136 189 18 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 189 19 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 189 20 most most RBS en-wikipedia-org-1136 189 21 advanced advanced JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 189 22 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1136 189 23 powerful powerful JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 189 24 vessel vessel NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 189 25 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 189 26 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 189 27 ancient ancient JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 189 28 Mediterranean mediterranean JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 189 29 world world NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 189 30 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 189 31 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1136 189 32 were be VBD en-wikipedia-org-1136 189 33 eventually eventually RB en-wikipedia-org-1136 189 34 adopted adopt VBN en-wikipedia-org-1136 189 35 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 189 36 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 189 37 Greeks Greeks NNPS en-wikipedia-org-1136 189 38 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 190 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 190 2 36 36 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 190 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 190 4 Warship warship NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 190 5 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 190 6 two two CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 190 7 rows row NNS en-wikipedia-org-1136 190 8 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 190 9 oars oar NNS en-wikipedia-org-1136 190 10 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 190 11 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 190 12 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 190 13 relief relief NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 190 14 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 190 15 Nineveh Nineveh NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 190 16 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 190 17 c. c. NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 190 18 700 700 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 190 19 BC BC NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 190 20 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 190 21 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 191 1 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 191 2 Timber Timber NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 191 3 Transportation Transportation NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 191 4 relief relief NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 191 5 at at IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 191 6 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 191 7 Louvre Louvre NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 191 8 Two Two NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 191 9 Assyrian assyrian JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 191 10 representations representation NNS en-wikipedia-org-1136 191 11 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 191 12 ships ship NNS en-wikipedia-org-1136 191 13 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 191 14 which which WDT en-wikipedia-org-1136 191 15 could could MD en-wikipedia-org-1136 191 16 represent represent VB en-wikipedia-org-1136 191 17 Phoenician phoenician JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 191 18 vessels vessel NNS en-wikipedia-org-1136 191 19 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 191 20 Phoenicians Phoenicians NNPS en-wikipedia-org-1136 191 21 developed develop VBD en-wikipedia-org-1136 191 22 several several JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 191 23 other other JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 191 24 maritime maritime JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 191 25 inventions invention NNS en-wikipedia-org-1136 191 26 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 192 1 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 192 2 amphora amphora NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 192 3 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 192 4 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 192 5 type type NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 192 6 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 192 7 container container NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 192 8 used use VBN en-wikipedia-org-1136 192 9 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 192 10 both both CC en-wikipedia-org-1136 192 11 dry dry JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 192 12 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1136 192 13 liquid liquid JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 192 14 goods good NNS en-wikipedia-org-1136 192 15 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 192 16 was be VBD en-wikipedia-org-1136 192 17 an an DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 192 18 ancient ancient JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 192 19 Phoenician phoenician JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 192 20 invention invention NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 192 21 that that WDT en-wikipedia-org-1136 192 22 became become VBD en-wikipedia-org-1136 192 23 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 192 24 standardized standardized JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 192 25 measurement measurement NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 192 26 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 192 27 volume volume NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 192 28 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 192 29 close close RB en-wikipedia-org-1136 192 30 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-1136 192 31 two two CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 192 32 thousand thousand CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 192 33 years year NNS en-wikipedia-org-1136 192 34 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 193 1 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 193 2 remnants remnant NNS en-wikipedia-org-1136 193 3 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 193 4 self self NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 193 5 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-1136 193 6 cleaning clean VBG en-wikipedia-org-1136 193 7 artificial artificial JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 193 8 harbors harbor NNS en-wikipedia-org-1136 193 9 have have VBP en-wikipedia-org-1136 193 10 been be VBN en-wikipedia-org-1136 193 11 discovered discover VBN en-wikipedia-org-1136 193 12 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 193 13 Sidon Sidon NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 193 14 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 193 15 Tyre Tyre NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 193 16 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 193 17 Atlit Atlit NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 193 18 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 193 19 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1136 193 20 Acre Acre NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 193 21 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 194 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 194 2 74 74 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 194 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 194 4 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 194 5 first first JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 194 6 example example NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 194 7 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 194 8 admiralty admiralty JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 194 9 law law NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 194 10 also also RB en-wikipedia-org-1136 194 11 appears appear VBZ en-wikipedia-org-1136 194 12 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 194 13 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 194 14 Levant Levant NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 194 15 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 195 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 195 2 75 75 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 195 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 195 4 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 195 5 Phoenicians Phoenicians NNPS en-wikipedia-org-1136 195 6 continued continue VBD en-wikipedia-org-1136 195 7 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-1136 195 8 contribute contribute VB en-wikipedia-org-1136 195 9 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 195 10 cartography cartography NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 195 11 into into IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 195 12 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 195 13 Iron Iron NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 195 14 Age Age NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 195 15 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 196 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 196 2 76 76 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 196 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 196 4 In in IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 196 5 2014 2014 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 196 6 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 196 7 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 196 8 roughly roughly RB en-wikipedia-org-1136 196 9 50-foot 50-foot CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 196 10 Phoenician phoenician JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 196 11 trading trading NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 196 12 ship ship NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 196 13 was be VBD en-wikipedia-org-1136 196 14 found find VBN en-wikipedia-org-1136 196 15 near near IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 196 16 Gozo Gozo NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 196 17 island island NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 196 18 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 196 19 Malta Malta NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 196 20 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 197 1 Dated date VBN en-wikipedia-org-1136 197 2 700 700 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 197 3 BC BC NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 197 4 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 197 5 it -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-1136 197 6 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-1136 197 7 one one CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 197 8 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 197 9 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 197 10 oldest old JJS en-wikipedia-org-1136 197 11 wrecks wreck NNS en-wikipedia-org-1136 197 12 found find VBN en-wikipedia-org-1136 197 13 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 197 14 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 197 15 Mediterranean Mediterranean NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 197 16 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 198 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 198 2 77 77 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 198 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 198 4 Fifty fifty CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 198 5 amphorae amphorae NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 198 6 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 198 7 used use VBD en-wikipedia-org-1136 198 8 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-1136 198 9 contain contain VB en-wikipedia-org-1136 198 10 wine wine NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 198 11 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1136 198 12 oil oil NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 198 13 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 198 14 were be VBD en-wikipedia-org-1136 198 15 scattered scatter VBN en-wikipedia-org-1136 198 16 nearby nearby RB en-wikipedia-org-1136 198 17 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 199 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 199 2 78 78 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 199 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 199 4 Important important JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 199 5 cities city NNS en-wikipedia-org-1136 199 6 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1136 199 7 colonies[edit colonies[edit LS en-wikipedia-org-1136 199 8 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 199 9 Map Map NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 199 10 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 199 11 Phoenician Phoenician NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 199 12 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 199 13 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 199 14 yellow yellow NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 199 15 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 199 16 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1136 199 17 Greek greek JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 199 18 colonies colony NNS en-wikipedia-org-1136 199 19 around around IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 199 20 8th 8th JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 199 21 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 199 22 6th 6th JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 199 23 century century NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 199 24 BC BC NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 199 25 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 199 26 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 199 27 German german JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 199 28 legend legend NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 199 29 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 199 30 Main main JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 199 31 article article NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 199 32 : : : en-wikipedia-org-1136 199 33 List list NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 199 34 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 199 35 Phoenician phoenician JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 199 36 cities city NNS en-wikipedia-org-1136 199 37 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 199 38 Phoenicians Phoenicians NNPS en-wikipedia-org-1136 199 39 were be VBD en-wikipedia-org-1136 199 40 not not RB en-wikipedia-org-1136 199 41 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 199 42 nation nation NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 199 43 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 199 44 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 199 45 political political JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 199 46 sense sense NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 199 47 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 199 48 but but CC en-wikipedia-org-1136 199 49 were be VBD en-wikipedia-org-1136 199 50 organized organize VBN en-wikipedia-org-1136 199 51 into into IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 199 52 independent independent JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 199 53 city city NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 199 54 states state NNS en-wikipedia-org-1136 199 55 that that WDT en-wikipedia-org-1136 199 56 shared share VBD en-wikipedia-org-1136 199 57 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 199 58 common common JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 199 59 language language NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 199 60 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1136 199 61 culture culture NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 199 62 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 200 1 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 200 2 leading lead VBG en-wikipedia-org-1136 200 3 city city NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 200 4 states state NNS en-wikipedia-org-1136 200 5 were be VBD en-wikipedia-org-1136 200 6 Tyre Tyre NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 200 7 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 200 8 Sidon Sidon NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 200 9 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 200 10 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1136 200 11 Byblos Byblos NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 200 12 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 201 1 Rivalries rivalry NNS en-wikipedia-org-1136 201 2 were be VBD en-wikipedia-org-1136 201 3 common common JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 201 4 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 201 5 but but CC en-wikipedia-org-1136 201 6 armed armed JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 201 7 conflict conflict NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 201 8 rare rare JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 201 9 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 202 1 Numerous numerous JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 202 2 other other JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 202 3 cities city NNS en-wikipedia-org-1136 202 4 existed exist VBD en-wikipedia-org-1136 202 5 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 202 6 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 202 7 Levant Levant NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 202 8 alone alone RB en-wikipedia-org-1136 202 9 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 202 10 many many JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 202 11 probably probably RB en-wikipedia-org-1136 202 12 unknown unknown JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 202 13 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 202 14 including include VBG en-wikipedia-org-1136 202 15 Berut Berut NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 202 16 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 202 17 modern modern JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 202 18 Beirut Beirut NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 202 19 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 202 20 Ampi Ampi NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 202 21 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 202 22 Amia Amia NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 202 23 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 202 24 Arqa Arqa NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 202 25 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 202 26 Baalbek Baalbek NNPS en-wikipedia-org-1136 202 27 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 202 28 Botrys Botrys NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 202 29 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 202 30 Sarepta Sarepta NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 202 31 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1136 202 32 Tripoli Tripoli NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 202 33 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 203 1 From from IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 203 2 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 203 3 late late JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 203 4 tenth tenth JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 203 5 century century NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 203 6 BC BC NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 203 7 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 203 8 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 203 9 Phoenicians Phoenicians NNPS en-wikipedia-org-1136 203 10 established establish VBD en-wikipedia-org-1136 203 11 commercial commercial JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 203 12 outposts outpost NNS en-wikipedia-org-1136 203 13 throughout throughout IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 203 14 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 203 15 Mediterranean Mediterranean NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 203 16 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 203 17 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 203 18 Tyre Tyre NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 203 19 founding found VBG en-wikipedia-org-1136 203 20 colonies colony NNS en-wikipedia-org-1136 203 21 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 203 22 Cyprus Cyprus NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 203 23 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 203 24 Sardinia Sardinia NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 203 25 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 203 26 Iberia Iberia NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 203 27 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 203 28 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 203 29 Balearic Balearic NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 203 30 Islands Islands NNPS en-wikipedia-org-1136 203 31 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 203 32 Sicily Sicily NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 203 33 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 203 34 Malta Malta NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 203 35 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 203 36 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1136 203 37 North North NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 203 38 Africa Africa NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 203 39 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 204 1 Later later JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 204 2 colonies colony NNS en-wikipedia-org-1136 204 3 were be VBD en-wikipedia-org-1136 204 4 established establish VBN en-wikipedia-org-1136 204 5 beyond beyond IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 204 6 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 204 7 Straits Straits NNPS en-wikipedia-org-1136 204 8 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 204 9 Gibraltar Gibraltar NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 204 10 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 204 11 particularly particularly RB en-wikipedia-org-1136 204 12 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 204 13 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 204 14 Atlantic atlantic JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 204 15 coast coast NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 204 16 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 204 17 Iberia Iberia NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 204 18 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 204 19 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1136 204 20 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 204 21 Phoenicians Phoenicians NNPS en-wikipedia-org-1136 204 22 may may MD en-wikipedia-org-1136 204 23 have have VB en-wikipedia-org-1136 204 24 explored explore VBN en-wikipedia-org-1136 204 25 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 204 26 Canary Canary NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 204 27 Islands Islands NNPS en-wikipedia-org-1136 204 28 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1136 204 29 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 204 30 British british JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 204 31 Isles Isles NNPS en-wikipedia-org-1136 204 32 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 205 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 205 2 11 11 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 205 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 205 4 Phoenician phoenician JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 205 5 settlement settlement NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 205 6 was be VBD en-wikipedia-org-1136 205 7 especially especially RB en-wikipedia-org-1136 205 8 concentrated concentrate VBN en-wikipedia-org-1136 205 9 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 205 10 Cyprus Cyprus NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 205 11 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 205 12 Sicily Sicily NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 205 13 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 205 14 Sardinia Sardinia NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 205 15 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 205 16 Malta Malta NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 205 17 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 205 18 northwest northwest NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 205 19 Africa Africa NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 205 20 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 205 21 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 205 22 Balearic Balearic NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 205 23 Islands Islands NNPS en-wikipedia-org-1136 205 24 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 205 25 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1136 205 26 southern southern JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 205 27 Iberia Iberia NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 205 28 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 206 1 Phoenician phoenician JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 206 2 colonization[edit colonization[edit , en-wikipedia-org-1136 206 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 206 4 To to TO en-wikipedia-org-1136 206 5 facilitate facilitate VB en-wikipedia-org-1136 206 6 their -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-1136 206 7 commercial commercial JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 206 8 ventures venture NNS en-wikipedia-org-1136 206 9 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 206 10 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 206 11 Phoenicians Phoenicians NNPS en-wikipedia-org-1136 206 12 established establish VBD en-wikipedia-org-1136 206 13 numerous numerous JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 206 14 colonies colony NNS en-wikipedia-org-1136 206 15 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1136 206 16 trading trading NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 206 17 posts post NNS en-wikipedia-org-1136 206 18 along along IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 206 19 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 206 20 coasts coast NNS en-wikipedia-org-1136 206 21 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 206 22 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 206 23 Mediterranean Mediterranean NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 206 24 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 207 1 Phoenician phoenician JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 207 2 city city NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 207 3 states state NNS en-wikipedia-org-1136 207 4 generally generally RB en-wikipedia-org-1136 207 5 lacked lack VBD en-wikipedia-org-1136 207 6 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 207 7 numbers number NNS en-wikipedia-org-1136 207 8 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-1136 207 9 even even RB en-wikipedia-org-1136 207 10 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 207 11 desire desire NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 207 12 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-1136 207 13 expand expand VB en-wikipedia-org-1136 207 14 their -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-1136 207 15 territory territory NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 207 16 overseas overseas RB en-wikipedia-org-1136 207 17 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 208 1 Few few JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 208 2 colonies colony NNS en-wikipedia-org-1136 208 3 had have VBD en-wikipedia-org-1136 208 4 more more JJR en-wikipedia-org-1136 208 5 than than IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 208 6 1,000 1,000 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 208 7 inhabitants inhabitant NNS en-wikipedia-org-1136 208 8 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-1136 208 9 only only RB en-wikipedia-org-1136 208 10 Carthage carthage NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 208 11 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1136 208 12 some some DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 208 13 nearby nearby JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 208 14 settlements settlement NNS en-wikipedia-org-1136 208 15 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 208 16 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 208 17 western western JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 208 18 Mediterranean Mediterranean NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 208 19 would would MD en-wikipedia-org-1136 208 20 grow grow VB en-wikipedia-org-1136 208 21 larger large JJR en-wikipedia-org-1136 208 22 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 209 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 209 2 79 79 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 209 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 209 4 A a DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 209 5 major major JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 209 6 motivating motivating NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 209 7 factor factor NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 209 8 was be VBD en-wikipedia-org-1136 209 9 competition competition NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 209 10 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 209 11 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 209 12 Greeks Greeks NNPS en-wikipedia-org-1136 209 13 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 209 14 who who WP en-wikipedia-org-1136 209 15 began begin VBD en-wikipedia-org-1136 209 16 expanding expand VBG en-wikipedia-org-1136 209 17 across across IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 209 18 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 209 19 Mediterranean Mediterranean NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 209 20 during during IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 209 21 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 209 22 same same JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 209 23 period period NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 209 24 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 210 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 210 2 80 80 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 210 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 210 4 Though though IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 210 5 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 210 6 largely largely RB en-wikipedia-org-1136 210 7 peaceful peaceful JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 210 8 rivalry rivalry NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 210 9 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 210 10 their -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-1136 210 11 respective respective JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 210 12 settlements settlement NNS en-wikipedia-org-1136 210 13 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 210 14 Crete Crete NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 210 15 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1136 210 16 Sicily Sicily NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 210 17 did do VBD en-wikipedia-org-1136 210 18 clash clash VB en-wikipedia-org-1136 210 19 intermittently intermittently RB en-wikipedia-org-1136 210 20 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 211 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 211 2 81 81 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 211 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 211 4 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 211 5 earliest early JJS en-wikipedia-org-1136 211 6 Phoenician phoenician JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 211 7 settlements settlement NNS en-wikipedia-org-1136 211 8 outside outside IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 211 9 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 211 10 Levant Levant NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 211 11 were be VBD en-wikipedia-org-1136 211 12 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 211 13 Cyprus Cyprus NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 211 14 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1136 211 15 Crete Crete NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 211 16 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 211 17 gradually gradually RB en-wikipedia-org-1136 211 18 moving move VBG en-wikipedia-org-1136 211 19 westward westward RB en-wikipedia-org-1136 211 20 towards towards IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 211 21 Corsica Corsica NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 211 22 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 211 23 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 211 24 Balearic Balearic NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 211 25 Islands Islands NNPS en-wikipedia-org-1136 211 26 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 211 27 Sardinia Sardinia NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 211 28 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 211 29 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1136 211 30 Sicily Sicily NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 211 31 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 211 32 as as RB en-wikipedia-org-1136 211 33 well well RB en-wikipedia-org-1136 211 34 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 211 35 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 211 36 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 211 37 European european JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 211 38 mainland mainland NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 211 39 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 211 40 Genoa Genoa NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 211 41 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1136 211 42 Marseilles Marseilles NNPS en-wikipedia-org-1136 211 43 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 212 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 212 2 82 82 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 212 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 212 4 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 212 5 first first JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 212 6 Phoenician phoenician JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 212 7 colonies colony NNS en-wikipedia-org-1136 212 8 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 212 9 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 212 10 western western JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 212 11 Mediterranean Mediterranean NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 212 12 were be VBD en-wikipedia-org-1136 212 13 along along IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 212 14 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 212 15 northwest northwest JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 212 16 African african JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 212 17 coast coast NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 212 18 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1136 212 19 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 212 20 Sicily Sicily NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 212 21 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 212 22 Sardinia Sardinia NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 212 23 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1136 212 24 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 212 25 Balearic Balearic NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 212 26 Islands Islands NNPS en-wikipedia-org-1136 212 27 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 213 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 213 2 83 83 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 213 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 213 4 Tyre Tyre NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 213 5 led lead VBD en-wikipedia-org-1136 213 6 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 213 7 way way NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 213 8 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 213 9 settling settle VBG en-wikipedia-org-1136 213 10 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-1136 213 11 controlling control VBG en-wikipedia-org-1136 213 12 coastal coastal JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 213 13 areas area NNS en-wikipedia-org-1136 213 14 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 214 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 214 2 84 84 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 214 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 214 4 Phoenician phoenician JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 214 5 colonies colony NNS en-wikipedia-org-1136 214 6 were be VBD en-wikipedia-org-1136 214 7 fairly fairly RB en-wikipedia-org-1136 214 8 autonomous autonomous JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 214 9 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 215 1 At at IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 215 2 most most RBS en-wikipedia-org-1136 215 3 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 215 4 they -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-1136 215 5 were be VBD en-wikipedia-org-1136 215 6 expected expect VBN en-wikipedia-org-1136 215 7 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-1136 215 8 send send VB en-wikipedia-org-1136 215 9 annual annual JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 215 10 tribute tribute NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 215 11 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 215 12 their -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-1136 215 13 mother mother NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 215 14 city city NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 215 15 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 215 16 usually usually RB en-wikipedia-org-1136 215 17 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 215 18 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 215 19 context context NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 215 20 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 215 21 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 215 22 religious religious JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 215 23 offering offering NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 215 24 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 216 1 However however RB en-wikipedia-org-1136 216 2 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 216 3 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 216 4 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 216 5 seventh seventh JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 216 6 century century NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 216 7 BC BC NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 216 8 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 216 9 western western JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 216 10 colonies colony NNS en-wikipedia-org-1136 216 11 came come VBD en-wikipedia-org-1136 216 12 under under IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 216 13 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 216 14 control control NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 216 15 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 216 16 Carthage,[85][86 Carthage,[85][86 NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 216 17 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 216 18 which which WDT en-wikipedia-org-1136 216 19 was be VBD en-wikipedia-org-1136 216 20 exercised exercise VBN en-wikipedia-org-1136 216 21 directly directly RB en-wikipedia-org-1136 216 22 through through IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 216 23 appointed appoint VBN en-wikipedia-org-1136 216 24 magistrates magistrate NNS en-wikipedia-org-1136 216 25 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 217 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 217 2 87 87 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 217 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 217 4 Carthage carthage NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 217 5 continued continue VBD en-wikipedia-org-1136 217 6 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-1136 217 7 send send VB en-wikipedia-org-1136 217 8 annual annual JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 217 9 tribute tribute NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 217 10 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 217 11 Tyre Tyre NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 217 12 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 217 13 some some DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 217 14 time time NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 217 15 after after IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 217 16 its -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-1136 217 17 independence independence NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 217 18 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 218 1 Society society NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 218 2 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1136 218 3 culture[edit culture[edit LS en-wikipedia-org-1136 218 4 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 218 5 Since since IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 218 6 very very RB en-wikipedia-org-1136 218 7 little little JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 218 8 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 218 9 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 218 10 Phoenicians Phoenicians NNPS en-wikipedia-org-1136 218 11 ' ' POS en-wikipedia-org-1136 218 12 own own JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 218 13 writings writing NNS en-wikipedia-org-1136 218 14 have have VBP en-wikipedia-org-1136 218 15 survived survive VBN en-wikipedia-org-1136 218 16 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 218 17 much much JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 218 18 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 218 19 what what WP en-wikipedia-org-1136 218 20 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-1136 218 21 known know VBN en-wikipedia-org-1136 218 22 about about IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 218 23 their -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-1136 218 24 culture culture NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 218 25 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1136 218 26 society society NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 218 27 comes come VBZ en-wikipedia-org-1136 218 28 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 218 29 accounts account NNS en-wikipedia-org-1136 218 30 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 218 31 contemporary contemporary JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 218 32 civilizations civilization NNS en-wikipedia-org-1136 218 33 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-1136 218 34 inferences inference NNS en-wikipedia-org-1136 218 35 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 218 36 archaeological archaeological JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 218 37 discoveries discovery NNS en-wikipedia-org-1136 218 38 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 219 1 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 219 2 Phoenicians Phoenicians NNPS en-wikipedia-org-1136 219 3 had have VBD en-wikipedia-org-1136 219 4 much much JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 219 5 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 219 6 common common JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 219 7 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 219 8 other other JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 219 9 Canaanites Canaanites NNPS en-wikipedia-org-1136 219 10 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 219 11 including include VBG en-wikipedia-org-1136 219 12 language language NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 219 13 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 219 14 religion religion NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 219 15 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 219 16 social social JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 219 17 customs custom NNS en-wikipedia-org-1136 219 18 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 219 19 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1136 219 20 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 219 21 monarchical monarchical JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 219 22 political political JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 219 23 system system NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 219 24 centered center VBN en-wikipedia-org-1136 219 25 around around IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 219 26 city city NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 219 27 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-1136 219 28 states state NNS en-wikipedia-org-1136 219 29 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 220 1 However however RB en-wikipedia-org-1136 220 2 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 220 3 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 220 4 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 220 5 early early JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 220 6 Iron Iron NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 220 7 Age Age NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 220 8 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 220 9 roughly roughly RB en-wikipedia-org-1136 220 10 1300 1300 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 220 11 BC BC NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 220 12 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 220 13 they -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-1136 220 14 had have VBD en-wikipedia-org-1136 220 15 emerged emerge VBN en-wikipedia-org-1136 220 16 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 220 17 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 220 18 distinct distinct JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 220 19 people people NNS en-wikipedia-org-1136 220 20 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 220 21 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 220 22 their -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-1136 220 23 culture culture NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 220 24 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 220 25 economy economy NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 220 26 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 220 27 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1136 220 28 daily daily JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 220 29 life life NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 220 30 being be VBG en-wikipedia-org-1136 220 31 heavily heavily RB en-wikipedia-org-1136 220 32 centered center VBN en-wikipedia-org-1136 220 33 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 220 34 commerce commerce NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 220 35 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1136 220 36 maritime maritime JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 220 37 trade trade NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 220 38 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 221 1 Their -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-1136 221 2 propensity propensity NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 221 3 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 221 4 seafaring seafare VBG en-wikipedia-org-1136 221 5 brought bring VBD en-wikipedia-org-1136 221 6 them -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-1136 221 7 into into IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 221 8 contact contact NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 221 9 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 221 10 numerous numerous JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 221 11 other other JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 221 12 civilizations civilization NNS en-wikipedia-org-1136 221 13 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 222 1 Politics politic NNS en-wikipedia-org-1136 222 2 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1136 222 3 government[edit government[edit LS en-wikipedia-org-1136 222 4 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 222 5 Tomb tomb NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 222 6 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 222 7 King King NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 222 8 Hiram Hiram NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 222 9 I I NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 222 10 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 222 11 Tyre Tyre NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 222 12 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 222 13 located locate VBN en-wikipedia-org-1136 222 14 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 222 15 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 222 16 village village NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 222 17 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 222 18 Hanawai Hanawai NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 222 19 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 222 20 Hanawiya Hanawiya NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 222 21 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-1136 222 22 Hanawey Hanawey NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 222 23 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 222 24 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 222 25 southern southern JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 222 26 Lebanon Lebanon NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 222 27 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 223 1 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 223 2 Phoenician phoenician JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 223 3 city city NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 223 4 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-1136 223 5 states state NNS en-wikipedia-org-1136 223 6 were be VBD en-wikipedia-org-1136 223 7 fiercely fiercely RB en-wikipedia-org-1136 223 8 independent independent JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 223 9 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 223 10 both both CC en-wikipedia-org-1136 223 11 domestic domestic JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 223 12 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1136 223 13 foreign foreign JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 223 14 affairs affair NNS en-wikipedia-org-1136 223 15 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 224 1 Formal formal JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 224 2 alliances alliance NNS en-wikipedia-org-1136 224 3 between between IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 224 4 city city NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 224 5 states state NNS en-wikipedia-org-1136 224 6 were be VBD en-wikipedia-org-1136 224 7 rare rare JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 224 8 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 225 1 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 225 2 relative relative JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 225 3 power power NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 225 4 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1136 225 5 influence influence NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 225 6 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 225 7 city city NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 225 8 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-1136 225 9 states state NNS en-wikipedia-org-1136 225 10 varied vary VBD en-wikipedia-org-1136 225 11 over over IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 225 12 time time NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 225 13 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 226 1 Sidon Sidon NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 226 2 was be VBD en-wikipedia-org-1136 226 3 dominant dominant JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 226 4 between between IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 226 5 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 226 6 12th 12th JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 226 7 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1136 226 8 11th 11th JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 226 9 centuries century NNS en-wikipedia-org-1136 226 10 BC BC NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 226 11 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 226 12 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1136 226 13 exercised exercise VBD en-wikipedia-org-1136 226 14 some some DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 226 15 influence influence NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 226 16 over over IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 226 17 its -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-1136 226 18 neighbors neighbor NNS en-wikipedia-org-1136 226 19 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 226 20 but but CC en-wikipedia-org-1136 226 21 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 226 22 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 226 23 tenth tenth JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 226 24 century century NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 226 25 BC BC NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 226 26 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 226 27 Tyre Tyre NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 226 28 rose rise VBD en-wikipedia-org-1136 226 29 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-1136 226 30 become become VB en-wikipedia-org-1136 226 31 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 226 32 most most RBS en-wikipedia-org-1136 226 33 powerful powerful JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 226 34 city city NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 226 35 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 227 1 Phoenician phoenician JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 227 2 society society NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 227 3 was be VBD en-wikipedia-org-1136 227 4 highly highly RB en-wikipedia-org-1136 227 5 stratified stratified JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 227 6 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1136 227 7 predominantly predominantly RB en-wikipedia-org-1136 227 8 monarchical monarchical JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 227 9 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 227 10 at at IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 227 11 least least JJS en-wikipedia-org-1136 227 12 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 227 13 its -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-1136 227 14 earlier early JJR en-wikipedia-org-1136 227 15 stages stage NNS en-wikipedia-org-1136 227 16 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 228 1 Hereditary hereditary JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 228 2 kings king NNS en-wikipedia-org-1136 228 3 usually usually RB en-wikipedia-org-1136 228 4 governed govern VBN en-wikipedia-org-1136 228 5 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 228 6 absolute absolute JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 228 7 power power NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 228 8 over over IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 228 9 civic civic JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 228 10 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 228 11 commercial commercial JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 228 12 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 228 13 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1136 228 14 religious religious JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 228 15 affairs affair NNS en-wikipedia-org-1136 228 16 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 229 1 They -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-1136 229 2 often often RB en-wikipedia-org-1136 229 3 relied rely VBD en-wikipedia-org-1136 229 4 upon upon IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 229 5 senior senior JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 229 6 officials official NNS en-wikipedia-org-1136 229 7 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 229 8 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 229 9 noble noble JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 229 10 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1136 229 11 merchant merchant NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 229 12 classes class NNS en-wikipedia-org-1136 229 13 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-1136 229 14 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 229 15 priesthood priesthood NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 229 16 was be VBD en-wikipedia-org-1136 229 17 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 229 18 distinct distinct JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 229 19 class class NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 229 20 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 229 21 usually usually RB en-wikipedia-org-1136 229 22 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 229 23 royal royal JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 229 24 lineage lineage NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 229 25 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-1136 229 26 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 229 27 leading lead VBG en-wikipedia-org-1136 229 28 merchant merchant NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 229 29 families family NNS en-wikipedia-org-1136 229 30 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 230 1 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 230 2 king king NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 230 3 was be VBD en-wikipedia-org-1136 230 4 considered consider VBN en-wikipedia-org-1136 230 5 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 230 6 representative representative NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 230 7 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 230 8 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 230 9 gods god NNS en-wikipedia-org-1136 230 10 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1136 230 11 carried carry VBD en-wikipedia-org-1136 230 12 many many JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 230 13 obligations obligation NNS en-wikipedia-org-1136 230 14 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1136 230 15 duties duty NNS en-wikipedia-org-1136 230 16 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 230 17 respect respect NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 230 18 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 230 19 religious religious JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 230 20 processions procession NNS en-wikipedia-org-1136 230 21 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1136 230 22 rituals ritual NNS en-wikipedia-org-1136 230 23 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 231 1 Priests priest NNS en-wikipedia-org-1136 231 2 were be VBD en-wikipedia-org-1136 231 3 thus thus RB en-wikipedia-org-1136 231 4 highly highly RB en-wikipedia-org-1136 231 5 influential influential JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 231 6 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1136 231 7 often often RB en-wikipedia-org-1136 231 8 became become VBD en-wikipedia-org-1136 231 9 intertwined intertwine VBN en-wikipedia-org-1136 231 10 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 231 11 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 231 12 royal royal JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 231 13 family family NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 231 14 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 232 1 Phoenician phoenician JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 232 2 kings king NNS en-wikipedia-org-1136 232 3 did do VBD en-wikipedia-org-1136 232 4 not not RB en-wikipedia-org-1136 232 5 commemorate commemorate VB en-wikipedia-org-1136 232 6 their -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-1136 232 7 reign reign NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 232 8 through through IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 232 9 sculptures sculpture NNS en-wikipedia-org-1136 232 10 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-1136 232 11 monuments monument NNS en-wikipedia-org-1136 232 12 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 233 1 Their -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-1136 233 2 wealth wealth NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 233 3 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 233 4 power power NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 233 5 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 233 6 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1136 233 7 accomplishments accomplishment NNS en-wikipedia-org-1136 233 8 were be VBD en-wikipedia-org-1136 233 9 usually usually RB en-wikipedia-org-1136 233 10 conveyed convey VBN en-wikipedia-org-1136 233 11 through through IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 233 12 ornate ornate JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 233 13 sarcophagi sarcophagi NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 233 14 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 233 15 like like IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 233 16 that that DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 233 17 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 233 18 Ahiram Ahiram NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 233 19 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 233 20 Byblos Byblos NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 233 21 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 234 1 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 234 2 Phoenicians Phoenicians NNPS en-wikipedia-org-1136 234 3 kept keep VBD en-wikipedia-org-1136 234 4 records record NNS en-wikipedia-org-1136 234 5 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 234 6 their -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-1136 234 7 rulers ruler NNS en-wikipedia-org-1136 234 8 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 234 9 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 234 10 form form NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 234 11 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 234 12 tomb tomb NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 234 13 inscriptions inscription NNS en-wikipedia-org-1136 234 14 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 234 15 which which WDT en-wikipedia-org-1136 234 16 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-1136 234 17 among among IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 234 18 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 234 19 few few JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 234 20 primary primary JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 234 21 sources source NNS en-wikipedia-org-1136 234 22 still still RB en-wikipedia-org-1136 234 23 available available JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 234 24 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 235 1 Historians historian NNS en-wikipedia-org-1136 235 2 have have VBP en-wikipedia-org-1136 235 3 been be VBN en-wikipedia-org-1136 235 4 able able JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 235 5 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-1136 235 6 determine determine VB en-wikipedia-org-1136 235 7 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 235 8 clear clear JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 235 9 line line NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 235 10 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 235 11 succession succession NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 235 12 over over IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 235 13 centuries century NNS en-wikipedia-org-1136 235 14 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 235 15 some some DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 235 16 city city NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 235 17 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-1136 235 18 states state NNS en-wikipedia-org-1136 235 19 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 235 20 notably notably RB en-wikipedia-org-1136 235 21 Byblos Byblos NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 235 22 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1136 235 23 Tyre Tyre NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 235 24 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 236 1 Starting start VBG en-wikipedia-org-1136 236 2 as as RB en-wikipedia-org-1136 236 3 early early RB en-wikipedia-org-1136 236 4 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 236 5 15th 15th JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 236 6 century century NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 236 7 BC BC NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 236 8 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 236 9 Phoenician phoenician JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 236 10 leaders leader NNS en-wikipedia-org-1136 236 11 were be VBD en-wikipedia-org-1136 236 12 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-1136 236 13 advised advise VBN en-wikipedia-org-1136 236 14 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 236 15 councils council NNS en-wikipedia-org-1136 236 16 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-1136 236 17 assemblies assembly NNS en-wikipedia-org-1136 236 18 which which WDT en-wikipedia-org-1136 236 19 gradually gradually RB en-wikipedia-org-1136 236 20 took take VBD en-wikipedia-org-1136 236 21 greater great JJR en-wikipedia-org-1136 236 22 power power NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 236 23 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-1136 236 24 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 237 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 237 2 51 51 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 237 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 237 4 In in IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 237 5 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 237 6 sixth sixth JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 237 7 century century NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 237 8 BC BC NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 237 9 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 237 10 during during IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 237 11 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 237 12 period period NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 237 13 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 237 14 Babylonian babylonian JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 237 15 rule rule NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 237 16 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 237 17 Tyre Tyre NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 237 18 briefly briefly RB en-wikipedia-org-1136 237 19 adopted adopt VBD en-wikipedia-org-1136 237 20 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 237 21 system system NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 237 22 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 237 23 government government NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 237 24 consisting consist VBG en-wikipedia-org-1136 237 25 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 237 26 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 237 27 pair pair NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 237 28 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 237 29 judges judge NNS en-wikipedia-org-1136 237 30 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 237 31 known know VBN en-wikipedia-org-1136 237 32 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 237 33 sufetes sufete NNS en-wikipedia-org-1136 237 34 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 237 35 who who WP en-wikipedia-org-1136 237 36 were be VBD en-wikipedia-org-1136 237 37 chosen choose VBN en-wikipedia-org-1136 237 38 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 237 39 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 237 40 most most RBS en-wikipedia-org-1136 237 41 powerful powerful JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 237 42 noble noble JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 237 43 families family NNS en-wikipedia-org-1136 237 44 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1136 237 45 served serve VBD en-wikipedia-org-1136 237 46 short short JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 237 47 terms term NNS en-wikipedia-org-1136 237 48 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 238 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 238 2 51 51 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 238 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 238 4 Nineteenth nineteenth JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 238 5 century century NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 238 6 depiction depiction NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 238 7 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 238 8 Phoenician phoenician JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 238 9 sailors sailor NNS en-wikipedia-org-1136 238 10 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1136 238 11 merchants merchant NNS en-wikipedia-org-1136 238 12 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 239 1 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 239 2 importance importance NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 239 3 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 239 4 trade trade NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 239 5 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 239 6 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 239 7 Phoenician phoenician JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 239 8 economy economy NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 239 9 evidently evidently RB en-wikipedia-org-1136 239 10 led lead VBD en-wikipedia-org-1136 239 11 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 239 12 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 239 13 gradual gradual JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 239 14 sharing sharing NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 239 15 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 239 16 power power NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 239 17 between between IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 239 18 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 239 19 king king NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 239 20 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1136 239 21 assemblies assembly NNS en-wikipedia-org-1136 239 22 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 239 23 merchant merchant NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 239 24 families family NNS en-wikipedia-org-1136 239 25 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 240 1 In in IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 240 2 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 240 3 fourth fourth JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 240 4 century century NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 240 5 BC BC NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 240 6 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 240 7 when when WRB en-wikipedia-org-1136 240 8 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 240 9 armies army NNS en-wikipedia-org-1136 240 10 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 240 11 Alexander Alexander NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 240 12 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 240 13 Great Great NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 240 14 approached approach VBD en-wikipedia-org-1136 240 15 Tyre Tyre NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 240 16 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 240 17 they -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-1136 240 18 were be VBD en-wikipedia-org-1136 240 19 met meet VBN en-wikipedia-org-1136 240 20 not not RB en-wikipedia-org-1136 240 21 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 240 22 its -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-1136 240 23 king king NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 240 24 but but CC en-wikipedia-org-1136 240 25 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 240 26 representatives representative NNS en-wikipedia-org-1136 240 27 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 240 28 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 240 29 commonwealth commonwealth NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 240 30 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 240 31 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 240 32 city city NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 240 33 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 241 1 Similarly similarly RB en-wikipedia-org-1136 241 2 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 241 3 historians historian NNS en-wikipedia-org-1136 241 4 at at IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 241 5 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 241 6 time time NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 241 7 describe describe VBP en-wikipedia-org-1136 241 8 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 241 9 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-1136 241 10 inhabitants inhabitant NNS en-wikipedia-org-1136 241 11 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-1136 241 12 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-1136 241 13 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-1136 241 14 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 241 15 people people NNS en-wikipedia-org-1136 241 16 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-1136 241 17 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 241 18 Sidon Sidon NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 241 19 making make VBG en-wikipedia-org-1136 241 20 peace peace NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 241 21 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 241 22 Alexander Alexander NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 241 23 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 242 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 242 2 51 51 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 242 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 242 4 When when WRB en-wikipedia-org-1136 242 5 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 242 6 Macedonians Macedonians NNPS en-wikipedia-org-1136 242 7 sought seek VBD en-wikipedia-org-1136 242 8 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-1136 242 9 appoint appoint VB en-wikipedia-org-1136 242 10 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 242 11 new new JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 242 12 king king NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 242 13 over over IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 242 14 Sidon Sidon NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 242 15 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 242 16 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 242 17 citizens citizen NNS en-wikipedia-org-1136 242 18 nominated nominate VBD en-wikipedia-org-1136 242 19 their -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-1136 242 20 own own JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 242 21 candidate candidate NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 242 22 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 243 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 243 2 51 51 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 243 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 243 4 Law Law NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 243 5 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1136 243 6 administration[edit administration[edit LS en-wikipedia-org-1136 243 7 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 243 8 After after IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 243 9 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 243 10 king king NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 243 11 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1136 243 12 council council NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 243 13 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 243 14 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 243 15 two two CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 243 16 most most RBS en-wikipedia-org-1136 243 17 important important JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 243 18 political political JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 243 19 positions position NNS en-wikipedia-org-1136 243 20 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 243 21 virtually virtually RB en-wikipedia-org-1136 243 22 every every DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 243 23 Phoenician phoenician JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 243 24 city city NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 243 25 state state NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 243 26 were be VBD en-wikipedia-org-1136 243 27 that that DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 243 28 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 243 29 governor governor NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 243 30 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1136 243 31 commander commander NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 243 32 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 243 33 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 243 34 army army NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 243 35 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 244 1 Details detail NNS en-wikipedia-org-1136 244 2 regarding regard VBG en-wikipedia-org-1136 244 3 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 244 4 duties duty NNS en-wikipedia-org-1136 244 5 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 244 6 these these DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 244 7 offices office NNS en-wikipedia-org-1136 244 8 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-1136 244 9 sparse sparse JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 244 10 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 244 11 but but CC en-wikipedia-org-1136 244 12 it -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-1136 244 13 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-1136 244 14 known know VBN en-wikipedia-org-1136 244 15 that that IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 244 16 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 244 17 governor governor NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 244 18 was be VBD en-wikipedia-org-1136 244 19 responsible responsible JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 244 20 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 244 21 collecting collect VBG en-wikipedia-org-1136 244 22 taxes taxis NNS en-wikipedia-org-1136 244 23 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 244 24 implementing implement VBG en-wikipedia-org-1136 244 25 decrees decree NNS en-wikipedia-org-1136 244 26 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 244 27 supervising supervise VBG en-wikipedia-org-1136 244 28 judges judge NNS en-wikipedia-org-1136 244 29 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 244 30 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1136 244 31 ensuring ensure VBG en-wikipedia-org-1136 244 32 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 244 33 administration administration NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 244 34 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 244 35 law law NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 244 36 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1136 244 37 justice justice NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 244 38 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 245 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 245 2 36 36 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 245 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 245 4 As as IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 245 5 warfare warfare NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 245 6 was be VBD en-wikipedia-org-1136 245 7 rare rare JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 245 8 among among IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 245 9 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 245 10 mostly mostly RB en-wikipedia-org-1136 245 11 mercantile mercantile JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 245 12 Phoenicians Phoenicians NNPS en-wikipedia-org-1136 245 13 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 245 14 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 245 15 commander commander NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 245 16 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 245 17 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 245 18 army army NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 245 19 was be VBD en-wikipedia-org-1136 245 20 generally generally RB en-wikipedia-org-1136 245 21 responsible responsible JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 245 22 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 245 23 ensuring ensure VBG en-wikipedia-org-1136 245 24 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 245 25 defense defense NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 245 26 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1136 245 27 security security NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 245 28 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 245 29 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 245 30 city city NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 245 31 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-1136 245 32 state state NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 245 33 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1136 245 34 its -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-1136 245 35 hinterlands hinterland NNS en-wikipedia-org-1136 245 36 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 246 1 Stela Stela NNS en-wikipedia-org-1136 246 2 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 246 3 Tyre Tyre NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 246 4 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 246 5 Phoenician phoenician JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 246 6 inscriptions inscription NNS en-wikipedia-org-1136 246 7 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 246 8 c. c. NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 246 9 fourth fourth NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 246 10 century century NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 246 11 BC BC NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 246 12 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 246 13 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 247 1 National National NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 247 2 Museum Museum NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 247 3 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 247 4 Beirut Beirut NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 247 5 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 248 1 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 248 2 Phoenicians Phoenicians NNPS en-wikipedia-org-1136 248 3 had have VBD en-wikipedia-org-1136 248 4 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 248 5 system system NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 248 6 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 248 7 courts court NNS en-wikipedia-org-1136 248 8 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1136 248 9 judges judge NNS en-wikipedia-org-1136 248 10 that that WDT en-wikipedia-org-1136 248 11 resolved resolve VBD en-wikipedia-org-1136 248 12 disputes dispute NNS en-wikipedia-org-1136 248 13 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1136 248 14 punished punish VBD en-wikipedia-org-1136 248 15 crimes crime NNS en-wikipedia-org-1136 248 16 based base VBN en-wikipedia-org-1136 248 17 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 248 18 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 248 19 semi semi JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 248 20 - - JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 248 21 codified codified JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 248 22 body body NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 248 23 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 248 24 law law NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 248 25 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1136 248 26 traditional traditional JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 248 27 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 249 1 Laws law NNS en-wikipedia-org-1136 249 2 were be VBD en-wikipedia-org-1136 249 3 implemented implement VBN en-wikipedia-org-1136 249 4 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 249 5 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 249 6 state state NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 249 7 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1136 249 8 were be VBD en-wikipedia-org-1136 249 9 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 249 10 responsibility responsibility NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 249 11 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 249 12 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 249 13 ruler ruler NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 249 14 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1136 249 15 certain certain JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 249 16 designated designate VBN en-wikipedia-org-1136 249 17 officials official NNS en-wikipedia-org-1136 249 18 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 250 1 Like like IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 250 2 other other JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 250 3 Levantine Levantine NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 250 4 societies society NNS en-wikipedia-org-1136 250 5 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 250 6 laws law NNS en-wikipedia-org-1136 250 7 were be VBD en-wikipedia-org-1136 250 8 harsh harsh JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 250 9 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1136 250 10 biased biased JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 250 11 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 250 12 reflecting reflect VBG en-wikipedia-org-1136 250 13 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 250 14 social social JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 250 15 stratification stratification NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 250 16 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 250 17 society society NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 250 18 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 251 1 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 251 2 murder murder NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 251 3 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 251 4 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 251 5 commoner commoner NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 251 6 was be VBD en-wikipedia-org-1136 251 7 treated treat VBN en-wikipedia-org-1136 251 8 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 251 9 less less RBR en-wikipedia-org-1136 251 10 serious serious JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 251 11 than than IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 251 12 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 251 13 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 251 14 nobleman nobleman NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 251 15 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 251 16 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1136 251 17 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 251 18 upper upper JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 251 19 classes class NNS en-wikipedia-org-1136 251 20 had have VBD en-wikipedia-org-1136 251 21 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 251 22 most most JJS en-wikipedia-org-1136 251 23 rights right NNS en-wikipedia-org-1136 251 24 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-1136 251 25 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 251 26 wealthy wealthy JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 251 27 often often RB en-wikipedia-org-1136 251 28 escaped escape VBD en-wikipedia-org-1136 251 29 punishment punishment NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 251 30 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 251 31 paying pay VBG en-wikipedia-org-1136 251 32 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 251 33 fine fine NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 251 34 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 252 1 Free free JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 252 2 men man NNS en-wikipedia-org-1136 252 3 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 252 4 any any DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 252 5 class class NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 252 6 could could MD en-wikipedia-org-1136 252 7 represent represent VB en-wikipedia-org-1136 252 8 themselves -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-1136 252 9 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 252 10 court court NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 252 11 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1136 252 12 had have VBD en-wikipedia-org-1136 252 13 more more JJR en-wikipedia-org-1136 252 14 rights right NNS en-wikipedia-org-1136 252 15 than than IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 252 16 women woman NNS en-wikipedia-org-1136 252 17 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1136 252 18 children child NNS en-wikipedia-org-1136 252 19 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 252 20 while while IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 252 21 slaves slave NNS en-wikipedia-org-1136 252 22 had have VBD en-wikipedia-org-1136 252 23 no no DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 252 24 rights right NNS en-wikipedia-org-1136 252 25 at at RB en-wikipedia-org-1136 252 26 all all RB en-wikipedia-org-1136 252 27 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 253 1 Men man NNS en-wikipedia-org-1136 253 2 could could MD en-wikipedia-org-1136 253 3 often often RB en-wikipedia-org-1136 253 4 deflect deflect VB en-wikipedia-org-1136 253 5 punishment punishment NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 253 6 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 253 7 their -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-1136 253 8 wives wife NNS en-wikipedia-org-1136 253 9 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 253 10 children child NNS en-wikipedia-org-1136 253 11 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 253 12 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-1136 253 13 slaves slave NNS en-wikipedia-org-1136 253 14 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 253 15 even even RB en-wikipedia-org-1136 253 16 having have VBG en-wikipedia-org-1136 253 17 them -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-1136 253 18 serve serve VB en-wikipedia-org-1136 253 19 his -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-1136 253 20 sentence sentence NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 253 21 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 253 22 his -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-1136 253 23 place place NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 253 24 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 254 1 Lawyers lawyer NNS en-wikipedia-org-1136 254 2 eventually eventually RB en-wikipedia-org-1136 254 3 emerged emerge VBD en-wikipedia-org-1136 254 4 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 254 5 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 254 6 profession profession NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 254 7 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 254 8 those those DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 254 9 who who WP en-wikipedia-org-1136 254 10 could could MD en-wikipedia-org-1136 254 11 not not RB en-wikipedia-org-1136 254 12 plead plead VB en-wikipedia-org-1136 254 13 their -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-1136 254 14 own own JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 254 15 case case NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 254 16 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 255 1 As as IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 255 2 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 255 3 neighboring neighboring NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 255 4 societies society NNS en-wikipedia-org-1136 255 5 at at IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 255 6 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 255 7 time time NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 255 8 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 255 9 penalties penalty NNS en-wikipedia-org-1136 255 10 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 255 11 crimes crime NNS en-wikipedia-org-1136 255 12 were be VBD en-wikipedia-org-1136 255 13 often often RB en-wikipedia-org-1136 255 14 severe severe JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 255 15 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 255 16 usually usually RB en-wikipedia-org-1136 255 17 reflecting reflect VBG en-wikipedia-org-1136 255 18 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 255 19 principle principle NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 255 20 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 255 21 reciprocity reciprocity NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 255 22 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-1136 255 23 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 255 24 example example NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 255 25 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 255 26 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 255 27 killing killing NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 255 28 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 255 29 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 255 30 slave slave NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 255 31 would would MD en-wikipedia-org-1136 255 32 be be VB en-wikipedia-org-1136 255 33 punished punish VBN en-wikipedia-org-1136 255 34 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 255 35 having have VBG en-wikipedia-org-1136 255 36 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 255 37 offender offender NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 255 38 's 's POS en-wikipedia-org-1136 255 39 slave slave NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 255 40 killed kill VBN en-wikipedia-org-1136 255 41 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 256 1 Imprisonment imprisonment NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 256 2 was be VBD en-wikipedia-org-1136 256 3 rare rare JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 256 4 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 256 5 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 256 6 fines fine NNS en-wikipedia-org-1136 256 7 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 256 8 exile exile NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 256 9 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 256 10 punishment punishment NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 256 11 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 256 12 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1136 256 13 execution execution NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 256 14 were be VBD en-wikipedia-org-1136 256 15 main main JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 256 16 remedies remedy NNS en-wikipedia-org-1136 256 17 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 257 1 Military[edit military[edit LS en-wikipedia-org-1136 257 2 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 257 3 As as IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 257 4 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 257 5 most most JJS en-wikipedia-org-1136 257 6 aspects aspect NNS en-wikipedia-org-1136 257 7 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 257 8 Phoenician phoenician JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 257 9 civilization civilization NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 257 10 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 257 11 there there EX en-wikipedia-org-1136 257 12 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-1136 257 13 few few JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 257 14 records record NNS en-wikipedia-org-1136 257 15 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 257 16 their -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-1136 257 17 military military NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 257 18 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-1136 257 19 approach approach NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 257 20 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 257 21 warfare warfare NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 257 22 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 258 1 Compared compare VBN en-wikipedia-org-1136 258 2 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 258 3 most most JJS en-wikipedia-org-1136 258 4 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 258 5 their -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-1136 258 6 neighbors neighbor NNS en-wikipedia-org-1136 258 7 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 258 8 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 258 9 Phoenicians Phoenicians NNPS en-wikipedia-org-1136 258 10 generally generally RB en-wikipedia-org-1136 258 11 had have VBD en-wikipedia-org-1136 258 12 little little JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 258 13 interest interest NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 258 14 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 258 15 conquest conquest NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 258 16 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1136 258 17 were be VBD en-wikipedia-org-1136 258 18 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 258 19 relatively relatively RB en-wikipedia-org-1136 258 20 peaceful peaceful JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 258 21 people people NNS en-wikipedia-org-1136 258 22 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 259 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 259 2 88 88 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 259 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 259 4 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 259 5 wealth wealth NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 259 6 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1136 259 7 prosperity prosperity NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 259 8 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 259 9 all all DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 259 10 their -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-1136 259 11 city city NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 259 12 states state NNS en-wikipedia-org-1136 259 13 rested rest VBN en-wikipedia-org-1136 259 14 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 259 15 foreign foreign JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 259 16 trade trade NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 259 17 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 259 18 which which WDT en-wikipedia-org-1136 259 19 required require VBD en-wikipedia-org-1136 259 20 good good JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 259 21 relations relation NNS en-wikipedia-org-1136 259 22 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1136 259 23 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 259 24 certain certain JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 259 25 degree degree NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 259 26 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 259 27 mutual mutual JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 259 28 trust trust NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 259 29 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 260 1 They -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-1136 260 2 also also RB en-wikipedia-org-1136 260 3 lacked lack VBD en-wikipedia-org-1136 260 4 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 260 5 territory territory NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 260 6 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1136 260 7 agricultural agricultural JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 260 8 base base NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 260 9 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-1136 260 10 support support VB en-wikipedia-org-1136 260 11 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 260 12 population population NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 260 13 large large JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 260 14 enough enough RB en-wikipedia-org-1136 260 15 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 260 16 anything anything NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 260 17 other other JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 260 18 than than IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 260 19 city city NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 260 20 defense defense NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 260 21 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-1136 260 22 each each DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 260 23 city city NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 260 24 had have VBD en-wikipedia-org-1136 260 25 an an DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 260 26 army army NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 260 27 commander commander NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 260 28 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 260 29 charge charge NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 260 30 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 260 31 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 260 32 defensive defensive JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 260 33 garrison garrison NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 260 34 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 260 35 but but CC en-wikipedia-org-1136 260 36 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 260 37 specifics specific NNS en-wikipedia-org-1136 260 38 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 260 39 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 260 40 role role NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 260 41 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 260 42 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-1136 260 43 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 260 44 city city NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 260 45 defense defense NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 260 46 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 260 47 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-1136 260 48 unknown unknown JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 260 49 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 261 1 Language[edit Language[edit `` en-wikipedia-org-1136 261 2 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 261 3 Main main JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 261 4 articles article NNS en-wikipedia-org-1136 261 5 : : : en-wikipedia-org-1136 261 6 Phoenician phoenician JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 261 7 language language NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 261 8 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1136 261 9 Punic Punic NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 261 10 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 261 11 Phoenician phoenician JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 261 12 language language NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 261 13 was be VBD en-wikipedia-org-1136 261 14 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 261 15 member member NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 261 16 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 261 17 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 261 18 Canaanite canaanite JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 261 19 branch branch NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 261 20 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 261 21 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 261 22 Semitic semitic JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 261 23 languages language NNS en-wikipedia-org-1136 261 24 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 262 1 Its -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-1136 262 2 descendant descendant JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 262 3 language language NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 262 4 spoken speak VBN en-wikipedia-org-1136 262 5 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 262 6 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 262 7 Carthaginian Carthaginian NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 262 8 Empire Empire NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 262 9 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-1136 262 10 termed term VBN en-wikipedia-org-1136 262 11 Punic punic JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 262 12 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 263 1 Punic Punic NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 263 2 was be VBD en-wikipedia-org-1136 263 3 still still RB en-wikipedia-org-1136 263 4 spoken speak VBN en-wikipedia-org-1136 263 5 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 263 6 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 263 7 fifth fifth JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 263 8 century century NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 263 9 AD AD NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 263 10 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 263 11 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1136 263 12 known know VBN en-wikipedia-org-1136 263 13 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 263 14 St. St. NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 263 15 Augustine Augustine NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 263 16 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 263 17 Hippo Hippo NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 263 18 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 264 1 Alphabet[edit alphabet[edit LS en-wikipedia-org-1136 264 2 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 264 3 Main main JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 264 4 article article NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 264 5 : : : en-wikipedia-org-1136 264 6 Phoenician phoenician JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 264 7 alphabet alphabet NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 264 8 Sarcophagus Sarcophagus NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 264 9 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 264 10 Ahiram Ahiram NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 264 11 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 264 12 which which WDT en-wikipedia-org-1136 264 13 bears bear VBZ en-wikipedia-org-1136 264 14 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 264 15 oldest old JJS en-wikipedia-org-1136 264 16 inscription inscription NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 264 17 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 264 18 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 264 19 Phoenician phoenician JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 264 20 alphabet alphabet NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 264 21 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 265 1 National National NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 265 2 Museum Museum NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 265 3 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 265 4 Beirut Beirut NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 265 5 Around Around NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 265 6 1050 1050 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 265 7 BC,[25 BC,[25 NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 265 8 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 265 9 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 265 10 Phoenicians Phoenicians NNPS en-wikipedia-org-1136 265 11 developed develop VBD en-wikipedia-org-1136 265 12 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 265 13 script script NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 265 14 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 265 15 writing write VBG en-wikipedia-org-1136 265 16 their -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-1136 265 17 own own JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 265 18 language language NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 265 19 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 266 1 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 266 2 Canaanite canaanite JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 266 3 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-1136 266 4 Phoenician phoenician JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 266 5 alphabet alphabet NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 266 6 consists consist VBZ en-wikipedia-org-1136 266 7 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 266 8 22 22 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 266 9 letters letter NNS en-wikipedia-org-1136 266 10 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 266 11 all all DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 266 12 consonants consonant NNS en-wikipedia-org-1136 266 13 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 266 14 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1136 266 15 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-1136 266 16 thus thus RB en-wikipedia-org-1136 266 17 strictly strictly RB en-wikipedia-org-1136 266 18 an an DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 266 19 abjad abjad NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 266 20 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 266 21 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 267 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 267 2 18 18 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 267 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 267 4 It -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-1136 267 5 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-1136 267 6 believed believe VBN en-wikipedia-org-1136 267 7 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-1136 267 8 be be VB en-wikipedia-org-1136 267 9 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 267 10 continuation continuation NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 267 11 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 267 12 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 267 13 Proto Proto NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 267 14 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-1136 267 15 Sinaitic Sinaitic NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 267 16 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 267 17 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-1136 267 18 Proto Proto NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 267 19 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-1136 267 20 Canaanite Canaanite NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 267 21 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 267 22 script script NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 267 23 attested attest VBN en-wikipedia-org-1136 267 24 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 267 25 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 267 26 Sinai Sinai NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 267 27 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1136 267 28 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 267 29 Canaan Canaan NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 267 30 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 267 31 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 267 32 Late Late NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 267 33 Bronze Bronze NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 267 34 Age Age NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 267 35 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 268 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 268 2 89][90 89][90 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 268 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 268 4 Through through IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 268 5 their -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-1136 268 6 maritime maritime JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 268 7 trade trade NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 268 8 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 268 9 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 268 10 Phoenicians Phoenicians NNPS en-wikipedia-org-1136 268 11 spread spread VBD en-wikipedia-org-1136 268 12 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 268 13 use use NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 268 14 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 268 15 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 268 16 alphabet alphabet NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 268 17 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 268 18 Anatolia Anatolia NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 268 19 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 268 20 North North NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 268 21 Africa Africa NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 268 22 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 268 23 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1136 268 24 Europe Europe NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 268 25 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 269 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 269 2 11][91 11][91 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 269 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 269 4 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 269 5 name name NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 269 6 Phoenician Phoenician NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 269 7 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-1136 269 8 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 269 9 convention convention NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 269 10 given give VBN en-wikipedia-org-1136 269 11 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 269 12 inscriptions inscription NNS en-wikipedia-org-1136 269 13 beginning begin VBG en-wikipedia-org-1136 269 14 around around IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 269 15 1050 1050 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 269 16 BC BC NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 269 17 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 269 18 because because IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 269 19 Phoenician Phoenician NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 269 20 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 269 21 Hebrew Hebrew NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 269 22 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 269 23 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1136 269 24 other other JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 269 25 Canaanite Canaanite NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 269 26 dialects dialect NNS en-wikipedia-org-1136 269 27 were be VBD en-wikipedia-org-1136 269 28 largely largely RB en-wikipedia-org-1136 269 29 indistinguishable indistinguishable JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 269 30 before before IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 269 31 that that DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 269 32 time time NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 269 33 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 270 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 270 2 25][17 25][17 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 270 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 270 4 Phoenician phoenician JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 270 5 inscriptions inscription NNS en-wikipedia-org-1136 270 6 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-1136 270 7 found find VBN en-wikipedia-org-1136 270 8 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 270 9 Lebanon Lebanon NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 270 10 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 270 11 Syria Syria NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 270 12 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 270 13 Israel Israel NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 270 14 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 270 15 Cyprus Cyprus NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 270 16 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1136 270 17 other other JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 270 18 locations location NNS en-wikipedia-org-1136 270 19 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 270 20 as as RB en-wikipedia-org-1136 270 21 late late RB en-wikipedia-org-1136 270 22 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 270 23 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 270 24 early early JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 270 25 centuries century NNS en-wikipedia-org-1136 270 26 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 270 27 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 270 28 Christian christian JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 270 29 era era NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 270 30 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 271 1 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 271 2 alphabet alphabet NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 271 3 was be VBD en-wikipedia-org-1136 271 4 adopted adopt VBN en-wikipedia-org-1136 271 5 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1136 271 6 modified modify VBN en-wikipedia-org-1136 271 7 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 271 8 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 271 9 Greeks Greeks NNPS en-wikipedia-org-1136 271 10 probably probably RB en-wikipedia-org-1136 271 11 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 271 12 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 271 13 eighth eighth JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 271 14 century century NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 271 15 BC BC NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 271 16 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 272 1 This this DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 272 2 most most RBS en-wikipedia-org-1136 272 3 likely likely RB en-wikipedia-org-1136 272 4 did do VBD en-wikipedia-org-1136 272 5 not not RB en-wikipedia-org-1136 272 6 occur occur VB en-wikipedia-org-1136 272 7 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 272 8 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 272 9 single single JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 272 10 instance instance NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 272 11 but but CC en-wikipedia-org-1136 272 12 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 272 13 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 272 14 process process NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 272 15 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 272 16 commercial commercial JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 272 17 exchange exchange NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 272 18 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 273 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 273 2 92 92 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 273 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 273 4 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 273 5 legendary legendary JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 273 6 Phoenician phoenician JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 273 7 hero hero NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 273 8 Cadmus Cadmus NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 273 9 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-1136 273 10 credited credit VBN en-wikipedia-org-1136 273 11 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 273 12 bringing bring VBG en-wikipedia-org-1136 273 13 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 273 14 alphabet alphabet NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 273 15 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 273 16 Greece Greece NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 273 17 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 273 18 but but CC en-wikipedia-org-1136 273 19 it -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-1136 273 20 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-1136 273 21 more more RBR en-wikipedia-org-1136 273 22 plausible plausible JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 273 23 that that IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 273 24 it -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-1136 273 25 was be VBD en-wikipedia-org-1136 273 26 brought bring VBN en-wikipedia-org-1136 273 27 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 273 28 Phoenician phoenician JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 273 29 immigrants immigrant NNS en-wikipedia-org-1136 273 30 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 273 31 Crete,[93 Crete,[93 NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 273 32 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 273 33 whence whence IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 273 34 it -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-1136 273 35 gradually gradually RB en-wikipedia-org-1136 273 36 diffused diffuse VBD en-wikipedia-org-1136 273 37 northwards northward NNS en-wikipedia-org-1136 273 38 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 274 1 Art[edit art[edit LS en-wikipedia-org-1136 274 2 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 274 3 Phoenician phoenician JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 274 4 art art NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 274 5 was be VBD en-wikipedia-org-1136 274 6 largely largely RB en-wikipedia-org-1136 274 7 centered center VBN en-wikipedia-org-1136 274 8 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 274 9 ornamental ornamental JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 274 10 objects object NNS en-wikipedia-org-1136 274 11 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 274 12 particularly particularly RB en-wikipedia-org-1136 274 13 jewelry jewelry NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 274 14 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 274 15 pottery pottery NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 274 16 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 274 17 glassware glassware VB en-wikipedia-org-1136 274 18 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 274 19 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1136 274 20 reliefs relief NNS en-wikipedia-org-1136 274 21 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 275 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 275 2 94 94 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 275 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 275 4 Large large JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 275 5 sculptures sculpture NNS en-wikipedia-org-1136 275 6 were be VBD en-wikipedia-org-1136 275 7 rare rare JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 275 8 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-1136 275 9 figurines figurine NNS en-wikipedia-org-1136 275 10 were be VBD en-wikipedia-org-1136 275 11 more more RBR en-wikipedia-org-1136 275 12 common common JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 275 13 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 276 1 Phoenician phoenician JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 276 2 goods good NNS en-wikipedia-org-1136 276 3 have have VBP en-wikipedia-org-1136 276 4 been be VBN en-wikipedia-org-1136 276 5 found find VBN en-wikipedia-org-1136 276 6 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 276 7 Spain Spain NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 276 8 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1136 276 9 Morocco Morocco NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 276 10 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 276 11 Russia Russia NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 276 12 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1136 276 13 Iraq Iraq NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 276 14 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-1136 276 15 much much JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 276 16 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 276 17 what what WP en-wikipedia-org-1136 276 18 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-1136 276 19 known know VBN en-wikipedia-org-1136 276 20 about about IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 276 21 Phoenician phoenician JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 276 22 art art NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 276 23 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-1136 276 24 based base VBN en-wikipedia-org-1136 276 25 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 276 26 excavations excavation NNS en-wikipedia-org-1136 276 27 outside outside RB en-wikipedia-org-1136 276 28 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 276 29 Phoenicia Phoenicia NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 276 30 proper proper JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 276 31 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 277 1 Phoenician phoenician JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 277 2 art art NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 277 3 was be VBD en-wikipedia-org-1136 277 4 highly highly RB en-wikipedia-org-1136 277 5 influenced influence VBN en-wikipedia-org-1136 277 6 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 277 7 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 277 8 many many JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 277 9 cultures culture NNS en-wikipedia-org-1136 277 10 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 277 11 Phoenicians Phoenicians NNPS en-wikipedia-org-1136 277 12 traded trade VBD en-wikipedia-org-1136 277 13 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1136 277 14 interacted interact VBN en-wikipedia-org-1136 277 15 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 277 16 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 277 17 primarily primarily RB en-wikipedia-org-1136 277 18 Egypt Egypt NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 277 19 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 277 20 Greece Greece NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 277 21 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 277 22 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1136 277 23 Assyria Assyria NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 277 24 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 278 1 Greek greek JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 278 2 inspiration inspiration NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 278 3 was be VBD en-wikipedia-org-1136 278 4 particularly particularly RB en-wikipedia-org-1136 278 5 pronounced pronounce VBN en-wikipedia-org-1136 278 6 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 278 7 pottery pottery NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 278 8 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 278 9 while while IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 278 10 Egyptian egyptian JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 278 11 styles style NNS en-wikipedia-org-1136 278 12 were be VBD en-wikipedia-org-1136 278 13 most most RBS en-wikipedia-org-1136 278 14 reflected reflect VBN en-wikipedia-org-1136 278 15 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 278 16 ivory ivory NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 278 17 work work NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 278 18 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 279 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 279 2 94 94 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 279 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 279 4 Phoenician phoenician JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 279 5 art art NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 279 6 also also RB en-wikipedia-org-1136 279 7 differed differ VBD en-wikipedia-org-1136 279 8 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 279 9 its -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-1136 279 10 contemporaries contemporary NNS en-wikipedia-org-1136 279 11 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 279 12 its -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-1136 279 13 continuance continuance NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 279 14 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 279 15 Bronze Bronze NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 279 16 Age Age NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 279 17 conventions convention NNS en-wikipedia-org-1136 279 18 well well RB en-wikipedia-org-1136 279 19 into into IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 279 20 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 279 21 Iron Iron NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 279 22 Age Age NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 279 23 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 279 24 such such JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 279 25 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 279 26 terracotta terracotta NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 279 27 masks mask NNS en-wikipedia-org-1136 279 28 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 280 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 280 2 95 95 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 280 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 280 4 Phoenician phoenician JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 280 5 artisans artisan NNS en-wikipedia-org-1136 280 6 were be VBD en-wikipedia-org-1136 280 7 known know VBN en-wikipedia-org-1136 280 8 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 280 9 their -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-1136 280 10 skill skill NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 280 11 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 280 12 wood wood NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 280 13 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 280 14 ivory ivory NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 280 15 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 280 16 bronze bronze NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 280 17 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 280 18 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1136 280 19 textiles textile NNS en-wikipedia-org-1136 280 20 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 281 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 281 2 96 96 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 281 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 281 4 In in IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 281 5 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 281 6 Old Old NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 281 7 Testament Testament NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 281 8 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 281 9 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 281 10 craftsman craftsman NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 281 11 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 281 12 Tyre Tyre NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 281 13 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-1136 281 14 commissioned commission VBN en-wikipedia-org-1136 281 15 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-1136 281 16 build build VB en-wikipedia-org-1136 281 17 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1136 281 18 decorate decorate VB en-wikipedia-org-1136 281 19 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 281 20 legendary legendary JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 281 21 Solomon Solomon NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 281 22 's 's POS en-wikipedia-org-1136 281 23 Temple Temple NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 281 24 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 281 25 Jerusalem Jerusalem NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 281 26 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 281 27 which which WDT en-wikipedia-org-1136 281 28 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-1136 281 29 presupposes presuppose VBZ en-wikipedia-org-1136 281 30 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 281 31 well well RB en-wikipedia-org-1136 281 32 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-1136 281 33 developed develop VBN en-wikipedia-org-1136 281 34 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1136 281 35 highly highly RB en-wikipedia-org-1136 281 36 respected respected JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 281 37 craft craft NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 281 38 industry industry NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 281 39 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 281 40 Phoenicia Phoenicia NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 281 41 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 281 42 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 281 43 mid mid JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 281 44 - - JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 281 45 tenth tenth JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 281 46 century century NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 281 47 BC BC NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 281 48 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-1136 281 49 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 282 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 282 2 95 95 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 282 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 282 4 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 282 5 Iliad Iliad NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 282 6 mentions mention VBZ en-wikipedia-org-1136 282 7 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 282 8 embroidered embroidered JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 282 9 robes robe NNS en-wikipedia-org-1136 282 10 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 282 11 Priam Priam NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 282 12 ’s ’s POS en-wikipedia-org-1136 282 13 wife wife NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 282 14 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 282 15 Hecabe Hecabe NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 282 16 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 282 17 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 282 18 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-1136 282 19 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 282 20 work work NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 282 21 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 282 22 Sidonian sidonian JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 282 23 women woman NNS en-wikipedia-org-1136 282 24 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-1136 282 25 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1136 282 26 describes describe VBZ en-wikipedia-org-1136 282 27 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 282 28 mixing mix VBG en-wikipedia-org-1136 282 29 bowl bowl NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 282 30 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 282 31 chased chase VBN en-wikipedia-org-1136 282 32 silver silver NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 282 33 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 282 34 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-1136 282 35 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 282 36 masterpiece masterpiece NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 282 37 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 282 38 Sidonian sidonian JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 282 39 craftsmanship craftsmanship NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 282 40 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 283 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-1136 283 2 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 283 3 citation citation NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 283 4 needed need VBN en-wikipedia-org-1136 283 5 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 283 6 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 283 7 Assyrians Assyrians NNPS en-wikipedia-org-1136 283 8 appeared appear VBD en-wikipedia-org-1136 283 9 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-1136 283 10 have have VB en-wikipedia-org-1136 283 11 valued value VBN en-wikipedia-org-1136 283 12 Phoenician phoenician JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 283 13 ivory ivory NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 283 14 work work NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 283 15 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 283 16 particular particular JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 283 17 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 283 18 collecting collect VBG en-wikipedia-org-1136 283 19 vast vast JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 283 20 quantities quantity NNS en-wikipedia-org-1136 283 21 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 283 22 their -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-1136 283 23 palaces palace NNS en-wikipedia-org-1136 283 24 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 284 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 284 2 97 97 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 284 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 284 4 Phoenician phoenician JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 284 5 art art NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 284 6 appears appear VBZ en-wikipedia-org-1136 284 7 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-1136 284 8 have have VB en-wikipedia-org-1136 284 9 been be VBN en-wikipedia-org-1136 284 10 indelibly indelibly RB en-wikipedia-org-1136 284 11 tied tie VBN en-wikipedia-org-1136 284 12 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 284 13 Phoenician phoenician JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 284 14 commercial commercial JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 284 15 interests interest NNS en-wikipedia-org-1136 284 16 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 285 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 285 2 65 65 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 285 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 285 4 They -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-1136 285 5 appear appear VBP en-wikipedia-org-1136 285 6 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-1136 285 7 have have VB en-wikipedia-org-1136 285 8 crafted craft VBN en-wikipedia-org-1136 285 9 goods good NNS en-wikipedia-org-1136 285 10 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-1136 285 11 appeal appeal VB en-wikipedia-org-1136 285 12 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 285 13 particular particular JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 285 14 trading trading NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 285 15 partners partner NNS en-wikipedia-org-1136 285 16 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 285 17 distinguishing distinguish VBG en-wikipedia-org-1136 285 18 not not RB en-wikipedia-org-1136 285 19 only only RB en-wikipedia-org-1136 285 20 different different JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 285 21 cultures culture NNS en-wikipedia-org-1136 285 22 but but CC en-wikipedia-org-1136 285 23 even even RB en-wikipedia-org-1136 285 24 socioeconomic socioeconomic JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 285 25 classes class NNS en-wikipedia-org-1136 285 26 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 286 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 286 2 65 65 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 286 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 286 4 Decorative decorative JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 286 5 plaque plaque NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 286 6 which which WDT en-wikipedia-org-1136 286 7 depicts depict VBZ en-wikipedia-org-1136 286 8 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 286 9 fighting fighting NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 286 10 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 286 11 man man NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 286 12 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1136 286 13 griffin griffin NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 286 14 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-1136 286 15 900–800 900–800 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 286 16 BC BC NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 286 17 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-1136 286 18 Nimrud Nimrud NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 286 19 ivories ivorie VBZ en-wikipedia-org-1136 286 20 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-1136 286 21 Cleveland Cleveland NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 286 22 Museum Museum NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 286 23 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 286 24 Art Art NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 286 25 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 286 26 Ohio Ohio NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 286 27 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 286 28 US US NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 286 29 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 286 30 Oinochoe Oinochoe NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 286 31 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-1136 286 32 800–700 800–700 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 286 33 BC BC NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 286 34 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-1136 286 35 terracotta terracotta NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 286 36 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-1136 286 37 height height NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 286 38 : : : en-wikipedia-org-1136 286 39 24.1 24.1 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 286 40   _SP en-wikipedia-org-1136 286 41 cm cm NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 286 42 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-1136 286 43 Metropolitan Metropolitan NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 286 44 Museum Museum NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 286 45 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 286 46 Art Art NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 286 47 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 286 48 New New NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 286 49 York York NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 286 50 City City NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 286 51 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 286 52 Face Face NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 286 53 bead bead NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 286 54 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-1136 286 55 mid-4th–3rd mid-4th–3rd NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 286 56 century century NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 286 57 BC BC NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 286 58 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-1136 286 59 glass glass NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 286 60 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-1136 286 61 height height NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 286 62 : : : en-wikipedia-org-1136 286 63 2.7 2.7 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 286 64   _SP en-wikipedia-org-1136 286 65 cm cm NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 286 66 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-1136 286 67 Metropolitan Metropolitan NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 286 68 Museum Museum NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 286 69 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 286 70 Art Art NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 286 71 Earring earre VBG en-wikipedia-org-1136 286 72 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 286 73 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 286 74 pair pair NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 286 75 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 286 76 each each DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 286 77 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 286 78 four four CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 286 79 relief relief NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 286 80 faces face NNS en-wikipedia-org-1136 286 81 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-1136 286 82 late late JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 286 83 4th–3rd 4th–3rd CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 286 84 century century NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 286 85 BC BC NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 286 86 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-1136 286 87 gold gold NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 286 88 ; ; , en-wikipedia-org-1136 286 89 overall overall RB en-wikipedia-org-1136 286 90 : : : en-wikipedia-org-1136 286 91 3.5 3.5 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 286 92 x x SYM en-wikipedia-org-1136 286 93 0.6 0.6 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 286 94   _SP en-wikipedia-org-1136 286 95 cm cm NNS en-wikipedia-org-1136 286 96 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-1136 286 97 Metropolitan Metropolitan NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 286 98 Museum Museum NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 286 99 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 286 100 Art Art NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 286 101 Women[edit women[edit NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 286 102 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 286 103 Female female JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 286 104 figurines figurine NNS en-wikipedia-org-1136 286 105 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 286 106 Tyre Tyre NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 286 107 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 286 108 c.1000–550 c.1000–550 NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 286 109 BC BC NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 286 110 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 286 111 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 287 1 National National NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 287 2 Museum Museum NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 287 3 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 287 4 Beirut Beirut NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 287 5 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 288 1 As as IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 288 2 was be VBD en-wikipedia-org-1136 288 3 common common JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 288 4 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 288 5 antiquity antiquity NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 288 6 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 288 7 Phoenician phoenician JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 288 8 women woman NNS en-wikipedia-org-1136 288 9 had have VBD en-wikipedia-org-1136 288 10 few few JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 288 11 rights right NNS en-wikipedia-org-1136 288 12 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1136 288 13 were be VBD en-wikipedia-org-1136 288 14 considered consider VBN en-wikipedia-org-1136 288 15 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 288 16 property property NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 288 17 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 288 18 their -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-1136 288 19 fathers father NNS en-wikipedia-org-1136 288 20 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-1136 288 21 husbands husband NNS en-wikipedia-org-1136 288 22 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 289 1 Nonetheless nonetheless RB en-wikipedia-org-1136 289 2 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 289 3 compared compare VBN en-wikipedia-org-1136 289 4 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 289 5 their -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-1136 289 6 counterparts counterpart NNS en-wikipedia-org-1136 289 7 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 289 8 most most JJS en-wikipedia-org-1136 289 9 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 289 10 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 289 11 Mediterranean Mediterranean NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 289 12 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1136 289 13 western western JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 289 14 Asia Asia NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 289 15 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 289 16 they -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-1136 289 17 appeared appear VBD en-wikipedia-org-1136 289 18 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-1136 289 19 have have VB en-wikipedia-org-1136 289 20 enjoyed enjoy VBN en-wikipedia-org-1136 289 21 some some DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 289 22 freedoms freedom NNS en-wikipedia-org-1136 289 23 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 290 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 290 2 citation citation NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 290 3 needed need VBN en-wikipedia-org-1136 290 4 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 290 5 They -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-1136 290 6 took take VBD en-wikipedia-org-1136 290 7 part part NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 290 8 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 290 9 public public JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 290 10 events event NNS en-wikipedia-org-1136 290 11 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1136 290 12 religious religious JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 290 13 processions procession NNS en-wikipedia-org-1136 290 14 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 290 15 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 290 16 depictions depiction NNS en-wikipedia-org-1136 290 17 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 290 18 banquets banquet NNS en-wikipedia-org-1136 290 19 showing show VBG en-wikipedia-org-1136 290 20 them -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-1136 290 21 casually casually RB en-wikipedia-org-1136 290 22 sitting sit VBG en-wikipedia-org-1136 290 23 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-1136 290 24 reclining recline VBG en-wikipedia-org-1136 290 25 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 290 26 men man NNS en-wikipedia-org-1136 290 27 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 290 28 dancing dancing NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 290 29 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 290 30 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1136 290 31 playing play VBG en-wikipedia-org-1136 290 32 music music NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 290 33 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 291 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 291 2 98 98 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 291 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 291 4 In in IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 291 5 most most JJS en-wikipedia-org-1136 291 6 contexts contexts JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 291 7 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 291 8 however however RB en-wikipedia-org-1136 291 9 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 291 10 women woman NNS en-wikipedia-org-1136 291 11 were be VBD en-wikipedia-org-1136 291 12 expected expect VBN en-wikipedia-org-1136 291 13 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-1136 291 14 dress dress VB en-wikipedia-org-1136 291 15 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1136 291 16 behave behave VB en-wikipedia-org-1136 291 17 more more RBR en-wikipedia-org-1136 291 18 modestly modestly RB en-wikipedia-org-1136 291 19 than than IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 291 20 men man NNS en-wikipedia-org-1136 291 21 ; ; , en-wikipedia-org-1136 291 22 female female JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 291 23 figures figure NNS en-wikipedia-org-1136 291 24 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-1136 291 25 almost almost RB en-wikipedia-org-1136 291 26 always always RB en-wikipedia-org-1136 291 27 portrayed portray VBN en-wikipedia-org-1136 291 28 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 291 29 draped drape VBN en-wikipedia-org-1136 291 30 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 291 31 head head NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 291 32 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 291 33 feet foot NNS en-wikipedia-org-1136 291 34 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 291 35 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 291 36 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 291 37 arms arm NNS en-wikipedia-org-1136 291 38 sometimes sometimes RB en-wikipedia-org-1136 291 39 covered cover VBN en-wikipedia-org-1136 291 40 as as RB en-wikipedia-org-1136 291 41 well well RB en-wikipedia-org-1136 291 42 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 292 1 Although although IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 292 2 they -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-1136 292 3 rarely rarely RB en-wikipedia-org-1136 292 4 had have VBD en-wikipedia-org-1136 292 5 political political JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 292 6 power power NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 292 7 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 292 8 women woman NNS en-wikipedia-org-1136 292 9 took take VBD en-wikipedia-org-1136 292 10 part part NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 292 11 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 292 12 community community NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 292 13 affairs affair NNS en-wikipedia-org-1136 292 14 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1136 292 15 had have VBD en-wikipedia-org-1136 292 16 some some DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 292 17 voice voice NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 292 18 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 292 19 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 292 20 popular popular JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 292 21 assembles assemble NNS en-wikipedia-org-1136 292 22 that that WDT en-wikipedia-org-1136 292 23 began begin VBD en-wikipedia-org-1136 292 24 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-1136 292 25 emerge emerge VB en-wikipedia-org-1136 292 26 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 292 27 some some DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 292 28 city city NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 292 29 states state NNS en-wikipedia-org-1136 292 30 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 293 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 293 2 99 99 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 293 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 293 4 At at RB en-wikipedia-org-1136 293 5 least least RBS en-wikipedia-org-1136 293 6 one one CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 293 7 woman woman NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 293 8 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 293 9 Unmiashtart Unmiashtart NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 293 10 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 293 11 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-1136 293 12 recorded record VBN en-wikipedia-org-1136 293 13 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-1136 293 14 have have VB en-wikipedia-org-1136 293 15 ruled rule VBN en-wikipedia-org-1136 293 16 Sidon Sidon NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 293 17 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 293 18 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 293 19 fifth fifth JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 293 20 century century NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 293 21 BC BC NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 293 22 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 294 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 294 2 36 36 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 294 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 294 4 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 294 5 two two CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 294 6 most most RBS en-wikipedia-org-1136 294 7 famous famous JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 294 8 Phoenician phoenician JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 294 9 women woman NNS en-wikipedia-org-1136 294 10 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-1136 294 11 political political JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 294 12 figures figure NNS en-wikipedia-org-1136 294 13 : : : en-wikipedia-org-1136 294 14 Jezebel Jezebel NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 294 15 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 294 16 portrayed portray VBD en-wikipedia-org-1136 294 17 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 294 18 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 294 19 Bible Bible NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 294 20 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 294 21 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 294 22 assertive assertive JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 294 23 princess princess NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 294 24 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 294 25 Sidon Sidon NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 294 26 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 294 27 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1136 294 28 Dido Dido NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 294 29 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 294 30 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 294 31 semi semi JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 294 32 - - JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 294 33 legendary legendary JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 294 34 founder founder NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 294 35 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1136 294 36 first first JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 294 37 queen queen NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 294 38 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 294 39 Carthage carthage NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 294 40 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 295 1 In in IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 295 2 Virgil Virgil NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 295 3 's 's POS en-wikipedia-org-1136 295 4 epic epic JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 295 5 poem poem NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 295 6 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 295 7 Aeneid Aeneid NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 295 8 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 295 9 Dido Dido NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 295 10 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-1136 295 11 described describe VBN en-wikipedia-org-1136 295 12 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 295 13 having have VBG en-wikipedia-org-1136 295 14 been be VBN en-wikipedia-org-1136 295 15 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 295 16 co co NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 295 17 - - NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 295 18 ruler ruler NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 295 19 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 295 20 Tyre Tyre NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 295 21 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 295 22 using use VBG en-wikipedia-org-1136 295 23 cleverness cleverness NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 295 24 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-1136 295 25 escape escape VB en-wikipedia-org-1136 295 26 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 295 27 tyranny tyranny NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 295 28 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 295 29 her -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-1136 295 30 brother brother NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 295 31 Pygmalion pygmalion NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 295 32 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1136 295 33 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-1136 295 34 secure secure VB en-wikipedia-org-1136 295 35 an an DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 295 36 ideal ideal JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 295 37 site site NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 295 38 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 295 39 Carthage carthage NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 295 40 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 296 1 Religion[edit religion[edit LS en-wikipedia-org-1136 296 2 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 296 3 Main main JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 296 4 article article NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 296 5 : : : en-wikipedia-org-1136 296 6 Canaanite canaanite JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 296 7 religion religion NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 296 8 See see VB en-wikipedia-org-1136 296 9 also also RB en-wikipedia-org-1136 296 10 : : : en-wikipedia-org-1136 296 11 Sanchuniathon Sanchuniathon NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 296 12 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 296 13 religious religious JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 296 14 practices practice NNS en-wikipedia-org-1136 296 15 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1136 296 16 beliefs belief NNS en-wikipedia-org-1136 296 17 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 296 18 Phoenicia Phoenicia NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 296 19 were be VBD en-wikipedia-org-1136 296 20 generally generally RB en-wikipedia-org-1136 296 21 cognate cognate JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 296 22 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 296 23 those those DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 296 24 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 296 25 their -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-1136 296 26 neighbours neighbour NNS en-wikipedia-org-1136 296 27 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 296 28 Canaan Canaan NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 296 29 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 296 30 which which WDT en-wikipedia-org-1136 296 31 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 296 32 turn turn NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 296 33 shared share VBD en-wikipedia-org-1136 296 34 characteristics characteristic NNS en-wikipedia-org-1136 296 35 common common JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 296 36 throughout throughout IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 296 37 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 296 38 ancient ancient JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 296 39 Semitic semitic JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 296 40 world world NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 296 41 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 297 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 297 2 100][101 100][101 LS en-wikipedia-org-1136 297 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 297 4 Religious religious JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 297 5 rites rite NNS en-wikipedia-org-1136 297 6 were be VBD en-wikipedia-org-1136 297 7 primarily primarily RB en-wikipedia-org-1136 297 8 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 297 9 city city NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 297 10 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-1136 297 11 state state NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 297 12 purposes purpose NNS en-wikipedia-org-1136 297 13 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-1136 297 14 payment payment NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 297 15 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 297 16 taxes taxis NNS en-wikipedia-org-1136 297 17 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 297 18 citizens citizen NNS en-wikipedia-org-1136 297 19 was be VBD en-wikipedia-org-1136 297 20 considered consider VBN en-wikipedia-org-1136 297 21 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 297 22 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 297 23 category category NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 297 24 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 297 25 religious religious JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 297 26 sacrifices sacrifice NNS en-wikipedia-org-1136 297 27 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 298 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 298 2 102 102 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 298 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 298 4 Unfortunately unfortunately RB en-wikipedia-org-1136 298 5 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 298 6 many many JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 298 7 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 298 8 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 298 9 Phoenician phoenician JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 298 10 sacred sacred JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 298 11 writings writing NNS en-wikipedia-org-1136 298 12 known know VBN en-wikipedia-org-1136 298 13 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 298 14 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 298 15 ancients ancient NNS en-wikipedia-org-1136 298 16 have have VBP en-wikipedia-org-1136 298 17 been be VBN en-wikipedia-org-1136 298 18 lost lose VBN en-wikipedia-org-1136 298 19 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 299 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 299 2 103 103 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 299 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 299 4 Figure Figure NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 299 5 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 299 6 Ba'al Ba'al NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 299 7 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 299 8 raised raise VBN en-wikipedia-org-1136 299 9 arm arm NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 299 10 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 299 11 14th–12th 14th–12th JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 299 12 century century NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 299 13 BC BC NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 299 14 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 299 15 found find VBN en-wikipedia-org-1136 299 16 at at IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 299 17 ancient ancient JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 299 18 Ugarit Ugarit NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 299 19 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 299 20 Ras Ras NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 299 21 Shamra Shamra NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 299 22 site site NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 299 23 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 299 24 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 299 25 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 299 26 city city NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 299 27 at at IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 299 28 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 299 29 far far JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 299 30 north north NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 299 31 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 299 32 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 299 33 Phoenician phoenician JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 299 34 coast coast NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 299 35 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 300 1 Musée Musée NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 300 2 du du VBP en-wikipedia-org-1136 300 3 Louvre Louvre NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 300 4 Several Several NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 300 5 Canaanite Canaanite NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 300 6 practices practice NNS en-wikipedia-org-1136 300 7 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-1136 300 8 attested attest VBN en-wikipedia-org-1136 300 9 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 300 10 ancient ancient JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 300 11 sources source NNS en-wikipedia-org-1136 300 12 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1136 300 13 mentioned mention VBN en-wikipedia-org-1136 300 14 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 300 15 scholars scholar NNS en-wikipedia-org-1136 300 16 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 300 17 such such JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 300 18 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 300 19 temple temple NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 300 20 prostitution[104 prostitution[104 NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 300 21 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 300 22 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1136 300 23 child child NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 300 24 sacrifice sacrifice NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 300 25 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 301 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 301 2 105 105 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 301 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 301 4 Special special JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 301 5 sites site NNS en-wikipedia-org-1136 301 6 known know VBN en-wikipedia-org-1136 301 7 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 301 8 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-1136 301 9 Tophets tophet NNS en-wikipedia-org-1136 301 10 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-1136 301 11 were be VBD en-wikipedia-org-1136 301 12 allegedly allegedly RB en-wikipedia-org-1136 301 13 used use VBN en-wikipedia-org-1136 301 14 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 301 15 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 301 16 Phoenicians Phoenicians NNPS en-wikipedia-org-1136 301 17 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-1136 301 18 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-1136 301 19 burn burn VB en-wikipedia-org-1136 301 20 their -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-1136 301 21 sons son NNS en-wikipedia-org-1136 301 22 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1136 301 23 their -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-1136 301 24 daughters daughter NNS en-wikipedia-org-1136 301 25 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 301 26 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 301 27 fire fire NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 301 28 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-1136 301 29 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 301 30 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1136 301 31 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-1136 301 32 condemned condemn VBN en-wikipedia-org-1136 301 33 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 301 34 Yahweh Yahweh NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 301 35 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 301 36 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 301 37 Hebrew Hebrew NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 301 38 bible bible NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 301 39 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 301 40 particularly particularly RB en-wikipedia-org-1136 301 41 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 301 42 Jeremiah Jeremiah NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 301 43 7:30–32 7:30–32 NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 301 44 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 301 45 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1136 301 46 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 301 47 2nd 2nd JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 301 48 Kings king NNS en-wikipedia-org-1136 301 49 23:10 23:10 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 301 50 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1136 301 51 17:17 17:17 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 301 52 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 302 1 Notwithstanding notwithstanding IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 302 2 these these DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 302 3 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1136 302 4 other other JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 302 5 important important JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 302 6 differences difference NNS en-wikipedia-org-1136 302 7 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 302 8 cultural cultural JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 302 9 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1136 302 10 religious religious JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 302 11 similarities similarity NNS en-wikipedia-org-1136 302 12 between between IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 302 13 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 302 14 ancient ancient JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 302 15 Hebrews Hebrews NNPS en-wikipedia-org-1136 302 16 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1136 302 17 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 302 18 Phoenicians Phoenicians NNPS en-wikipedia-org-1136 302 19 persisted persist VBD en-wikipedia-org-1136 302 20 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 303 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 303 2 106 106 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 303 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 303 4 Canaanite canaanite JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 303 5 religious religious JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 303 6 mythology mythology NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 303 7 does do VBZ en-wikipedia-org-1136 303 8 not not RB en-wikipedia-org-1136 303 9 appear appear VB en-wikipedia-org-1136 303 10 as as RB en-wikipedia-org-1136 303 11 elaborate elaborate JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 303 12 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 303 13 their -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-1136 303 14 Semitic semitic JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 303 15 cousins cousin NNS en-wikipedia-org-1136 303 16 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 303 17 Mesopotamia Mesopotamia NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 303 18 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 304 1 In in IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 304 2 Canaan Canaan NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 304 3 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 304 4 supreme supreme NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 304 5 god god NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 304 6 was be VBD en-wikipedia-org-1136 304 7 called call VBN en-wikipedia-org-1136 304 8 El El NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 304 9 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 304 10 𐤀𐤋 𐤀𐤋 NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 304 11 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 304 12 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-1136 304 13 god god NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 304 14 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-1136 304 15 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 304 16 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 305 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 305 2 107 107 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 305 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 305 4 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 305 5 son son NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 305 6 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 305 7 El El NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 305 8 was be VBD en-wikipedia-org-1136 305 9 Baal Baal NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 305 10 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 305 11 𐤁𐤏𐤋 𐤁𐤏𐤋 NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 305 12 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 305 13 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-1136 305 14 master master NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 305 15 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-1136 305 16 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 305 17 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-1136 305 18 lord lord NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 305 19 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-1136 305 20 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 305 21 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 305 22 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 305 23 powerful powerful JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 305 24 dying die VBG en-wikipedia-org-1136 305 25 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-1136 305 26 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1136 305 27 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-1136 305 28 rising rise VBG en-wikipedia-org-1136 305 29 storm storm NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 305 30 god god NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 305 31 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 306 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 306 2 108 108 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 306 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 306 4 Other other JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 306 5 gods god NNS en-wikipedia-org-1136 306 6 were be VBD en-wikipedia-org-1136 306 7 called call VBN en-wikipedia-org-1136 306 8 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 306 9 royal royal JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 306 10 titles title NNS en-wikipedia-org-1136 306 11 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 306 12 such such JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 306 13 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 306 14 Melqart Melqart NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 306 15 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 306 16 meaning mean VBG en-wikipedia-org-1136 306 17 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-1136 306 18 king king NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 306 19 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 306 20 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 306 21 city",[109 city",[109 NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 306 22 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 306 23 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-1136 306 24 Adonis Adonis NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 306 25 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 306 26 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-1136 306 27 lord lord NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 306 28 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-1136 306 29 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 307 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 307 2 110 110 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 307 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 307 4 Such such JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 307 5 epithets epithet NNS en-wikipedia-org-1136 307 6 may may MD en-wikipedia-org-1136 307 7 often often RB en-wikipedia-org-1136 307 8 have have VB en-wikipedia-org-1136 307 9 been be VBN en-wikipedia-org-1136 307 10 merely merely RB en-wikipedia-org-1136 307 11 local local JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 307 12 titles title NNS en-wikipedia-org-1136 307 13 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 307 14 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 307 15 same same JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 307 16 deities deity NNS en-wikipedia-org-1136 307 17 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 308 1 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 308 2 Semitic semitic JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 308 3 pantheon pantheon NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 308 4 was be VBD en-wikipedia-org-1136 308 5 well well RB en-wikipedia-org-1136 308 6 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-1136 308 7 populated populated JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 308 8 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-1136 308 9 which which WDT en-wikipedia-org-1136 308 10 god god NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 308 11 became become VBD en-wikipedia-org-1136 308 12 primary primary JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 308 13 evidently evidently RB en-wikipedia-org-1136 308 14 depended depend VBD en-wikipedia-org-1136 308 15 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 308 16 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 308 17 exigencies exigency NNS en-wikipedia-org-1136 308 18 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 308 19 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 308 20 particular particular JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 308 21 city city NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 308 22 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-1136 308 23 state state NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 308 24 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 309 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 309 2 111][112 111][112 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 309 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 309 4 Melqart Melqart NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 309 5 was be VBD en-wikipedia-org-1136 309 6 prominent prominent JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 309 7 throughout throughout IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 309 8 Phoenicia Phoenicia NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 309 9 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1136 309 10 overseas overseas RB en-wikipedia-org-1136 309 11 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 309 12 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 309 13 was be VBD en-wikipedia-org-1136 309 14 Astarte Astarte NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 309 15 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 309 16 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 309 17 fertility fertility NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 309 18 goddess goddess NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 309 19 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 309 20 regal regal JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 309 21 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1136 309 22 matronly matronly JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 309 23 aspects aspect NNS en-wikipedia-org-1136 309 24 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 310 1 Religious religious JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 310 2 institutions institution NNS en-wikipedia-org-1136 310 3 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 310 4 Tyre Tyre NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 310 5 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 310 6 called call VBN en-wikipedia-org-1136 310 7 marzeh marzeh NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 310 8 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 310 9 𐤌𐤓𐤆𐤄 𐤌𐤓𐤆𐤄 NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 310 10 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 310 11 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-1136 310 12 place place NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 310 13 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 310 14 reunion reunion NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 310 15 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-1136 310 16 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 310 17 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 310 18 did do VBD en-wikipedia-org-1136 310 19 much much JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 310 20 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-1136 310 21 foster foster VB en-wikipedia-org-1136 310 22 social social JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 310 23 bonding bonding NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 310 24 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1136 310 25 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-1136 310 26 kin kin FW en-wikipedia-org-1136 310 27 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-1136 310 28 loyalty loyalty NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 310 29 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 311 1 Marzeh Marzeh NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 311 2 held hold VBN en-wikipedia-org-1136 311 3 banquets banquet NNS en-wikipedia-org-1136 311 4 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 311 5 their -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-1136 311 6 membership membership NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 311 7 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 311 8 festival festival NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 311 9 days day NNS en-wikipedia-org-1136 311 10 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 311 11 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1136 311 12 many many JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 311 13 developed develop VBD en-wikipedia-org-1136 311 14 into into IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 311 15 elite elite JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 311 16 fraternities fraternity NNS en-wikipedia-org-1136 311 17 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 312 1 Each each DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 312 2 marzeh marzeh NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 312 3 nurtured nurture VBD en-wikipedia-org-1136 312 4 congeniality congeniality NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 312 5 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1136 312 6 community community NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 312 7 through through IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 312 8 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 312 9 series series NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 312 10 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 312 11 ritual ritual JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 312 12 meals meal NNS en-wikipedia-org-1136 312 13 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 312 14 shared share VBN en-wikipedia-org-1136 312 15 together together RB en-wikipedia-org-1136 312 16 among among IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 312 17 trusted trust VBN en-wikipedia-org-1136 312 18 kin kin NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 312 19 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 312 20 honor honor NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 312 21 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 312 22 deified deify VBN en-wikipedia-org-1136 312 23 ancestors ancestor NNS en-wikipedia-org-1136 312 24 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 313 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 313 2 113 113 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 313 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 313 4 In in IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 313 5 Carthage Carthage NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 313 6 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 313 7 which which WDT en-wikipedia-org-1136 313 8 had have VBD en-wikipedia-org-1136 313 9 developed develop VBN en-wikipedia-org-1136 313 10 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 313 11 complex complex JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 313 12 republican republican JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 313 13 system system NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 313 14 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 313 15 government government NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 313 16 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 313 17 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 313 18 marzeh marzeh NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 313 19 may may MD en-wikipedia-org-1136 313 20 have have VB en-wikipedia-org-1136 313 21 played play VBN en-wikipedia-org-1136 313 22 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 313 23 role role NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 313 24 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 313 25 forging forge VBG en-wikipedia-org-1136 313 26 social social JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 313 27 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1136 313 28 political political JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 313 29 ties tie NNS en-wikipedia-org-1136 313 30 among among IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 313 31 citizens citizen NNS en-wikipedia-org-1136 313 32 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-1136 313 33 Carthaginians Carthaginians NNPS en-wikipedia-org-1136 313 34 were be VBD en-wikipedia-org-1136 313 35 divided divide VBN en-wikipedia-org-1136 313 36 into into IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 313 37 different different JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 313 38 institutions institution NNS en-wikipedia-org-1136 313 39 that that WDT en-wikipedia-org-1136 313 40 were be VBD en-wikipedia-org-1136 313 41 solidified solidify VBN en-wikipedia-org-1136 313 42 through through IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 313 43 communal communal JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 313 44 feasts feast NNS en-wikipedia-org-1136 313 45 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1136 313 46 banquets banquet NNS en-wikipedia-org-1136 313 47 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 314 1 Such such JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 314 2 festival festival NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 314 3 groups group NNS en-wikipedia-org-1136 314 4 may may MD en-wikipedia-org-1136 314 5 also also RB en-wikipedia-org-1136 314 6 have have VB en-wikipedia-org-1136 314 7 composed compose VBN en-wikipedia-org-1136 314 8 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 314 9 voting vote VBG en-wikipedia-org-1136 314 10 cohort cohort NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 314 11 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 314 12 selecting select VBG en-wikipedia-org-1136 314 13 members member NNS en-wikipedia-org-1136 314 14 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 314 15 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 314 16 city city NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 314 17 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-1136 314 18 state state NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 314 19 's 's POS en-wikipedia-org-1136 314 20 Assembly Assembly NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 314 21 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 315 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 315 2 114][115 114][115 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 315 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 315 4 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 315 5 Phoenicians Phoenicians NNPS en-wikipedia-org-1136 315 6 made make VBD en-wikipedia-org-1136 315 7 votive votive JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 315 8 offerings offering NNS en-wikipedia-org-1136 315 9 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 315 10 their -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-1136 315 11 gods god NNS en-wikipedia-org-1136 315 12 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 315 13 namely namely RB en-wikipedia-org-1136 315 14 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 315 15 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 315 16 form form NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 315 17 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 315 18 figurines figurine NNS en-wikipedia-org-1136 315 19 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1136 315 20 pottery pottery NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 315 21 vessels vessel NNS en-wikipedia-org-1136 315 22 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 316 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 316 2 116 116 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 316 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 316 4 Hundreds hundred NNS en-wikipedia-org-1136 316 5 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 316 6 figurines figurine NNS en-wikipedia-org-1136 316 7 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1136 316 8 fragments fragment NNS en-wikipedia-org-1136 316 9 have have VBP en-wikipedia-org-1136 316 10 been be VBN en-wikipedia-org-1136 316 11 recovered recover VBN en-wikipedia-org-1136 316 12 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 316 13 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 316 14 Mediterranean Mediterranean NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 316 15 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 316 16 often often RB en-wikipedia-org-1136 316 17 spanning span VBG en-wikipedia-org-1136 316 18 centuries century NNS en-wikipedia-org-1136 316 19 between between IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 316 20 them -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-1136 316 21 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 316 22 suggesting suggest VBG en-wikipedia-org-1136 316 23 they -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-1136 316 24 were be VBD en-wikipedia-org-1136 316 25 cast cast VBN en-wikipedia-org-1136 316 26 into into IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 316 27 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 316 28 sea sea NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 316 29 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-1136 316 30 ensure ensure VB en-wikipedia-org-1136 316 31 safe safe JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 316 32 travels travel NNS en-wikipedia-org-1136 316 33 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 317 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 317 2 116 116 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 317 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 317 4 Since since IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 317 5 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 317 6 Phoenicians Phoenicians NNPS en-wikipedia-org-1136 317 7 were be VBD en-wikipedia-org-1136 317 8 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 317 9 predominately predominately RB en-wikipedia-org-1136 317 10 seafaring seafare VBG en-wikipedia-org-1136 317 11 people people NNS en-wikipedia-org-1136 317 12 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 317 13 it -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-1136 317 14 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-1136 317 15 speculated speculate VBN en-wikipedia-org-1136 317 16 that that IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 317 17 many many JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 317 18 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 317 19 their -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-1136 317 20 rituals ritual NNS en-wikipedia-org-1136 317 21 were be VBD en-wikipedia-org-1136 317 22 performed perform VBN en-wikipedia-org-1136 317 23 at at IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 317 24 sea sea NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 317 25 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-1136 317 26 aboard aboard IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 317 27 ships ship NNS en-wikipedia-org-1136 317 28 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 317 29 though though IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 317 30 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 317 31 specific specific JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 317 32 nature nature NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 317 33 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 317 34 these these DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 317 35 practices practice NNS en-wikipedia-org-1136 317 36 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-1136 317 37 unknown unknown JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 317 38 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 318 1 See see VB en-wikipedia-org-1136 318 2 also[edit also[edit LS en-wikipedia-org-1136 318 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 318 4 Maronites Maronites NNPS en-wikipedia-org-1136 318 5 Names Names NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 318 6 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 318 7 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 318 8 Levant Levant NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 318 9 Phoenicianism Phoenicianism NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 318 10 Punic Punic NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 318 11 language language NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 318 12 Punics punic NNS en-wikipedia-org-1136 318 13 Theory theory NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 318 14 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 318 15 Phoenician phoenician JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 318 16 discovery discovery NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 318 17 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 318 18 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 318 19 Americas Americas NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 318 20 Canaan Canaan NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 318 21 References[edit references[edit NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 318 22 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 318 23 Citations[edit citations[edit NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 318 24 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 318 25 ^ ^ NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 318 26 Jerry Jerry NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 318 27 H. H. NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 318 28 Bentley Bentley NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 318 29 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-1136 318 30 Herbert Herbert NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 318 31 F. F. NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 318 32 Ziegler Ziegler NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 318 33 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 318 34 2000 2000 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 318 35 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 318 36 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 319 1 Traditions tradition NNS en-wikipedia-org-1136 319 2 & & CC en-wikipedia-org-1136 319 3 Encounters Encounters NNPS en-wikipedia-org-1136 319 4 : : : en-wikipedia-org-1136 319 5 From from IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 319 6 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 319 7 Beginnings Beginnings NNPS en-wikipedia-org-1136 319 8 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 319 9 1500 1500 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 319 10 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 320 1 McGraw McGraw NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 320 2 Hill Hill NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 320 3 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 321 1 ISBN ISBN NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 321 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-1136 321 3 978 978 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 321 4 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-1136 321 5 0 0 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 321 6 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-1136 321 7 07 07 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 321 8 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-1136 321 9 004949 004949 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 321 10 - - SYM en-wikipedia-org-1136 321 11 9 9 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 321 12 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 322 1 ^ ^ NFP en-wikipedia-org-1136 322 2 María María NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 322 3 Eugenia Eugenia NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 322 4 Aubet Aubet NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 322 5 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 322 6 6 6 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 322 7 September September NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 322 8 2001 2001 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 322 9 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 322 10 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 323 1 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 323 2 Phoenicians Phoenicians NNPS en-wikipedia-org-1136 323 3 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1136 323 4 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 323 5 West West NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 323 6 : : : en-wikipedia-org-1136 323 7 Politics Politics NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 323 8 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 323 9 Colonies Colonies NNPS en-wikipedia-org-1136 323 10 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1136 323 11 Trade Trade NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 323 12 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 324 1 Cambridge Cambridge NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 324 2 University University NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 324 3 Press Press NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 324 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 325 1 pp pp NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 325 2 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 326 1 18 18 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 326 2 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 326 3 44 44 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 326 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 327 1 ISBN ISBN NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 327 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-1136 327 3 978 978 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 327 4 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-1136 327 5 0 0 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 327 6 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-1136 327 7 521 521 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 327 8 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-1136 327 9 79543 79543 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 327 10 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-1136 327 11 2 2 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 327 12 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 328 1 ^ ^ NFP en-wikipedia-org-1136 328 2 Carthage carthage NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 328 3 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1136 328 4 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 328 5 Carthaginians Carthaginians NNPS en-wikipedia-org-1136 328 6 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 328 7 R R NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 328 8 Bosworth Bosworth NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 328 9 Smithp16 Smithp16 NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 328 10 ^ ^ NFP en-wikipedia-org-1136 328 11 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-1136 328 12 Phoenicia Phoenicia NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 328 13 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-1136 328 14 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 329 1 Collins Collins NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 329 2 English English NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 329 3 Dictionary Dictionary NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 329 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 330 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 330 2 KITTO KITTO NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 330 3 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 330 4 John John NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 330 5 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 330 6 1851 1851 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 330 7 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 330 8 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 331 1 A a DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 331 2 Cyclopedia Cyclopedia NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 331 3 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 331 4 Biblical Biblical NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 331 5 Literature Literature NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 331 6 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 332 1 Adan Adan NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 332 2 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1136 332 3 Charles Charles NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 332 4 Black Black NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 332 5 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 333 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 333 2 Malaspina Malaspina NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 333 3 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 333 4 Ann Ann NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 333 5 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 333 6 2009 2009 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 333 7 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 333 8 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 334 1 Lebanon Lebanon NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 334 2 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 335 1 Infobase Infobase NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 335 2 Publishing Publishing NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 335 3 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 336 1 ISBN ISBN NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 336 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-1136 336 3 978 978 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 336 4 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-1136 336 5 1 1 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 336 6 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-1136 336 7 4381 4381 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 336 8 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-1136 336 9 0579 0579 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 336 10 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-1136 336 11 6 6 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 336 12 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 337 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 337 2 Xella Xella NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 337 3 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 337 4 Paolo Paolo NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 337 5 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 337 6 2017 2017 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 337 7 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 337 8 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 338 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-1136 338 2 Phoenician phoenician JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 338 3 Inscriptions inscription NNS en-wikipedia-org-1136 338 4 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 338 5 Palestine Palestine NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 338 6 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-1136 338 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 339 1 In in IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 339 2 Hübner Hübner NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 339 3 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 339 4 U. U. NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 339 5 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-1136 339 6 Niehr Niehr NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 339 7 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 339 8 H. H. NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 340 1 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 340 2 eds eds NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 340 3 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 340 4 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 340 5 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 341 1 Sprachen Sprachen NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 341 2 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 341 3 Palästina Palästina NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 341 4 i -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-1136 341 5 m be VBP en-wikipedia-org-1136 341 6 2 2 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 341 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 341 8 und und NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 341 9 1 1 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 341 10 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 342 1 Jahrtausend jahrtausend VB en-wikipedia-org-1136 342 2 v. v. CC en-wikipedia-org-1136 342 3 Chr Chr NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 342 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 343 1 Wiesbaden Wiesbaden NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 343 2 : : : en-wikipedia-org-1136 343 3 ADPV ADPV NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 343 4 43 43 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 343 5 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 343 6 pp pp NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 343 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 344 1 153–169 153–169 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 344 2 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 345 1 ^ ^ NFP en-wikipedia-org-1136 345 2 Jigoulov Jigoulov NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 345 3 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 345 4 Vadim Vadim NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 345 5 S. S. NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 345 6 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 345 7 2016 2016 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 345 8 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-1136 345 9 04 04 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 345 10 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-1136 345 11 08 08 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 345 12 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 345 13 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 346 1 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 346 2 Social Social NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 346 3 History History NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 346 4 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 346 5 Achaemenid Achaemenid NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 346 6 Phoenicia Phoenicia NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 346 7 : : : en-wikipedia-org-1136 346 8 Being be VBG en-wikipedia-org-1136 346 9 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 346 10 Phoenician Phoenician NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 346 11 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 346 12 Negotiating Negotiating NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 346 13 Empires Empires NNPS en-wikipedia-org-1136 346 14 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 347 1 Routledge Routledge NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 347 2 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 348 1 ISBN ISBN NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 348 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-1136 348 3 978 978 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 348 4 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-1136 348 5 1 1 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 348 6 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-1136 348 7 134 134 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 348 8 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-1136 348 9 93809 93809 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 348 10 - - SYM en-wikipedia-org-1136 348 11 4 4 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 348 12 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 349 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 349 2 Hornblower Hornblower NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 349 3 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 349 4 Simon Simon NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 349 5 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-1136 349 6 Spawforth Spawforth NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 349 7 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 349 8 Antony Antony NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 349 9 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-1136 349 10 Eidinow Eidinow NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 349 11 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 349 12 Esther Esther NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 349 13 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 349 14 2014 2014 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 349 15 - - SYM en-wikipedia-org-1136 349 16 09 09 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 349 17 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-1136 349 18 11 11 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 349 19 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 349 20 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 350 1 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 350 2 Oxford Oxford NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 350 3 Companion Companion NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 350 4 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 350 5 Classical Classical NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 350 6 Civilization Civilization NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 350 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 351 1 OUP OUP NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 351 2 Oxford Oxford NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 351 3 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 352 1 ISBN ISBN NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 352 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-1136 352 3 978 978 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 352 4 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-1136 352 5 0 0 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 352 6 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-1136 352 7 19 19 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 352 8 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-1136 352 9 101676 101676 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 352 10 - - SYM en-wikipedia-org-1136 352 11 9 9 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 352 12 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 353 1 ^ ^ FW en-wikipedia-org-1136 353 2 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-1136 353 3 Who who WP en-wikipedia-org-1136 353 4 Were be VBD en-wikipedia-org-1136 353 5 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 353 6 Phoenicians Phoenicians NNPS en-wikipedia-org-1136 353 7 ? ? . en-wikipedia-org-1136 354 1 | | NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 354 2 History History NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 354 3 Today Today NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 354 4 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-1136 354 5 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 355 1 www.historytoday.com www.historytoday.com ADD en-wikipedia-org-1136 355 2 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 356 1 Retrieved retrieve VBN en-wikipedia-org-1136 356 2 2020 2020 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 356 3 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-1136 356 4 04 04 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 356 5 - - SYM en-wikipedia-org-1136 356 6 20 20 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 356 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 357 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 357 2 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 357 3 b b NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 357 4 c c NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 357 5 d d NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 357 6 e e NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 357 7 f f NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 357 8 g g NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 357 9 h h NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 357 10 i i NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 357 11 Scott Scott NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 357 12 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 357 13 John John NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 357 14 C C NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 357 15 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 357 16 2018 2018 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 357 17 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 357 18 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 358 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-1136 358 2 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 358 3 Phoenicians Phoenicians NNPS en-wikipedia-org-1136 358 4 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1136 358 5 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 358 6 Formation Formation NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 358 7 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 358 8 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 358 9 Western Western NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 358 10 World World NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 358 11 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-1136 358 12 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 359 1 Comparative Comparative NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 359 2 Civilizations Civilizations NNPS en-wikipedia-org-1136 359 3 Review Review NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 359 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 360 1 78 78 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 360 2 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 360 3 78 78 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 360 4 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 360 5 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 361 1 ^ ^ NFP en-wikipedia-org-1136 361 2 Quinn Quinn NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 361 3 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 361 4 2017 2017 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 361 5 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 361 6 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 361 7 pp pp NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 361 8 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 362 1 24 24 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 362 2 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 362 3 204 204 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 362 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 363 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 363 2 Aubet Aubet NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 363 3 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 363 4 2001 2001 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 363 5 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 363 6 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 363 7 p. p. NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 363 8   _SP en-wikipedia-org-1136 363 9 17 17 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 363 10 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 364 1 ^ ^ FW en-wikipedia-org-1136 364 2 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-1136 364 3 Phoenicia Phoenicia NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 364 4 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-1136 364 5 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 365 1 Ancient ancient JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 365 2 History history NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 365 3 Encyclopedia encyclopedia NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 365 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 366 1 Retrieved retrieve VBN en-wikipedia-org-1136 366 2 2017 2017 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 366 3 - - SYM en-wikipedia-org-1136 366 4 08 08 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 366 5 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-1136 366 6 09 09 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 366 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 367 1 ^ ^ NFP en-wikipedia-org-1136 367 2 Quinn Quinn NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 367 3 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 367 4 2017 2017 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 367 5 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 367 6 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 367 7 pp pp NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 367 8 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 368 1 201–203 201–203 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 368 2 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 369 1 ^ ^ NFP en-wikipedia-org-1136 369 2 Markoe Markoe NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 369 3 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 369 4 2000 2000 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 369 5 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 369 6 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 369 7 pp pp NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 369 8 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 370 1 10–12 10–12 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 370 2 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 371 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 371 2 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 371 3 b b NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 371 4 Markoe Markoe NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 371 5 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 371 6 2000 2000 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 371 7 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 371 8 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 371 9 p. p. NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 371 10   _SP en-wikipedia-org-1136 371 11 111 111 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 371 12 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 372 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 372 2 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 372 3 b b NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 372 4 Fischer Fischer NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 372 5 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 372 6 Steven Steven NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 372 7 Roger Roger NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 372 8 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 372 9 2004 2004 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 372 10 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 372 11 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 373 1 A a DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 373 2 history history NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 373 3 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 373 4 writing writing NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 373 5 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 374 1 Reaktion reaktion NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 374 2 Books book NNS en-wikipedia-org-1136 374 3 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 375 1 p. p. NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 375 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-1136 375 3 90 90 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 375 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 376 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 376 2 Niemeyer Niemeyer NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 376 3 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 376 4 Hans Hans NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 376 5 G. G. NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 376 6 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 376 7 2004 2004 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 376 8 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 376 9 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 377 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-1136 377 2 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 377 3 Phoenicians Phoenicians NNPS en-wikipedia-org-1136 377 4 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1136 377 5 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 377 6 Birth birth NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 377 7 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 377 8 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 377 9 Multinational Multinational NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 377 10 Mediterranean Mediterranean NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 377 11 Society Society NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 377 12 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-1136 377 13 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 378 1 In in IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 378 2 Rollinger Rollinger NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 378 3 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 378 4 Robert Robert NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 378 5 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-1136 378 6 Ulf Ulf NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 378 7 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 378 8 Christoph Christoph NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 378 9 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 378 10 eds eds NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 378 11 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 378 12 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 378 13 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 379 1 Commerce Commerce NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 379 2 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1136 379 3 Monetary Monetary NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 379 4 Systems Systems NNPS en-wikipedia-org-1136 379 5 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 379 6 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 379 7 Ancient Ancient NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 379 8 World World NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 379 9 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 380 1 Stuttgart stuttgart NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 380 2 : : : en-wikipedia-org-1136 380 3 Franz Franz NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 380 4 Stiener Stiener NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 380 5 Verlag Verlag NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 380 6 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 381 1 pp pp NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 381 2 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 382 1 246 246 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 382 2 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 382 3 250 250 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 382 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 383 1 ^ ^ FW en-wikipedia-org-1136 383 2 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-1136 383 3 Henry Henry NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 383 4 George George NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 383 5 Liddell Liddell NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 383 6 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 383 7 Robert Robert NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 383 8 Scott Scott NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 383 9 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 383 10 A a DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 383 11 Greek Greek NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 383 12 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-1136 383 13 English English NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 383 14 Lexicon Lexicon NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 383 15 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 383 16 φοῖνιξ φοῖνιξ NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 383 17 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-1136 383 18 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 384 1 www.perseus.tufts.edu www.perseus.tufts.edu XX en-wikipedia-org-1136 384 2 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 385 1 Retrieved retrieve VBN en-wikipedia-org-1136 385 2 2017 2017 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 385 3 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-1136 385 4 02 02 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 385 5 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-1136 385 6 03 03 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 385 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 386 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 386 2 Krahmalkov Krahmalkov NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 386 3 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 386 4 Charles Charles NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 386 5 R. R. NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 386 6 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 386 7 2000 2000 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 386 8 - - SYM en-wikipedia-org-1136 386 9 11 11 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 386 10 - - SYM en-wikipedia-org-1136 386 11 28 28 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 386 12 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 386 13 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 387 1 A a DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 387 2 Phoenician phoenician JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 387 3 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-1136 387 4 Punic Punic NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 387 5 Grammar Grammar NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 387 6 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 388 1 BRILL BRILL NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 388 2 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 389 1 p. p. NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 389 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-1136 389 3 1 1 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 389 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 390 1 ISBN ISBN NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 390 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-1136 390 3 9789004294202 9789004294202 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 390 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 391 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 391 2 Zarins Zarins NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 391 3 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 391 4 Juris Juris NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 391 5 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 391 6 1992 1992 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 391 7 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 391 8 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 392 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-1136 392 2 Pastoral Pastoral NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 392 3 Nomadism Nomadism NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 392 4 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 392 5 Arabia Arabia NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 392 6 : : : en-wikipedia-org-1136 392 7 Ethnoarchaeology ethnoarchaeology NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 392 8 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1136 392 9 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 392 10 Archaeological Archaeological NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 392 11 Record Record NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 392 12 — — : en-wikipedia-org-1136 392 13 A a DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 392 14 Case Case NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 392 15 Study Study NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 392 16 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-1136 392 17 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 393 1 In in IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 393 2 Bar Bar NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 393 3 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-1136 393 4 Yosef Yosef NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 393 5 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 393 6 O. O. NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 393 7 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-1136 393 8 Khazanov Khazanov NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 393 9 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 393 10 A. A. NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 394 1 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 394 2 eds eds NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 394 3 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 394 4 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 394 5 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 395 1 Pastoralism pastoralism NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 395 2 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 395 3 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 395 4 Levant Levant NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 395 5 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 396 1 Madison Madison NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 396 2 : : : en-wikipedia-org-1136 396 3 Prehistory Prehistory NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 396 4 Press Press NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 396 5 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 397 1 ISBN ISBN NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 397 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-1136 397 3 0 0 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 397 4 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-1136 397 5 9629110 9629110 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 397 6 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-1136 397 7 8 8 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 397 8 - - SYM en-wikipedia-org-1136 397 9 9 9 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 397 10 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 398 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 398 2 Tubb Tubb NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 398 3 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 398 4 Jonathan Jonathan NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 398 5 N. N. NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 398 6 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 398 7 1998 1998 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 398 8 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 398 9 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 398 10 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-1136 398 11 Canaanites canaanites FW en-wikipedia-org-1136 398 12 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-1136 398 13 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 398 14 British British NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 398 15 Museum Museum NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 398 16 People People NNPS en-wikipedia-org-1136 398 17 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 398 18 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 398 19 Past past NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 398 20 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 398 21 ^ ^ NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 398 22 Woodard Woodard NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 398 23 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 398 24 Roger Roger NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 398 25 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 398 26 2008 2008 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 398 27 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 398 28 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 399 1 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 399 2 Ancient Ancient NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 399 3 Languages Languages NNPS en-wikipedia-org-1136 399 4 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 399 5 Syria Syria NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 399 6 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-1136 399 7 Palestine Palestine NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 399 8 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1136 399 9 Arabia Arabia NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 399 10 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 400 1 New New NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 400 2 York York NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 400 3 : : : en-wikipedia-org-1136 400 4 Cambridge Cambridge NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 400 5 University University NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 400 6 Press Press NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 400 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 401 1 ISBN ISBN NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 401 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-1136 401 3 978 978 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 401 4 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-1136 401 5 0 0 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 401 6 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-1136 401 7 521 521 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 401 8 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-1136 401 9 68498 68498 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 401 10 - - SYM en-wikipedia-org-1136 401 11 9 9 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 401 12 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 402 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 402 2 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 402 3 b b NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 402 4 c c NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 402 5 Naveh Naveh NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 402 6 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 402 7 Joseph Joseph NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 402 8 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 402 9 1987 1987 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 402 10 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 402 11 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 403 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-1136 403 2 Proto Proto NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 403 3 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-1136 403 4 Canaanite Canaanite NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 403 5 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 403 6 Archaic Archaic NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 403 7 Greek Greek NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 403 8 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 403 9 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1136 403 10 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 403 11 Script Script NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 403 12 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 403 13 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 403 14 Aramaic Aramaic NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 403 15 Text Text NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 403 16 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 403 17 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 403 18 Tell Tell NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 403 19 Fakhariyah Fakhariyah NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 403 20 Statue Statue NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 403 21 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-1136 403 22 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 404 1 In in IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 404 2 Miller Miller NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 404 3 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-1136 404 4 et et NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 404 5   _SP en-wikipedia-org-1136 404 6 al al NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 404 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 405 1 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 405 2 eds eds NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 405 3 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 405 4 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 405 5 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 406 1 Ancient Ancient NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 406 2 Israelite Israelite NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 406 3 Religion religion NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 406 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 407 1 ISBN ISBN NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 407 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-1136 407 3 0 0 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 407 4 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-1136 407 5 8006 8006 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 407 6 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-1136 407 7 0831 0831 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 407 8 - - SYM en-wikipedia-org-1136 407 9 3 3 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 407 10 .. .. . en-wikipedia-org-1136 407 11 Coulmas Coulmas NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 407 12 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 407 13 1996 1996 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 407 14 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 407 15 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 408 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 408 2 R. R. NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 408 3 A. A. NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 408 4 Donkin Donkin NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 408 5 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 408 6 1998 1998 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 408 7 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 408 8 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 409 1 Beyond beyond IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 409 2 Price price NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 409 3 : : : en-wikipedia-org-1136 409 4 Pearls Pearls NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 409 5 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1136 409 6 Pearl Pearl NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 409 7 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-1136 409 8 fishing fishing NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 409 9   _SP en-wikipedia-org-1136 409 10 : : : en-wikipedia-org-1136 409 11 Origins origin NNS en-wikipedia-org-1136 409 12 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 409 13 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 409 14 Age Age NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 409 15 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 409 16 Discoveries Discoveries NNPS en-wikipedia-org-1136 409 17 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 409 18 Volume volume NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 409 19 224 224 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 409 20 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 409 21 p. p. NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 409 22   _SP en-wikipedia-org-1136 409 23 48 48 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 409 24 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 410 1 ISBN ISBN NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 410 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-1136 410 3 0 0 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 410 4 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-1136 410 5 87169 87169 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 410 6 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-1136 410 7 224 224 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 410 8 - - SYM en-wikipedia-org-1136 410 9 4 4 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 410 10 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 411 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 411 2 Bowersock Bowersock NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 411 3 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 411 4 G.W. G.W. NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 412 1 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 412 2 1986 1986 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 412 3 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 412 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 413 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-1136 413 2 Tylos Tylos NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 413 3 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1136 413 4 Tyre Tyre NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 413 5 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 414 1 Bahrain Bahrain NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 414 2 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 414 3 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 414 4 Graeco Graeco NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 414 5 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-1136 414 6 Roman Roman NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 414 7 World World NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 414 8 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-1136 414 9 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 415 1 In in IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 415 2 Khalifa Khalifa NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 415 3 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 415 4 Haya Haya NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 415 5 Ali Ali NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 415 6 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-1136 415 7 Rice Rice NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 415 8 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 415 9 Michael Michael NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 415 10 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 415 11 eds eds NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 415 12 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 415 13 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 415 14 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 416 1 Bahrain Bahrain NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 416 2 Through through IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 416 3 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 416 4 Ages Ages NNPS en-wikipedia-org-1136 416 5 – – : en-wikipedia-org-1136 416 6 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 416 7 Archaeology Archaeology NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 416 8 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 417 1 Routledge Routledge NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 417 2 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 418 1 pp pp NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 418 2 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 419 1 401–2 401–2 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 419 2 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 420 1 ISBN ISBN NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 420 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-1136 420 3 0 0 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 420 4 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-1136 420 5 7103 7103 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 420 6 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-1136 420 7 0112-X. 0112-x. CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 421 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 421 2 Ju Ju NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 421 3 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 422 1 B. B. NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 422 2 Tsirkin Tsirkin NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 422 3 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 423 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-1136 423 2 Canaan Canaan NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 423 3 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 424 1 Phoenicia Phoenicia NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 424 2 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 425 1 Sidon Sidon NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 425 2 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-1136 425 3 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 425 4 PDF PDF NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 425 5 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 425 6 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 426 1 p. p. NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 426 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-1136 426 3 274 274 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 426 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 427 1 Archived archived JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 427 2 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 427 3 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 427 4 original original JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 427 5 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 427 6 PDF PDF NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 427 7 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 427 8 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 427 9 2017 2017 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 427 10 - - SYM en-wikipedia-org-1136 427 11 10 10 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 427 12 - - SYM en-wikipedia-org-1136 427 13 10 10 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 427 14 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 428 1 Retrieved Retrieved NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 428 2 2013 2013 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 428 3 - - SYM en-wikipedia-org-1136 428 4 11 11 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 428 5 - - SYM en-wikipedia-org-1136 428 6 30 30 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 428 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 429 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 429 2 Rice Rice NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 429 3 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 429 4 Michael Michael NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 429 5 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 429 6 1994 1994 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 429 7 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 429 8 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 430 1 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 430 2 Archaeology Archaeology NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 430 3 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 430 4 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 430 5 Arabian Arabian NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 430 6 Gulf Gulf NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 430 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 431 1 Routledge Routledge NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 431 2 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 432 1 p. p. NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 432 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-1136 432 3 20 20 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 432 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 433 1 ISBN ISBN NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 433 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-1136 433 3 0 0 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 433 4 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-1136 433 5 415 415 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 433 6 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-1136 433 7 03268 03268 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 433 8 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-1136 433 9 7 7 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 433 10 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 434 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 434 2 Haber Haber NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 434 3 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 434 4 Marc Marc NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 434 5 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-1136 434 6 Doumet Doumet NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 434 7 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-1136 434 8 Serhal Serhal NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 434 9 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 434 10 Claude Claude NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 434 11 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-1136 434 12 Scheib Scheib NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 434 13 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 434 14 Christiana Christiana NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 434 15 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-1136 434 16 Xue Xue NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 434 17 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 434 18 Yali Yali NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 434 19 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-1136 434 20 Danecek Danecek NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 434 21 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 434 22 Petr Petr NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 434 23 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-1136 434 24 Mezzavilla Mezzavilla NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 434 25 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 434 26 Massimo Massimo NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 434 27 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-1136 434 28 Youhanna Youhanna NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 434 29 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 434 30 Sonia Sonia NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 434 31 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-1136 434 32 Martiniano Martiniano NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 434 33 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 434 34 Rui Rui NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 434 35 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-1136 434 36 Prado Prado NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 434 37 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-1136 434 38 Martinez Martinez NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 434 39 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 434 40 Javier Javier NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 434 41 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-1136 434 42 Szpak Szpak NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 434 43 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 434 44 Michał Michał NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 434 45 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-1136 434 46 Matisoo Matisoo NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 434 47 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-1136 434 48 Smith Smith NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 434 49 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 434 50 Elizabeth Elizabeth NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 434 51 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-1136 434 52 Schutkowski Schutkowski NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 434 53 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 434 54 Holger Holger NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 434 55 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-1136 434 56 Mikulski Mikulski NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 434 57 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 434 58 Richard Richard NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 434 59 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-1136 434 60 Zalloua Zalloua NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 434 61 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 434 62 Pierre Pierre NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 434 63 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-1136 434 64 Kivisild Kivisild NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 434 65 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 434 66 Toomas Toomas NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 434 67 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-1136 434 68 Tyler Tyler NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 434 69 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-1136 434 70 Smith Smith NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 434 71 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 434 72 Chris Chris NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 434 73 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 434 74 2017 2017 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 434 75 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 434 76 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 435 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-1136 435 2 Continuity Continuity NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 435 3 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1136 435 4 Admixture Admixture NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 435 5 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 435 6 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 435 7 Last last JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 435 8 Five five CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 435 9 Millennia Millennia NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 435 10 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 435 11 Levantine Levantine NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 435 12 History History NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 435 13 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 435 14 Ancient Ancient NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 435 15 Canaanite Canaanite NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 435 16 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1136 435 17 Present Present NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 435 18 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-1136 435 19 Day day NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 435 20 Lebanese lebanese JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 435 21 Genome Genome NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 435 22 Sequences Sequences NNPS en-wikipedia-org-1136 435 23 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-1136 435 24 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 436 1 American American NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 436 2 Journal Journal NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 436 3 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 436 4 Human Human NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 436 5 Genetics Genetics NNPS en-wikipedia-org-1136 436 6 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 437 1 101 101 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 437 2 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 437 3 2 2 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 437 4 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 437 5 : : : en-wikipedia-org-1136 437 6 274–282 274–282 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 437 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 438 1 doi:10.1016 doi:10.1016 NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 438 2 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-1136 438 3 j.ajhg.2017.06.013 j.ajhg.2017.06.013 NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 438 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 439 1 PMC PMC NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 439 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-1136 439 3 5544389 5544389 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 439 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 440 1 PMID PMID NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 440 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-1136 440 3 28757201 28757201 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 440 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 441 1 ^ ^ NFP en-wikipedia-org-1136 441 2 Markoe Markoe NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 441 3 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 441 4 2000 2000 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 441 5 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 441 6 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 441 7 pp pp NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 441 8 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 442 1 1–19 1–19 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 442 2 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 443 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 443 2 Stieglitz Stieglitz NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 443 3 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 443 4 Robert Robert NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 443 5 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 443 6 1990 1990 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 443 7 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 443 8 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 444 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-1136 444 2 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 444 3 Geopolitics Geopolitics NNPS en-wikipedia-org-1136 444 4 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 444 5 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 444 6 Phoenician Phoenician NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 444 7 Littoral Littoral NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 444 8 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 444 9 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 444 10 Early Early NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 444 11 Iron Iron NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 444 12 Age Age NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 444 13 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-1136 444 14 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 445 1 Bulletin bulletin NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 445 2 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 445 3 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 445 4 American American NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 445 5 Schools Schools NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 445 6 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 445 7 Oriental Oriental NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 445 8 Research Research NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 445 9 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 446 1 129 129 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 446 2 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 446 3 9 9 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 446 4 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 446 5 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 447 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 447 2 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 447 3 b b NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 447 4 Bentley Bentley NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 447 5 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 447 6 Jerry Jerry NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 447 7 H. H. NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 447 8 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 447 9 1999 1999 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 447 10 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 447 11 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 448 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-1136 448 2 Sea Sea NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 448 3 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1136 448 4 Ocean Ocean NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 448 5 Basins Basins NNPS en-wikipedia-org-1136 448 6 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 448 7 Frameworks Frameworks NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 448 8 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 448 9 Historical Historical NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 448 10 Analysis Analysis NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 448 11 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-1136 448 12 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 449 1 Geographical Geographical NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 449 2 Review Review NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 449 3 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 450 1 89 89 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 450 2 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 450 3 2 2 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 450 4 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 450 5 : : : en-wikipedia-org-1136 450 6 215–219 215–219 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 450 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 451 1 doi:10.1111 doi:10.1111 NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 451 2 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-1136 451 3 j.1931 j.1931 NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 451 4 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-1136 451 5 0846.1999.tb00214.x 0846.1999.tb00214.x NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 451 6 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 452 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 452 2 Barnes Barnes NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 452 3 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 452 4 William William NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 452 5 H. H. NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 452 6 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 452 7 1991 1991 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 452 8 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 452 9 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 453 1 Studies study NNS en-wikipedia-org-1136 453 2 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 453 3 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 453 4 Chronology Chronology NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 453 5 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 453 6 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 453 7 Divided Divided NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 453 8 Monarchy Monarchy NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 453 9 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 453 10 Israel Israel NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 453 11 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 454 1 Atlanta Atlanta NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 454 2 : : : en-wikipedia-org-1136 454 3 Scholars Scholars NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 454 4 Press Press NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 454 5 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 455 1 pp pp NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 455 2 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 456 1 29–55 29–55 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 456 2 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 457 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 457 2 Chamorro Chamorro NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 457 3 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 457 4 Javier Javier NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 457 5 G. G. NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 457 6 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 457 7 1987 1987 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 457 8 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 457 9 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 458 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-1136 458 2 Survey Survey NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 458 3 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 458 4 Archaeological Archaeological NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 458 5 Research Research NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 458 6 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 458 7 Tartessos Tartessos NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 458 8 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-1136 458 9 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 459 1 American American NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 459 2 Journal Journal NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 459 3 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 459 4 Archaeology Archaeology NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 459 5 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 460 1 91 91 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 460 2 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 460 3 2 2 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 460 4 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 460 5 : : : en-wikipedia-org-1136 460 6 197–232 197–232 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 460 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 461 1 doi:10.2307/505217 doi:10.2307/505217 NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 461 2 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 462 1 JSTOR JSTOR NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 462 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-1136 462 3 505217 505217 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 462 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 463 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 463 2 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 463 3 b b NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 463 4 c c NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 463 5 d d NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 463 6 e e NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 463 7 f f NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 463 8 History history NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 463 9 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 463 10 Captivating Captivating NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 463 11 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 463 12 2019 2019 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 463 13 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 463 14 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 464 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-1136 464 2 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 464 3 Phoenicians Phoenicians NNPS en-wikipedia-org-1136 464 4 : : : en-wikipedia-org-1136 464 5 A a DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 464 6 Captivating Captivating NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 464 7 Guide Guide NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 464 8 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 464 9 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 464 10 History history NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 464 11 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 464 12 Phoenicia Phoenicia NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 464 13 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1136 464 14 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 464 15 Impact Impact NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 464 16 Made make VBN en-wikipedia-org-1136 464 17 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 464 18 One one CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 464 19 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 464 20 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 464 21 Greatest great JJS en-wikipedia-org-1136 464 22 Trading Trading NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 464 23 Civilizations Civilizations NNPS en-wikipedia-org-1136 464 24 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 464 25 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 464 26 Ancient Ancient NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 464 27 World World NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 464 28 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-1136 464 29 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 465 1 Captivating captivate VBG en-wikipedia-org-1136 465 2 History history NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 465 3 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 466 1 ISBN ISBN NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 466 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-1136 466 3 9781647482053 9781647482053 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 466 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 467 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 467 2 Warmington Warmington NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 467 3 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 467 4 1964 1964 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 467 5 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 467 6 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 468 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 468 2 Charles Charles NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 468 3 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-1136 468 4 Picard Picard NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 468 5 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 468 6 Gilbert Gilbert NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 468 7 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-1136 468 8 Picard Picard NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 468 9 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 468 10 Colette Colette NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 468 11 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 468 12 1968 1968 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 468 13 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 468 14 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 469 1 Vie Vie NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 469 2 et et FW en-wikipedia-org-1136 469 3 Mort Mort NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 469 4 de de NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 469 5 Carthage Carthage NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 469 6 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 469 7 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 469 8 Life Life NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 469 9 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1136 469 10 Death Death NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 469 11 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 469 12 Carthage Carthage NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 469 13 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 469 14 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 469 15 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 469 16 French French NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 469 17 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 469 18 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 470 1 Paris Paris NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 470 2 : : : en-wikipedia-org-1136 470 3 Hachett Hachett NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 470 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 471 1 pp pp NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 471 2 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 472 1 28–35 28–35 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 472 2 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 473 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 473 2 Lancel Lancel NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 473 3 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 473 4 Serge Serge NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 473 5 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 473 6 1995 1995 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 473 7 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 473 8 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 474 1 Carthage carthage NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 474 2 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 475 1 Translated translate VBN en-wikipedia-org-1136 475 2 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 475 3 Antonia Antonia NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 475 4 Nevill Nevill NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 475 5 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 476 1 Oxford Oxford NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 476 2 : : : en-wikipedia-org-1136 476 3 Blackwell Blackwell NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 476 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 477 1 pp pp NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 477 2 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 478 1 20–23 20–23 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 478 2 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 479 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 479 2 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 479 3 b b NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 479 4 c c NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 479 5 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-1136 479 6 Lebanon Lebanon NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 479 7 – – : en-wikipedia-org-1136 479 8 Assyrian assyrian JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 479 9 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1136 479 10 Babylonian babylonian JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 479 11 domination domination NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 479 12 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 479 13 Phoenicia Phoenicia NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 479 14 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-1136 479 15 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 480 1 Encyclopedia Encyclopedia NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 480 2 Britannica Britannica NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 480 3 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 481 1 Retrieved retrieve VBN en-wikipedia-org-1136 481 2 2020 2020 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 481 3 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-1136 481 4 04 04 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 481 5 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-1136 481 6 22 22 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 481 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 482 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 482 2 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 482 3 b b NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 482 4 c c NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 482 5 Katzenstein Katzenstein NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 482 6 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 482 7 Jacob Jacob NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 482 8 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 482 9 1979 1979 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 482 10 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 482 11 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 483 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-1136 483 2 Tyre Tyre NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 483 3 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 483 4 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 483 5 Early early JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 483 6 Persian Persian NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 483 7 Period Period NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 483 8 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 483 9 539 539 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 483 10 - - SYM en-wikipedia-org-1136 483 11 486 486 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 483 12 B.C.E. B.C.E. NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 483 13 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 483 14 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-1136 483 15 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 484 1 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 484 2 Biblical Biblical NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 484 3 Archaeologist Archaeologist NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 484 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 485 1 42 42 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 485 2 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 485 3 1 1 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 485 4 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 485 5 : : : en-wikipedia-org-1136 485 6 31 31 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 485 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 485 8 doi:10.2307/3209545 doi:10.2307/3209545 UH en-wikipedia-org-1136 485 9 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 486 1 JSTOR JSTOR NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 486 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-1136 486 3 3209545 3209545 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 486 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 487 1 S2CID S2CID NNS en-wikipedia-org-1136 487 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-1136 487 3 165757132 165757132 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 487 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 488 1 ^ ^ NFP en-wikipedia-org-1136 488 2 Herodotus Herodotus NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 488 3 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 489 1 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 489 2 Histories Histories NNPS en-wikipedia-org-1136 489 3 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 489 4 Book Book NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 489 5 III III NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 489 6 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 490 1 pp pp NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 490 2 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 491 1 § § ADD en-wikipedia-org-1136 491 2 19 19 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 491 3 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 492 1 ^ ^ NFP en-wikipedia-org-1136 492 2 Herodotus Herodotus NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 492 3 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 493 1 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 493 2 Histories Histories NNPS en-wikipedia-org-1136 493 3 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 493 4 Book Book NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 493 5 III III NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 493 6 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 494 1 pp pp NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 494 2 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 495 1 218 218 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 495 2 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 495 3 § § CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 495 4 91 91 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 495 5 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 496 1 ^ ^ NFP en-wikipedia-org-1136 496 2 MAMcIntosh MAMcIntosh NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 496 3 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 496 4 2018 2018 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 496 5 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-1136 496 6 08 08 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 496 7 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-1136 496 8 29 29 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 496 9 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 496 10 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 497 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-1136 497 2 A a DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 497 3 History history NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 497 4 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 497 5 Phoenician phoenician JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 497 6 Civilization Civilization NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 497 7 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-1136 497 8 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 498 1 Brewminate Brewminate NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 498 2 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 499 1 Retrieved retrieve VBN en-wikipedia-org-1136 499 2 2020 2020 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 499 3 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-1136 499 4 04 04 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 499 5 - - SYM en-wikipedia-org-1136 499 6 20 20 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 499 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 500 1 ^ ^ NFP en-wikipedia-org-1136 500 2 Herodotus Herodotus NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 500 3 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 501 1 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 501 2 Histories Histories NNPS en-wikipedia-org-1136 501 3 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 501 4 Book Book NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 501 5 V. V. NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 501 6 pp pp NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 501 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 502 1 § § ADD en-wikipedia-org-1136 502 2 109 109 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 502 3 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 503 1 ^ ^ NFP en-wikipedia-org-1136 503 2 Herodotus Herodotus NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 503 3 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 504 1 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 504 2 Histories Histories NNPS en-wikipedia-org-1136 504 3 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 504 4 Book Book NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 504 5 VII VII NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 504 6 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 505 1 pp pp NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 505 2 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 506 1 § § ADD en-wikipedia-org-1136 506 2 23 23 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 506 3 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 507 1 ^ ^ NFP en-wikipedia-org-1136 507 2 Herodotus Herodotus NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 507 3 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 508 1 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 508 2 Histories Histories NNPS en-wikipedia-org-1136 508 3 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 508 4 Book Book NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 508 5 VIII viii NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 508 6 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 509 1 pp pp NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 509 2 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 510 1 § § ADD en-wikipedia-org-1136 510 2 90 90 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 510 3 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 511 1 ^ ^ FW en-wikipedia-org-1136 511 2 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-1136 511 3 LacusCurtius LacusCurtius NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 511 4 • • NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 511 5 Diodorus Diodorus NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 511 6 Siculus Siculus NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 511 7 — — : en-wikipedia-org-1136 511 8 Book Book NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 511 9 XVI XVI NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 511 10 Chapters chapter NNS en-wikipedia-org-1136 511 11 40‑65 40‑65 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 511 12 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-1136 511 13 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 512 1 penelope.uchicago.edu penelope.uchicago.edu NNS en-wikipedia-org-1136 512 2 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 513 1 Retrieved retrieve VBN en-wikipedia-org-1136 513 2 2020 2020 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 513 3 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-1136 513 4 04 04 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 513 5 - - SYM en-wikipedia-org-1136 513 6 20 20 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 513 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 514 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 514 2 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 514 3 b b NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 514 4 c c NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 514 5 d d NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 514 6 e e NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 514 7 Millar Millar NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 514 8 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 514 9 Fergus Fergus NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 514 10 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 514 11 2006 2006 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 514 12 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 514 13 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 515 1 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 515 2 Phoenician phoenician JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 515 3 Cities Cities NNPS en-wikipedia-org-1136 515 4 : : : en-wikipedia-org-1136 515 5 A a DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 515 6 Case Case NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 515 7 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-1136 515 8 Study Study NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 515 9 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 515 10 Hellenisation Hellenisation NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 515 11 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 516 1 University University NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 516 2 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 516 3 North North NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 516 4 Carolina Carolina NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 516 5 Press Press NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 516 6 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 517 1 pp pp NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 517 2 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 518 1 32–50 32–50 LS en-wikipedia-org-1136 518 2 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 519 1 doi:10.5149/9780807876657_millar.8 doi:10.5149/9780807876657_millar.8 NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 519 2 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 520 1 ISBN ISBN NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 520 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-1136 520 3 9780807830307 9780807830307 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 520 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 521 1 JSTOR JSTOR NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 521 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-1136 521 3 10.5149/9780807876657_millar.8 10.5149/9780807876657_millar.8 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 521 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 522 1 ^ ^ FW en-wikipedia-org-1136 522 2 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-1136 522 3 Alexander Alexander NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 522 4 's 's POS en-wikipedia-org-1136 522 5 Siege Siege NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 522 6 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 522 7 Tyre Tyre NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 522 8 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 522 9 332 332 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 522 10 BCE BCE NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 522 11 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-1136 522 12 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 523 1 Ancient ancient JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 523 2 History history NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 523 3 Encyclopedia encyclopedia NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 523 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 524 1 Retrieved Retrieved NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 524 2 2019 2019 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 524 3 - - SYM en-wikipedia-org-1136 524 4 03 03 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 524 5 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-1136 524 6 07 07 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 524 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 525 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 525 2 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 525 3 b b NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 525 4 c c NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 525 5 d d NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 525 6 e e NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 525 7 Stockwell Stockwell NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 525 8 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 525 9 Stephen Stephen NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 525 10 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 525 11 2010 2010 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 525 12 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 525 13 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 526 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-1136 526 2 Before before IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 526 3 Athens Athens NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 526 4 : : : en-wikipedia-org-1136 526 5 Early early JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 526 6 Popular Popular NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 526 7 Government Government NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 526 8 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 526 9 Phoenician Phoenician NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 526 10 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1136 526 11 Greek Greek NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 526 12 City City NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 526 13 States States NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 526 14 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-1136 526 15 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 527 1 Geopolitics geopolitic NNS en-wikipedia-org-1136 527 2 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 527 3 History history NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 527 4 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 527 5 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1136 527 6 International International NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 527 7 Relations Relations NNPS en-wikipedia-org-1136 527 8 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 527 9 2 2 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 527 10 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 527 11 : : : en-wikipedia-org-1136 527 12 128–129 128–129 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 527 13 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 528 1 ^ ^ FW en-wikipedia-org-1136 528 2 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-1136 528 3 Ancient ancient JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 528 4 Phoenician phoenician JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 528 5 life life NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 528 6 was be VBD en-wikipedia-org-1136 528 7 mixed mixed JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 528 8 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1136 528 9 multicultural multicultural JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 528 10 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-1136 528 11 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 529 1 Cosmos Cosmos NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 529 2 Magazine Magazine NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 529 3 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 530 1 10 10 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 530 2 January January NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 530 3 2018 2018 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 530 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 531 1 Retrieved retrieve VBN en-wikipedia-org-1136 531 2 2020 2020 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 531 3 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-1136 531 4 04 04 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 531 5 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-1136 531 6 25 25 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 531 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 532 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 532 2 Zalloua Zalloua NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 532 3 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 532 4 Pierre Pierre NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 532 5 A. A. NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 532 6 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-1136 532 7 et et NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 532 8   _SP en-wikipedia-org-1136 532 9 al al NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 532 10 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 533 1 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 533 2 2008 2008 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 533 3 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 533 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 534 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-1136 534 2 Identifying identify VBG en-wikipedia-org-1136 534 3 Genetic genetic JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 534 4 Traces trace NNS en-wikipedia-org-1136 534 5 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 534 6 Historical historical JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 534 7 Expansions Expansions NNPS en-wikipedia-org-1136 534 8 : : : en-wikipedia-org-1136 534 9 Phoenician phoenician JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 534 10 Footprints footprint NNS en-wikipedia-org-1136 534 11 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 534 12 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 534 13 Mediterranean Mediterranean NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 534 14 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-1136 534 15 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 535 1 American American NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 535 2 Journal Journal NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 535 3 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 535 4 Human Human NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 535 5 Genetics Genetics NNPS en-wikipedia-org-1136 535 6 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 536 1 83 83 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 536 2 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 536 3 5 5 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 536 4 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 536 5 : : : en-wikipedia-org-1136 536 6 633–642 633–642 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 536 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 537 1 doi:10.1016 doi:10.1016 NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 537 2 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-1136 537 3 j.ajhg.2008.10.012 j.ajhg.2008.10.012 NNS en-wikipedia-org-1136 537 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 538 1 PMC PMC NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 538 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-1136 538 3 2668035 2668035 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 538 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 539 1 PMID PMID NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 539 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-1136 539 3 18976729 18976729 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 539 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 540 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 540 2 Tomàs Tomàs NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 540 3 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 540 4 Carme Carme NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 540 5 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 540 6 2006 2006 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 540 7 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 540 8 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 541 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-1136 541 2 Differential differential JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 541 3 maternal maternal JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 541 4 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1136 541 5 paternal paternal JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 541 6 contributions contribution NNS en-wikipedia-org-1136 541 7 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 541 8 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 541 9 genetic genetic JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 541 10 pool pool NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 541 11 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 541 12 Ibiza Ibiza NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 541 13 Island Island NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 541 14 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 541 15 Balearic Balearic NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 541 16 Archipelago Archipelago NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 541 17 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-1136 541 18 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 542 1 American American NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 542 2 Journal Journal NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 542 3 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 542 4 Physical Physical NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 542 5 Anthropology Anthropology NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 542 6 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 543 1 129 129 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 543 2 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 543 3 2 2 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 543 4 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 543 5 : : : en-wikipedia-org-1136 543 6 268–278 268–278 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 543 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 544 1 doi:10.1002 doi:10.1002 NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 544 2 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-1136 544 3 ajpa.20273 ajpa.20273 NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 544 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 545 1 PMID PMID NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 545 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-1136 545 3 16323196 16323196 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 545 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 546 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 546 2 Matisoo Matisoo NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 546 3 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-1136 546 4 Smith Smith NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 546 5 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 546 6 Elizabeth Elizabeth NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 546 7 A. A. NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 546 8 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-1136 546 9 Gosling Gosling NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 546 10 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 546 11 Anna Anna NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 546 12 L. L. NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 546 13 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-1136 546 14 Boocock Boocock NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 546 15 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 546 16 James James NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 546 17 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-1136 546 18 Kardailsky Kardailsky NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 546 19 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 546 20 Olga Olga NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 546 21 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-1136 546 22 Kurumilian Kurumilian NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 546 23 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 546 24 Yara Yara NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 546 25 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-1136 546 26 Roudesli Roudesli NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 546 27 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-1136 546 28 Chebbi Chebbi NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 546 29 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 546 30 Sihem Sihem NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 546 31 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-1136 546 32 et et NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 546 33   _SP en-wikipedia-org-1136 546 34 al al NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 546 35 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 547 1 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 547 2 25 25 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 547 3 May May NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 547 4 2016 2016 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 547 5 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 547 6 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 548 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-1136 548 2 A a DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 548 3 European European NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 548 4 Mitochondrial Mitochondrial NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 548 5 Haplotype Haplotype NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 548 6 Identified Identified NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 548 7 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 548 8 Ancient Ancient NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 548 9 Phoenician Phoenician NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 548 10 Remains remain VBZ en-wikipedia-org-1136 548 11 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 548 12 Carthage carthage NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 548 13 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 548 14 North North NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 548 15 Africa Africa NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 548 16 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-1136 548 17 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 549 1 PLoS PLoS : en-wikipedia-org-1136 549 2 ONE one CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 549 3 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 550 1 11 11 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 550 2 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 550 3 5 5 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 550 4 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 550 5 : : : en-wikipedia-org-1136 550 6 e0155046 e0155046 NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 550 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 551 1 Bibcode:2016PLoSO bibcode:2016ploso UH en-wikipedia-org-1136 551 2 .. .. NFP en-wikipedia-org-1136 551 3 1155046M. 1155046m. CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 552 1 doi:10.1371 doi:10.1371 NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 552 2 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-1136 552 3 journal.pone.0155046 journal.pone.0155046 ADD en-wikipedia-org-1136 552 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 553 1 PMC PMC NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 553 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-1136 553 3 4880306 4880306 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 553 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 554 1 PMID PMID NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 554 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-1136 554 3 27224451 27224451 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 554 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 555 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 555 2 Lucotte Lucotte NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 555 3 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 555 4 Gérard Gérard NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 555 5 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-1136 555 6 Mercier Mercier NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 555 7 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 555 8 Géraldine Géraldine NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 555 9 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 555 10 2003 2003 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 555 11 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 555 12 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 556 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-1136 556 2 Y Y NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 556 3 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-1136 556 4 chromosome chromosome NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 556 5 DNA dna NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 556 6 haplotypes haplotype NNS en-wikipedia-org-1136 556 7 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 556 8 Jews Jews NNPS en-wikipedia-org-1136 556 9 : : : en-wikipedia-org-1136 556 10 comparisons comparison NNS en-wikipedia-org-1136 556 11 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 556 12 Lebanese lebanese JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 556 13 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1136 556 14 Palestinians Palestinians NNPS en-wikipedia-org-1136 556 15 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-1136 556 16 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 557 1 Genetic genetic JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 557 2 Testing testing NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 557 3 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 558 1 7 7 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 558 2 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 558 3 1 1 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 558 4 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 558 5 : : : en-wikipedia-org-1136 558 6 67–71 67–71 LS en-wikipedia-org-1136 558 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 559 1 doi:10.1089/109065703321560976 doi:10.1089/109065703321560976 NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 559 2 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 560 1 ISSN issn NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 560 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-1136 560 3 1090 1090 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 560 4 - - SYM en-wikipedia-org-1136 560 5 6576 6576 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 560 6 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 561 1 PMID PMID NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 561 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-1136 561 3 12820706 12820706 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 561 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 562 1 ^ ^ FW en-wikipedia-org-1136 562 2 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-1136 562 3 Jews Jews NNPS en-wikipedia-org-1136 562 4 Are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-1136 562 5 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 562 6 Genetic genetic JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 562 7 Brothers Brothers NNPS en-wikipedia-org-1136 562 8 Of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 562 9 Palestinians Palestinians NNPS en-wikipedia-org-1136 562 10 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 562 11 Syrians Syrians NNPS en-wikipedia-org-1136 562 12 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 562 13 And and CC en-wikipedia-org-1136 562 14 Lebanese lebanese JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 562 15 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-1136 562 16 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 563 1 ScienceDaily ScienceDaily NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 563 2 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 564 1 Retrieved retrieve VBN en-wikipedia-org-1136 564 2 2018 2018 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 564 3 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-1136 564 4 03 03 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 564 5 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-1136 564 6 25 25 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 564 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 565 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 565 2 Haber Haber NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 565 3 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 565 4 Marc Marc NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 565 5 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-1136 565 6 Doumet Doumet NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 565 7 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-1136 565 8 Serhal Serhal NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 565 9 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 565 10 Claude Claude NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 565 11 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-1136 565 12 Scheib Scheib NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 565 13 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 565 14 Christiana Christiana NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 565 15 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-1136 565 16 Xue Xue NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 565 17 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 565 18 Yali Yali NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 565 19 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-1136 565 20 Danecek Danecek NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 565 21 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 565 22 Petr Petr NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 565 23 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-1136 565 24 Mezzavilla Mezzavilla NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 565 25 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 565 26 Massimo Massimo NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 565 27 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-1136 565 28 Youhanna Youhanna NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 565 29 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 565 30 Sonia Sonia NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 565 31 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-1136 565 32 Martiniano Martiniano NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 565 33 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 565 34 Rui Rui NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 565 35 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-1136 565 36 Prado Prado NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 565 37 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-1136 565 38 Martinez Martinez NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 565 39 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 565 40 Javier Javier NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 565 41 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 565 42 2017 2017 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 565 43 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-1136 565 44 08 08 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 565 45 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-1136 565 46 03 03 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 565 47 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 565 48 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 566 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-1136 566 2 Continuity Continuity NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 566 3 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1136 566 4 Admixture Admixture NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 566 5 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 566 6 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 566 7 Last last JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 566 8 Five five CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 566 9 Millennia Millennia NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 566 10 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 566 11 Levantine Levantine NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 566 12 History History NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 566 13 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 566 14 Ancient Ancient NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 566 15 Canaanite Canaanite NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 566 16 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1136 566 17 Present Present NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 566 18 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-1136 566 19 Day day NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 566 20 Lebanese lebanese JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 566 21 Genome Genome NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 566 22 Sequences Sequences NNPS en-wikipedia-org-1136 566 23 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-1136 566 24 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 567 1 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 567 2 American American NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 567 3 Journal Journal NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 567 4 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 567 5 Human Human NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 567 6 Genetics Genetics NNPS en-wikipedia-org-1136 567 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 568 1 101 101 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 568 2 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 568 3 2 2 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 568 4 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 568 5 : : : en-wikipedia-org-1136 568 6 274–282 274–282 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 568 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 569 1 doi:10.1016 doi:10.1016 NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 569 2 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-1136 569 3 j.ajhg.2017.06.013 j.ajhg.2017.06.013 NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 569 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 570 1 ISSN issn NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 570 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-1136 570 3 0002 0002 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 570 4 - - SYM en-wikipedia-org-1136 570 5 9297 9297 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 570 6 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 571 1 PMC PMC NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 571 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-1136 571 3 5544389 5544389 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 571 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 572 1 PMID PMID NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 572 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-1136 572 3 28757201 28757201 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 572 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 573 1 ^ ^ NFP en-wikipedia-org-1136 573 2 Braudel Braudel NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 573 3 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 573 4 Fernand Fernand NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 573 5 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 573 6 2001 2001 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 573 7 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 573 8 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 574 1 Memory Memory NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 574 2 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1136 574 3 Mediterranean Mediterranean NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 574 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 575 1 Translated translate VBN en-wikipedia-org-1136 575 2 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 575 3 Reynolds Reynolds NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 575 4 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 575 5 Sian Sian NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 575 6 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 576 1 New New NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 576 2 York York NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 576 3 : : : en-wikipedia-org-1136 576 4 Alfred Alfred NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 576 5 A. A. NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 576 6 Knopf Knopf NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 576 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 577 1 pp pp NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 577 2 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 578 1 112–113 112–113 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 578 2 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 579 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 579 2 Cunliffe Cunliffe NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 579 3 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 579 4 2008 2008 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 579 5 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 579 6 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 579 7 pp pp NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 579 8 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 580 1 241–2 241–2 LS en-wikipedia-org-1136 580 2 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 581 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 581 2 Stager Stager NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 581 3 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 581 4 L. L. NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 581 5 E. E. NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 581 6 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 581 7 2003 2003 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 581 8 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 581 9 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 582 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-1136 582 2 Phoenician phoenician JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 582 3 shipwrecks shipwreck NNS en-wikipedia-org-1136 582 4 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 582 5 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 582 6 deep deep JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 582 7 sea sea NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 582 8 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-1136 582 9 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 583 1 Sea sea NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 583 2 routes route VBZ en-wikipedia-org-1136 583 3 : : : en-wikipedia-org-1136 583 4 From from IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 583 5 Sidon Sidon NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 583 6 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 583 7 Huelva Huelva NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 583 8 : : : en-wikipedia-org-1136 583 9 Interconnections interconnection NNS en-wikipedia-org-1136 583 10 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 583 11 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 583 12 Mediterranean Mediterranean NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 583 13 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 583 14 16th–6th 16th–6th NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 583 15   _SP en-wikipedia-org-1136 583 16 c. c. NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 583 17   _SP en-wikipedia-org-1136 583 18 BC BC NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 583 19 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 584 1 pp pp NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 584 2 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 585 1 233–248 233–248 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 585 2 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 586 1 ISBN ISBN NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 586 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-1136 586 3 978 978 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 586 4 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-1136 586 5 960 960 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 586 6 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-1136 586 7 7064 7064 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 586 8 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-1136 586 9 40 40 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 586 10 - - SYM en-wikipedia-org-1136 586 11 0 0 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 586 12 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 587 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 587 2 A. A. NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 588 1 B. B. NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 588 2 Freijeiro Freijeiro NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 588 3 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 588 4 R. R. NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 588 5 Corzo Corzo NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 588 6 Sánchez Sánchez NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 588 7 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 588 8 Der Der NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 588 9 neue neue NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 588 10 anthropoide anthropoide NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 588 11 Sarkophag Sarkophag NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 588 12 von von NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 588 13 Cadiz Cadiz NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 588 14 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 589 1 In in IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 589 2 : : : en-wikipedia-org-1136 589 3 Madrider Madrider NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 589 4 Mitteilungen Mitteilungen NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 589 5 22 22 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 589 6 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 589 7 1981 1981 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 589 8 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 590 1 ^ ^ NFP en-wikipedia-org-1136 590 2 Markoe Markoe NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 590 3 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 590 4 2000 2000 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 590 5 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 590 6 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 590 7 p. p. NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 590 8   _SP en-wikipedia-org-1136 590 9 103 103 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 590 10 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 591 1 ^ ^ NFP en-wikipedia-org-1136 591 2 Hawkes Hawkes NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 591 3 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 591 4 Christopher Christopher NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 591 5 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 591 6 1977 1977 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 591 7 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 591 8 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 592 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-1136 592 2 Britain Britain NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 592 3 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1136 592 4 Julius Julius NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 592 5 Caesar Caesar NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 592 6 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-1136 592 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 593 1 Proceedings proceeding NNS en-wikipedia-org-1136 593 2 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 593 3 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 593 4 British British NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 593 5 Academy Academy NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 593 6 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 593 7 63 63 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 593 8 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 593 9 : : : en-wikipedia-org-1136 593 10 124–192 124–192 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 593 11 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 594 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 594 2 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 594 3 b b NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 594 4 c c NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 594 5 d d NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 594 6 e e NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 594 7 Markoe Markoe NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 594 8 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 594 9 Glenn Glenn NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 594 10 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-1136 594 11 McGovern McGovern NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 594 12 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 594 13 Patrick Patrick NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 594 14 E. E. NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 594 15 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 594 16 March March NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 594 17 1990 1990 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 594 18 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 594 19 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 595 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-1136 595 2 A a DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 595 3 Nation Nation NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 595 4 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 595 5 Artisans Artisans NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 595 6 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-1136 595 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 596 1 Archaeology archaeology NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 596 2 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 597 1 43 43 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 597 2 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 597 3 2 2 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 597 4 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 597 5 : : : en-wikipedia-org-1136 597 6 32–33 32–33 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 597 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 598 1 JSTOR JSTOR NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 598 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-1136 598 3 41765806 41765806 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 598 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 599 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 599 2 Herm Herm NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 599 3 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 599 4 Gerhard Gerhard NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 599 5 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 599 6 1975 1975 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 599 7 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 599 8 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 600 1 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 600 2 Phoenicians Phoenicians NNPS en-wikipedia-org-1136 600 3 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 601 1 Translated translate VBN en-wikipedia-org-1136 601 2 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 601 3 Hiller Hiller NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 601 4 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 601 5 Catherine Catherine NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 601 6 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 602 1 New New NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 602 2 York York NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 602 3 : : : en-wikipedia-org-1136 602 4 William William NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 602 5 Morrow Morrow NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 602 6 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 603 1 p. p. NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 603 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-1136 603 3 80 80 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 603 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 604 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 604 2 Moore Moore NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 604 3 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 604 4 Karl Karl NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 604 5 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-1136 604 6 Lewis Lewis NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 604 7 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 604 8 David David NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 604 9 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 604 10 1999 1999 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 604 11 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 604 12 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 605 1 Birth birth NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 605 2 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 605 3 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 605 4 Multinational Multinational NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 605 5 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 606 1 Copenhagen copenhagen NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 606 2 : : : en-wikipedia-org-1136 606 3 Copenhagen Copenhagen NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 606 4 Business Business NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 606 5 School School NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 606 6 Press Press NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 606 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 607 1 p. p. NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 607 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-1136 607 3 85 85 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 607 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 608 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 608 2 St. St. NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 608 3 Clair Clair NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 608 4 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 608 5 Kassia Kassia NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 608 6 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 608 7 2016 2016 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 608 8 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 608 9 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 609 1 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 609 2 Secret secret JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 609 3 Lives life NNS en-wikipedia-org-1136 609 4 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 609 5 Colour Colour NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 609 6 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 610 1 London London NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 610 2 : : : en-wikipedia-org-1136 610 3 John John NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 610 4 Murray Murray NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 610 5 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 611 1 pp pp NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 611 2 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 612 1 162–164 162–164 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 612 2 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 613 1 ^ ^ NFP en-wikipedia-org-1136 613 2 History history NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 613 3 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 613 4 Captivating Captivating NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 613 5 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 613 6 2019 2019 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 613 7 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 613 8 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 614 1 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 614 2 Phoenicians Phoenicians NNPS en-wikipedia-org-1136 614 3 : : : en-wikipedia-org-1136 614 4 A a DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 614 5 Captivating Captivating NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 614 6 Guide Guide NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 614 7 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 614 8 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 614 9 History history NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 614 10 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 614 11 Phoenicia Phoenicia NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 614 12 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1136 614 13 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 614 14 Impact Impact NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 614 15 Made make VBN en-wikipedia-org-1136 614 16 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 614 17 One one CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 614 18 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 614 19 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 614 20 Greatest great JJS en-wikipedia-org-1136 614 21 Trading Trading NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 614 22 Civilizations Civilizations NNPS en-wikipedia-org-1136 614 23 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 614 24 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 614 25 Ancient Ancient NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 614 26 World World NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 614 27 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 615 1 p. p. NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 615 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-1136 615 3 60 60 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 615 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 616 1 ISBN ISBN NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 616 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-1136 616 3 978 978 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 616 4 - - SYM en-wikipedia-org-1136 616 5 1647482053 1647482053 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 616 6 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 617 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 617 2 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 617 3 b b NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 617 4 c c NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 617 5 Rawlinson Rawlinson NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 617 6 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 617 7 1889 1889 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 617 8 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 617 9 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 618 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 618 2 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 618 3 b b NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 618 4 c c NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 618 5 d d NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 618 6 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-1136 618 7 2,600-year 2,600-year CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 618 8 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-1136 618 9 old old JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 618 10 wine wine NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 618 11 ' ' '' en-wikipedia-org-1136 618 12 factory factory NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 618 13 ' ' '' en-wikipedia-org-1136 618 14 unearthed unearth VBN en-wikipedia-org-1136 618 15 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 618 16 Lebanon Lebanon NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 618 17 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-1136 618 18 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 619 1 History History NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 619 2 & & CC en-wikipedia-org-1136 619 3 Culture Culture NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 619 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 620 1 2020 2020 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 620 2 - - SYM en-wikipedia-org-1136 620 3 09 09 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 620 4 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-1136 620 5 14 14 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 620 6 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 621 1 Retrieved retrieve VBN en-wikipedia-org-1136 621 2 2020 2020 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 621 3 - - SYM en-wikipedia-org-1136 621 4 09 09 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 621 5 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-1136 621 6 15 15 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 621 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 622 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 622 2 Sechrist Sechrist NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 622 3 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 622 4 Robert Robert NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 622 5 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 623 1 Planet planet NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 623 2 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 623 3 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 623 4 Grapes grape NNS en-wikipedia-org-1136 623 5 : : : en-wikipedia-org-1136 623 6 A a DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 623 7 Geography Geography NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 623 8 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 623 9 Wine Wine NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 623 10 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 624 1 pp pp NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 624 2 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 625 1 6–7 6–7 XX en-wikipedia-org-1136 625 2 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 626 1 ^ ^ FW en-wikipedia-org-1136 626 2 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-1136 626 3 Galley Galley NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 626 4 | | NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 626 5 ship ship NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 626 6 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-1136 626 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 627 1 Encyclopedia Encyclopedia NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 627 2 Britannica Britannica NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 627 3 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 628 1 Retrieved retrieve VBN en-wikipedia-org-1136 628 2 2020 2020 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 628 3 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-1136 628 4 04 04 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 628 5 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-1136 628 6 19 19 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 628 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 629 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 629 2 Haggi Haggi NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 629 3 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 629 4 Arad Arad NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 629 5 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 629 6 2010 2010 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 629 7 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 629 8 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 630 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-1136 630 2 Report report VB en-wikipedia-org-1136 630 3 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 630 4 Underwater Underwater NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 630 5 Excavation Excavation NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 630 6 at at IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 630 7 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 630 8 Phoenician Phoenician NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 630 9 Harbour Harbour NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 630 10 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 630 11 Atlit Atlit NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 630 12 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 630 13 Israel Israel NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 630 14 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-1136 630 15 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 631 1 International International NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 631 2 Journal Journal NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 631 3 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 631 4 Nautical Nautical NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 631 5 Archaeology Archaeology NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 631 6 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 631 7 39 39 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 631 8 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 631 9 : : : en-wikipedia-org-1136 631 10 283 283 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 631 11 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 632 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 632 2 Wachsmann Wachsmann NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 632 3 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 632 4 Shelley Shelley NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 632 5 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 632 6 1998 1998 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 632 7 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 632 8 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 633 1 Seagoing Seagoing NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 633 2 Ships Ships NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 633 3 & & CC en-wikipedia-org-1136 633 4 Seamanship Seamanship NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 633 5 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 633 6 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 633 7 Bronze Bronze NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 633 8 Age Age NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 633 9 Levant Levant NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 633 10 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 634 1 College College NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 634 2 Station Station NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 634 3 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 634 4 TX TX NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 634 5 : : : en-wikipedia-org-1136 634 6 Texas Texas NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 634 7 A A NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 634 8 & & CC en-wikipedia-org-1136 634 9 M M NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 634 10 University University NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 634 11 Press Press NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 634 12 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 635 1 pp pp NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 635 2 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 636 1 300 300 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 636 2 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 636 3 51 51 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 636 4 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 636 5 323–325 323–325 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 636 6 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 636 7 332 332 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 636 8 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 637 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 637 2 Woolmer Woolmer NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 637 3 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 637 4 Mark Mark NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 637 5 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 637 6 2011 2011 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 637 7 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 637 8 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 638 1 Ancient Ancient NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 638 2 Phoenicia Phoenicia NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 638 3 : : : en-wikipedia-org-1136 638 4 An an DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 638 5 Introduction introduction NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 638 6 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 639 1 London London NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 639 2 : : : en-wikipedia-org-1136 639 3 Bristol Bristol NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 639 4 Classical Classical NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 639 5 Press Press NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 639 6 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 640 1 p. p. NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 640 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-1136 640 3 84 84 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 640 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 641 1 ^ ^ NFP en-wikipedia-org-1136 641 2 Klein Klein NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 641 3 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 641 4 Christopher Christopher NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 641 5 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 642 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-1136 642 2 2,700-Year 2,700-year CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 642 3 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-1136 642 4 Old old JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 642 5 Phoenician Phoenician NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 642 6 Shipwreck shipwreck NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 642 7 Discovered Discovered NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 642 8 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-1136 642 9 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 643 1 HISTORY HISTORY NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 643 2 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 644 1 Retrieved retrieve VBN en-wikipedia-org-1136 644 2 2020 2020 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 644 3 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-1136 644 4 04 04 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 644 5 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-1136 644 6 23 23 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 644 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 645 1 ^ ^ FW en-wikipedia-org-1136 645 2 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-1136 645 3 2,700-Year 2,700-year CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 645 4 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-1136 645 5 Old old JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 645 6 Phoenician Phoenician NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 645 7 Shipwreck shipwreck NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 645 8 Discovered Discovered NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 645 9 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-1136 645 10 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 646 1 Seeker seeker NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 646 2 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 647 1 27 27 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 647 2 August August NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 647 3 2014 2014 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 647 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 648 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 648 2 Hansen Hansen NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 648 3 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 648 4 Mogens Mogens NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 648 5 Herman Herman NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 648 6 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 648 7 2000 2000 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 648 8 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 648 9 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 649 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-1136 649 2 Conclusion conclusion NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 649 3 : : : en-wikipedia-org-1136 649 4 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 649 5 Impact Impact NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 649 6 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 649 7 City City NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 649 8 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-1136 649 9 State State NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 649 10 Cultures Cultures NNPS en-wikipedia-org-1136 649 11 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 649 12 World World NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 649 13 History History NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 649 14 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-1136 649 15 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 650 1 A a DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 650 2 Comparative Comparative NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 650 3 Study Study NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 650 4 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 650 5 Thirty Thirty NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 650 6 City City NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 650 7 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-1136 650 8 state state NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 650 9 Cultures culture NNS en-wikipedia-org-1136 650 10 : : : en-wikipedia-org-1136 650 11 An an DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 650 12 Investigation Investigation NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 650 13 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 651 1 Kgl Kgl NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 651 2 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 652 1 Danske Danske NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 652 2 Videnskabernes Videnskabernes NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 652 3 Selskab Selskab NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 652 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 653 1 pp pp NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 653 2 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 654 1 601–602 601–602 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 654 2 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 655 1 ISBN ISBN NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 655 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-1136 655 3 978 978 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 655 4 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-1136 655 5 87 87 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 655 6 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-1136 655 7 7876 7876 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 655 8 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-1136 655 9 177 177 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 655 10 - - SYM en-wikipedia-org-1136 655 11 4 4 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 655 12 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 656 1 Retrieved Retrieved NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 656 2 5 5 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 656 3 April April NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 656 4 2013 2013 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 656 5 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 657 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 657 2 Eric Eric NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 657 3 H. H. NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 657 4 Cline Cline NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 657 5 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-1136 657 6 Mark Mark NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 657 7 W. W. NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 657 8 Graham Graham NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 657 9 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 657 10 27 27 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 657 11 June June NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 657 12 2011 2011 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 657 13 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 657 14 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 658 1 Ancient ancient JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 658 2 Empires empire NNS en-wikipedia-org-1136 658 3 : : : en-wikipedia-org-1136 658 4 From from IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 658 5 Mesopotamia Mesopotamia NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 658 6 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 658 7 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 658 8 Rise rise NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 658 9 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 658 10 Islam Islam NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 658 11 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 659 1 Cambridge Cambridge NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 659 2 University University NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 659 3 Press Press NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 659 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 660 1 p. p. NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 660 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-1136 660 3 70 70 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 660 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 661 1 ISBN ISBN NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 661 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-1136 661 3 978 978 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 661 4 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-1136 661 5 0 0 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 661 6 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-1136 661 7 521 521 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 661 8 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-1136 661 9 88911 88911 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 661 10 - - SYM en-wikipedia-org-1136 661 11 7 7 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 661 12 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 662 1 Retrieved Retrieved NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 662 2 24 24 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 662 3 February February NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 662 4 2013 2013 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 662 5 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 663 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 663 2 David David NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 663 3 Sacks Sacks NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 663 4 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-1136 663 5 Oswyn Oswyn NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 663 6 Murray Murray NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 663 7 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-1136 663 8 Lisa Lisa NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 663 9 R. R. NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 663 10 Brody Brody NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 663 11 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 663 12 1 1 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 663 13 January January NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 663 14 2009 2009 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 663 15 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 663 16 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 664 1 Encyclopedia encyclopedia NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 664 2 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 664 3 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 664 4 Ancient Ancient NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 664 5 Greek Greek NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 664 6 World World NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 664 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 665 1 Infobase Infobase NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 665 2 Publishing Publishing NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 665 3 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 666 1 p. p. NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 666 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-1136 666 3 76 76 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 666 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 667 1 ISBN ISBN NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 667 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-1136 667 3 978 978 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 667 4 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-1136 667 5 1 1 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 667 6 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-1136 667 7 4381 4381 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 667 8 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-1136 667 9 1020 1020 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 667 10 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-1136 667 11 2 2 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 667 12 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 668 1 Retrieved Retrieved NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 668 2 3 3 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 668 3 March March NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 668 4 2013 2013 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 668 5 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 669 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 669 2 Waldman Waldman NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 669 3 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 669 4 Carl Carl NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 669 5 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-1136 669 6 Mason Mason NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 669 7 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 669 8 Catherine Catherine NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 669 9 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 669 10 2006 2006 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 669 11 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 669 12 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 670 1 Encyclopedia Encyclopedia NNS en-wikipedia-org-1136 670 2 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 670 3 European European NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 670 4 Peoples Peoples NNPS en-wikipedia-org-1136 670 5 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 671 1 Infobase Infobase NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 671 2 Publishing Publishing NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 671 3 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 672 1 p. p. NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 672 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-1136 672 3 586 586 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 672 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 673 1 ISBN ISBN NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 673 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-1136 673 3 978 978 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 673 4 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-1136 673 5 1 1 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 673 6 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-1136 673 7 4381 4381 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 673 8 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-1136 673 9 2918 2918 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 673 10 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-1136 673 11 1 1 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 673 12 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 674 1 Retrieved Retrieved NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 674 2 23 23 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 674 3 February February NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 674 4 2013 2013 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 674 5 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 675 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 675 2 Smith Smith NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 675 3 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 675 4 Richard Richard NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 675 5 L. L. NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 675 6 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 675 7 31 31 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 675 8 July July NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 675 9 2008 2008 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 675 10 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 675 11 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 676 1 Premodern Premodern NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 676 2 Trade Trade NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 676 3 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 676 4 World World NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 676 5 History History NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 676 6 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 677 1 Routledge Routledge NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 677 2 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 678 1 p. p. NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 678 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-1136 678 3 65 65 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 678 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 679 1 ISBN ISBN NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 679 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-1136 679 3 978 978 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 679 4 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-1136 679 5 0 0 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 679 6 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-1136 679 7 203 203 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 679 8 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-1136 679 9 89352 89352 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 679 10 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-1136 679 11 4 4 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 679 12 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 680 1 Retrieved Retrieved NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 680 2 3 3 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 680 3 March March NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 680 4 2013 2013 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 680 5 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 681 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 681 2 Naylor Naylor NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 681 3 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 681 4 Phillip Phillip NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 681 5 Chiviges Chiviges NNPS en-wikipedia-org-1136 681 6 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 681 7 1 1 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 681 8 July July NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 681 9 2009 2009 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 681 10 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 681 11 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 682 1 North North NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 682 2 Africa Africa NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 682 3 : : : en-wikipedia-org-1136 682 4 A a DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 682 5 History history NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 682 6 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 682 7 Antiquity antiquity NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 682 8 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 682 9 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 682 10 Present present NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 682 11 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 683 1 University University NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 683 2 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 683 3 Texas Texas NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 683 4 Press Press NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 683 5 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 684 1 p. p. NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 684 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-1136 684 3 25 25 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 684 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 685 1 ISBN ISBN NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 685 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-1136 685 3 978 978 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 685 4 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-1136 685 5 0 0 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 685 6 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-1136 685 7 292 292 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 685 8 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-1136 685 9 77878 77878 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 685 10 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-1136 685 11 8 8 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 685 12 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 686 1 Retrieved Retrieved NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 686 2 23 23 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 686 3 February February NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 686 4 2013 2013 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 686 5 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 687 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 687 2 Swartz Swartz NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 687 3 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 687 4 B. B. NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 687 5 K. K. NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 687 6 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-1136 687 7 Dumett Dumett NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 687 8 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 687 9 Raymond Raymond NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 687 10 E. E. NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 687 11 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 687 12 1 1 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 687 13 January January NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 687 14 1980 1980 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 687 15 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 687 16 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 688 1 West West NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 688 2 African African NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 688 3 Culture Culture NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 688 4 Dynamics Dynamics NNPS en-wikipedia-org-1136 688 5 : : : en-wikipedia-org-1136 688 6 Archaeological Archaeological NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 688 7 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1136 688 8 Historical Historical NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 688 9 Perspectives Perspectives NNPS en-wikipedia-org-1136 688 10 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 689 1 Walter Walter NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 689 2 de de NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 689 3 Gruyter Gruyter NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 689 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 690 1 p. p. NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 690 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-1136 690 3 236 236 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 690 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 691 1 ISBN ISBN NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 691 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-1136 691 3 978 978 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 691 4 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-1136 691 5 3 3 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 691 6 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-1136 691 7 11 11 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 691 8 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-1136 691 9 080068 080068 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 691 10 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-1136 691 11 5 5 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 691 12 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 692 1 Retrieved retrieve VBN en-wikipedia-org-1136 692 2 17 17 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 692 3 February February NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 692 4 2013 2013 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 692 5 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 693 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 693 2 Garnsey Garnsey NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 693 3 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 693 4 P. P. NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 693 5 D. D. NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 693 6 A. A. NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 693 7 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-1136 693 8 Whittaker Whittaker NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 693 9 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 693 10 C. C. NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 693 11 R. R. NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 693 12 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 693 13 15 15 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 693 14 February February NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 693 15 2007 2007 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 693 16 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 693 17 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 694 1 Imperialism imperialism NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 694 2 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 694 3 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 694 4 Ancient Ancient NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 694 5 World World NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 694 6 : : : en-wikipedia-org-1136 694 7 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 694 8 Cambridge Cambridge NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 694 9 University University NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 694 10 Research Research NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 694 11 Seminar Seminar NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 694 12 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 694 13 Ancient Ancient NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 694 14 History History NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 694 15 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 695 1 Cambridge Cambridge NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 695 2 University University NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 695 3 Press Press NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 695 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 696 1 p. p. NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 696 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-1136 696 3 80 80 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 696 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 697 1 ISBN ISBN NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 697 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-1136 697 3 978 978 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 697 4 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-1136 697 5 0 0 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 697 6 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-1136 697 7 521 521 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 697 8 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-1136 697 9 03390 03390 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 697 10 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-1136 697 11 9 9 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 697 12 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 698 1 Retrieved retrieve VBN en-wikipedia-org-1136 698 2 22 22 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 698 3 February February NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 698 4 2013 2013 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 698 5 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 699 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 699 2 P. P. NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 699 3 Roberts Roberts NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 699 4 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 699 5 1 1 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 699 6 October October NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 699 7 2004 2004 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 699 8 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 699 9 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 700 1 HSC HSC NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 700 2 Ancient Ancient NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 700 3 History history NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 700 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 701 1 Pascal Pascal NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 701 2 Press Press NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 701 3 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 702 1 p. p. NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 702 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-1136 702 3 64 64 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 702 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 703 1 ISBN ISBN NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 703 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-1136 703 3 978 978 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 703 4 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-1136 703 5 1 1 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 703 6 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-1136 703 7 74125 74125 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 703 8 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-1136 703 9 179 179 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 703 10 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-1136 703 11 1 1 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 703 12 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 704 1 Retrieved retrieve VBN en-wikipedia-org-1136 704 2 17 17 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 704 3 February February NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 704 4 2013 2013 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 704 5 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 705 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 705 2 Pritchard Pritchard NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 705 3 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 705 4 James James NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 705 5 B. B. NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 705 6 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-1136 705 7 Edey Edey NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 705 8 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 705 9 Maitland Maitland NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 705 10 A. A. NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 706 1 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 706 2 1974 1974 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 706 3 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 706 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 707 1 Introduction introduction NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 707 2 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 707 3 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 707 4 Sea Sea NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 707 5 Traders Traders NNPS en-wikipedia-org-1136 707 6 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 708 1 New New NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 708 2 York York NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 708 3 : : : en-wikipedia-org-1136 708 4 Time Time NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 708 5 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-1136 708 6 Life Life NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 708 7 Books Books NNPS en-wikipedia-org-1136 708 8 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 709 1 p. p. NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 709 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-1136 709 3 7 7 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 709 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 710 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 710 2 Cross Cross NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 710 3 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 710 4 Frank Frank NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 710 5 Moore Moore NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 710 6 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 710 7 1980 1980 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 710 8 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 710 9 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 711 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-1136 711 2 Newly newly RB en-wikipedia-org-1136 711 3 Found find VBN en-wikipedia-org-1136 711 4 Inscriptions inscription NNS en-wikipedia-org-1136 711 5 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 711 6 Old Old NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 711 7 Canaanite Canaanite NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 711 8 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1136 711 9 Early early JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 711 10 Phoenician phoenician JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 711 11 Scripts Scripts NNPS en-wikipedia-org-1136 711 12 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-1136 711 13 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 712 1 Bulletin bulletin NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 712 2 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 712 3 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 712 4 American American NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 712 5 Schools Schools NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 712 6 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 712 7 Oriental Oriental NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 712 8 Research Research NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 712 9 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 713 1 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 713 2 University University NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 713 3 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 713 4 Chicago Chicago NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 713 5 Press Press NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 713 6 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 713 7 behalf behalf NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 713 8 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 713 9 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 713 10 American American NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 713 11 Schools Schools NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 713 12 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 713 13 Oriental Oriental NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 713 14 Research Research NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 713 15 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 714 1 238 238 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 714 2 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 714 3 238 238 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 714 4 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 714 5 Spring Spring NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 714 6 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 714 7 1980 1980 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 714 8 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 714 9 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 714 10 : : : en-wikipedia-org-1136 714 11 1–20 1–20 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 714 12 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 715 1 doi:10.2307/1356511 doi:10.2307/1356511 NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 715 2 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 716 1 JSTOR JSTOR NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 716 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-1136 716 3 1356511 1356511 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 716 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 717 1 S2CID S2CID NNS en-wikipedia-org-1136 717 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-1136 717 3 222445150 222445150 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 717 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 718 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 718 2 Millard Millard NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 718 3 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 718 4 A. A. NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 718 5 R. R. NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 718 6 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 718 7 1986 1986 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 718 8 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 718 9 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 719 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-1136 719 2 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 719 3 Infancy Infancy NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 719 4 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 719 5 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 719 6 Alphabet Alphabet NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 719 7 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-1136 719 8 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 720 1 World World NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 720 2 Archaeology Archaeology NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 720 3 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 721 1 17 17 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 721 2 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 721 3 3 3 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 721 4 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 721 5 : : : en-wikipedia-org-1136 721 6 390–398 390–398 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 721 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 722 1 doi:10.1080/00438243.1986.9979978 doi:10.1080/00438243.1986.9979978 NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 722 2 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 723 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 723 2 Beck Beck NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 723 3 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 723 4 Roger Roger NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 723 5 B. B. NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 723 6 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-1136 723 7 Black Black NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 723 8 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 723 9 Linda Linda NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 723 10 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-1136 723 11 Krieger Krieger NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 723 12 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 723 13 Larry Larry NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 723 14 S. S. NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 723 15 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-1136 723 16 Naylor Naylor NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 723 17 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 723 18 Phillip Phillip NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 723 19 C. C. NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 723 20 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-1136 723 21 Shabaka Shabaka NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 723 22 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 723 23 Dahia Dahia NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 723 24 Ibo Ibo NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 723 25 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 723 26 1999 1999 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 723 27 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 723 28 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 724 1 World world NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 724 2 History history NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 724 3 : : : en-wikipedia-org-1136 724 4 Patterns pattern NNS en-wikipedia-org-1136 724 5 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 724 6 Interaction Interaction NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 724 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 725 1 Evanston Evanston NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 725 2 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 725 3 IL IL NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 725 4 : : : en-wikipedia-org-1136 725 5 McDougal McDougal NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 725 6 Littell Littell NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 725 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 726 1 ISBN ISBN NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 726 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-1136 726 3 978 978 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 726 4 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-1136 726 5 0 0 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 726 6 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-1136 726 7 395 395 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 726 8 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-1136 726 9 87274 87274 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 726 10 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-1136 726 11 1 1 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 726 12 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 727 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 727 2 Moscati Moscati NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 727 3 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 727 4 1965 1965 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 727 5 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 727 6 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 728 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 728 2 Jeffery Jeffery NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 728 3 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 728 4 L. L. NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 728 5 H. H. NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 728 6 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 728 7 1976 1976 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 728 8 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 728 9 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 729 1 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 729 2 Archaic Archaic NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 729 3 Greece Greece NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 729 4 : : : en-wikipedia-org-1136 729 5 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 729 6 Greek greek JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 729 7 city city NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 729 8 states state VBZ en-wikipedia-org-1136 729 9 700–500 700–500 NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 729 10   _SP en-wikipedia-org-1136 729 11 BC BC NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 729 12 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 730 1 Ernest Ernest NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 730 2 Benn Benn NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 730 3 Ltd Ltd NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 730 4 & & CC en-wikipedia-org-1136 730 5 Tonnbridge Tonnbridge NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 730 6 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 731 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 731 2 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 731 3 b b NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 731 4 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-1136 731 5 Phoenician phoenician JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 731 6 Art Art NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 731 7 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-1136 731 8 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 732 1 Ancient ancient JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 732 2 History history NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 732 3 Encyclopedia encyclopedia NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 732 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 733 1 Retrieved retrieve VBN en-wikipedia-org-1136 733 2 2020 2020 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 733 3 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-1136 733 4 04 04 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 733 5 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-1136 733 6 19 19 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 733 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 734 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 734 2 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 734 3 b b NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 734 4 Markoe Markoe NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 734 5 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 734 6 Glenn Glenn NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 734 7 E. E. NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 734 8 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 734 9 August August NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 734 10 1990 1990 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 734 11 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 734 12 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 735 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-1136 735 2 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 735 3 Emergence emergence NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 735 4 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 735 5 Phoenician phoenician JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 735 6 Art Art NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 735 7 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-1136 735 8 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 736 1 Bulletin bulletin NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 736 2 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 736 3 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 736 4 American American NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 736 5 Schools Schools NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 736 6 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 736 7 Oriental Oriental NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 736 8 Research Research NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 736 9 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 736 10 279 279 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 736 11 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 736 12 : : : en-wikipedia-org-1136 736 13 13–26 13–26 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 736 14 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 737 1 doi:10.2307/1357205 doi:10.2307/1357205 NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 737 2 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 738 1 JSTOR JSTOR NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 738 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-1136 738 3 1357205 1357205 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 738 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 739 1 S2CID S2CID NNS en-wikipedia-org-1136 739 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-1136 739 3 163353156 163353156 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 739 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 740 1 ^ ^ FW en-wikipedia-org-1136 740 2 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-1136 740 3 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 740 4 Phoenicians Phoenicians NNPS en-wikipedia-org-1136 740 5 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 740 6 1500–300 1500–300 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 740 7 B.C. B.C. NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 740 8 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 740 9 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-1136 740 10 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 741 1 www.metmuseum.org www.metmuseum.org NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 741 2 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 742 1 Retrieved retrieve VBN en-wikipedia-org-1136 742 2 2020 2020 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 742 3 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-1136 742 4 04 04 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 742 5 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-1136 742 6 19 19 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 742 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 743 1 ^ ^ FW en-wikipedia-org-1136 743 2 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-1136 743 3 Furniture furniture NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 743 4 plaque plaque NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 743 5 carved carve VBN en-wikipedia-org-1136 743 6 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 743 7 high high JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 743 8 relief relief NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 743 9 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 743 10 two two CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 743 11 Egyptianizing Egyptianizing NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 743 12 figures figure NNS en-wikipedia-org-1136 743 13 flanking flank VBG en-wikipedia-org-1136 743 14 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 743 15 volute volute NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 743 16 tree tree NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 743 17 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 743 18 c. c. NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 743 19 9th–8th 9th–8th CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 743 20 century century NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 743 21 B.C. B.C. NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 743 22 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-1136 744 1 www.metmuseum.org www.metmuseum.org NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 744 2 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 745 1 Retrieved retrieve VBN en-wikipedia-org-1136 745 2 2020 2020 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 745 3 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-1136 745 4 04 04 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 745 5 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-1136 745 6 19 19 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 745 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 746 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 746 2 Holst Holst NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 746 3 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 746 4 2011 2011 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 746 5 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 746 6 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 746 7 p. p. NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 746 8   _SP en-wikipedia-org-1136 746 9 31 31 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 746 10 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 747 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 747 2 Holst Holst NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 747 3 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 747 4 2011 2011 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 747 5 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 747 6 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 747 7 p. p. NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 747 8   _SP en-wikipedia-org-1136 747 9 44 44 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 747 10 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 748 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 748 2 Moscati Moscati NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 748 3 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 748 4 1957 1957 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 748 5 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 748 6 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 748 7 e.g. e.g. RB en-wikipedia-org-1136 748 8 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 748 9 p. p. NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 748 10 40 40 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 748 11 & & CC en-wikipedia-org-1136 748 12 113 113 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 748 13 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 749 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 749 2 Smith Smith NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 749 3 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 749 4 1956 1956 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 749 5 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 749 6 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 749 7 pp pp NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 749 8 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 750 1 1–15 1–15 ADD en-wikipedia-org-1136 750 2 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 751 1 ^ ^ NFP en-wikipedia-org-1136 751 2 Gaster Gaster NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 751 3 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 751 4 1965 1965 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 751 5 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 751 6 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 751 7 pp pp NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 751 8 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 752 1 113–143 113–143 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 752 2 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 752 3 114–5 114–5 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 752 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 753 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 753 2 Harden Harden NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 753 3 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 753 4 1962 1962 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 753 5 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 753 6 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 753 7 pp pp NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 753 8 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 754 1 83–4 83–4 NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 754 2 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 755 1 ^ ^ NFP en-wikipedia-org-1136 755 2 Brandon Brandon NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 755 3 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 755 4 1970 1970 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 755 5 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 755 6 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 755 7 pp pp NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 755 8 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 756 1 512–513 512–513 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 756 2 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 757 1 ^ ^ NFP en-wikipedia-org-1136 757 2 Brandon Brandon NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 757 3 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 757 4 1970 1970 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 757 5 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 757 6 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 757 7 p. p. NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 757 8   _SP en-wikipedia-org-1136 757 9 448 448 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 757 10 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 758 1 ^ ^ NFP en-wikipedia-org-1136 758 2 Brandon Brandon NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 758 3 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 758 4 1970 1970 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 758 5 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 758 6 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 758 7 p. p. NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 758 8   _SP en-wikipedia-org-1136 758 9 173 173 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 758 10 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 759 1 ^ ^ NFP en-wikipedia-org-1136 759 2 Brandon Brandon NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 759 3 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 759 4 1970 1970 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 759 5 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 759 6 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 759 7 p. p. NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 759 8   _SP en-wikipedia-org-1136 759 9 258 258 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 759 10 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 759 11 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-1136 759 12 El El NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 759 13 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-1136 759 14 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 759 15 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 760 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 760 2 Here here RB en-wikipedia-org-1136 760 3 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 760 4 Baal Baal NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 760 5 was be VBD en-wikipedia-org-1136 760 6 used use VBN en-wikipedia-org-1136 760 7 instead instead RB en-wikipedia-org-1136 760 8 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 760 9 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 760 10 storm storm NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 760 11 god god NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 760 12 's 's POS en-wikipedia-org-1136 760 13 name name NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 760 14 Hadad Hadad NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 760 15 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 761 1 Brandon Brandon NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 761 2 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 761 3 1970 1970 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 761 4 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 761 5 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 761 6 pp pp NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 761 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 762 1 315 315 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 762 2 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 762 3 28 28 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 762 4 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 762 5 124 124 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 762 6 ^ ^ NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 762 7 Moscati Moscati NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 762 8 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 762 9 1957 1957 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 762 10 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 762 11 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 762 12 pp pp NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 762 13 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 763 1 113–4 113–4 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 763 2 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 764 1 ^ ^ NFP en-wikipedia-org-1136 764 2 Brandon Brandon NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 764 3 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 764 4 1970 1970 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 764 5 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 764 6 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 764 7 pp pp NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 764 8 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 765 1 29–30 29–30 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 765 2 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 766 1 ^ ^ NFP en-wikipedia-org-1136 766 2 Brandon Brandon NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 766 3 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 766 4 1970 1970 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 766 5 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 766 6 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 766 7 pp pp NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 766 8 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 767 1 173 173 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 767 2 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 767 3 501 501 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 767 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 768 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 768 2 Carlyon Carlyon NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 768 3 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 768 4 Richard Richard NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 768 5 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 768 6 1981 1981 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 768 7 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 768 8 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 769 1 A a DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 769 2 Guide Guide NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 769 3 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 769 4 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 769 5 Gods god NNS en-wikipedia-org-1136 769 6 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 770 1 New New NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 770 2 York York NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 770 3 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 771 1 pp pp NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 771 2 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 772 1 311–333 311–333 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 772 2 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 773 1 ^ ^ NFP en-wikipedia-org-1136 773 2 Markoe Markoe NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 773 3 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 773 4 2000 2000 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 773 5 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 773 6 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 773 7 p. p. NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 773 8   _SP en-wikipedia-org-1136 773 9 120 120 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 773 10 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 774 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 774 2 Warmington Warmington NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 774 3 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 774 4 1964 1964 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 774 5 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 774 6 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 774 7 p. p. NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 774 8   _SP en-wikipedia-org-1136 774 9 148 148 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 774 10 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 775 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 775 2 Smith Smith NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 775 3 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 775 4 1956 1956 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 775 5 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 775 6 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 775 7 pp pp NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 775 8 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 776 1 33–43 33–43 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 776 2 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 777 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 777 2 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 777 3 b b NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 777 4 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-1136 777 5 Long long RB en-wikipedia-org-1136 777 6 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-1136 777 7 lost lose VBN en-wikipedia-org-1136 777 8 Phoenician phoenician JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 777 9 figurines figurine NNS en-wikipedia-org-1136 777 10 could could MD en-wikipedia-org-1136 777 11 reveal reveal VB en-wikipedia-org-1136 777 12 secrets secret NNS en-wikipedia-org-1136 777 13 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 777 14 ancient ancient JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 777 15 cult cult NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 777 16 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-1136 777 17 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 778 1 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 778 2 Jerusalem Jerusalem NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 778 3 Post Post NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 778 4 | | NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 778 5 JPost.com JPost.com NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 778 6 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 779 1 Retrieved retrieve VBN en-wikipedia-org-1136 779 2 2020 2020 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 779 3 - - SYM en-wikipedia-org-1136 779 4 09 09 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 779 5 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-1136 779 6 11 11 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 779 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 780 1 Sources[edit sources[edit LS en-wikipedia-org-1136 780 2 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 780 3 Aubet Aubet NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 780 4 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 780 5 Maria Maria NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 780 6 Eugenia Eugenia NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 780 7 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 780 8 2001 2001 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 780 9 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 780 10 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 781 1 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 781 2 Phoenicians Phoenicians NNPS en-wikipedia-org-1136 781 3 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1136 781 4 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 781 5 West West NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 781 6 : : : en-wikipedia-org-1136 781 7 Politics Politics NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 781 8 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 781 9 Colonies Colonies NNPS en-wikipedia-org-1136 781 10 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1136 781 11 Trade Trade NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 781 12 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 782 1 Translated translate VBN en-wikipedia-org-1136 782 2 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 782 3 Turton Turton NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 782 4 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 782 5 Mary Mary NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 782 6 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 783 1 Cambridge Cambridge NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 783 2 University University NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 783 3 Pres Pres NNPS en-wikipedia-org-1136 783 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 784 1 ISBN ISBN NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 784 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-1136 784 3 978 978 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 784 4 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-1136 784 5 0 0 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 784 6 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-1136 784 7 521 521 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 784 8 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-1136 784 9 79543 79543 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 784 10 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-1136 784 11 2 2 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 784 12 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 785 1 See see VB en-wikipedia-org-1136 785 2 Review Review NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 785 3 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 785 4 Roger Roger NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 785 5 Wright Wright NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 785 6 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 785 7 University University NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 785 8 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 785 9 Liverpool Liverpool NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 785 10 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 786 1 Barton Barton NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 786 2 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 786 3 George George NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 786 4 Aaron Aaron NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 786 5 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 786 6 1934 1934 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 786 7 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 786 8 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 787 1 Semitic semitic JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 787 2 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1136 787 3 Hamitic Hamitic NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 787 4 Origins Origins NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 787 5 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 788 1 Social Social NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 788 2 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1136 788 3 Religious religious JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 788 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 789 1 Philadelphia Philadelphia NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 789 2 : : : en-wikipedia-org-1136 789 3 University University NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 789 4 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 789 5 Pennsylvania Pennsylvania NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 789 6 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 790 1 Bondi Bondi NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 790 2 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 790 3 S. S. NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 790 4 F. F. NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 790 5 1988 1988 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 790 6 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 791 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-1136 791 2 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 791 3 Course course NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 791 4 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 791 5 History history NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 791 6 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 791 7 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-1136 792 1 In in IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 792 2 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 792 3 Phoenicians Phoenicians NNPS en-wikipedia-org-1136 792 4 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 792 5 edited edit VBN en-wikipedia-org-1136 792 6 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 792 7 Sabatino Sabatino NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 792 8 Moscati Moscati NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 792 9 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 792 10 38–45 38–45 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 792 11 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 793 1 Milan Milan NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 793 2 : : : en-wikipedia-org-1136 793 3 Gruppo Gruppo NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 793 4 Editoriale Editoriale NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 793 5 Fabbri Fabbri NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 793 6 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 794 1 Brandon Brandon NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 794 2 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 794 3 S.G.F. S.G.F. NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 794 4 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 794 5 ed ed NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 794 6 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 795 1 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 795 2 1970 1970 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 795 3 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 795 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 796 1 Dictionary Dictionary NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 796 2 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 796 3 Comparative Comparative NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 796 4 Religion Religion NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 796 5 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 797 1 New New NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 797 2 York York NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 797 3 City City NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 797 4 : : : en-wikipedia-org-1136 797 5 Charles Charles NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 797 6 Scribner Scribner NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 797 7 ’s ’s POS en-wikipedia-org-1136 797 8 Son Son NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 797 9 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 798 1 Charles Charles NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 798 2 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-1136 798 3 Picard Picard NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 798 4 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 798 5 Gilbert Gilbert NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 798 6 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-1136 798 7 Picard Picard NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 798 8 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 798 9 Colette Colette NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 798 10 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 798 11 1968 1968 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 798 12 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 798 13 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 799 1 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 799 2 Life Life NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 799 3 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1136 799 4 Death Death NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 799 5 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 799 6 Carthage Carthage NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 799 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 800 1 New New NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 800 2 York York NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 800 3 City City NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 800 4 : : : en-wikipedia-org-1136 800 5 Taplinger Taplinger NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 800 6 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 801 1 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 801 2 Original original JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 801 3 French french JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 801 4 ed ed NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 801 5 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 802 1 : : : en-wikipedia-org-1136 802 2 Vie Vie NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 802 3 et et NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 802 4 mort mort NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 802 5 de de IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 802 6 Carthage Carthage NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 802 7 Paris Paris NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 802 8 : : : en-wikipedia-org-1136 802 9 Hatchette Hatchette NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 802 10 1968 1968 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 802 11 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 802 12 Coulmas Coulmas NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 802 13 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 802 14 Florian Florian NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 802 15 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 802 16 1996 1996 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 802 17 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 802 18 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 803 1 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 803 2 Blackwell Blackwell NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 803 3 Encyclopedia Encyclopedia NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 803 4 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 803 5 Writing Writing NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 803 6 Systems Systems NNPS en-wikipedia-org-1136 803 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 804 1 Oxford Oxford NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 804 2 : : : en-wikipedia-org-1136 804 3 Blackwell Blackwell NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 804 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 805 1 ISBN ISBN NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 805 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-1136 805 3 978 978 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 805 4 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-1136 805 5 0 0 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 805 6 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-1136 805 7 631 631 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 805 8 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-1136 805 9 21481 21481 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 805 10 - - SYM en-wikipedia-org-1136 805 11 6 6 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 805 12 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 806 1 Cross Cross NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 806 2 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 806 3 Frank Frank NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 806 4 M. M. NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 806 5 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 806 6 1973 1973 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 806 7 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 806 8 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 807 1 Canaanite Canaanite NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 807 2 Myth Myth NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 807 3 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1136 807 4 Hebrew Hebrew NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 807 5 Epic Epic NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 807 6 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 808 1 Harvard Harvard NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 808 2 University University NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 808 3 Press Press NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 808 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 809 1 ISBN ISBN NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 809 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-1136 809 3 9780674091764 9780674091764 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 809 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 810 1 Cunliffe Cunliffe NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 810 2 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 810 3 Barry Barry NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 810 4 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 810 5 2008 2008 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 810 6 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 810 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 811 1 Europe Europe NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 811 2 Between between IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 811 3 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 811 4 Oceans Oceans NNPS en-wikipedia-org-1136 811 5 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-1136 811 6 9000 9000 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 811 7 BC BC NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 811 8 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-1136 811 9 AD AD NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 811 10 1000 1000 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 811 11 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 812 1 New New NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 812 2 Haven Haven NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 812 3 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 812 4 CT CT NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 812 5 : : : en-wikipedia-org-1136 812 6 Yale Yale NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 812 7 University University NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 812 8 Press Press NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 812 9 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 813 1 Elayi Elayi NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 813 2 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 813 3 J. J. NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 814 1 2013 2013 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 814 2 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 815 1 Histoire Histoire NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 815 2 de de NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 815 3 la la NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 815 4 Phénicie Phénicie NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 815 5 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 816 1 Paris Paris NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 816 2 : : : en-wikipedia-org-1136 816 3 Perrin Perrin NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 816 4 Gaster Gaster NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 816 5 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 816 6 Theodor Theodor NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 816 7 H. H. NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 816 8 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 816 9 1965 1965 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 816 10 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 816 11 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 817 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-1136 817 2 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 817 3 Religion religion NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 817 4 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 817 5 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 817 6 Canaanites Canaanites NNPS en-wikipedia-org-1136 817 7 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-1136 817 8 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 818 1 In in IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 818 2 Ferm Ferm NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 818 3 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 818 4 Vergilius Vergilius NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 818 5 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 818 6 ed ed NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 818 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 818 8 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 818 9 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 819 1 Ancient Ancient NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 819 2 Religions religion NNS en-wikipedia-org-1136 819 3 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 820 1 New New NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 820 2 York York NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 820 3 City City NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 820 4 : : : en-wikipedia-org-1136 820 5 Citadel Citadel NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 820 6 Pres Pres NNPS en-wikipedia-org-1136 820 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 821 1 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 821 2 Original original JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 821 3 ed ed NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 821 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 822 1 : : : en-wikipedia-org-1136 822 2 Philosophical Philosophical NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 822 3 Library Library NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 822 4 1950 1950 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 822 5 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 822 6 Gordon Gordon NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 822 7 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 822 8 C. C. NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 822 9 H. H. NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 822 10 1966 1966 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 822 11 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 823 1 Ugarit Ugarit NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 823 2 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1136 823 3 Minoan Minoan NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 823 4 Crete Crete NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 823 5 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 824 1 New New NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 824 2 York York NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 824 3 : : : en-wikipedia-org-1136 824 4 W.W. W.W. NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 824 5 Norton Norton NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 824 6 & & CC en-wikipedia-org-1136 824 7 Company Company NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 824 8 Harden Harden NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 824 9 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 824 10 Donald Donald NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 824 11 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 824 12 1962 1962 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 824 13 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 824 14 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 825 1 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 825 2 Phoenicians Phoenicians NNPS en-wikipedia-org-1136 825 3 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 826 1 New New NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 826 2 York York NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 826 3 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 826 4 NY NY NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 826 5 : : : en-wikipedia-org-1136 826 6 Frederick Frederick NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 826 7 A. a. NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 826 8 Praeger Praeger NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 826 9 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 827 1 Heard hear VBN en-wikipedia-org-1136 827 2 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 827 3 C. C. NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 827 4 Yahwism Yahwism NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 827 5 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1136 827 6 Baalism Baalism NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 827 7 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 827 8 Israel Israel NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 827 9 & & CC en-wikipedia-org-1136 827 10 Judah Judah NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 827 11 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 827 12 3 3 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 827 13 May May NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 827 14 2009 2009 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 827 15 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 827 16 Herodotus Herodotus NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 827 17 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 827 18 1910 1910 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 827 19 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 827 20 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 828 1 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 828 2 History history NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 828 3 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 828 4 Herodotus Herodotus NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 828 5 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 829 1 Translated translate VBN en-wikipedia-org-1136 829 2 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 829 3 Rawlinson Rawlinson NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 829 4 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 829 5 George George NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 829 6 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 830 1 London London NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 830 2 : : : en-wikipedia-org-1136 830 3 J.M. J.M. NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 831 1 Dent Dent NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 831 2 & & CC en-wikipedia-org-1136 831 3 Sons Sons NNPS en-wikipedia-org-1136 831 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 832 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-1136 832 2 Online online JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 832 3 version version NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 832 4 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-1136 832 5 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 833 1 Internet Internet NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 833 2 Classic Classic NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 833 3 Archive Archive NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 833 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 834 1 Herodotus Herodotus NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 834 2 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 834 3 1920 1920 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 834 4 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 834 5 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 835 1 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 835 2 Histories Histories NNPS en-wikipedia-org-1136 835 3 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 836 1 Translated translate VBN en-wikipedia-org-1136 836 2 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 836 3 Godley Godley NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 836 4 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 836 5 Alfred Alfred NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 836 6 D. D. NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 836 7 Cambridge Cambridge NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 836 8 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 836 9 MA MA NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 836 10 : : : en-wikipedia-org-1136 836 11 Harvard Harvard NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 836 12 University University NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 836 13 Press Press NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 836 14 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 837 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-1136 837 2 Online online JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 837 3 version version NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 837 4 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-1136 837 5 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 838 1 Perseus Perseus NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 838 2 Digital Digital NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 838 3 Library Library NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 838 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 839 1 Holst Holst NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 839 2 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 839 3 Sanford Sanford NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 839 4 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 839 5 2011 2011 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 839 6 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 839 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 840 1 Phoenician phoenician JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 840 2 Secrets Secrets NNPS en-wikipedia-org-1136 840 3 : : : en-wikipedia-org-1136 840 4 Exploring explore VBG en-wikipedia-org-1136 840 5 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 840 6 Ancient Ancient NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 840 7 Mediterranean Mediterranean NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 840 8 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 841 1 Santorini Santorini NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 841 2 Books book NNS en-wikipedia-org-1136 841 3 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 842 1 Homer Homer NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 842 2 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 843 1 6th 6th JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 843 2 century century NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 843 3 BC BC NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 843 4 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 843 5 perhaps perhaps RB en-wikipedia-org-1136 843 6 700 700 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 843 7   _SP en-wikipedia-org-1136 843 8 BC BC NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 843 9 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 843 10 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 844 1 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 844 2 Odyssey Odyssey NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 844 3 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 845 1 Translated translate VBN en-wikipedia-org-1136 845 2 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 845 3 Stanley Stanley NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 845 4 Lombardo Lombardo NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 845 5 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 846 1 Indianapolis Indianapolis NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 846 2 : : : en-wikipedia-org-1136 846 3 Hackett Hackett NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 846 4 Publishing Publishing NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 846 5 Company Company NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 846 6 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 847 1 Jung Jung NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 847 2 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 847 3 Carl Carl NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 847 4 G. G. NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 847 5 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 847 6 1969 1969 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 847 7 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 847 8 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 848 1 Archetypes archetype NNS en-wikipedia-org-1136 848 2 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1136 848 3 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 848 4 Collective collective JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 848 5 Unconscious unconscious JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 848 6 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 848 7 sic sic NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 848 8 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 848 9 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 849 1 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 849 2 Collected collected JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 849 3 Works Works NNPS en-wikipedia-org-1136 849 4 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 849 5 C. C. NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 849 6 G. G. NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 849 7 Jung Jung NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 849 8 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 850 1 9-I. 9-i. XX en-wikipedia-org-1136 851 1 Princeton Princeton NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 851 2 University University NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 851 3 Press Press NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 851 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 852 1 ISBN ISBN NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 852 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-1136 852 3 978 978 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 852 4 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-1136 852 5 069109761 069109761 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 852 6 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-1136 852 7 9 9 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 852 8 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 853 1 Lancel Lancel NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 853 2 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 853 3 Serge Serge NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 853 4 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 853 5 1995 1995 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 853 6 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 853 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 854 1 Carthage carthage NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 854 2 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 855 1 A a DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 855 2 History history NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 855 3 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 856 1 Oxford Oxford NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 856 2 : : : en-wikipedia-org-1136 856 3 Blackwell Blackwell NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 856 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 857 1 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 857 2 Original original JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 857 3 ed ed NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 857 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 858 1 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 858 2 French French NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 858 3 : : : en-wikipedia-org-1136 858 4 Carthage carthage NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 858 5 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 859 1 Paris Paris NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 859 2 : : : en-wikipedia-org-1136 859 3 Librairie Librairie NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 859 4 Artheme Artheme NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 859 5 Fayard Fayard NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 859 6 1992 1992 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 859 7 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 859 8 Markoe Markoe NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 859 9 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 859 10 Glenn Glenn NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 859 11 E. E. NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 859 12 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 859 13 2000 2000 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 859 14 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 859 15 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 860 1 Peoples people NNS en-wikipedia-org-1136 860 2 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 860 3 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 860 4 Past past NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 860 5 : : : en-wikipedia-org-1136 860 6 Phoenicians Phoenicians NNPS en-wikipedia-org-1136 860 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 861 1 Berkeley Berkeley NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 861 2 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 861 3 CA CA NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 861 4 : : : en-wikipedia-org-1136 861 5 University University NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 861 6 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 861 7 California California NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 861 8 Press Press NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 861 9 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 862 1 ISBN ISBN NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 862 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-1136 862 3 978 978 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 862 4 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-1136 862 5 0 0 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 862 6 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-1136 862 7 520 520 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 862 8 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-1136 862 9 22614 22614 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 862 10 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-1136 862 11 2 2 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 862 12 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 863 1 Mikalson Mikalson NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 863 2 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 863 3 J.D. J.D. NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 864 1 2005 2005 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 864 2 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 865 1 Ancient Ancient NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 865 2 Greek Greek NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 865 3 Religion Religion NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 865 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 866 1 Malden malden JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 866 2 : : : en-wikipedia-org-1136 866 3 Blackwell Blackwell NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 866 4 publishing publish VBG en-wikipedia-org-1136 866 5 Moscati Moscati NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 866 6 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 866 7 Sabatino Sabatino NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 866 8 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 866 9 1957 1957 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 866 10 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 866 11 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 867 1 Ancient ancient JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 867 2 Semitic Semitic NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 867 3 Civilizations civilization NNS en-wikipedia-org-1136 867 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 868 1 London London NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 868 2 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 868 3 England England NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 868 4 : : : en-wikipedia-org-1136 868 5 Elek Elek NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 868 6 Books Books NNPS en-wikipedia-org-1136 868 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 869 1 Moscati Moscati NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 869 2 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 869 3 Sabatino Sabatino NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 869 4 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 869 5 1965 1965 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 869 6 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 869 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 870 1 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 870 2 World World NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 870 3 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 870 4 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 870 5 Phoenicians Phoenicians NNPS en-wikipedia-org-1136 870 6 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 871 1 New New NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 871 2 York York NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 871 3 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 871 4 NY NY NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 871 5 : : : en-wikipedia-org-1136 871 6 Frederick Frederick NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 871 7 A. a. NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 871 8 Praeger Praeger NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 871 9 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 872 1 Ovid Ovid NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 872 2 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 873 1 1st 1st NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 873 2 century century NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 873 3 AD AD NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 873 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 874 1 Metamorphoses metamorphosis NNS en-wikipedia-org-1136 874 2 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 875 1 Translated translate VBN en-wikipedia-org-1136 875 2 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 875 3 Rolfe Rolfe NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 875 4 Humphries Humphries NNPS en-wikipedia-org-1136 875 5 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 876 1 Bloomington Bloomington NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 876 2 : : : en-wikipedia-org-1136 876 3 Indiana Indiana NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 876 4 University University NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 876 5 Press Press NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 876 6 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 877 1 Quinn Quinn NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 877 2 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 877 3 Josephine Josephine NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 877 4 Crawley Crawley NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 877 5 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 877 6 2017 2017 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 877 7 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 877 8 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 878 1 In in IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 878 2 Search Search NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 878 3 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 878 4 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 878 5 Phoenicians Phoenicians NNPS en-wikipedia-org-1136 878 6 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 879 1 Princeton Princeton NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 879 2 University University NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 879 3 Press Press NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 879 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 880 1 ISBN ISBN NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 880 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-1136 880 3 978 978 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 880 4 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-1136 880 5 1 1 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 880 6 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-1136 880 7 4008 4008 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 880 8 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-1136 880 9 8911 8911 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 880 10 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-1136 880 11 2 2 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 880 12 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 881 1 Patai Patai NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 881 2 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 881 3 Raphael Raphael NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 881 4 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 881 5 1990 1990 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 881 6 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 881 7 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 881 8 1967 1967 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 881 9 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 881 10 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 882 1 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 882 2 Hebrew Hebrew NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 882 3 Goddess Goddess NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 882 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 883 1 Detroit Detroit NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 883 2 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 883 3 MI MI NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 883 4 : : : en-wikipedia-org-1136 883 5 Wayne Wayne NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 883 6 State State NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 883 7 University University NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 883 8 Press Press NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 883 9 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 884 1 Rawlinson Rawlinson NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 884 2 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 884 3 George George NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 884 4 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 884 5 1889 1889 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 884 6 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 884 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 885 1 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 885 2 History history NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 885 3 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 885 4 Phoenicia Phoenicia NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 885 5 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 886 1 W. W. NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 886 2 Röllig Röllig NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 886 3 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 886 4 1995 1995 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 886 5 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 886 6 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 886 7 Phoenician Phoenician NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 886 8 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1136 886 9 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 886 10 Phoenicians Phoenicians NNPS en-wikipedia-org-1136 886 11 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 886 12 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 886 13 context context NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 886 14 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 886 15 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 886 16 Ancient Ancient NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 886 17 Near Near NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 886 18 East East NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 886 19 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 886 20 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 886 21 S. S. NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 886 22 Moscati Moscati NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 886 23 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 886 24 ed ed NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 886 25 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 887 1 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 887 2 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 887 3 I -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-1136 887 4 Fenici Fenici NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 887 5 ieri ieri JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 887 6 oggi oggi NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 887 7 domani domani NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 887 8   _SP en-wikipedia-org-1136 887 9 : : : en-wikipedia-org-1136 887 10 ricerche ricerche NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 887 11 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 887 12 scoperte scoperte NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 887 13 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 887 14 progetti progetti NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 887 15 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 887 16 Roma Roma NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 887 17 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 887 18 p. p. NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 887 19   _SP en-wikipedia-org-1136 887 20 203 203 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 887 21 - - SYM en-wikipedia-org-1136 887 22 214 214 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 887 23 Smith Smith NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 887 24 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 887 25 W. W. NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 887 26 Robertson Robertson NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 887 27 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 887 28 1956 1956 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 887 29 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 887 30 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 887 31 A. a. NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 888 1 & & CC en-wikipedia-org-1136 888 2 C. C. NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 888 3 Black Black NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 888 4 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 888 5 Edinburgh Edinburgh NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 888 6 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 888 7 1889 1889 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 888 8 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 888 9 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 889 1 Lectures lecture NNS en-wikipedia-org-1136 889 2 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 889 3 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 889 4 Religion religion NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 889 5 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 889 6 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 889 7 Semites Semites NNPS en-wikipedia-org-1136 889 8 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 890 1 New New NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 890 2 York York NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 890 3 : : : en-wikipedia-org-1136 890 4 Meridian Meridian NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 890 5 Library Library NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 890 6 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 891 1 Soren Soren NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 891 2 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 891 3 David David NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 891 4 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-1136 891 5 Khader Khader NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 891 6 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 891 7 Aicha Aicha NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 891 8 B. B. NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 891 9 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-1136 891 10 Slim Slim NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 891 11 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 891 12 Hedi Hedi NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 891 13 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 891 14 1990 1990 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 891 15 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 891 16 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 892 1 Carthage carthage NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 892 2 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 893 1 New New NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 893 2 York York NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 893 3 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 893 4 NY NY NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 893 5 : : : en-wikipedia-org-1136 893 6 Simon Simon NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 893 7 & & CC en-wikipedia-org-1136 893 8 Schuster Schuster NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 893 9 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 894 1 Urquhart Urquhart NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 894 2 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 894 3 David David NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 894 4 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 894 5 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-1136 894 6 Mount Mount NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 894 7 Lebanon Lebanon NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 894 8 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-1136 894 9 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-1136 894 10 Google Google NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 894 11 Archives Archives NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 894 12 Warmington Warmington NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 894 13 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 894 14 Brian Brian NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 894 15 H. H. NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 894 16 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 894 17 1964 1964 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 894 18 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 894 19 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 895 1 Carthage carthage NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 895 2 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 896 1 Penguin Penguin NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 896 2 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 896 3 original original JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 896 4 ed ed NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 896 5 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 897 1 : : : en-wikipedia-org-1136 897 2 Robert Robert NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 897 3 Hale Hale NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 897 4 1960 1960 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 897 5 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 897 6 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 898 1 Further further JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 898 2 reading[edit reading[edit LS en-wikipedia-org-1136 898 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 898 4 Carayon Carayon NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 898 5 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 898 6 Nicolas Nicolas NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 898 7 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 898 8 Les Les NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 898 9 ports port VBZ en-wikipedia-org-1136 898 10 phéniciens phénicien NNS en-wikipedia-org-1136 898 11 et et NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 898 12 puniques punique NNS en-wikipedia-org-1136 898 13 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 898 14 PhD PhD NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 898 15 Thesis Thesis NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 898 16 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 898 17 2008 2008 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 898 18 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 898 19 Strasbourg Strasbourg NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 898 20 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 898 21 France France NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 898 22 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 899 1 Cerqueiro Cerqueiro NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 899 2 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 899 3 Daniel Daniel NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 899 4 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 899 5 Las Las NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 899 6 Naves Naves NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 899 7 de de NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 899 8 Tarshis Tarshis NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 899 9 o o NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 899 10 quiénes quiéne NNS en-wikipedia-org-1136 899 11 fueron fueron NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 899 12 los los NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 899 13 Fenicios Fenicios NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 899 14 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 899 15 Buenos Buenos NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 899 16 Aires Aires NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 899 17 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 899 18 Ed Ed NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 899 19 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 900 1 Peq peq NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 900 2 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 901 1 Venecia Venecia NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 901 2 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 901 3 2002 2002 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 901 4 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 901 5 ISBN ISBN NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 901 6   _SP en-wikipedia-org-1136 901 7 987 987 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 901 8 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-1136 901 9 9239 9239 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 901 10 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-1136 901 11 13-X. 13-x. CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 902 1 Cioffi Cioffi NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 902 2 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 902 3 Robert Robert NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 902 4 L. L. NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 902 5 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 902 6 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-1136 902 7 A a DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 902 8 Palm Palm NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 902 9 Tree Tree NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 902 10 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 902 11 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 902 12 Colour Colour NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 902 13 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1136 902 14 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 902 15 Mythical Mythical NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 902 16 Bird Bird NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 902 17 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-1136 902 18 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 902 19 review review NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 902 20 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 902 21 Josephine Josephine NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 902 22 Quinn Quinn NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 902 23 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 902 24 In in IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 902 25 Search Search NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 902 26 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 902 27 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 902 28 Phoenicians Phoenicians NNPS en-wikipedia-org-1136 902 29 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 902 30 Princeton Princeton NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 902 31 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 902 32 2017 2017 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 902 33 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 902 34 360 360 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 902 35 pp pp NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 902 36 . . NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 902 37 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 902 38 ISBN ISBN NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 902 39   _SP en-wikipedia-org-1136 902 40 978 978 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 902 41 0 0 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 902 42 691 691 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 902 43 17527 17527 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 902 44 0 0 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 902 45 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 902 46 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 902 47 London London NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 902 48 Review Review NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 902 49 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 902 50 Books Books NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 902 51 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 902 52 vol vol NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 902 53 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 903 1 41 41 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 903 2 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 903 3 no no UH en-wikipedia-org-1136 903 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 904 1 1 1 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 904 2 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 904 3 3 3 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 904 4 January January NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 904 5 2019 2019 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 904 6 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 904 7 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 904 8 pp pp NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 904 9 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 905 1 15–16 15–16 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 905 2 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 906 1 Thiollet Thiollet NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 906 2 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 906 3 Jean Jean NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 906 4 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-1136 906 5 Pierre Pierre NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 906 6 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 906 7 Je Je NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 906 8 m'appelle m'appelle FW en-wikipedia-org-1136 906 9 Byblos Byblos NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 906 10 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 906 11 foreword foreword NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 906 12 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 906 13 Guy Guy NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 906 14 Gay Gay NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 906 15 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-1136 906 16 Para Para NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 906 17 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 906 18 H H NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 906 19 & & CC en-wikipedia-org-1136 906 20 D D NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 906 21 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 906 22 Paris Paris NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 906 23 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 906 24 2005 2005 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 906 25 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 906 26 ISBN ISBN NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 906 27   _SP en-wikipedia-org-1136 906 28 2 2 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 906 29 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-1136 906 30 914266 914266 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 906 31 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-1136 906 32 04 04 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 906 33 - - SYM en-wikipedia-org-1136 906 34 9 9 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 906 35 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 907 1 Todd Todd NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 907 2 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 907 3 Malcolm Malcolm NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 907 4 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-1136 907 5 Andrew Andrew NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 907 6 Fleming Fleming NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 907 7 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 907 8 1987 1987 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 907 9 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 907 10 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 908 1 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 908 2 South South NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 908 3 West West NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 908 4 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 908 5 AD ad NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 908 6 1,000 1,000 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 908 7 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 908 8 Regional regional JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 908 9 history history NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 908 10 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 908 11 England England NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 908 12 series series NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 908 13 No.:8 no.:8 ADD en-wikipedia-org-1136 908 14 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 908 15 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 909 1 Harlow Harlow NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 909 2 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 909 3 Essex Essex NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 909 4 : : : en-wikipedia-org-1136 909 5 Longman Longman NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 909 6 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 910 1 ISBN ISBN NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 910 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-1136 910 3 978 978 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 910 4 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-1136 910 5 0 0 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 910 6 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-1136 910 7 582 582 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 910 8 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-1136 910 9 49274 49274 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 910 10 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-1136 910 11 5 5 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 910 12 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 910 13 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 910 14 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 910 15 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 910 16 critical critical JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 910 17 examination examination NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 910 18 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 910 19 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 910 20 evidence evidence NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 910 21 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 910 22 Phoenician phoenician JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 910 23 trade trade NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 910 24 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 910 25 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 910 26 South South NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 910 27 West West NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 910 28 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 910 29 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 910 30 U.K. U.K. NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 910 31 Silva Silva NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 910 32 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 910 33 Diógenes Diógenes NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 910 34 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 911 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-1136 911 2 La La NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 911 3 literatura literatura NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 911 4 sobre sobre NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 911 5 fenicios fenicios NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 911 6 en en IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 911 7 el el NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 911 8 territorio territorio NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 911 9 brasileño brasileño NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 911 10 : : : en-wikipedia-org-1136 911 11 orígenes orígenes NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 911 12 y y NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 911 13 razones razone NNS en-wikipedia-org-1136 911 14 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-1136 911 15 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 911 16 PhD PhD NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 911 17 Thesis Thesis NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 911 18 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 911 19 Madrid Madrid NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 911 20 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-1136 911 21 2016 2016 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 911 22 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 912 1 Available available JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 912 2 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 912 3 https://eprints.ucm.es/39468/ https://eprints.ucm.es/39468/ NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 912 4 External External NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 912 5 links[edit links[edit , en-wikipedia-org-1136 912 6 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 912 7 Library library JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 912 8 resources resource NNS en-wikipedia-org-1136 912 9 about about IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 912 10 Phoenicia Phoenicia NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 912 11 Online Online NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 912 12 books book NNS en-wikipedia-org-1136 912 13 Resources resource NNS en-wikipedia-org-1136 912 14 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 912 15 your -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-1136 912 16 library library NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 912 17 Resources Resources NNPS en-wikipedia-org-1136 912 18 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 912 19 other other JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 912 20 libraries library NNS en-wikipedia-org-1136 912 21 BBC BBC NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 912 22 Radio4 Radio4 NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 912 23 – – : en-wikipedia-org-1136 912 24 In in IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 912 25 Our -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-1136 912 26 Time time NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 912 27 : : : en-wikipedia-org-1136 912 28 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 912 29 Phoenicians Phoenicians NNPS en-wikipedia-org-1136 912 30 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 912 31 audio audio JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 912 32 archive archive NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 912 33 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 912 34 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 912 35 quest quest NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 912 36 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 912 37 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 912 38 Phoenicians Phoenicians NNPS en-wikipedia-org-1136 912 39 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 912 40 South South NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 912 41 Lebanon Lebanon NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 912 42 Phoenician Phoenician NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 912 43 Alphabet Alphabet NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 912 44 Sam Sam NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 912 45 Haselby Haselby NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 912 46 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 912 47 ed ed NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 912 48 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 912 49 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 912 50 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 913 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-1136 913 2 Phoenicia phoenicia NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 913 3 : : : en-wikipedia-org-1136 913 4 An an DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 913 5 imaginary imaginary JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 913 6 friend friend NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 913 7 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 913 8 nations nation NNS en-wikipedia-org-1136 913 9 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 913 10 need need NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 913 11 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 913 12 ancestors ancestor NNS en-wikipedia-org-1136 913 13 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-1136 913 14 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 914 1 Josephine Josephine NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 914 2 Quinn Quinn NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 914 3 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 914 4 associate associate JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 914 5 professor professor NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 914 6 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 914 7 ancient ancient JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 914 8 history history NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 914 9 at at IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 914 10 Worcester Worcester NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 914 11 College College NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 914 12 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 914 13 University University NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 914 14 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 914 15 Oxford Oxford NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 914 16 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 915 1 Aeon Aeon NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 915 2 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 1 v v NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 2 t t NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 3 e e NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 4 Ancient ancient JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 5 states state NNS en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 6 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 7 regions region NNS en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 8 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 9 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 10 history history NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 11 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 12 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 13 Levant Levant NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 14 Copper Copper NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 15 age age NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 16 Kish kish JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 17 civilization civilization NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 18 Ebla Ebla NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 19 Mari Mari NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 20 Ugarit Ugarit NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 21 Byblos Byblos NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 22 Bronze Bronze NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 23 Age Age NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 24 Akkadian Akkadian NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 25 Empire Empire NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 26 Alalakh Alalakh NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 27 Amurru Amurru NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 28 Amrit Amrit NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 29 Apum Apum NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 30 Arwad Arwad NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 31 First first JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 32 Babylonian babylonian JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 33 dynasty dynasty NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 34 Bashan Bashan NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 35 Gebal Gebal NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 36 Canaan Canaan NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 37 Kaldu Kaldu NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 38 Dur Dur NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 39 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 40 Katlimmu Katlimmu NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 41 Ebla Ebla NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 42 Edom Edom NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 43 Emar Emar NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 44 Hittite Hittite NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 45 empire empire NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 46 Irqata Irqata NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 47 Khana Khana NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 48 Mari Mari NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 49 Mitanni Mitanni NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 50 Moab Moab NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 51 Nagar Nagar NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 52 Nuhašše Nuhašše NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 53 Phoenicia Phoenicia NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 54 Qatna Qatna NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 55 Sidon Sidon NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 56 Suhum Suhum NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 57 Suteans Suteans NNPS en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 58 Tadmor Tadmor NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 59 Terqa Terqa NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 60 Tyre Tyre NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 61 Ugarit Ugarit NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 62 Urkesh Urkesh NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 63 Yamhad Yamhad NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 64 Iron Iron NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 65 Age Age NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 66 Achaemenid Achaemenid NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 67 Empire Empire NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 68 Ain Ain NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 69 Dara Dara NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 70 Ammon Ammon NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 71 Amrit Amrit NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 72 Aram Aram NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 73 Aram Aram NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 74 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 75 Damascus Damascus NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 76 Neo Neo NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 77 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 78 Assyrian Assyrian NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 79 Empire Empire NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 80 Neo Neo NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 81 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 82 Babylonian Babylonian NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 83 Empire Empire NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 84 Bit Bit NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 85 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 86 Adini Adini NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 87 Bit Bit NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 88 Agusi Agusi NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 89 Bit Bit NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 90 Bahiani Bahiani NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 91 Gebal Gebal NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 92 Canaan Canaan NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 93 Carchemish Carchemish NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 94 New New NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 95 Kingdom Kingdom NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 96 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 97 Egypt Egypt NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 98 Hamath Hamath NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 99 Hatarikka Hatarikka NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 100 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 101 Luhuti Luhuti NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 102 Kingdom Kingdom NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 103 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 104 Israel Israel NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 105 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 106 Samaria Samaria NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 107 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 108 Kingdom Kingdom NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 109 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 110 Israel Israel NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 111 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 112 united united NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 113 monarchy monarchy NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 114 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 115 Kingdom Kingdom NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 116 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 117 Judah Judah NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 118 Kummuh Kummuh NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 119 Palistin Palistin NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 120 Pattin Pattin NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 121 Philistia Philistia NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 122 Phoenicia Phoenicia NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 123 Qedar Qedar NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 124 Sidon Sidon NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 125 Syro Syro NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 126 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 127 Hittite Hittite NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 128 states state VBZ en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 129 Sam'al Sam'al NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 130 Tyre Tyre NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 131 Classical Classical NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 132 Age Age NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 133 Byzantine Byzantine NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 134 Empire Empire NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 135 Kingdom Kingdom NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 136 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 137 Commagene Commagene NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 138 Hasmonean Hasmonean NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 139 dynasty dynasty NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 140 Herodian herodian JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 141 kingdom kingdom NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 142 Herodian Herodian NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 143 Tetrarchy Tetrarchy NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 144 Iturea Iturea NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 145 Macedonian Macedonian NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 146 Empire Empire NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 147 Nabataean Nabataean NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 148 Kingdom Kingdom NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 149 Kingdom Kingdom NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 150 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 151 Osroene Osroene NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 152 Parthian Parthian NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 153 Empire Empire NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 154 Palmyrene Palmyrene NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 155 Empire Empire NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 156 Roman Roman NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 157 Empire Empire NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 158 Roman Roman NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 159 Republic Republic NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 160 Sasanian Sasanian NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 161 Empire Empire NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 162 Seleucid Seleucid NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 163 Empire Empire NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 164 Ghassanid Ghassanid NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 165 Kingdom Kingdom NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 166 Tanukh Tanukh NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 167 Sources Sources NNPS en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 168 Canaanite Canaanite NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 169 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 170 Aramaic Aramaic NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 171 inscriptions inscription NNS en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 172 v v IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 173 t t NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 174 e e NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 175 Ancient Ancient NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 176 Syria Syria NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 177 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 178 Mesopotamia Mesopotamia NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 179 Syria Syria NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 180 Northern Northern NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 181 Mesopotamia Mesopotamia NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 182 Southern Southern NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 183 Mesopotamia Mesopotamia NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 184 c. c. NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 185 3500–2350 3500–2350 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 186 BCE BCE NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 187 Semitic semitic JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 188 nomads nomad NNS en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 189 Sumerian sumerian JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 190 city city NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 191 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 192 states state NNS en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 193 c. c. NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 194 2350–2200 2350–2200 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 195 BCE BCE NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 196 Akkadian Akkadian NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 197 Empire Empire NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 198 c. c. NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 199 2200–2100 2200–2100 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 200 BCE BCE NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 201 Gutians Gutians NNPS en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 202 c. c. NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 203 2100–2000 2100–2000 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 204 BCE BCE NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 205 Third Third NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 206 Dynasty Dynasty NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 207 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 208 Ur Ur NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 209 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 210 Sumerian Sumerian NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 211 Renaissance Renaissance NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 212 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 213 c. c. NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 214 2000–1800 2000–1800 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 215 BCE BCE NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 216 Mari Mari NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 217 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 218 other other JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 219 Amorite amorite JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 220 city city NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 221 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 222 states state VBZ en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 223 Old Old NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 224 Assyrian Assyrian NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 225 Empire Empire NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 226 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 227 Northern Northern NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 228 Akkadians Akkadians NNPS en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 229 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 230 Isin Isin NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 231 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 232 Larsa Larsa NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 233 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 234 other other JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 235 Amorite amorite JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 236 city city NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 237 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 238 states state NNS en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 239 c. c. NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 240 1800–1600 1800–1600 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 241 BCE BCE NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 242 Old Old NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 243 Hittite Hittite NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 244 Kingdom Kingdom NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 245 Old Old NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 246 Babylonian Babylonian NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 247 Empire Empire NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 248 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 249 Southern Southern NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 250 Akkadians Akkadians NNPS en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 251 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 252 c. c. NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 253 1600–1400 1600–1400 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 254 BCE BCE NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 255 Mitanni Mitanni NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 256 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 257 Hurrians Hurrians NNPS en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 258 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 259 Karduniaš Karduniaš NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 260 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 261 Kassites Kassites NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 262 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 263 c. c. NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 264 1400–1200 1400–1200 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 265 BCE BCE NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 266 Middle Middle NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 267 Hittite Hittite NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 268 Kingdom Kingdom NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 269 Middle Middle NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 270 Assyria Assyria NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 271 c. c. NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 272 1200–1150 1200–1150 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 273 BCE BCE NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 274 Bronze Bronze NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 275 Age Age NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 276 Collapse Collapse NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 277 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 278 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 279 Sea Sea NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 280 Peoples Peoples NNPS en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 281 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 282 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 283 Arameans Arameans NNPS en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 284 c. c. NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 285 1150–911 1150–911 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 286 BCE BCE NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 287 Phoenicia Phoenicia NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 288 Neo Neo NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 289 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 290 Hittite Hittite NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 291 city city NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 292 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 293 states state NNS en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 294 Aram- Aram- NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 295 Damascus Damascus NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 296 Arameans Arameans NNPS en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 297 Middle Middle NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 298 Babylonia Babylonia NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 299 Chal- Chal- NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 300 de- de- RB en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 301 ans ans VBP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 302 911–729 911–729 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 303 BCE BCE NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 304 Neo Neo NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 305 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 306 Assyrian Assyrian NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 307 Empire Empire NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 308 729–609 729–609 NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 309 BCE BCE NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 310 626–539 626–539 NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 311 BCE BCE NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 312 Neo Neo NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 313 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 314 Babylonian Babylonian NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 315 Empire Empire NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 316 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 317 Chaldeans Chaldeans NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 318 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 319 539–331 539–331 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 320 BCE BCE NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 321 Achaemenid Achaemenid NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 322 Empire Empire NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 323 336–301 336–301 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 324 BCE BCE NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 325 Macedonian Macedonian NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 326 Empire empire NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 327 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 328 Ancient Ancient NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 329 Greeks Greeks NNPS en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 330 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 331 Macedonians Macedonians NNPS en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 332 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 333 311–129 311–129 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 334 BCE BCE NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 335 Seleucid Seleucid NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 336 Empire Empire NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 337 129–63 129–63 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 338 BCE BCE NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 339 Seleucid Seleucid NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 340 Empire Empire NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 341 Parthian Parthian NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 342 Empire Empire NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 343 63 63 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 344 BCE–243 BCE–243 NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 345 CE CE NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 346 Roman Roman NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 347 Empire Empire NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 348 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 349 Byzantine Byzantine NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 350 Empire Empire NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 351 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 352 Syria Syria NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 353 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 354 243–636 243–636 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 355 CE CE NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 356 Sassanid Sassanid NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 357 Empire empire NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 358 v v NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 359 t t NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 360 e e NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 361 Phoenician phoenician JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 362 cities city NNS en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 363 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 364 colonies colony NNS en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 365 Algeria Algeria NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 366 Camarata Camarata NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 367 Cartennae Cartennae NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 368 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 369 Tenes Tenes NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 370 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 371 Hippo Hippo NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 372 Regius Regius NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 373 Icosium Icosium NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 374 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 375 Algiers Algiers NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 376 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 377 Igilgili Igilgili NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 378 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 379 Jijel Jijel NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 380 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 381 Iol Iol NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 382 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 383 Cherchell Cherchell NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 384 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 385 Iomnium Iomnium NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 386 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 387 Tigzirt Tigzirt NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 388 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 389 Kirtan Kirtan NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 390 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 391 Constantine Constantine NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 392 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 393 Kissi Kissi NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 394 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 395 Djinet Djinet NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 396 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 397 Macomades Macomades NNPS en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 398 Malaca Malaca NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 399 Rachgoun Rachgoun NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 400 Rusazus Rusazus NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 401 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 402 Azeffoun Azeffoun NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 403 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 404 Rusguniae Rusguniae NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 405 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 406 Tamentfoust Tamentfoust NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 407 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 408 Rusicade Rusicade NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 409 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 410 Skikda Skikda NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 411 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 412 Rusippisir Rusippisir NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 413 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 414 Taksebt Taksebt NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 415 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 416 Rusubbicari Rusubbicari NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 417 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 418 Zemmouri Zemmouri NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 419 El El NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 420 Bahri Bahri NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 421 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 422 Rusuccuru Rusuccuru NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 423 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 424 Dellys Dellys NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 425 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 426 Sarai Sarai NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 427 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 428 Aïn Aïn NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 429 Oulmene Oulmene NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 430 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 431 Thagora Thagora NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 432 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 433 Taoura Taoura NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 434 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 435 Tipasa Tipasa NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 436 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 437 Mauretania Mauretania NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 438 Tipasa Tipasa NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 439 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 440 Numidia Numidia NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 441 Timici Timici NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 442 Cyprus Cyprus NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 443 Dhali Dhali NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 444 Kition Kition NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 445 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 446 Larnaca larnaca NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 447 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 448 Lapathus Lapathus NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 449 Marion Marion NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 450 Greece Greece NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 451 Callista Callista NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 452 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 453 Santorini Santorini NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 454 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 455 Paxi Paxi NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 456 Rhodes rhode VBZ en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 457 Israel Israel NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 458 Achzib Achzib NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 459 Akka Akka NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 460 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 461 Acre Acre NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 462 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 463 Dora Dora NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 464 Michal Michal NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 465 Jaffa Jaffa NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 466 Reshef Reshef NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 467 Shikmona Shikmona NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 468 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 469 Haifa Haifa NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 470 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 471 Strato Strato NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 472 's 's POS en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 473 Tower Tower NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 474 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 475 Caesarea Caesarea NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 476 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 477 Italy Italy NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 478 Agrigento Agrigento NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 479 Bitan Bitan NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 480 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 481 Chia Chia NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 482 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 483 Cape Cape NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 484 Melqart Melqart NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 485 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 486 Cefalù Cefalù NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 487 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 488 Drepanum Drepanum NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 489 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 490 Trapani Trapani NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 491 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 492 Eryx Eryx NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 493 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 494 Erice Erice NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 495 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 496 Heraclea Heraclea NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 497 Minoa Minoa NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 498 Kapara Kapara NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 499 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 500 Soluntum Soluntum NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 501 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 502 Karaly Karaly NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 503 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 504 Cagliari Cagliari NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 505 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 506 Lilybaeum Lilybaeum NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 507 Motya Motya NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 508 Neapolis Neapolis NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 509 Nora Nora NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 510 Olbia Olbia NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 511 Pantelleria Pantelleria NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 512 Selinunte Selinunte NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 513 Sulci Sulci NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 514 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 515 Sant'Antioco Sant'Antioco NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 516 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 517 Tharros Tharros NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 518 Ziz Ziz NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 519 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 520 Palermo Palermo NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 521 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 522 Lebanon Lebanon NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 523 Amia Amia NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 524 Ampi Ampi NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 525 Arqa Arqa NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 526 Athar Athar NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 527 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 528 Tripoli Tripoli NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 529 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 530 Baalbek Baalbek NNPS en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 531 Birut Birut NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 532 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 533 Beirut Beirut NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 534 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 535 Botrys Botrys NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 536 Gebal Gebal NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 537 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 538 Byblos Byblos NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 539 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 540 Sarepta Sarepta NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 541 Sur Sur NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 542 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 543 Tyre Tyre NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 544 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 545 Sidon Sidon NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 546 Ushu Ushu NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 547 Libya Libya NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 548 Lepcis Lepcis NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 549 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 550 Khoms Khoms NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 551 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 552 Oyat Oyat NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 553 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 554 Tripoli Tripoli NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 555 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 556 Tsabratan Tsabratan NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 557 Malta Malta NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 558 Maleth Maleth NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 559 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 560 Mdina Mdina NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 561 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 562 Gaulos Gaulos NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 563 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 564 Gozo Gozo NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 565 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 566 Għajn Għajn NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 567 Qajjet Qajjet NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 568 Mtarfa Mtarfa NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 569 Ras Ras NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 570 il il NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 571 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 572 Wardija Wardija NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 573 Tas Tas NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 574 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 575 Silġ Silġ NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 576 Morocco Morocco NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 577 Azama Azama NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 578 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 579 Azemmour Azemmour NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 580 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 581 Arambys Arambys NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 582 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 583 Mogador Mogador NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 584 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 585 Caricus Caricus NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 586 Murus Murus NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 587 Heq Heq NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 588 she -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 589 Elisha Elisha NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 590 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 591 Ksar Ksar NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 592 es es NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 593 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 594 Seghir Seghir NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 595 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 596 Likush Likush NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 597 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 598 Larache Larache NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 599 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 600 Shalat Shalat NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 601 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 602 Chellah Chellah NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 603 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 604 Tamusida Tamusida NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 605 Tinga Tinga NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 606 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 607 Tangier Tangier NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 608 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 609 Portugal Portugal NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 610 Portus Portus NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 611 Hannibalis Hannibalis NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 612 Portus Portus NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 613 Magonis Magonis NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 614 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 615 Portimão Portimão NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 616 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 617 Olissipona Olissipona NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 618 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 619 Lisbon Lisbon NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 620 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 621 Ossonoba Ossonoba NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 622 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 623 Faro Faro NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 624 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 625 Spain Spain NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 626 Abdera Abdera NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 627 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 628 Adra Adra NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 629 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 630 Abyla abyla NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 631 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 632 Ceuta Ceuta NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 633 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 634 Akra Akra NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 635 Leuka Leuka NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 636 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 637 Alicante Alicante NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 638 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 639 Gadir Gadir NNPS en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 640 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 641 Cadiz Cadiz NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 642 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 643 Herna Herna NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 644 Iboshim Iboshim NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 645 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 646 Ibiza Ibiza NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 647 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 648 Mahón Mahón NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 649 Malake Malake NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 650 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 651 Málaga Málaga NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 652 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 653 Onoba Onoba NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 654 Carthage carthage NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 655 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 656 Cartagena Cartagena NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 657 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 658 Rushadir Rushadir NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 659 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 660 Melilla Melilla NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 661 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 662 Saguntum Saguntum NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 663 Sexi Sexi NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 664 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 665 Almunecar Almunecar NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 666 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 667 Tagilit Tagilit NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 668 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 669 Tíjola Tíjola NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 670 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 671 Toscanos Toscanos NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 672 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 673 Velez Velez NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 674 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 675 Tyreche Tyreche NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 676 Syria Syria NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 677 Aynook Aynook NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 678 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 679 Arwad Arwad NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 680 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 681 Marat Marat NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 682 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 683 Amrit Amrit NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 684 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 685 Safita Safita NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 686 Shuksi shuksi NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 687 Sumur Sumur NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 688 Ugarit Ugarit NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 689 Tunisia Tunisia NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 690 Aspis Aspis NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 691 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 692 Kelibia Kelibia NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 693 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 694 Bulla Bulla NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 695 Regia Regia NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 696 Carthage Carthage NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 697 Hadrumetum Hadrumetum NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 698 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 699 Sousse Sousse NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 700 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 701 Hippo Hippo NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 702 Diarrhytus Diarrhytus NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 703 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 704 Bizerte Bizerte NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 705 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 706 Kerkouane Kerkouane NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 707 Lepcis Lepcis NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 708 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 709 Monastir Monastir NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 710 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 711 Maqom Maqom NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 712 Hadesh Hadesh NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 713 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 714 Ounga Ounga NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 715 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 716 Meninx Meninx NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 717 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 718 Djerba Djerba NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 719 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 720 Ruspe Ruspe NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 721 Ruspina Ruspina NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 722 Sicca Sicca NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 723 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 724 El El NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 725 Kef Kef NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 726 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 727 Tabarka Tabarka NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 728 Tayinat Tayinat NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 729 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 730 Thyna Thyna NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 731 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 732 Thapsus Thapsus NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 733 Thysdrus Thysdrus NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 734 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 735 El El NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 736 Djem Djem NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 737 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 738 Utica Utica NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 739 Other Other NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 740 Myriandus Myriandus NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 741 Phoenicus Phoenicus NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 742       _SP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 743 / / , en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 744   _SP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 745 Gibraltar Gibraltar NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 746 v v NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 747 t t NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 748 e e NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 749 Empires Empires NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 750 Ancient Ancient NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 751 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 752 Colonies Colonies NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 753 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 754 Akkadian Akkadian NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 755 Neo Neo NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 756 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 757 Sumerian Sumerian NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 758 Assyrian Assyrian NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 759 Old Old NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 760 Assyrian Assyrian NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 761 Middle Middle NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 762 Assyrian Assyrian NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 763 Neo Neo NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 764 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 765 Assyrian Assyrian NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 766 Babylonian Babylonian NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 767 Old Old NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 768 Babylonian Babylonian NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 769 Kassite Kassite NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 770 Neo Neo NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 771 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 772 Babylonian babylonian JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 773 Egyptian egyptian JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 774 Old Old NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 775 Kingdom Kingdom NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 776 Middle Middle NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 777 Kingdom Kingdom NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 778 New New NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 779 Kingdom Kingdom NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 780 Phoenician Phoenician NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 781 Carthaginian carthaginian JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 782 Chinese Chinese NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 783 Shang Shang NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 784 Qin Qin NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 785 Han Han NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 786 Three Three NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 787 Kingdoms Kingdoms NNPS en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 788 Jin Jin NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 789 North North NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 790 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 791 South South NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 792 Hellenistic Hellenistic NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 793 Macedonian macedonian JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 794 Seleucid Seleucid NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 795 Hittite Hittite NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 796 Indian Indian NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 797 Nanda Nanda NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 798 Maurya Maurya NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 799 Satavahana Satavahana NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 800 Shunga Shunga NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 801 Gupta Gupta NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 802 Harsha Harsha NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 803 Iranian Iranian NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 804 Median Median NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 805 Achaemenid Achaemenid NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 806 Parthian Parthian NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 807 Sasanian Sasanian NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 808 Kushan Kushan NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 809 Mongol Mongol NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 810 Xianbei Xianbei NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 811 Roman roman JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 812 Western western JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 813 Eastern Eastern NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 814 Teotihuacan Teotihuacan NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 815 Post post JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 816 - - JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 817 classical classical JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 818 Aksum Aksum NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 819 Arab Arab NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 820 Rashidun Rashidun NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 821 Umayyad Umayyad NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 822 Abbasid Abbasid NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 823 Fatimid Fatimid NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 824 Aragonese Aragonese NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 825 Angevin Angevin NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 826 Ayyubid Ayyubid NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 827 Aztec Aztec NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 828 Benin Benin NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 829 Bornu Bornu NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 830 Bruneian Bruneian NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 831 Bulgarian bulgarian JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 832 First first JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 833 Second Second NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 834 Byzantine Byzantine NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 835 Nicaea Nicaea NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 836 Thessalonica Thessalonica NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 837 Trebizond Trebizond NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 838 Calakmul Calakmul NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 839 Chinese Chinese NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 840 Sui Sui NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 841 Tang Tang NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 842 Liao Liao NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 843 Song Song NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 844 Jīn Jīn NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 845 Yuan Yuan NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 846 Uyghur Uyghur NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 847 Ethiopian Ethiopian NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 848 Zagwe Zagwe NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 849 Solomonic Solomonic NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 850 Genoese Genoese NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 851 Georgian Georgian NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 852 Holy Holy NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 853 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 854 Roman roman JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 855 Carolingian carolingian JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 856 Huetar Huetar NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 857 Hunnic Hunnic NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 858 Hephthalite Hephthalite NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 859 Inca Inca NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 860 Indian Indian NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 861 Chola Chola NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 862 Gurjara Gurjara NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 863 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 864 Pratihara Pratihara NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 865 Pala Pala NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 866 Eastern Eastern NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 867 Ganga Ganga NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 868 dynasty dynasty NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 869 Delhi Delhi NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 870 Vijayanagara Vijayanagara NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 871 Iranian Iranian NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 872 Samanid Samanid NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 873 Saffarid Saffarid NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 874 Kanem Kanem NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 875 Khmer Khmer NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 876 Latin Latin NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 877 Majapahit Majapahit NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 878 Malaccan Malaccan NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 879 Mali Mali NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 880 Egyptian Egyptian NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 881 Mamluk Mamluk NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 882 Mongol Mongol NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 883 Yuan Yuan NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 884 Golden Golden NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 885 Horde Horde NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 886 Chagatai Chagatai NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 887 Khanate Khanate NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 888 Ilkhanate Ilkhanate NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 889 Moroccan Moroccan NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 890 Idrisid idrisid NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 891 Almoravid Almoravid NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 892 Almohad Almohad NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 893 Marinid Marinid NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 894 North North NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 895 Sea Sea NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 896 Oyo Oyo NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 897 Serbian serbian JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 898 Singhasari Singhasari NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 899 Somali Somali NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 900 Ajuran Ajuran NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 901 Ifatite Ifatite NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 902 Adalite Adalite NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 903 Mogadishan Mogadishan NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 904 Songhai Songhai NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 905 Srivijaya Srivijaya NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 906 Tibetan Tibetan NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 907 Tikal Tikal NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 908 Timurid Timurid NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 909 Tiwanku Tiwanku NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 910 Toltec Toltec NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 911 Turco Turco NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 912 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 913 Persian persian JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 914 Ghaznavid Ghaznavid NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 915 Great Great NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 916 Seljuk Seljuk NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 917 Khwarezmian Khwarezmian NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 918 Venetian venetian JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 919 Vietnamese Vietnamese NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 920 Dai Dai NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 921 Viet Viet NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 922 Wagadou Wagadou NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 923 Wari Wari NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 924 Modern Modern NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 925 Afghan Afghan NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 926 Ashanti Ashanti NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 927 Austrian Austrian NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 928 Austro Austro NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 929 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 930 Hungarian Hungarian NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 931 Brazilian Brazilian NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 932 Central central JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 933 African african JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 934 Chinese Chinese NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 935 Ming Ming NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 936 Qing Qing NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 937 China China NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 938 Manchukuo Manchukuo NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 939 Ethiopian Ethiopian NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 940 Haitian Haitian NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 941 First First NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 942 Second Second NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 943 French french JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 944 First first JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 945 Second second JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 946 German german JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 947 First first JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 948 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 949 Old Old NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 950 Reich Reich NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 951 Second Second NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 952 Reich Reich NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 953 Third Third NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 954 Reich Reich NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 955 Indian Indian NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 956 Mughal Mughal NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 957 Mysorean Mysorean NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 958 Sikh Sikh NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 959 Maratha Maratha NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 960 British British NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 961 Raj Raj NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 962 Iranian iranian JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 963 Safavid Safavid NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 964 Afsharid Afsharid NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 965 Qajar Qajar NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 966 Pahlavi Pahlavi NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 967 Japanese japanese JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 968 Johor Johor NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 969 Korean Korean NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 970 Mexican Mexican NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 971 First First NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 972 Second Second NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 973 Moroccan moroccan JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 974 Saadi Saadi NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 975 Alaouite alaouite JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 976 Russian russian JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 977 Somali somali NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 978 Gobroon Gobroon NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 979 Majeerteen Majeerteen NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 980 Hobyo Hobyo NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 981 Swedish Swedish NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 982 Tongan Tongan NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 983 Ottoman Ottoman NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 984 Vietnamese Vietnamese NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 985 Dainam Dainam NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 986 Vietnam Vietnam NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 987 Colonial Colonial NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 988 American american JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 989 Belgian belgian JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 990 British british JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 991 English english JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 992 Scottish Scottish NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 993 Danish danish JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 994 Dutch dutch JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 995 French french JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 996 German german JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 997 Italian italian JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 998 Japanese japanese JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 999 Omani omani JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 1000 Polish Polish NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 1001 – – : en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 1002 Lithuanian lithuanian JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 1003 Couronian couronian JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 1004 Portuguese portuguese JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 1005 Sovereign Sovereign NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 1006 Military military JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 1007 Order order NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 1008 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 1009 Malta Malta NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 1010 Spanish spanish JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 1011 Swedish Swedish NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 1012 Lists Lists NNPS en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 1013 Empires empire VBZ en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 1014 largest large JJS en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 1015 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 1016 India India NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 1017 Ancient ancient JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 1018 great great JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 1019 powers power NNS en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 1020 Medieval medieval JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 1021 great great JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 1022 powers power NNS en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 1023 Modern modern JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 1024 great great JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 1025 powers power NNS en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 1026 European european JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 1027 colonialism colonialism NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 1028 African african JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 1029 empires empire VBZ en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 1030 Miscellaneous miscellaneous JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 1031 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 1032 empire empire NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 1033 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 1034 which which WDT en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 1035 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 1036 sun sun NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 1037 never never RB en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 1038 sets set VBZ en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 1039 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 1040 Empire empire NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 1041 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 1042 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 1043 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 1044 description description NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 1045 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 1046 foreign foreign JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 1047 policy policy NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 1048 American american JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 1049 empire empire NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 1050 Soviet Soviet NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 1051 Empire Empire NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 1052 Find find VB en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 1053 out out RP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 1054 more more RBR en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 1055 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 1056 Wikipedia Wikipedia NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 1057 's 's POS en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 1058 Sister Sister NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 1059 projects project VBZ en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 1060 Media medium NNS en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 1061 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 1062 Commons Commons NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 1063 Definitions Definitions NNPS en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 1064 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 1065 Wiktionary Wiktionary NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 1066 Source Source NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 1067 texts text NNS en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 1068 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 1069 Wikisource Wikisource NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 1070 Authority Authority NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 1071 control control NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 1072 ISNI ISNI NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 1073 : : : en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 1074 0000 0000 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 1075 0004 0004 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 1076 0368 0368 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 1077 1147 1147 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 1078 NDL NDL NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 1079 : : : en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 1080 00563094 00563094 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 1081 NKC NKC NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 1082 : : : en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 1083 ge414227 ge414227 NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 1084 Retrieved retrieve VBN en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 1085 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 1086 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 1087 https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Phoenicia&oldid=1002002006 https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=phoenicia&oldid=1002002006 JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 1088 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 1089 Categories category NNS en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 1090 : : : en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 1091 Phoenicia Phoenicia NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 1092 Ancient Ancient NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 1093 Lebanon Lebanon NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 1094 Ancient Ancient NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 1095 Levant Levant NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 1096 Ancient Ancient NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 1097 Near near IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 1098 East East NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 1099 Bronze Bronze NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 1100 Age Age NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 1101 Asia Asia NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 1102 Bronze Bronze NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 1103 Age Age NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 1104 cultures culture VBZ en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 1105 Iron Iron NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 1106 Age Age NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 1107 cultures culture NNS en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 1108 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 1109 Asia Asia NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 1110 Iron Iron NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 1111 Age Age NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 1112 cultures culture NNS en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 1113 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 1114 Africa Africa NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 1115 History History NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 1116 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 1117 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 1118 Mediterranean Mediterranean NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 1119 Ancient Ancient NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 1120 Asia Asia NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 1121 Ancient Ancient NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 1122 Africa Africa NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 1123 Ancient Ancient NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 1124 Europe Europe NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 1125 Ancient Ancient NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 1126 Syria Syria NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 1127 Ancient Ancient NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 1128 history history NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 1129 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 1130 Turkey Turkey NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 1131 Ancient Ancient NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 1132 history history NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 1133 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 1134 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 1135 Iberian Iberian NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 1136 Peninsula Peninsula NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 1137 Ancient Ancient NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 1138 history history NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 1139 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 1140 North North NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 1141 Africa Africa NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 1142 History History NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 1143 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 1144 Palestine Palestine NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 1145 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 1146 region region NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 1147 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 1148 History history NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 1149 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 1150 Western Western NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 1151 Asia Asia NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 1152 Civilizations Civilizations NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 1153 2nd 2nd JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 1154 millennium millennium NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 1155 BC BC NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 1156 9th 9th JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 1157 century century NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 1158 BC BC NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 1159 8th 8th JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 1160 century century NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 1161 BC BC NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 1162 7th 7th JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 1163 century century NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 1164 BC BC NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 1165 6th 6th JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 1166 century century NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 1167 BC BC NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 1168 States States NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 1169 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 1170 territories territory NNS en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 1171 established establish VBN en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 1172 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 1173 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 1174 3rd 3rd JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 1175 millennium millennium NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 1176 BC BC NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 1177 States States NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 1178 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 1179 territories territory NNS en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 1180 disestablished disestablish VBN en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 1181 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 1182 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 1183 6th 6th JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 1184 century century NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 1185 BC BC NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 1186 6th 6th JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 1187 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 1188 century century NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 1189 BC BC NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 1190 disestablishments disestablishment NNS en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 1191 Ancient Ancient NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 1192 Israel Israel NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 1193 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 1194 Judah Judah NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 1195 Hidden Hidden NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 1196 categories category NNS en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 1197 : : : en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 1198 CS1 CS1 NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 1199 French french JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 1200 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 1201 language language NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 1202 sources source NNS en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 1203 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 1204 fr fr NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 1205 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 1206 Articles article NNS en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 1207 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 1208 short short JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 1209 description description NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 1210 Short short JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 1211 description description NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 1212 matches match VBZ en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 1213 Wikidata wikidata NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 1214 Coordinates coordinate VBZ en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 1215 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 1216 Wikidata Wikidata NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 1217 Articles article NNS en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 1218 containing contain VBG en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 1219 Phoenician phoenician JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 1220 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 1221 language language NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 1222 text text NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 1223 Articles article NNS en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 1224 containing contain VBG en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 1225 Ancient Ancient NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 1226 Greek Greek NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 1227 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 1228 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 1229 1453)-language 1453)-language VB en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 1230 text text NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 1231 Articles article NNS en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 1232 containing contain VBG en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 1233 Greek Greek NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 1234 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 1235 language language NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 1236 text text NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 1237 All all DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 1238 articles article NNS en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 1239 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 1240 unsourced unsourced JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 1241 statements statement NNS en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 1242 Articles article NNS en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 1243 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 1244 unsourced unsourced JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 1245 statements statement NNS en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 1246 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 1247 January January NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 1248 2021 2021 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 1249 Articles Articles NNPS en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 1250 containing contain VBG en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 1251 Latin latin JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 1252 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 1253 language language NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 1254 text text NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 1255 Wikipedia Wikipedia NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 1256 articles article NNS en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 1257 needing need VBG en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 1258 page page NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 1259 number number NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 1260 citations citation NNS en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 1261 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 1262 October October NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 1263 2020 2020 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 1264 Articles article NNS en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 1265 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 1266 unsourced unsourced JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 1267 statements statement NNS en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 1268 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 1269 October October NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 1270 2020 2020 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 1271 Articles article NNS en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 1272 containing contain VBG en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 1273 French french JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 1274 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 1275 language language NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 1276 text text NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 1277 Articles article NNS en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 1278 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 1279 unsourced unsourced JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 1280 statements statement NNS en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 1281 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 1282 June June NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 1283 2020 2020 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 1284 Articles Articles NNPS en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 1285 containing contain VBG en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 1286 Spanish spanish JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 1287 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 1288 language language NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 1289 text text NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 1290 Wikipedia wikipedia JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 1291 articles article NNS en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 1292 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 1293 ISNI ISNI NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 1294 identifiers identifier NNS en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 1295 Wikipedia Wikipedia NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 1296 articles article NNS en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 1297 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 1298 NDL NDL NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 1299 identifiers identifier NNS en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 1300 Wikipedia Wikipedia NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 1301 articles article NNS en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 1302 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 1303 NKC NKC NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 1304 identifiers identifier NNS en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 1305 Navigation Navigation NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 1306 menu menu NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 1307 Personal personal JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 1308 tools tool NNS en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 1309 Not not RB en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 1310 logged log VBN en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 1311 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 1312 Talk Talk NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 1313 Contributions Contributions NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 1314 Create Create NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 1315 account account NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 1316 Log Log NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 1317 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 1318 Namespaces Namespaces NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 1319 Article Article NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 1320 Talk talk NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 1321 Variants variant VBZ en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 1322 Views view NNS en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 1323 Read read VBP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 1324 Edit edit NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 1325 View View NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 1326 history history NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 1327 More More JJR en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 1328 Search Search NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 1329 Navigation Navigation NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 1330 Main Main NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 1331 page page NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 1332 Contents content VBZ en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 1333 Current current JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 1334 events event NNS en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 1335 Random random JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 1336 article article NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 1337 About about IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 1338 Wikipedia Wikipedia NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 1339 Contact Contact NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 1340 us -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 1341 Donate Donate NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 1342 Contribute contribute NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 1343 Help help NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 1344 Learn learn VB en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 1345 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 1346 edit edit VB en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 1347 Community community NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 1348 portal portal JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 1349 Recent recent JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 1350 changes change NNS en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 1351 Upload upload JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 1352 file file NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 1353 Tools tool NNS en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 1354 What what WP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 1355 links link NNS en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 1356 here here RB en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 1357 Related relate VBN en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 1358 changes change VBZ en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 1359 Upload upload JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 1360 file file VBP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 1361 Special special JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 1362 pages page NNS en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 1363 Permanent permanent JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 1364 link link NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 1365 Page Page NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 1366 information information NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 1367 Cite cite VB en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 1368 this this DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 1369 page page NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 1370 Wikidata wikidata NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 1371 item item NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 1372 Print print NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 1373 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 1374 export export NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 1375 Download Download NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 1376 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 1377 PDF PDF NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 1378 Printable Printable NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 1379 version version NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 1380 In in IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 1381 other other JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 1382 projects project NNS en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 1383 Wikimedia Wikimedia NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 1384 Commons Commons NNPS en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 1385 Languages Languages NNPS en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 1386 Afrikaans Afrikaans NNPS en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 1387 አማርኛ አማርኛ NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 1388 العربية العربية NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 1389 Արեւմտահայերէն Արեւմտահայերէն NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 1390 Asturianu Asturianu NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 1391 Azərbaycanca Azərbaycanca NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 1392 تۆرکجه تۆرکجه NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 1393 বাংলা বাংলা NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 1394 Bân Bân NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 1395 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 1396 lâm lâm NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 1397 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 1398 gú gú NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 1399 Башҡортса Башҡортса NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 1400 Беларуская Беларуская NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 1401 Български Български NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 1402 Bosanski Bosanski NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 1403 Brezhoneg Brezhoneg NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 1404 Буряад Буряад NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 1405 Català Català NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 1406 Cebuano Cebuano NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 1407 Čeština Čeština NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 1408 Cymraeg Cymraeg NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 1409 Dansk Dansk NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 1410 Deutsch Deutsch NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 1411 Eesti Eesti NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 1412 Español Español NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 1413 Esperanto Esperanto NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 1414 Euskara Euskara NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 1415 فارسی فارسی JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 1416 Français Français NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 1417 Frysk Frysk NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 1418 Gaeilge Gaeilge NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 1419 Galego Galego NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 1420 한국어 한국어 NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 1421 Հայերեն Հայերեն NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 1422 हिन्दी हिन्दी CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 1423 Hrvatski Hrvatski NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 1424 Bahasa Bahasa NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 1425 Indonesia Indonesia NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 1426 Íslenska Íslenska NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 1427 Italiano Italiano NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 1428 עברית עברית NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 1429 Jawa Jawa NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 1430 ქართული ქართული NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 1431 Қазақша Қазақша NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 1432 Kiswahili Kiswahili NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 1433 Kurdî Kurdî NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 1434 Кыргызча Кыргызча NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 1435 Latina Latina NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 1436 Latviešu Latviešu NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 1437 Lietuvių Lietuvių NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 1438 Lingua Lingua NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 1439 Franca Franca NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 1440 Nova Nova NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 1441 Magyar Magyar NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 1442 Македонски Македонски NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 1443 Malagasy Malagasy NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 1444 മലയാളം മലയാളം IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 1445 Malti Malti NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 1446 مصرى مصرى NNS en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 1447 Bahasa Bahasa NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 1448 Melayu Melayu NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 1449 Mìng Mìng NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 1450 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 1451 dĕ̤ng dĕ̤ng NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 1452 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 1453 ngṳ̄ ngṳ̄ NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 1454 Монгол Монгол NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 1455 Nederlands Nederlands NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 1456 日本語 日本語 NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 1457 Norsk Norsk NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 1458 bokmål bokmål NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 1459 Norsk Norsk NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 1460 nynorsk nynorsk NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 1461 Occitan Occitan NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 1462 Oʻzbekcha/ўзбекча Oʻzbekcha/ўзбекча NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 1463 ਪੰਜਾਬੀ ਪੰਜਾਬੀ DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 1464 پنجابی پنجابی JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 1465 پښتو پښتو NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 1466 Polski Polski NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 1467 Português Português NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 1468 Română Română NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 1469 Русский Русский NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 1470 Sardu Sardu NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 1471 Scots Scots NNPS en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 1472 Shqip Shqip NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 1473 Sicilianu Sicilianu NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 1474 සිංහල සිංහල NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 1475 Simple Simple NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 1476 English English NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 1477 Slovenčina Slovenčina NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 1478 Slovenščina Slovenščina NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 1479 Српски Српски NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 1480 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 1481 srpski srpski JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 1482 Srpskohrvatski Srpskohrvatski NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 1483 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 1484 српскохрватски српскохрватски NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 1485 Suomi Suomi NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 1486 Svenska Svenska NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 1487 Tagalog Tagalog NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 1488 தமிழ் தமிழ் , en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 1489 ไทย ไทย NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 1490 Українська Українська NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 1491 اردو اردو NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 1492 Vèneto Vèneto NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 1493 Tiếng Tiếng NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 1494 Việt Việt NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 1495 Winaray Winaray NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 1496 吴语 吴语 UH en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 1497 粵語 粵語 NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 1498 中文 中文 NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 1499 Edit Edit NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 1500 links link NNS en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 1501 This this DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 1502 page page NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 1503 was be VBD en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 1504 last last RB en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 1505 edited edit VBN en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 1506 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 1507 22 22 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 1508 January January NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 1509 2021 2021 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 1510 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 1511 at at IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 1512 10:10 10:10 CD en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 1513   _SP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 1514 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 1515 UTC UTC NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 1516 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1136 916 1517 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 917 1 Text text NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 917 2 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-1136 917 3 available available JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 917 4 under under IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 917 5 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 917 6 Creative Creative NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 917 7 Commons Commons NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 917 8 Attribution Attribution NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 917 9 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-1136 917 10 ShareAlike ShareAlike NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 917 11 License License NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 917 12 ; ; , en-wikipedia-org-1136 917 13 additional additional JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 917 14 terms term NNS en-wikipedia-org-1136 917 15 may may MD en-wikipedia-org-1136 917 16 apply apply VB en-wikipedia-org-1136 917 17 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 918 1 By by IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 918 2 using use VBG en-wikipedia-org-1136 918 3 this this DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 918 4 site site NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 918 5 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 918 6 you -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-1136 918 7 agree agree VBP en-wikipedia-org-1136 918 8 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 918 9 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 918 10 Terms term NNS en-wikipedia-org-1136 918 11 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 918 12 Use Use NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 918 13 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1136 918 14 Privacy Privacy NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 918 15 Policy Policy NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 918 16 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 919 1 Wikipedia Wikipedia NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 919 2 ® ® NNPS en-wikipedia-org-1136 919 3 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-1136 919 4 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 919 5 registered registered JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 919 6 trademark trademark NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 919 7 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 919 8 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 919 9 Wikimedia Wikimedia NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 919 10 Foundation Foundation NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 919 11 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 919 12 Inc. Inc. NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 919 13 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1136 919 14 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-1136 919 15 non non JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 919 16 - - JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 919 17 profit profit JJ en-wikipedia-org-1136 919 18 organization organization NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 919 19 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1136 920 1 Privacy privacy NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 920 2 policy policy NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 920 3 About about IN en-wikipedia-org-1136 920 4 Wikipedia Wikipedia NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 920 5 Disclaimers Disclaimers NNPS en-wikipedia-org-1136 920 6 Contact Contact NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 920 7 Wikipedia Wikipedia NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 920 8 Mobile Mobile NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 920 9 view view NN en-wikipedia-org-1136 920 10 Developers Developers NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 920 11 Statistics Statistics NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 920 12 Cookie Cookie NNP en-wikipedia-org-1136 920 13 statement statement NN