InterPlanetary File System - Wikipedia InterPlanetary File System From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to navigation Jump to search Content-addressable, peer-to-peer hypermedia distribution protocol InterPlanetary File System Original author(s) Juan Benet and Protocol Labs[1] Developer(s) Protocol Labs Initial release February 2015; 6 years ago (2015-02)[1] Stable release 0.8.0 / 18 February 2021; 2 months ago (2021-02-18)[2] Repository github.com/ipfs/ipfs Written in Protocol implementations: Go (reference implementation), JavaScript, C,[3] Python Client libraries: Go, Java, JavaScript, Python, Scala, Haskell, Swift, Common Lisp, Rust, Ruby, PHP, C#, Erlang Operating system Linux, FreeBSD, OpenBSD, macOS, Windows Available in Go, JavaScript, Python Type Protocol, distributed file system, content delivery network License MIT license, Apache license 2.0 Website ipfs.io Part of a series on File sharing Technologies File hosting services Online video platform Peer to peer Usenet Web hosting WebRTC XDCC Video sharing sites 123Movies Dailymotion PeerTube Putlocker YouTube BitTorrent sites 1337x Demonoid ExtraTorrent EZTV isoHunt KickassTorrents Nyaa Torrents RARBG Tamil Rockers The Pirate Bay YIFY Academic #ICanHazPDF Internet Archive Library Genesis Sci-Hub Academic Torrents Z-Library File sharing networks BitTorrent Direct Connect eDonkey Freenet Gnutella Gnutella2 IPFS LBRY Ares Galaxy List of P2P protocols OpenNap WebTorrent P2P clients BitComet DC++ Deluge eMule μTorrent qBittorrent Shareaza Soulseek Transmission Tribler Vuze WinMX Napster Streaming programs Butter Project Popcorn Time Torrents-Time Anonymous file sharing Anonymous P2P Darknet Freenet Friend-to-friend I2P Private P2P Proxy server Seedbox Tor VPN Development and societal aspects Timeline Legality BitTorrent issues By country or region Canada Japan Singapore UK US Comparisons Comparison of BitTorrent clients Comparison of BitTorrent sites Comparison of eDonkey software Comparison of Internet Relay Chat clients Comparison of Usenet newsreaders v t e The InterPlanetary File System (IPFS) is a protocol and peer-to-peer network for storing and sharing data in a distributed file system. IPFS uses content-addressing to uniquely identify each file in a global namespace connecting all computing devices.[4] Contents 1 Design 2 History 3 Other notable uses 4 See also 5 References 6 External links Design[edit] This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (June 2020) IPFS allows users to host and receive content in a manner similar to BitTorrent. As opposed to a centrally located server, IPFS is built around a decentralized system[5] of user-operators who hold a portion of the overall data, creating a resilient system of file storage and sharing. Any user in the network can serve a file by its content address, and other peers in the network can find and request that content from any node who has it using a distributed hash table (DHT). In contrast to BitTorrent, IPFS aims to create a single global network. This means that if Alice and Bob publish a block of data with the same hash, the peers downloading the content from Alice will exchange data with the ones downloading it from Bob.[6] IPFS aims to replace protocols used for static webpage delivery by using gateways which are accessible with HTTP.[7] Users may choose not to install an IPFS client on their device and instead use a public gateway. A list of these gateways is maintained on the IPFS GitHub page.[8] History[edit] This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (June 2020) IPFS was launched in an alpha version in February 2015, and by October of the same year was described by TechCrunch as "quickly spreading by word of mouth."[1] The Catalan independence referendum, taking place in September–October 2017, was deemed illegal by the Constitutional Court of Spain and many related websites were blocked. Subsequently, the Catalan Pirate Party mirrored the website on IPFS to bypass the High Court of Justice of Catalonia order of blocking.[9][10] Phishing attacks have also been distributed through Cloudflare's IPFS gateway since July 2018. The phishing scam HTML is stored on IPFS, and displayed via Cloudflare's gateway. The connection shows as secure via a Cloudflare SSL certificate.[11] The IPStorm botnet, first detected in June 2019, uses IPFS, so it can hide its command-and-control amongst the flow of legitimate data on the IPFS network.[12] Security researchers had worked out previously the theoretical possibility of using IPFS as a botnet command-and-control system.[13][14] Other notable uses[edit] During the block of Wikipedia in Turkey, IPFS was used to create a mirror of Wikipedia, which allows access to the content of Wikipedia despite the ban.[15] That archived version of Wikipedia is a limited immutable copy that cannot be updated. Filecoin, also inter-related to IPFS and developed by Juan Benet and Protocol Labs, is an IPFS-based cooperative storage cloud.[16] Cloudflare runs a distributed web gateway to simplify, speed up, and secure access to IPFS without needing a local node.[17] Microsoft's self-sovereign identity system, Microsoft ION, builds on the Bitcoin blockchain and IPFS through a Sidetree-based DID network.[18] Brave uses Origin Protocol and IPFS to host its decentralized merchandise store[19] and in 2021 added support into their browser.[20] Opera for Android has default support for IPFS, allowing mobile users to browse ipfs:// links to access data on the IPFS network.[21] See also[edit] Content addressable storage Dat (software) Distributed file system Freenet GNUnet ZeroNet References[edit] ^ a b c Case, Amber (4 October 2015). "Why The Internet Needs IPFS Before It's Too Late". TechCrunch. Retrieved 16 July 2019. ^ https://github.com/ipfs/go-ipfs/releases ^ Agorise (23 October 2017). "c-ipfs: IPFS implementation in C. Why C? Think Bitshares' Stealth backups, OpenWrt routers (decentralize the internet/meshnet!), Android TV, decentralized Media, decentralized websites, decent." Github.com. Retrieved 25 October 2017. ^ Finley, Klint (20 June 2016). "The Inventors of the Internet Are Trying to Build a Truly Permanent Web". Wired. ^ Krishnan, Armin (2020). "Blockchain Empowers Social Resistance and Terrorism Through Decentralized Autonomous Organizations". Journal of Strategic Security. 13 (1): 41–58. doi:10.5038/1944-0472.13.1.1743. ISSN 1944-0464. JSTOR 26907412. ^ "Content addressing". docs.ipfs.io. Retrieved 29 August 2020. ^ "IPFS Gateway". docs.ipfs.io. Retrieved 29 August 2020. ^ "Public Gateway Checker | IPFS". ipfs.github.io. Retrieved 29 August 2020. ^ Balcell, Marta Poblet (5 October 2017). "Inside Catalonia's cypherpunk referendum". Eureka Street. ^ Hill, Paul (30 September 2017). "Catalan referendum app removed from Google Play Store". Neowin. Retrieved 6 October 2017. ^ Abrams, Lawrence (4 October 2018). "Phishing Attacks Distributed Through Cloudflare's IPFS Gateway". Bleeping Computer. Retrieved 31 August 2019. ^ Palmer, Danny (11 June 2019). "This unusual Windows malware is controlled via a P2P network". ZDNet. Retrieved 31 August 2019. ^ Patsakis, Constantinos; Casino, Fran (4 June 2019). "Hydras and IPFS: a decentralised playground for malware". International Journal of Information Security. 18 (6): 787–799. arXiv:1905.11880. doi:10.1007/s10207-019-00443-0. S2CID 167217444. ^ Bruno Macabeus; Marcus Vinicius; Jo ̃ao Paolo Cavalcante; Cidcley Teixeira de Souza (6 May 2018). "Protocolos IPFS e IPNS como meio para o controle de botnet: prova de conceito" (PDF). WSCDC - SBRC 2018 (in Portuguese). Retrieved 27 April 2021. ^ Dale, Brady (10 May 2017). "Turkey Can't Block This Copy of Wikipedia". Observer Media. Archived from the original on 18 October 2017. Retrieved 20 December 2017. ^ Johnson, Steven (16 January 2018). "Beyond the Bitcoin Bubble". The New York Times. Retrieved 26 September 2018. ^ Orcutt, Mike (5 October 2018). "A big tech company is working to free the internet from big tech companies". MIT Technology Review. Retrieved 21 April 2020. ^ Simons, Alex (13 May 2019). "Toward scalable decentralized identifier systems". Azure Active Directory Identity Blog. Retrieved 27 April 2021. ^ "Brave Launches New Swag Store Powered by Origin". Brave.com (Press release). 24 March 2020. Retrieved 21 April 2020. ^ Porter, Jon (19 January 2021). "Brave browser takes step toward enabling a decentralized web". The Verge. Retrieved 29 January 2021. ^ "Opera introduces major updates to its blockchain-browser on Android". Opera Blog (Press release). 3 March 2020. Retrieved 21 April 2020. External links[edit] Official website v t e File systems Comparison of file systems distributed Unix filesystem Disk ADFS AdvFS Amiga FFS Amiga OFS APFS AthFS bcachefs BeeGFS BFS Be File System Boot File System Btrfs CVFS CXFS DFS EFS Encrypting File System Extent File System Episode ext ext2 ext3 ext3cow ext4 FFS/FFS2 FAT exFAT Files-11 Fossil GPFS HAMMER HAMMER2 HFS HFS+ HPFS HTFS JFS LFS MFS Macintosh File System TiVo Media File System MINIX NetWare File System Next3 NILFS NILFS2 NSS NTFS OneFS PFS QFS QNX4FS ReFS ReiserFS Reiser4 Reliance Reliance Nitro RFS SFS SNFS Soup (Apple) Tux3 UBIFS UFS soft updates WAPBL VxFS WAFL Xiafs XFS Xsan zFS ZFS Optical disc HSF ISO 9660 ISO 13490 UDF Flash memory and SSD APFS FAT exFAT CHFS TFAT EROFS FFS2 F2FS HPFS JFFS JFFS2 JFS LogFS NILFS NILFS2 NVFS YAFFS UBIFS Distributed CXFS GFS2 Google File System OCFS2 OrangeFS PVFS QFS Xsan more... NAS 9P AFS (OpenAFS) AFP Coda DFS Google File System GPFS Lustre NCP NFS POHMELFS Hadoop SMB (CIFS) SSHFS more... Specialized Aufs AXFS Boot File System CDfs Compact Disc File System cramfs Davfs2 EROFS FTPFS FUSE Lnfs LTFS NOVA MVFS SquashFS UMSDOS OverlayFS UnionFS WBFS Pseudo and virtual configfs devfs debugfs kernfs procfs specfs sysfs tmpfs WinFS Encrypted eCryptfs EncFS EFS Rubberhose SSHFS ZFS Types Clustered Global Grid Self-certifying Flash Journaling Log-structured Object Record-oriented Semantic Steganographic Synthetic Versioning Features Case preservation Copy-on-write Data deduplication Data scrubbing Execute in place Extent File attribute Extended file attributes File change log Fork Links Hard Symbolic Access control Access-control list Filesystem-level encryption Permissions Modes Sticky bit Interfaces File manager File system API Installable File System Virtual file system Lists Cryptographic Default Log-structured v t e Peer-to-peer file sharing Networks, protocols Centralized Direct Connect OpenNap Soribada Soulseek Decentralized Ares BitTorrent DAT eDonkey FastTrack Freenet GNUnet Gnutella Gnutella2 I2P IPFS Kad LBRY OpenFT Perfect Dark Retroshare Share Tribler WebTorrent WinMX Winny ZeroNet Historic Audiogalaxy CuteMX Entropy Kazaa LimeWire Morpheus Overnet Napster Scour WASTE Comparisons of clients Advanced Direct Connect BitTorrent Direct Connect eDonkey Gnutella Gnutella2 WebTorrent Hyperlinks eD2k Magnet Metalink Uses Backup Broadcatching Segmented file transfer Disk sharing game & video sharing Image sharing Music sharing Peercasting Sharing software Web hosting (Freesite, IPFS, ZeroNet) Legal aspects Concepts Privacy Anonymous P2P Darknet Darkweb Friend-to-friend Open Music Model Private P2P Tor Internal technologies DHT Merkle tree NAT traversal PEX Protocol Encryption SHA-1 Super-seeding Tracker UDP hole punching µTP v t e Internet censorship circumvention technologies Background Internet censorship Internet censorship in China National intranet Censorship and blocking technologies IP address blocking DNS cache poisoning Wordfilter Great Firewall of China Blocks on specific websites Facebook Twitter Wikipedia Principles With a proxy server P2P Web proxies SSH VPN PAC Without a proxy server HTTPS IPv6 transition mechanism hosts DNSCrypt Domain fronting Refraction networking Anti-censorship software Free software Lantern Psiphon Shadowsocks Outline VPN GoAgent PirateBox Proprietary software Freegate Ultrasurf Hotspot Shield Garden Networks Telex CGIProxy Proxify Browser extensions uProxy Anonymity Anonymous software Tor JAP (JonDonym) Flash proxy Mixmaster Anonymous P2P network I2P ZeroNet Freenet StealthNet Physical circumvention methods Sneakernet USB dead drop Relevant organizations GreatFire FreeWeibo Turkey Blocks Reference Great Cannon Italics indicates that maintenance of the tool has been discontinued. 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