id sid tid token lemma pos en-wikipedia-org-359 1 1 Half half JJ en-wikipedia-org-359 1 2 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-359 1 3 life life NN en-wikipedia-org-359 1 4 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-359 1 5 Wikipedia Wikipedia NNP en-wikipedia-org-359 1 6 Half half JJ en-wikipedia-org-359 1 7 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-359 1 8 life life NN en-wikipedia-org-359 1 9 From from IN en-wikipedia-org-359 1 10 Wikipedia Wikipedia NNP en-wikipedia-org-359 1 11 , , , en-wikipedia-org-359 1 12 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-359 1 13 free free JJ en-wikipedia-org-359 1 14 encyclopedia encyclopedia NN en-wikipedia-org-359 1 15 Jump Jump NNP en-wikipedia-org-359 1 16 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-359 1 17 navigation navigation NN en-wikipedia-org-359 1 18 Jump Jump NNP en-wikipedia-org-359 1 19 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-359 1 20 search search VB en-wikipedia-org-359 1 21 Scientific scientific JJ en-wikipedia-org-359 1 22 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-359 1 23 mathematical mathematical JJ en-wikipedia-org-359 1 24 term term NN en-wikipedia-org-359 1 25 This this DT en-wikipedia-org-359 1 26 article article NN en-wikipedia-org-359 1 27 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-359 1 28 about about RB en-wikipedia-org-359 1 29 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-359 1 30 scientific scientific JJ en-wikipedia-org-359 1 31 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-359 1 32 mathematical mathematical JJ en-wikipedia-org-359 1 33 concept concept NN en-wikipedia-org-359 1 34 . . . en-wikipedia-org-359 2 1 For for IN en-wikipedia-org-359 2 2 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-359 2 3 video video NN en-wikipedia-org-359 2 4 game game NN en-wikipedia-org-359 2 5 , , , en-wikipedia-org-359 2 6 see see VB en-wikipedia-org-359 2 7 Half half JJ en-wikipedia-org-359 2 8 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-359 2 9 Life life NN en-wikipedia-org-359 2 10 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-359 2 11 video video NN en-wikipedia-org-359 2 12 game game NN en-wikipedia-org-359 2 13 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-359 2 14 . . . en-wikipedia-org-359 3 1 For for IN en-wikipedia-org-359 3 2 other other JJ en-wikipedia-org-359 3 3 uses use NNS en-wikipedia-org-359 3 4 , , , en-wikipedia-org-359 3 5 see see VB en-wikipedia-org-359 3 6 Half half JJ en-wikipedia-org-359 3 7 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-359 3 8 Life life NN en-wikipedia-org-359 3 9 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-359 3 10 disambiguation disambiguation NN en-wikipedia-org-359 3 11 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-359 3 12 . . . en-wikipedia-org-359 4 1 This this DT en-wikipedia-org-359 4 2 article article NN en-wikipedia-org-359 4 3 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-359 4 4 missing miss VBG en-wikipedia-org-359 4 5 information information NN en-wikipedia-org-359 4 6 about about IN en-wikipedia-org-359 4 7 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-359 4 8 history history NN en-wikipedia-org-359 4 9 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-359 4 10 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-359 4 11 term term NN en-wikipedia-org-359 4 12 half half JJ en-wikipedia-org-359 4 13 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-359 4 14 life life NN en-wikipedia-org-359 4 15 . . . en-wikipedia-org-359 5 1 Please please UH en-wikipedia-org-359 5 2 expand expand VB en-wikipedia-org-359 5 3 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-359 5 4 article article NN en-wikipedia-org-359 5 5 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-359 5 6 include include VB en-wikipedia-org-359 5 7 this this DT en-wikipedia-org-359 5 8 information information NN en-wikipedia-org-359 5 9 . . . en-wikipedia-org-359 6 1 Further further JJ en-wikipedia-org-359 6 2 details detail NNS en-wikipedia-org-359 6 3 may may MD en-wikipedia-org-359 6 4 exist exist VB en-wikipedia-org-359 6 5 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-359 6 6 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-359 6 7 talk talk NN en-wikipedia-org-359 6 8 page page NN en-wikipedia-org-359 6 9 . . . en-wikipedia-org-359 7 1 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-359 7 2 July July NNP en-wikipedia-org-359 7 3 2019 2019 CD en-wikipedia-org-359 7 4 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-359 7 5 Number Number NNP en-wikipedia-org-359 7 6 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-359 7 7 half half NN en-wikipedia-org-359 7 8 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-359 7 9 lives life NNS en-wikipedia-org-359 7 10 elapsed elapse VBD en-wikipedia-org-359 7 11 Fraction fraction NN en-wikipedia-org-359 7 12 remaining remain VBG en-wikipedia-org-359 7 13 Percentage percentage NN en-wikipedia-org-359 7 14 remaining remain VBG en-wikipedia-org-359 7 15 0 0 CD en-wikipedia-org-359 7 16 1⁄1 1⁄1 CD en-wikipedia-org-359 7 17 100 100 CD en-wikipedia-org-359 7 18 1 1 CD en-wikipedia-org-359 7 19 1⁄2 1⁄2 CD en-wikipedia-org-359 7 20 50 50 CD en-wikipedia-org-359 7 21 2 2 CD en-wikipedia-org-359 7 22 1⁄4 1⁄4 CD en-wikipedia-org-359 7 23 25 25 CD en-wikipedia-org-359 7 24 3 3 CD en-wikipedia-org-359 7 25 1⁄8 1⁄8 CD en-wikipedia-org-359 7 26 12 12 CD en-wikipedia-org-359 7 27 .5 .5 SYM en-wikipedia-org-359 7 28 4 4 CD en-wikipedia-org-359 7 29 1⁄16 1⁄16 CD en-wikipedia-org-359 7 30 6 6 CD en-wikipedia-org-359 7 31 .25 .25 SYM en-wikipedia-org-359 7 32 5 5 CD en-wikipedia-org-359 7 33 1⁄32 1⁄32 CD en-wikipedia-org-359 7 34 3 3 CD en-wikipedia-org-359 7 35 .125 .125 CD en-wikipedia-org-359 7 36 6 6 CD en-wikipedia-org-359 7 37 1⁄64 1⁄64 CD en-wikipedia-org-359 7 38 1 1 CD en-wikipedia-org-359 7 39 .5625 .5625 CD en-wikipedia-org-359 7 40 7 7 CD en-wikipedia-org-359 7 41 1⁄128 1⁄128 CD en-wikipedia-org-359 7 42 0 0 CD en-wikipedia-org-359 7 43 .78125 .78125 NNS en-wikipedia-org-359 7 44 ... ... NFP en-wikipedia-org-359 7 45 ... ... NFP en-wikipedia-org-359 7 46 ... ... NFP en-wikipedia-org-359 7 47 n n NN en-wikipedia-org-359 7 48 1/2n 1/2n NNP en-wikipedia-org-359 7 49 100/2n 100/2n CD en-wikipedia-org-359 7 50 Half half JJ en-wikipedia-org-359 7 51 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-359 7 52 life life NN en-wikipedia-org-359 7 53 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-359 7 54 symbol symbol NN en-wikipedia-org-359 7 55 t1⁄2 t1⁄2 NNP en-wikipedia-org-359 7 56 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-359 7 57 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-359 7 58 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-359 7 59 time time NN en-wikipedia-org-359 7 60 required require VBN en-wikipedia-org-359 7 61 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-359 7 62 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-359 7 63 quantity quantity NN en-wikipedia-org-359 7 64 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-359 7 65 reduce reduce VB en-wikipedia-org-359 7 66 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-359 7 67 half half NN en-wikipedia-org-359 7 68 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-359 7 69 its -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-359 7 70 initial initial JJ en-wikipedia-org-359 7 71 value value NN en-wikipedia-org-359 7 72 . . . en-wikipedia-org-359 8 1 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-359 8 2 term term NN en-wikipedia-org-359 8 3 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-359 8 4 commonly commonly RB en-wikipedia-org-359 8 5 used use VBN en-wikipedia-org-359 8 6 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-359 8 7 nuclear nuclear JJ en-wikipedia-org-359 8 8 physics physics NN en-wikipedia-org-359 8 9 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-359 8 10 describe describe VB en-wikipedia-org-359 8 11 how how WRB en-wikipedia-org-359 8 12 quickly quickly RB en-wikipedia-org-359 8 13 unstable unstable JJ en-wikipedia-org-359 8 14 atoms atom NNS en-wikipedia-org-359 8 15 undergo undergo VBP en-wikipedia-org-359 8 16 radioactive radioactive JJ en-wikipedia-org-359 8 17 decay decay NN en-wikipedia-org-359 8 18 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-359 8 19 how how WRB en-wikipedia-org-359 8 20 long long JJ en-wikipedia-org-359 8 21 stable stable JJ en-wikipedia-org-359 8 22 atoms atom NNS en-wikipedia-org-359 8 23 survive survive VBP en-wikipedia-org-359 8 24 . . . en-wikipedia-org-359 9 1 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-359 9 2 term term NN en-wikipedia-org-359 9 3 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-359 9 4 also also RB en-wikipedia-org-359 9 5 used use VBN en-wikipedia-org-359 9 6 more more JJR en-wikipedia-org-359 9 7 generally generally RB en-wikipedia-org-359 9 8 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-359 9 9 characterize characterize VB en-wikipedia-org-359 9 10 any any DT en-wikipedia-org-359 9 11 type type NN en-wikipedia-org-359 9 12 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-359 9 13 exponential exponential JJ en-wikipedia-org-359 9 14 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-359 9 15 non non JJ en-wikipedia-org-359 9 16 - - JJ en-wikipedia-org-359 9 17 exponential exponential JJ en-wikipedia-org-359 9 18 decay decay NN en-wikipedia-org-359 9 19 . . . en-wikipedia-org-359 10 1 For for IN en-wikipedia-org-359 10 2 example example NN en-wikipedia-org-359 10 3 , , , en-wikipedia-org-359 10 4 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-359 10 5 medical medical JJ en-wikipedia-org-359 10 6 sciences sciences NNPS en-wikipedia-org-359 10 7 refer refer VBP en-wikipedia-org-359 10 8 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-359 10 9 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-359 10 10 biological biological JJ en-wikipedia-org-359 10 11 half half JJ en-wikipedia-org-359 10 12 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-359 10 13 life life NN en-wikipedia-org-359 10 14 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-359 10 15 drugs drug NNS en-wikipedia-org-359 10 16 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-359 10 17 other other JJ en-wikipedia-org-359 10 18 chemicals chemical NNS en-wikipedia-org-359 10 19 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-359 10 20 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-359 10 21 human human JJ en-wikipedia-org-359 10 22 body body NN en-wikipedia-org-359 10 23 . . . en-wikipedia-org-359 11 1 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-359 11 2 converse converse NN en-wikipedia-org-359 11 3 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-359 11 4 half half JJ en-wikipedia-org-359 11 5 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-359 11 6 life life NN en-wikipedia-org-359 11 7 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-359 11 8 doubling double VBG en-wikipedia-org-359 11 9 time time NN en-wikipedia-org-359 11 10 . . . en-wikipedia-org-359 12 1 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-359 12 2 original original JJ en-wikipedia-org-359 12 3 term term NN en-wikipedia-org-359 12 4 , , , en-wikipedia-org-359 12 5 half half JJ en-wikipedia-org-359 12 6 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-359 12 7 life life NN en-wikipedia-org-359 12 8 period period NN en-wikipedia-org-359 12 9 , , , en-wikipedia-org-359 12 10 dating date VBG en-wikipedia-org-359 12 11 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-359 12 12 Ernest Ernest NNP en-wikipedia-org-359 12 13 Rutherford Rutherford NNP en-wikipedia-org-359 12 14 's 's POS en-wikipedia-org-359 12 15 discovery discovery NN en-wikipedia-org-359 12 16 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-359 12 17 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-359 12 18 principle principle NN en-wikipedia-org-359 12 19 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-359 12 20 1907 1907 CD en-wikipedia-org-359 12 21 , , , en-wikipedia-org-359 12 22 was be VBD en-wikipedia-org-359 12 23 shortened shorten VBN en-wikipedia-org-359 12 24 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-359 12 25 half half JJ en-wikipedia-org-359 12 26 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-359 12 27 life life NN en-wikipedia-org-359 12 28 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-359 12 29 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-359 12 30 early early JJ en-wikipedia-org-359 12 31 1950s 1950s CD en-wikipedia-org-359 12 32 . . . en-wikipedia-org-359 13 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-359 13 2 1 1 LS en-wikipedia-org-359 13 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-359 13 4 Rutherford Rutherford NNP en-wikipedia-org-359 13 5 applied apply VBD en-wikipedia-org-359 13 6 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-359 13 7 principle principle NN en-wikipedia-org-359 13 8 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-359 13 9 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-359 13 10 radioactive radioactive JJ en-wikipedia-org-359 13 11 element element NN en-wikipedia-org-359 13 12 's 's POS en-wikipedia-org-359 13 13 half half JJ en-wikipedia-org-359 13 14 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-359 13 15 life life NN en-wikipedia-org-359 13 16 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-359 13 17 studies study NNS en-wikipedia-org-359 13 18 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-359 13 19 age age NN en-wikipedia-org-359 13 20 determination determination NN en-wikipedia-org-359 13 21 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-359 13 22 rocks rock NNS en-wikipedia-org-359 13 23 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-359 13 24 measuring measure VBG en-wikipedia-org-359 13 25 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-359 13 26 decay decay NN en-wikipedia-org-359 13 27 period period NN en-wikipedia-org-359 13 28 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-359 13 29 radium radium NN en-wikipedia-org-359 13 30 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-359 13 31 lead-206 lead-206 NNP en-wikipedia-org-359 13 32 . . . en-wikipedia-org-359 14 1 Half half JJ en-wikipedia-org-359 14 2 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-359 14 3 life life NN en-wikipedia-org-359 14 4 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-359 14 5 constant constant JJ en-wikipedia-org-359 14 6 over over IN en-wikipedia-org-359 14 7 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-359 14 8 lifetime lifetime NN en-wikipedia-org-359 14 9 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-359 14 10 an an DT en-wikipedia-org-359 14 11 exponentially exponentially RB en-wikipedia-org-359 14 12 decaying decaying JJ en-wikipedia-org-359 14 13 quantity quantity NN en-wikipedia-org-359 14 14 , , , en-wikipedia-org-359 14 15 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-359 14 16 it -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-359 14 17 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-359 14 18 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-359 14 19 characteristic characteristic JJ en-wikipedia-org-359 14 20 unit unit NN en-wikipedia-org-359 14 21 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-359 14 22 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-359 14 23 exponential exponential NNP en-wikipedia-org-359 14 24 decay decay NNP en-wikipedia-org-359 14 25 equation equation NN en-wikipedia-org-359 14 26 . . . en-wikipedia-org-359 15 1 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-359 15 2 accompanying accompanying JJ en-wikipedia-org-359 15 3 table table NN en-wikipedia-org-359 15 4 shows show VBZ en-wikipedia-org-359 15 5 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-359 15 6 reduction reduction NN en-wikipedia-org-359 15 7 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-359 15 8 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-359 15 9 quantity quantity NN en-wikipedia-org-359 15 10 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-359 15 11 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-359 15 12 function function NN en-wikipedia-org-359 15 13 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-359 15 14 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-359 15 15 number number NN en-wikipedia-org-359 15 16 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-359 15 17 half half NN en-wikipedia-org-359 15 18 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-359 15 19 lives life NNS en-wikipedia-org-359 15 20 elapsed elapse VBD en-wikipedia-org-359 15 21 . . . en-wikipedia-org-359 16 1 Contents content NNS en-wikipedia-org-359 16 2 1 1 CD en-wikipedia-org-359 16 3 Probabilistic probabilistic JJ en-wikipedia-org-359 16 4 nature nature NN en-wikipedia-org-359 16 5 2 2 CD en-wikipedia-org-359 16 6 Formulas formula NNS en-wikipedia-org-359 16 7 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-359 16 8 half half JJ en-wikipedia-org-359 16 9 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-359 16 10 life life NN en-wikipedia-org-359 16 11 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-359 16 12 exponential exponential JJ en-wikipedia-org-359 16 13 decay decay NN en-wikipedia-org-359 16 14 2.1 2.1 CD en-wikipedia-org-359 16 15 Half half JJ en-wikipedia-org-359 16 16 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-359 16 17 life life NN en-wikipedia-org-359 16 18 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-359 16 19 reaction reaction NN en-wikipedia-org-359 16 20 orders order NNS en-wikipedia-org-359 16 21 2.2 2.2 CD en-wikipedia-org-359 16 22 Decay decay NN en-wikipedia-org-359 16 23 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-359 16 24 two two CD en-wikipedia-org-359 16 25 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-359 16 26 more more JJR en-wikipedia-org-359 16 27 processes process NNS en-wikipedia-org-359 16 28 2.3 2.3 CD en-wikipedia-org-359 16 29 Examples example NNS en-wikipedia-org-359 16 30 3 3 CD en-wikipedia-org-359 16 31 In in IN en-wikipedia-org-359 16 32 non non JJ en-wikipedia-org-359 16 33 - - JJ en-wikipedia-org-359 16 34 exponential exponential JJ en-wikipedia-org-359 16 35 decay decay NN en-wikipedia-org-359 16 36 4 4 CD en-wikipedia-org-359 16 37 In in IN en-wikipedia-org-359 16 38 biology biology NN en-wikipedia-org-359 16 39 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-359 16 40 pharmacology pharmacology NN en-wikipedia-org-359 16 41 5 5 CD en-wikipedia-org-359 16 42 See see VB en-wikipedia-org-359 16 43 also also RB en-wikipedia-org-359 16 44 6 6 CD en-wikipedia-org-359 16 45 References reference NNS en-wikipedia-org-359 16 46 7 7 CD en-wikipedia-org-359 16 47 External external JJ en-wikipedia-org-359 16 48 links link NNS en-wikipedia-org-359 16 49 Probabilistic probabilistic JJ en-wikipedia-org-359 16 50 nature[edit nature[edit , en-wikipedia-org-359 16 51 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-359 16 52 Simulation simulation NN en-wikipedia-org-359 16 53 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-359 16 54 many many JJ en-wikipedia-org-359 16 55 identical identical JJ en-wikipedia-org-359 16 56 atoms atom NNS en-wikipedia-org-359 16 57 undergoing undergo VBG en-wikipedia-org-359 16 58 radioactive radioactive JJ en-wikipedia-org-359 16 59 decay decay NN en-wikipedia-org-359 16 60 , , , en-wikipedia-org-359 16 61 starting start VBG en-wikipedia-org-359 16 62 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-359 16 63 either either DT en-wikipedia-org-359 16 64 4 4 CD en-wikipedia-org-359 16 65 atoms atom NNS en-wikipedia-org-359 16 66 per per IN en-wikipedia-org-359 16 67 box box NN en-wikipedia-org-359 16 68 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-359 16 69 left left RB en-wikipedia-org-359 16 70 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-359 16 71 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-359 16 72 400 400 CD en-wikipedia-org-359 16 73 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-359 16 74 right right RB en-wikipedia-org-359 16 75 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-359 16 76 . . . en-wikipedia-org-359 17 1 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-359 17 2 number number NN en-wikipedia-org-359 17 3 at at IN en-wikipedia-org-359 17 4 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-359 17 5 top top NN en-wikipedia-org-359 17 6 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-359 17 7 how how WRB en-wikipedia-org-359 17 8 many many JJ en-wikipedia-org-359 17 9 half half JJ en-wikipedia-org-359 17 10 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-359 17 11 lives life NNS en-wikipedia-org-359 17 12 have have VBP en-wikipedia-org-359 17 13 elapsed elapse VBN en-wikipedia-org-359 17 14 . . . en-wikipedia-org-359 18 1 Note note VB en-wikipedia-org-359 18 2 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-359 18 3 consequence consequence NN en-wikipedia-org-359 18 4 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-359 18 5 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-359 18 6 law law NN en-wikipedia-org-359 18 7 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-359 18 8 large large JJ en-wikipedia-org-359 18 9 numbers number NNS en-wikipedia-org-359 18 10 : : : en-wikipedia-org-359 18 11 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-359 18 12 more more JJR en-wikipedia-org-359 18 13 atoms atom NNS en-wikipedia-org-359 18 14 , , , en-wikipedia-org-359 18 15 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-359 18 16 overall overall JJ en-wikipedia-org-359 18 17 decay decay NN en-wikipedia-org-359 18 18 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-359 18 19 more more RBR en-wikipedia-org-359 18 20 regular regular JJ en-wikipedia-org-359 18 21 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-359 18 22 more more RBR en-wikipedia-org-359 18 23 predictable predictable JJ en-wikipedia-org-359 18 24 . . . en-wikipedia-org-359 19 1 A a DT en-wikipedia-org-359 19 2 half half JJ en-wikipedia-org-359 19 3 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-359 19 4 life life NN en-wikipedia-org-359 19 5 usually usually RB en-wikipedia-org-359 19 6 describes describe VBZ en-wikipedia-org-359 19 7 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-359 19 8 decay decay NN en-wikipedia-org-359 19 9 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-359 19 10 discrete discrete JJ en-wikipedia-org-359 19 11 entities entity NNS en-wikipedia-org-359 19 12 , , , en-wikipedia-org-359 19 13 such such JJ en-wikipedia-org-359 19 14 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-359 19 15 radioactive radioactive JJ en-wikipedia-org-359 19 16 atoms atom NNS en-wikipedia-org-359 19 17 . . . en-wikipedia-org-359 20 1 In in IN en-wikipedia-org-359 20 2 that that DT en-wikipedia-org-359 20 3 case case NN en-wikipedia-org-359 20 4 , , , en-wikipedia-org-359 20 5 it -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-359 20 6 does do VBZ en-wikipedia-org-359 20 7 not not RB en-wikipedia-org-359 20 8 work work VB en-wikipedia-org-359 20 9 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-359 20 10 use use VB en-wikipedia-org-359 20 11 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-359 20 12 definition definition NN en-wikipedia-org-359 20 13 that that WDT en-wikipedia-org-359 20 14 states state VBZ en-wikipedia-org-359 20 15 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-359 20 16 half half JJ en-wikipedia-org-359 20 17 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-359 20 18 life life NN en-wikipedia-org-359 20 19 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-359 20 20 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-359 20 21 time time NN en-wikipedia-org-359 20 22 required require VBN en-wikipedia-org-359 20 23 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-359 20 24 exactly exactly RB en-wikipedia-org-359 20 25 half half NN en-wikipedia-org-359 20 26 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-359 20 27 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-359 20 28 entities entity NNS en-wikipedia-org-359 20 29 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-359 20 30 decay decay VB en-wikipedia-org-359 20 31 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-359 20 32 . . . en-wikipedia-org-359 21 1 For for IN en-wikipedia-org-359 21 2 example example NN en-wikipedia-org-359 21 3 , , , en-wikipedia-org-359 21 4 if if IN en-wikipedia-org-359 21 5 there there EX en-wikipedia-org-359 21 6 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-359 21 7 just just RB en-wikipedia-org-359 21 8 one one CD en-wikipedia-org-359 21 9 radioactive radioactive JJ en-wikipedia-org-359 21 10 atom atom NN en-wikipedia-org-359 21 11 , , , en-wikipedia-org-359 21 12 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-359 21 13 its -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-359 21 14 half half JJ en-wikipedia-org-359 21 15 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-359 21 16 life life NN en-wikipedia-org-359 21 17 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-359 21 18 one one CD en-wikipedia-org-359 21 19 second second NN en-wikipedia-org-359 21 20 , , , en-wikipedia-org-359 21 21 there there EX en-wikipedia-org-359 21 22 will will MD en-wikipedia-org-359 21 23 not not RB en-wikipedia-org-359 21 24 be be VB en-wikipedia-org-359 21 25 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-359 21 26 half half NN en-wikipedia-org-359 21 27 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-359 21 28 an an DT en-wikipedia-org-359 21 29 atom atom NN en-wikipedia-org-359 21 30 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-359 21 31 left leave VBN en-wikipedia-org-359 21 32 after after IN en-wikipedia-org-359 21 33 one one CD en-wikipedia-org-359 21 34 second second NN en-wikipedia-org-359 21 35 . . . en-wikipedia-org-359 22 1 Instead instead RB en-wikipedia-org-359 22 2 , , , en-wikipedia-org-359 22 3 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-359 22 4 half half JJ en-wikipedia-org-359 22 5 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-359 22 6 life life NN en-wikipedia-org-359 22 7 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-359 22 8 defined define VBN en-wikipedia-org-359 22 9 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-359 22 10 terms term NNS en-wikipedia-org-359 22 11 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-359 22 12 probability probability NN en-wikipedia-org-359 22 13 : : : en-wikipedia-org-359 22 14 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-359 22 15 Half half JJ en-wikipedia-org-359 22 16 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-359 22 17 life life NN en-wikipedia-org-359 22 18 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-359 22 19 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-359 22 20 time time NN en-wikipedia-org-359 22 21 required require VBN en-wikipedia-org-359 22 22 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-359 22 23 exactly exactly RB en-wikipedia-org-359 22 24 half half NN en-wikipedia-org-359 22 25 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-359 22 26 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-359 22 27 entities entity NNS en-wikipedia-org-359 22 28 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-359 22 29 decay decay VB en-wikipedia-org-359 22 30 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-359 22 31 average average JJ en-wikipedia-org-359 22 32 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-359 22 33 . . . en-wikipedia-org-359 23 1 In in IN en-wikipedia-org-359 23 2 other other JJ en-wikipedia-org-359 23 3 words word NNS en-wikipedia-org-359 23 4 , , , en-wikipedia-org-359 23 5 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-359 23 6 probability probability NN en-wikipedia-org-359 23 7 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-359 23 8 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-359 23 9 radioactive radioactive JJ en-wikipedia-org-359 23 10 atom atom NN en-wikipedia-org-359 23 11 decaying decay VBG en-wikipedia-org-359 23 12 within within IN en-wikipedia-org-359 23 13 its -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-359 23 14 half half JJ en-wikipedia-org-359 23 15 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-359 23 16 life life NN en-wikipedia-org-359 23 17 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-359 23 18 50 50 CD en-wikipedia-org-359 23 19 % % NN en-wikipedia-org-359 23 20 . . . en-wikipedia-org-359 24 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-359 24 2 2 2 CD en-wikipedia-org-359 24 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-359 24 4 For for IN en-wikipedia-org-359 24 5 example example NN en-wikipedia-org-359 24 6 , , , en-wikipedia-org-359 24 7 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-359 24 8 image image NN en-wikipedia-org-359 24 9 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-359 24 10 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-359 24 11 right right NN en-wikipedia-org-359 24 12 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-359 24 13 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-359 24 14 simulation simulation NN en-wikipedia-org-359 24 15 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-359 24 16 many many JJ en-wikipedia-org-359 24 17 identical identical JJ en-wikipedia-org-359 24 18 atoms atom NNS en-wikipedia-org-359 24 19 undergoing undergo VBG en-wikipedia-org-359 24 20 radioactive radioactive JJ en-wikipedia-org-359 24 21 decay decay NN en-wikipedia-org-359 24 22 . . . en-wikipedia-org-359 25 1 Note note VB en-wikipedia-org-359 25 2 that that IN en-wikipedia-org-359 25 3 after after IN en-wikipedia-org-359 25 4 one one CD en-wikipedia-org-359 25 5 half half JJ en-wikipedia-org-359 25 6 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-359 25 7 life life NN en-wikipedia-org-359 25 8 there there EX en-wikipedia-org-359 25 9 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-359 25 10 not not RB en-wikipedia-org-359 25 11 exactly exactly RB en-wikipedia-org-359 25 12 one one CD en-wikipedia-org-359 25 13 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-359 25 14 half half NN en-wikipedia-org-359 25 15 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-359 25 16 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-359 25 17 atoms atom NNS en-wikipedia-org-359 25 18 remaining remain VBG en-wikipedia-org-359 25 19 , , , en-wikipedia-org-359 25 20 only only RB en-wikipedia-org-359 25 21 approximately approximately RB en-wikipedia-org-359 25 22 , , , en-wikipedia-org-359 25 23 because because IN en-wikipedia-org-359 25 24 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-359 25 25 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-359 25 26 random random JJ en-wikipedia-org-359 25 27 variation variation NN en-wikipedia-org-359 25 28 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-359 25 29 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-359 25 30 process process NN en-wikipedia-org-359 25 31 . . . en-wikipedia-org-359 26 1 Nevertheless nevertheless RB en-wikipedia-org-359 26 2 , , , en-wikipedia-org-359 26 3 when when WRB en-wikipedia-org-359 26 4 there there EX en-wikipedia-org-359 26 5 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-359 26 6 many many JJ en-wikipedia-org-359 26 7 identical identical JJ en-wikipedia-org-359 26 8 atoms atom NNS en-wikipedia-org-359 26 9 decaying decay VBG en-wikipedia-org-359 26 10 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-359 26 11 right right JJ en-wikipedia-org-359 26 12 boxes box NNS en-wikipedia-org-359 26 13 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-359 26 14 , , , en-wikipedia-org-359 26 15 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-359 26 16 law law NN en-wikipedia-org-359 26 17 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-359 26 18 large large JJ en-wikipedia-org-359 26 19 numbers number NNS en-wikipedia-org-359 26 20 suggests suggest VBZ en-wikipedia-org-359 26 21 that that IN en-wikipedia-org-359 26 22 it -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-359 26 23 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-359 26 24 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-359 26 25 very very RB en-wikipedia-org-359 26 26 good good JJ en-wikipedia-org-359 26 27 approximation approximation NN en-wikipedia-org-359 26 28 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-359 26 29 say say VB en-wikipedia-org-359 26 30 that that IN en-wikipedia-org-359 26 31 half half NN en-wikipedia-org-359 26 32 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-359 26 33 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-359 26 34 atoms atom NNS en-wikipedia-org-359 26 35 remain remain VBP en-wikipedia-org-359 26 36 after after IN en-wikipedia-org-359 26 37 one one CD en-wikipedia-org-359 26 38 half half JJ en-wikipedia-org-359 26 39 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-359 26 40 life life NN en-wikipedia-org-359 26 41 . . . en-wikipedia-org-359 27 1 Various various JJ en-wikipedia-org-359 27 2 simple simple JJ en-wikipedia-org-359 27 3 exercises exercise NNS en-wikipedia-org-359 27 4 can can MD en-wikipedia-org-359 27 5 demonstrate demonstrate VB en-wikipedia-org-359 27 6 probabilistic probabilistic JJ en-wikipedia-org-359 27 7 decay decay NN en-wikipedia-org-359 27 8 , , , en-wikipedia-org-359 27 9 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-359 27 10 example example NN en-wikipedia-org-359 27 11 involving involve VBG en-wikipedia-org-359 27 12 flipping flipping NN en-wikipedia-org-359 27 13 coins coin NNS en-wikipedia-org-359 27 14 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-359 27 15 running run VBG en-wikipedia-org-359 27 16 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-359 27 17 statistical statistical JJ en-wikipedia-org-359 27 18 computer computer NN en-wikipedia-org-359 27 19 program program NN en-wikipedia-org-359 27 20 . . . en-wikipedia-org-359 28 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-359 28 2 3][4][5 3][4][5 CD en-wikipedia-org-359 28 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-359 28 4 Formulas formula NNS en-wikipedia-org-359 28 5 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-359 28 6 half half JJ en-wikipedia-org-359 28 7 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-359 28 8 life life NN en-wikipedia-org-359 28 9 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-359 28 10 exponential exponential JJ en-wikipedia-org-359 28 11 decay[edit decay[edit NN en-wikipedia-org-359 28 12 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-359 28 13 Main main JJ en-wikipedia-org-359 28 14 article article NN en-wikipedia-org-359 28 15 : : : en-wikipedia-org-359 28 16 Exponential exponential JJ en-wikipedia-org-359 28 17 decay decay VB en-wikipedia-org-359 28 18 An an DT en-wikipedia-org-359 28 19 exponential exponential JJ en-wikipedia-org-359 28 20 decay decay NN en-wikipedia-org-359 28 21 can can MD en-wikipedia-org-359 28 22 be be VB en-wikipedia-org-359 28 23 described describe VBN en-wikipedia-org-359 28 24 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-359 28 25 any any DT en-wikipedia-org-359 28 26 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-359 28 27 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-359 28 28 following follow VBG en-wikipedia-org-359 28 29 three three CD en-wikipedia-org-359 28 30 equivalent equivalent JJ en-wikipedia-org-359 28 31 formulas:[6]:109–112 formulas:[6]:109–112 NNP en-wikipedia-org-359 28 32 N n NN en-wikipedia-org-359 28 33 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-359 28 34 t t NNP en-wikipedia-org-359 28 35 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-359 28 36 = = NFP en-wikipedia-org-359 28 37 N n NN en-wikipedia-org-359 28 38 0 0 CD en-wikipedia-org-359 28 39 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-359 28 40 1 1 CD en-wikipedia-org-359 28 41 2 2 CD en-wikipedia-org-359 28 42 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-359 28 43 t t NNP en-wikipedia-org-359 28 44 t t NNP en-wikipedia-org-359 28 45 1 1 CD en-wikipedia-org-359 28 46 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-359 28 47 2 2 CD en-wikipedia-org-359 28 48 N n CD en-wikipedia-org-359 28 49 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-359 28 50 t t NNP en-wikipedia-org-359 28 51 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-359 28 52 = = NFP en-wikipedia-org-359 28 53 N n NN en-wikipedia-org-359 28 54 0 0 CD en-wikipedia-org-359 28 55 e e NN en-wikipedia-org-359 28 56 − − NNP en-wikipedia-org-359 28 57 t t NN en-wikipedia-org-359 28 58 τ τ NN en-wikipedia-org-359 28 59 N N NNP en-wikipedia-org-359 28 60 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-359 28 61 t t NNP en-wikipedia-org-359 28 62 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-359 28 63 = = NFP en-wikipedia-org-359 28 64 N n NN en-wikipedia-org-359 28 65 0 0 CD en-wikipedia-org-359 28 66 e e NN en-wikipedia-org-359 28 67 − − NNP en-wikipedia-org-359 28 68 λ λ NNP en-wikipedia-org-359 28 69 t t NN en-wikipedia-org-359 28 70 { { -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-359 28 71 \displaystyle \displaystyle CD en-wikipedia-org-359 28 72 { { -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-359 28 73 \begin{aligned}N(t)&=N_{0}\left({\frac \begin{aligned}n(t)&=n_{0}\left({\frac NN en-wikipedia-org-359 28 74 { { -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-359 28 75 1}{2}}\right)^{\frac 1}{2}}\right)^{\frac NNP en-wikipedia-org-359 28 76 { { -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-359 28 77 t}{t_{1/2}}}\\N(t)&=N_{0}e^{-{\frac t}{t_{1/2}}}\\n(t)&=n_{0}e^{-{\frac NN en-wikipedia-org-359 28 78 { { -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-359 28 79 t}{\tau t}{\tau FW en-wikipedia-org-359 28 80 } } -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-359 28 81 } } -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-359 28 82 } } -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-359 28 83 \\N(t)&=N_{0}e^{-\lambda \\n(t)&=n_{0}e^{-\lambda VB en-wikipedia-org-359 28 84 t}\end{aligned t}\end{aligned JJ en-wikipedia-org-359 28 85 } } -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-359 28 86 } } -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-359 28 87 } } -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-359 28 88 where where WRB en-wikipedia-org-359 28 89 N0 n0 NN en-wikipedia-org-359 28 90 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-359 28 91 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-359 28 92 initial initial JJ en-wikipedia-org-359 28 93 quantity quantity NN en-wikipedia-org-359 28 94 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-359 28 95 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-359 28 96 substance substance NN en-wikipedia-org-359 28 97 that that WDT en-wikipedia-org-359 28 98 will will MD en-wikipedia-org-359 28 99 decay decay VB en-wikipedia-org-359 28 100 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-359 28 101 this this DT en-wikipedia-org-359 28 102 quantity quantity NN en-wikipedia-org-359 28 103 may may MD en-wikipedia-org-359 28 104 be be VB en-wikipedia-org-359 28 105 measured measure VBN en-wikipedia-org-359 28 106 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-359 28 107 grams gram NNS en-wikipedia-org-359 28 108 , , , en-wikipedia-org-359 28 109 moles mole NNS en-wikipedia-org-359 28 110 , , , en-wikipedia-org-359 28 111 number number NN en-wikipedia-org-359 28 112 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-359 28 113 atoms atom NNS en-wikipedia-org-359 28 114 , , , en-wikipedia-org-359 28 115 etc etc FW en-wikipedia-org-359 28 116 . . . en-wikipedia-org-359 29 1 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-359 29 2 , , , en-wikipedia-org-359 29 3 N(t n(t CD en-wikipedia-org-359 29 4 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-359 29 5 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-359 29 6 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-359 29 7 quantity quantity NN en-wikipedia-org-359 29 8 that that WDT en-wikipedia-org-359 29 9 still still RB en-wikipedia-org-359 29 10 remains remain VBZ en-wikipedia-org-359 29 11 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-359 29 12 has have VBZ en-wikipedia-org-359 29 13 not not RB en-wikipedia-org-359 29 14 yet yet RB en-wikipedia-org-359 29 15 decayed decay VBN en-wikipedia-org-359 29 16 after after IN en-wikipedia-org-359 29 17 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-359 29 18 time time NN en-wikipedia-org-359 29 19 t t NN en-wikipedia-org-359 29 20 , , , en-wikipedia-org-359 29 21 t1⁄2 t1⁄2 NNP en-wikipedia-org-359 29 22 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-359 29 23 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-359 29 24 half half JJ en-wikipedia-org-359 29 25 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-359 29 26 life life NN en-wikipedia-org-359 29 27 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-359 29 28 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-359 29 29 decaying decay VBG en-wikipedia-org-359 29 30 quantity quantity NN en-wikipedia-org-359 29 31 , , , en-wikipedia-org-359 29 32 τ τ LS en-wikipedia-org-359 29 33 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-359 29 34 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-359 29 35 positive positive JJ en-wikipedia-org-359 29 36 number number NN en-wikipedia-org-359 29 37 called call VBN en-wikipedia-org-359 29 38 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-359 29 39 mean mean JJ en-wikipedia-org-359 29 40 lifetime lifetime NN en-wikipedia-org-359 29 41 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-359 29 42 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-359 29 43 decaying decay VBG en-wikipedia-org-359 29 44 quantity quantity NN en-wikipedia-org-359 29 45 , , , en-wikipedia-org-359 29 46 λ λ NNP en-wikipedia-org-359 29 47 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-359 29 48 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-359 29 49 positive positive JJ en-wikipedia-org-359 29 50 number number NN en-wikipedia-org-359 29 51 called call VBN en-wikipedia-org-359 29 52 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-359 29 53 decay decay NN en-wikipedia-org-359 29 54 constant constant NN en-wikipedia-org-359 29 55 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-359 29 56 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-359 29 57 decaying decay VBG en-wikipedia-org-359 29 58 quantity quantity NN en-wikipedia-org-359 29 59 . . . en-wikipedia-org-359 30 1 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-359 30 2 three three CD en-wikipedia-org-359 30 3 parameters parameter NNS en-wikipedia-org-359 30 4 t1⁄2 t1⁄2 NNP en-wikipedia-org-359 30 5 , , , en-wikipedia-org-359 30 6 τ τ NN en-wikipedia-org-359 30 7 , , , en-wikipedia-org-359 30 8 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-359 30 9 λ λ PRP en-wikipedia-org-359 30 10 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-359 30 11 all all DT en-wikipedia-org-359 30 12 directly directly RB en-wikipedia-org-359 30 13 related relate VBN en-wikipedia-org-359 30 14 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-359 30 15 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-359 30 16 following following JJ en-wikipedia-org-359 30 17 way way NN en-wikipedia-org-359 30 18 : : : en-wikipedia-org-359 30 19 t t NNP en-wikipedia-org-359 30 20 1 1 CD en-wikipedia-org-359 30 21 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-359 30 22 2 2 CD en-wikipedia-org-359 30 23 = = SYM en-wikipedia-org-359 30 24 ln ln FW en-wikipedia-org-359 30 25 ⁡ ⁡ NN en-wikipedia-org-359 30 26 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-359 30 27 2 2 CD en-wikipedia-org-359 30 28 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-359 30 29 λ λ NN en-wikipedia-org-359 30 30 = = SYM en-wikipedia-org-359 30 31 τ τ NN en-wikipedia-org-359 30 32 ln ln NN en-wikipedia-org-359 30 33 ⁡ ⁡ NN en-wikipedia-org-359 30 34 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-359 30 35 2 2 CD en-wikipedia-org-359 30 36 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-359 30 37 { { -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-359 30 38 \displaystyle \displaystyle CD en-wikipedia-org-359 30 39 t_{1/2}={\frac t_{1/2}={\frac NN en-wikipedia-org-359 30 40 { { -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-359 30 41 \ln(2)}{\lambda \ln(2)}{\lambda NN en-wikipedia-org-359 30 42 } } -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-359 30 43 } } -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-359 30 44 = = NFP en-wikipedia-org-359 30 45 \tau \tau CD en-wikipedia-org-359 30 46 \ln(2 \ln(2 NN en-wikipedia-org-359 30 47 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-359 30 48 } } -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-359 30 49 where where WRB en-wikipedia-org-359 30 50 ln(2 ln(2 NN en-wikipedia-org-359 30 51 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-359 30 52 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-359 30 53 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-359 30 54 natural natural JJ en-wikipedia-org-359 30 55 logarithm logarithm NN en-wikipedia-org-359 30 56 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-359 30 57 2 2 CD en-wikipedia-org-359 30 58 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-359 30 59 approximately approximately RB en-wikipedia-org-359 30 60 0.693 0.693 CD en-wikipedia-org-359 30 61 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-359 30 62 . . . en-wikipedia-org-359 31 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-359 31 2 6]:112 6]:112 CD en-wikipedia-org-359 31 3 Half half JJ en-wikipedia-org-359 31 4 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-359 31 5 life life NN en-wikipedia-org-359 31 6 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-359 31 7 reaction reaction NN en-wikipedia-org-359 31 8 orders[edit orders[edit LS en-wikipedia-org-359 31 9 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-359 31 10 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-359 31 11 value value NN en-wikipedia-org-359 31 12 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-359 31 13 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-359 31 14 half half JJ en-wikipedia-org-359 31 15 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-359 31 16 life life NN en-wikipedia-org-359 31 17 depends depend VBZ en-wikipedia-org-359 31 18 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-359 31 19 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-359 31 20 reaction reaction NN en-wikipedia-org-359 31 21 order order NN en-wikipedia-org-359 31 22 : : : en-wikipedia-org-359 31 23 Zero zero CD en-wikipedia-org-359 31 24 order order NN en-wikipedia-org-359 31 25 kinetics kinetic NNS en-wikipedia-org-359 31 26 : : : en-wikipedia-org-359 31 27 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-359 31 28 rate rate NN en-wikipedia-org-359 31 29 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-359 31 30 this this DT en-wikipedia-org-359 31 31 kind kind NN en-wikipedia-org-359 31 32 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-359 31 33 reaction reaction NN en-wikipedia-org-359 31 34 does do VBZ en-wikipedia-org-359 31 35 not not RB en-wikipedia-org-359 31 36 depend depend VB en-wikipedia-org-359 31 37 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-359 31 38 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-359 31 39 substrate substrate JJ en-wikipedia-org-359 31 40 concentration concentration NN en-wikipedia-org-359 31 41 . . . en-wikipedia-org-359 32 1 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-359 32 2 rate rate NN en-wikipedia-org-359 32 3 law law NN en-wikipedia-org-359 32 4 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-359 32 5 zero zero CD en-wikipedia-org-359 32 6 order order NN en-wikipedia-org-359 32 7 kinetics kinetic NNS en-wikipedia-org-359 32 8 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-359 32 9 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-359 32 10 follows follow VBZ en-wikipedia-org-359 32 11 : : : en-wikipedia-org-359 32 12 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-359 32 13 A a NN en-wikipedia-org-359 32 14 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-359 32 15 = = SYM en-wikipedia-org-359 32 16 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-359 32 17 A a NN en-wikipedia-org-359 32 18 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-359 32 19 0 0 NFP en-wikipedia-org-359 32 20 − − NNP en-wikipedia-org-359 32 21 k k NN en-wikipedia-org-359 32 22 t t NN en-wikipedia-org-359 32 23 { { -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-359 32 24 \displaystyle \displaystyle CD en-wikipedia-org-359 32 25 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-359 32 26 A]=[A]_{0}-kt A]=[A]_{0}-kt NNP en-wikipedia-org-359 32 27 } } -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-359 32 28 In in IN en-wikipedia-org-359 32 29 order order NN en-wikipedia-org-359 32 30 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-359 32 31 find find VB en-wikipedia-org-359 32 32 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-359 32 33 half half JJ en-wikipedia-org-359 32 34 life life NN en-wikipedia-org-359 32 35 we -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-359 32 36 have have VBP en-wikipedia-org-359 32 37 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-359 32 38 replace replace VB en-wikipedia-org-359 32 39 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-359 32 40 concentration concentration NN en-wikipedia-org-359 32 41 value value NN en-wikipedia-org-359 32 42 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-359 32 43 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-359 32 44 initial initial JJ en-wikipedia-org-359 32 45 concentration concentration NN en-wikipedia-org-359 32 46 divided divide VBN en-wikipedia-org-359 32 47 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-359 32 48 2 2 CD en-wikipedia-org-359 32 49 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-359 32 50 isolate isolate VB en-wikipedia-org-359 32 51 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-359 32 52 time time NN en-wikipedia-org-359 32 53 . . . en-wikipedia-org-359 33 1 If if IN en-wikipedia-org-359 33 2 we -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-359 33 3 do do VBP en-wikipedia-org-359 33 4 it -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-359 33 5 , , , en-wikipedia-org-359 33 6 we -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-359 33 7 find find VBP en-wikipedia-org-359 33 8 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-359 33 9 equation equation NN en-wikipedia-org-359 33 10 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-359 33 11 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-359 33 12 half half JJ en-wikipedia-org-359 33 13 life life NN en-wikipedia-org-359 33 14 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-359 33 15 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-359 33 16 zero zero CD en-wikipedia-org-359 33 17 order order NN en-wikipedia-org-359 33 18 reaction reaction NN en-wikipedia-org-359 33 19 : : : en-wikipedia-org-359 33 20 t t NNP en-wikipedia-org-359 33 21 1 1 CD en-wikipedia-org-359 33 22 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-359 33 23 2 2 CD en-wikipedia-org-359 33 24 = = SYM en-wikipedia-org-359 33 25 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-359 33 26 A a NN en-wikipedia-org-359 33 27 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-359 33 28 0 0 CD en-wikipedia-org-359 33 29 k k NN en-wikipedia-org-359 33 30 2 2 CD en-wikipedia-org-359 33 31 { { -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-359 33 32 \displaystyle \displaystyle CD en-wikipedia-org-359 33 33 t_{1/2}={\frac t_{1/2}={\frac NNS en-wikipedia-org-359 33 34 { { -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-359 33 35 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-359 33 36 A]_{0}}{k2 A]_{0}}{k2 NNS en-wikipedia-org-359 33 37 } } -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-359 33 38 } } -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-359 33 39 } } -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-359 33 40 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-359 33 41 t1/2 t1/2 NN en-wikipedia-org-359 33 42 formula formula NN en-wikipedia-org-359 33 43 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-359 33 44 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-359 33 45 zero zero CD en-wikipedia-org-359 33 46 order order NN en-wikipedia-org-359 33 47 reaction reaction NN en-wikipedia-org-359 33 48 suggests suggest VBZ en-wikipedia-org-359 33 49 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-359 33 50 half half JJ en-wikipedia-org-359 33 51 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-359 33 52 life life NN en-wikipedia-org-359 33 53 depends depend VBZ en-wikipedia-org-359 33 54 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-359 33 55 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-359 33 56 amount amount NN en-wikipedia-org-359 33 57 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-359 33 58 initial initial JJ en-wikipedia-org-359 33 59 concentration concentration NN en-wikipedia-org-359 33 60 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-359 33 61 rate rate NN en-wikipedia-org-359 33 62 constant constant JJ en-wikipedia-org-359 33 63 . . . en-wikipedia-org-359 34 1 First first JJ en-wikipedia-org-359 34 2 order order NN en-wikipedia-org-359 34 3 kinetics kinetic NNS en-wikipedia-org-359 34 4 : : : en-wikipedia-org-359 34 5 In in IN en-wikipedia-org-359 34 6 first first JJ en-wikipedia-org-359 34 7 order order NN en-wikipedia-org-359 34 8 reactions reaction NNS en-wikipedia-org-359 34 9 , , , en-wikipedia-org-359 34 10 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-359 34 11 concentration concentration NN en-wikipedia-org-359 34 12 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-359 34 13 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-359 34 14 reaction reaction NN en-wikipedia-org-359 34 15 will will MD en-wikipedia-org-359 34 16 continue continue VB en-wikipedia-org-359 34 17 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-359 34 18 decrease decrease VB en-wikipedia-org-359 34 19 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-359 34 20 time time NN en-wikipedia-org-359 34 21 progresses progress NNS en-wikipedia-org-359 34 22 until until IN en-wikipedia-org-359 34 23 it -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-359 34 24 reaches reach VBZ en-wikipedia-org-359 34 25 zero zero CD en-wikipedia-org-359 34 26 , , , en-wikipedia-org-359 34 27 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-359 34 28 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-359 34 29 length length NN en-wikipedia-org-359 34 30 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-359 34 31 half half JJ en-wikipedia-org-359 34 32 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-359 34 33 life life NN en-wikipedia-org-359 34 34 will will MD en-wikipedia-org-359 34 35 be be VB en-wikipedia-org-359 34 36 constant constant JJ en-wikipedia-org-359 34 37 , , , en-wikipedia-org-359 34 38 independent independent JJ en-wikipedia-org-359 34 39 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-359 34 40 concentration concentration NN en-wikipedia-org-359 34 41 . . . en-wikipedia-org-359 35 1 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-359 35 2 time time NN en-wikipedia-org-359 35 3 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-359 35 4 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-359 35 5 A a NN en-wikipedia-org-359 35 6 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-359 35 7 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-359 35 8 decrease decrease VB en-wikipedia-org-359 35 9 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-359 35 10 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-359 35 11 A]0 A]0 NNP en-wikipedia-org-359 35 12 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-359 35 13 ½ ½ NNP en-wikipedia-org-359 35 14 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-359 35 15 A]0 A]0 NNP en-wikipedia-org-359 35 16 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-359 35 17 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-359 35 18 first first JJ en-wikipedia-org-359 35 19 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-359 35 20 order order NN en-wikipedia-org-359 35 21 reaction reaction NN en-wikipedia-org-359 35 22 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-359 35 23 given give VBN en-wikipedia-org-359 35 24 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-359 35 25 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-359 35 26 following following JJ en-wikipedia-org-359 35 27 equation equation NN en-wikipedia-org-359 35 28 : : : en-wikipedia-org-359 35 29 k k NNP en-wikipedia-org-359 35 30 t t NNP en-wikipedia-org-359 35 31 1 1 CD en-wikipedia-org-359 35 32 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-359 35 33 2 2 CD en-wikipedia-org-359 35 34 = = SYM en-wikipedia-org-359 35 35 − − NNP en-wikipedia-org-359 35 36 ln ln NNP en-wikipedia-org-359 35 37 ⁡ ⁡ NN en-wikipedia-org-359 35 38 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-359 35 39 1 1 CD en-wikipedia-org-359 35 40 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-359 35 41 2 2 CD en-wikipedia-org-359 35 42 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-359 35 43 A a NN en-wikipedia-org-359 35 44 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-359 35 45 0 0 CD en-wikipedia-org-359 35 46 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-359 35 47 A a NN en-wikipedia-org-359 35 48 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-359 35 49 0 0 CD en-wikipedia-org-359 35 50 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-359 35 51 = = NFP en-wikipedia-org-359 35 52 − − NNP en-wikipedia-org-359 35 53 ln ln NNP en-wikipedia-org-359 35 54 ⁡ ⁡ NNP en-wikipedia-org-359 35 55 1 1 CD en-wikipedia-org-359 35 56 2 2 CD en-wikipedia-org-359 35 57 = = SYM en-wikipedia-org-359 35 58 ln ln NN en-wikipedia-org-359 35 59 ⁡ ⁡ NN en-wikipedia-org-359 35 60 2 2 CD en-wikipedia-org-359 35 61 { { -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-359 35 62 \displaystyle \displaystyle CD en-wikipedia-org-359 35 63 kt_{1/2}=-\ln kt_{1/2}=-\ln NNP en-wikipedia-org-359 35 64 { { -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-359 35 65 \biggl \biggl CD en-wikipedia-org-359 35 66 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-359 35 67 } } -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-359 35 68 { { -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-359 35 69 \frac \frac CD en-wikipedia-org-359 35 70 { { -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-359 35 71 1/2[A]_{0}}{[A]_{0}}}{\biggr 1/2[a]_{0}}{[a]_{0}}}{\biggr CD en-wikipedia-org-359 35 72 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-359 35 73 } } -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-359 35 74 = = NFP en-wikipedia-org-359 35 75 -\ln -\ln NFP en-wikipedia-org-359 35 76 { { -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-359 35 77 \frac \frac CD en-wikipedia-org-359 35 78 { { -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-359 35 79 1}{2}}=\ln 1}{2}}=\ln CD en-wikipedia-org-359 35 80 2 2 CD en-wikipedia-org-359 35 81 } } -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-359 35 82 For for IN en-wikipedia-org-359 35 83 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-359 35 84 first first JJ en-wikipedia-org-359 35 85 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-359 35 86 order order NN en-wikipedia-org-359 35 87 reaction reaction NN en-wikipedia-org-359 35 88 , , , en-wikipedia-org-359 35 89 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-359 35 90 half half JJ en-wikipedia-org-359 35 91 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-359 35 92 life life NN en-wikipedia-org-359 35 93 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-359 35 94 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-359 35 95 reactant reactant NN en-wikipedia-org-359 35 96 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-359 35 97 independent independent JJ en-wikipedia-org-359 35 98 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-359 35 99 its -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-359 35 100 initial initial JJ en-wikipedia-org-359 35 101 concentration concentration NN en-wikipedia-org-359 35 102 . . . en-wikipedia-org-359 36 1 Therefore therefore RB en-wikipedia-org-359 36 2 , , , en-wikipedia-org-359 36 3 if if IN en-wikipedia-org-359 36 4 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-359 36 5 concentration concentration NN en-wikipedia-org-359 36 6 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-359 36 7 A a DT en-wikipedia-org-359 36 8 at at IN en-wikipedia-org-359 36 9 some some DT en-wikipedia-org-359 36 10 arbitrary arbitrary JJ en-wikipedia-org-359 36 11 stage stage NN en-wikipedia-org-359 36 12 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-359 36 13 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-359 36 14 reaction reaction NN en-wikipedia-org-359 36 15 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-359 36 16 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-359 36 17 A a NN en-wikipedia-org-359 36 18 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-359 36 19 , , , en-wikipedia-org-359 36 20 then then RB en-wikipedia-org-359 36 21 it -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-359 36 22 will will MD en-wikipedia-org-359 36 23 have have VB en-wikipedia-org-359 36 24 fallen fall VBN en-wikipedia-org-359 36 25 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-359 36 26 ½ ½ NN en-wikipedia-org-359 36 27 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-359 36 28 A a NN en-wikipedia-org-359 36 29 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-359 36 30 after after IN en-wikipedia-org-359 36 31 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-359 36 32 further further JJ en-wikipedia-org-359 36 33 interval interval NN en-wikipedia-org-359 36 34 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-359 36 35 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-359 36 36 \ln \ln NNP en-wikipedia-org-359 36 37 2)/k 2)/k NNS en-wikipedia-org-359 36 38 . . . en-wikipedia-org-359 37 1 Hence hence RB en-wikipedia-org-359 37 2 , , , en-wikipedia-org-359 37 3 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-359 37 4 half half JJ en-wikipedia-org-359 37 5 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-359 37 6 life life NN en-wikipedia-org-359 37 7 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-359 37 8 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-359 37 9 first first JJ en-wikipedia-org-359 37 10 order order NN en-wikipedia-org-359 37 11 reaction reaction NN en-wikipedia-org-359 37 12 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-359 37 13 given give VBN en-wikipedia-org-359 37 14 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-359 37 15 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-359 37 16 following follow VBG en-wikipedia-org-359 37 17 : : : en-wikipedia-org-359 37 18 t t NNP en-wikipedia-org-359 37 19 1 1 CD en-wikipedia-org-359 37 20 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-359 37 21 2 2 CD en-wikipedia-org-359 37 22 = = SYM en-wikipedia-org-359 37 23 ln ln NN en-wikipedia-org-359 37 24 ⁡ ⁡ NN en-wikipedia-org-359 37 25 2 2 CD en-wikipedia-org-359 37 26 k k NN en-wikipedia-org-359 37 27 { { -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-359 37 28 \displaystyle \displaystyle CD en-wikipedia-org-359 37 29 t_{1/2}={\frac t_{1/2}={\frac NN en-wikipedia-org-359 37 30 { { -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-359 37 31 \ln \ln JJ en-wikipedia-org-359 37 32 2}{k 2}{k NN en-wikipedia-org-359 37 33 } } -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-359 37 34 } } -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-359 37 35 } } -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-359 37 36 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-359 37 37 half half JJ en-wikipedia-org-359 37 38 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-359 37 39 life life NN en-wikipedia-org-359 37 40 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-359 37 41 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-359 37 42 first first JJ en-wikipedia-org-359 37 43 order order NN en-wikipedia-org-359 37 44 reaction reaction NN en-wikipedia-org-359 37 45 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-359 37 46 independent independent JJ en-wikipedia-org-359 37 47 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-359 37 48 its -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-359 37 49 initial initial JJ en-wikipedia-org-359 37 50 concentration concentration NN en-wikipedia-org-359 37 51 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-359 37 52 depends depend VBZ en-wikipedia-org-359 37 53 solely solely RB en-wikipedia-org-359 37 54 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-359 37 55 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-359 37 56 reaction reaction NN en-wikipedia-org-359 37 57 rate rate NN en-wikipedia-org-359 37 58 constant constant JJ en-wikipedia-org-359 37 59 , , , en-wikipedia-org-359 37 60 k. k. NN en-wikipedia-org-359 37 61 Second second JJ en-wikipedia-org-359 37 62 order order NN en-wikipedia-org-359 37 63 kinetics kinetic NNS en-wikipedia-org-359 37 64 : : : en-wikipedia-org-359 37 65 In in IN en-wikipedia-org-359 37 66 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-359 37 67 second second JJ en-wikipedia-org-359 37 68 order order NN en-wikipedia-org-359 37 69 reactions reaction NNS en-wikipedia-org-359 37 70 , , , en-wikipedia-org-359 37 71 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-359 37 72 concentration concentration NN en-wikipedia-org-359 37 73 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-359 37 74 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-359 37 75 reactant reactant JJ en-wikipedia-org-359 37 76 decrease decrease NN en-wikipedia-org-359 37 77 following follow VBG en-wikipedia-org-359 37 78 this this DT en-wikipedia-org-359 37 79 formula formula NN en-wikipedia-org-359 37 80 : : : en-wikipedia-org-359 37 81 1 1 LS en-wikipedia-org-359 37 82 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-359 37 83 A a NN en-wikipedia-org-359 37 84 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-359 37 85 = = SYM en-wikipedia-org-359 37 86 k k NNP en-wikipedia-org-359 37 87 t t NN en-wikipedia-org-359 37 88 + + CC en-wikipedia-org-359 37 89 1 1 CD en-wikipedia-org-359 37 90 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-359 37 91 A a NN en-wikipedia-org-359 37 92 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-359 37 93 0 0 CD en-wikipedia-org-359 37 94 { { -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-359 37 95 \displaystyle \displaystyle CD en-wikipedia-org-359 37 96 { { -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-359 37 97 \frac \frac CD en-wikipedia-org-359 37 98 { { -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-359 37 99 1}{[A]}}=kt+{\frac 1}{[a]}}=kt+{\frac CD en-wikipedia-org-359 37 100 { { -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-359 37 101 1}{[A]_{0 1}{[a]_{0 CD en-wikipedia-org-359 37 102 } } -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-359 37 103 } } -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-359 37 104 } } -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-359 37 105 } } -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-359 37 106 Then then RB en-wikipedia-org-359 37 107 , , , en-wikipedia-org-359 37 108 we -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-359 37 109 replace replace VBP en-wikipedia-org-359 37 110 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-359 37 111 A a NN en-wikipedia-org-359 37 112 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-359 37 113 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-359 37 114 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-359 37 115 A]0 A]0 NNP en-wikipedia-org-359 37 116 divided divide VBN en-wikipedia-org-359 37 117 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-359 37 118 2 2 CD en-wikipedia-org-359 37 119 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-359 37 120 order order NN en-wikipedia-org-359 37 121 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-359 37 122 calculate calculate VB en-wikipedia-org-359 37 123 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-359 37 124 half half JJ en-wikipedia-org-359 37 125 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-359 37 126 life life NN en-wikipedia-org-359 37 127 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-359 37 128 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-359 37 129 reactant reactant JJ en-wikipedia-org-359 37 130 A A NNP en-wikipedia-org-359 37 131 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-359 37 132 isolate isolate VB en-wikipedia-org-359 37 133 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-359 37 134 time time NN en-wikipedia-org-359 37 135 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-359 37 136 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-359 37 137 half half JJ en-wikipedia-org-359 37 138 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-359 37 139 life life NN en-wikipedia-org-359 37 140 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-359 37 141 t1/2 t1/2 NNP en-wikipedia-org-359 37 142 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-359 37 143 : : : en-wikipedia-org-359 37 144 t t NNP en-wikipedia-org-359 37 145 1 1 CD en-wikipedia-org-359 37 146 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-359 37 147 2 2 CD en-wikipedia-org-359 37 148 = = SYM en-wikipedia-org-359 37 149 1 1 CD en-wikipedia-org-359 37 150 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-359 37 151 A a NN en-wikipedia-org-359 37 152 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-359 37 153 0 0 CD en-wikipedia-org-359 37 154 k k NN en-wikipedia-org-359 37 155 { { -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-359 37 156 \displaystyle \displaystyle CD en-wikipedia-org-359 37 157 t_{1/2}={\frac t_{1/2}={\frac NN en-wikipedia-org-359 37 158 { { -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-359 37 159 1}{[A]_{0}k 1}{[a]_{0}k CD en-wikipedia-org-359 37 160 } } -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-359 37 161 } } -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-359 37 162 } } -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-359 37 163 As as IN en-wikipedia-org-359 37 164 you -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-359 37 165 can can MD en-wikipedia-org-359 37 166 see see VB en-wikipedia-org-359 37 167 , , , en-wikipedia-org-359 37 168 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-359 37 169 half half JJ en-wikipedia-org-359 37 170 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-359 37 171 life life NN en-wikipedia-org-359 37 172 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-359 37 173 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-359 37 174 second second JJ en-wikipedia-org-359 37 175 order order NN en-wikipedia-org-359 37 176 reactions reaction NNS en-wikipedia-org-359 37 177 depends depend VBZ en-wikipedia-org-359 37 178 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-359 37 179 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-359 37 180 initial initial JJ en-wikipedia-org-359 37 181 concentration concentration NN en-wikipedia-org-359 37 182 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-359 37 183 rate rate NN en-wikipedia-org-359 37 184 constant constant JJ en-wikipedia-org-359 37 185 . . . en-wikipedia-org-359 38 1 Decay decay NN en-wikipedia-org-359 38 2 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-359 38 3 two two CD en-wikipedia-org-359 38 4 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-359 38 5 more more JJR en-wikipedia-org-359 38 6 processes[edit processes[edit JJ en-wikipedia-org-359 38 7 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-359 38 8 Some some DT en-wikipedia-org-359 38 9 quantities quantity NNS en-wikipedia-org-359 38 10 decay decay VBP en-wikipedia-org-359 38 11 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-359 38 12 two two CD en-wikipedia-org-359 38 13 exponential exponential JJ en-wikipedia-org-359 38 14 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-359 38 15 decay decay NN en-wikipedia-org-359 38 16 processes process NNS en-wikipedia-org-359 38 17 simultaneously simultaneously RB en-wikipedia-org-359 38 18 . . . en-wikipedia-org-359 39 1 In in IN en-wikipedia-org-359 39 2 this this DT en-wikipedia-org-359 39 3 case case NN en-wikipedia-org-359 39 4 , , , en-wikipedia-org-359 39 5 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-359 39 6 actual actual JJ en-wikipedia-org-359 39 7 half half JJ en-wikipedia-org-359 39 8 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-359 39 9 life life NN en-wikipedia-org-359 39 10 T1⁄2 t1⁄2 NN en-wikipedia-org-359 39 11 can can MD en-wikipedia-org-359 39 12 be be VB en-wikipedia-org-359 39 13 related relate VBN en-wikipedia-org-359 39 14 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-359 39 15 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-359 39 16 half half NN en-wikipedia-org-359 39 17 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-359 39 18 lives life NNS en-wikipedia-org-359 39 19 t1 t1 NN en-wikipedia-org-359 39 20 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-359 39 21 t2 t2 NN en-wikipedia-org-359 39 22 that that IN en-wikipedia-org-359 39 23 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-359 39 24 quantity quantity NN en-wikipedia-org-359 39 25 would would MD en-wikipedia-org-359 39 26 have have VB en-wikipedia-org-359 39 27 if if IN en-wikipedia-org-359 39 28 each each DT en-wikipedia-org-359 39 29 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-359 39 30 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-359 39 31 decay decay NN en-wikipedia-org-359 39 32 processes process NNS en-wikipedia-org-359 39 33 acted act VBN en-wikipedia-org-359 39 34 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-359 39 35 isolation isolation NN en-wikipedia-org-359 39 36 : : : en-wikipedia-org-359 39 37 1 1 CD en-wikipedia-org-359 39 38 T t NN en-wikipedia-org-359 39 39 1 1 CD en-wikipedia-org-359 39 40 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-359 39 41 2 2 CD en-wikipedia-org-359 39 42 = = SYM en-wikipedia-org-359 39 43 1 1 CD en-wikipedia-org-359 39 44 t t NN en-wikipedia-org-359 39 45 1 1 CD en-wikipedia-org-359 39 46 + + SYM en-wikipedia-org-359 39 47 1 1 CD en-wikipedia-org-359 39 48 t t NN en-wikipedia-org-359 39 49 2 2 CD en-wikipedia-org-359 39 50 { { -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-359 39 51 \displaystyle \displaystyle CD en-wikipedia-org-359 39 52 { { -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-359 39 53 \frac \frac CD en-wikipedia-org-359 39 54 { { -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-359 39 55 1}{T_{1/2}}}={\frac 1}{t_{1/2}}}={\frac CD en-wikipedia-org-359 39 56 { { -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-359 39 57 1}{t_{1}}}+{\frac 1}{t_{1}}}+{\frac NNP en-wikipedia-org-359 39 58 { { -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-359 39 59 1}{t_{2 1}{t_{2 CD en-wikipedia-org-359 39 60 } } -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-359 39 61 } } -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-359 39 62 } } -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-359 39 63 } } -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-359 39 64 For for IN en-wikipedia-org-359 39 65 three three CD en-wikipedia-org-359 39 66 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-359 39 67 more more JJR en-wikipedia-org-359 39 68 processes process NNS en-wikipedia-org-359 39 69 , , , en-wikipedia-org-359 39 70 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-359 39 71 analogous analogous JJ en-wikipedia-org-359 39 72 formula formula NN en-wikipedia-org-359 39 73 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-359 39 74 : : : en-wikipedia-org-359 39 75 1 1 CD en-wikipedia-org-359 39 76 T t NN en-wikipedia-org-359 39 77 1 1 CD en-wikipedia-org-359 39 78 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-359 39 79 2 2 CD en-wikipedia-org-359 39 80 = = SYM en-wikipedia-org-359 39 81 1 1 CD en-wikipedia-org-359 39 82 t t NN en-wikipedia-org-359 39 83 1 1 CD en-wikipedia-org-359 39 84 + + SYM en-wikipedia-org-359 39 85 1 1 CD en-wikipedia-org-359 39 86 t t NN en-wikipedia-org-359 39 87 2 2 CD en-wikipedia-org-359 39 88 + + SYM en-wikipedia-org-359 39 89 1 1 CD en-wikipedia-org-359 39 90 t t NN en-wikipedia-org-359 39 91 3 3 CD en-wikipedia-org-359 39 92 + + SYM en-wikipedia-org-359 39 93 ⋯ ⋯ NNP en-wikipedia-org-359 39 94 { { -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-359 39 95 \displaystyle \displaystyle CD en-wikipedia-org-359 39 96 { { -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-359 39 97 \frac \frac CD en-wikipedia-org-359 39 98 { { -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-359 39 99 1}{T_{1/2}}}={\frac 1}{t_{1/2}}}={\frac CD en-wikipedia-org-359 39 100 { { -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-359 39 101 1}{t_{1}}}+{\frac 1}{t_{1}}}+{\frac CD en-wikipedia-org-359 39 102 { { -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-359 39 103 1}{t_{2}}}+{\frac 1}{t_{2}}}+{\frac CD en-wikipedia-org-359 39 104 { { -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-359 39 105 1}{t_{3}}}+\cdots 1}{t_{3}}}+\cdots NN en-wikipedia-org-359 39 106 } } -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-359 39 107 For for IN en-wikipedia-org-359 39 108 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-359 39 109 proof proof NN en-wikipedia-org-359 39 110 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-359 39 111 these these DT en-wikipedia-org-359 39 112 formulas formula NNS en-wikipedia-org-359 39 113 , , , en-wikipedia-org-359 39 114 see see VB en-wikipedia-org-359 39 115 Exponential exponential JJ en-wikipedia-org-359 39 116 decay decay NN en-wikipedia-org-359 39 117 § § '' en-wikipedia-org-359 39 118 Decay decay NN en-wikipedia-org-359 39 119 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-359 39 120 two two CD en-wikipedia-org-359 39 121 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-359 39 122 more more JJR en-wikipedia-org-359 39 123 processes process NNS en-wikipedia-org-359 39 124 . . . en-wikipedia-org-359 40 1 Examples[edit examples[edit LS en-wikipedia-org-359 40 2 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-359 40 3 Half half JJ en-wikipedia-org-359 40 4 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-359 40 5 life life NN en-wikipedia-org-359 40 6 demonstrated demonstrate VBD en-wikipedia-org-359 40 7 using use VBG en-wikipedia-org-359 40 8 dice dice NNS en-wikipedia-org-359 40 9 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-359 40 10 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-359 40 11 classroom classroom NN en-wikipedia-org-359 40 12 experiment experiment NN en-wikipedia-org-359 40 13 Further further JJ en-wikipedia-org-359 40 14 information information NN en-wikipedia-org-359 40 15 : : : en-wikipedia-org-359 40 16 Exponential exponential JJ en-wikipedia-org-359 40 17 decay decay NN en-wikipedia-org-359 40 18 § § ADD en-wikipedia-org-359 40 19   _SP en-wikipedia-org-359 40 20 Applications Applications NNPS en-wikipedia-org-359 40 21 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-359 40 22 examples example NNS en-wikipedia-org-359 40 23 There there EX en-wikipedia-org-359 40 24 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-359 40 25 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-359 40 26 half half JJ en-wikipedia-org-359 40 27 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-359 40 28 life life NN en-wikipedia-org-359 40 29 describing describe VBG en-wikipedia-org-359 40 30 any any DT en-wikipedia-org-359 40 31 exponential exponential JJ en-wikipedia-org-359 40 32 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-359 40 33 decay decay NN en-wikipedia-org-359 40 34 process process NN en-wikipedia-org-359 40 35 . . . en-wikipedia-org-359 41 1 For for IN en-wikipedia-org-359 41 2 example example NN en-wikipedia-org-359 41 3 : : : en-wikipedia-org-359 41 4 As as IN en-wikipedia-org-359 41 5 noted note VBN en-wikipedia-org-359 41 6 above above IN en-wikipedia-org-359 41 7 , , , en-wikipedia-org-359 41 8 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-359 41 9 radioactive radioactive JJ en-wikipedia-org-359 41 10 decay decay NN en-wikipedia-org-359 41 11 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-359 41 12 half half JJ en-wikipedia-org-359 41 13 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-359 41 14 life life NN en-wikipedia-org-359 41 15 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-359 41 16 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-359 41 17 length length NN en-wikipedia-org-359 41 18 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-359 41 19 time time NN en-wikipedia-org-359 41 20 after after IN en-wikipedia-org-359 41 21 which which WDT en-wikipedia-org-359 41 22 there there EX en-wikipedia-org-359 41 23 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-359 41 24 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-359 41 25 50 50 CD en-wikipedia-org-359 41 26 % % NN en-wikipedia-org-359 41 27 chance chance NN en-wikipedia-org-359 41 28 that that IN en-wikipedia-org-359 41 29 an an DT en-wikipedia-org-359 41 30 atom atom NN en-wikipedia-org-359 41 31 will will MD en-wikipedia-org-359 41 32 have have VB en-wikipedia-org-359 41 33 undergone undergo VBN en-wikipedia-org-359 41 34 nuclear nuclear JJ en-wikipedia-org-359 41 35 decay decay NN en-wikipedia-org-359 41 36 . . . en-wikipedia-org-359 42 1 It -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-359 42 2 varies vary VBZ en-wikipedia-org-359 42 3 depending depend VBG en-wikipedia-org-359 42 4 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-359 42 5 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-359 42 6 atom atom NN en-wikipedia-org-359 42 7 type type NN en-wikipedia-org-359 42 8 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-359 42 9 isotope isotope NN en-wikipedia-org-359 42 10 , , , en-wikipedia-org-359 42 11 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-359 42 12 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-359 42 13 usually usually RB en-wikipedia-org-359 42 14 determined determine VBN en-wikipedia-org-359 42 15 experimentally experimentally RB en-wikipedia-org-359 42 16 . . . en-wikipedia-org-359 43 1 See see VB en-wikipedia-org-359 43 2 List List NNP en-wikipedia-org-359 43 3 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-359 43 4 nuclides nuclide NNS en-wikipedia-org-359 43 5 . . . en-wikipedia-org-359 44 1 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-359 44 2 current current NN en-wikipedia-org-359 44 3 flowing flow VBG en-wikipedia-org-359 44 4 through through IN en-wikipedia-org-359 44 5 an an DT en-wikipedia-org-359 44 6 RC RC NNP en-wikipedia-org-359 44 7 circuit circuit NN en-wikipedia-org-359 44 8 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-359 44 9 RL rl NN en-wikipedia-org-359 44 10 circuit circuit NN en-wikipedia-org-359 44 11 decays decay NNS en-wikipedia-org-359 44 12 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-359 44 13 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-359 44 14 half half JJ en-wikipedia-org-359 44 15 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-359 44 16 life life NN en-wikipedia-org-359 44 17 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-359 44 18 ln(2)RC ln(2)RC NNP en-wikipedia-org-359 44 19 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-359 44 20 ln(2)L ln(2)L NNP en-wikipedia-org-359 44 21 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-359 44 22 R r NN en-wikipedia-org-359 44 23 , , , en-wikipedia-org-359 44 24 respectively respectively RB en-wikipedia-org-359 44 25 . . . en-wikipedia-org-359 45 1 For for IN en-wikipedia-org-359 45 2 this this DT en-wikipedia-org-359 45 3 example example NN en-wikipedia-org-359 45 4 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-359 45 5 term term NN en-wikipedia-org-359 45 6 half half NN en-wikipedia-org-359 45 7 time time NN en-wikipedia-org-359 45 8 tends tend VBZ en-wikipedia-org-359 45 9 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-359 45 10 be be VB en-wikipedia-org-359 45 11 used use VBN en-wikipedia-org-359 45 12 , , , en-wikipedia-org-359 45 13 rather rather RB en-wikipedia-org-359 45 14 than than IN en-wikipedia-org-359 45 15 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-359 45 16 half half JJ en-wikipedia-org-359 45 17 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-359 45 18 life life NN en-wikipedia-org-359 45 19 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-359 45 20 , , , en-wikipedia-org-359 45 21 but but CC en-wikipedia-org-359 45 22 they -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-359 45 23 mean mean VBP en-wikipedia-org-359 45 24 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-359 45 25 same same JJ en-wikipedia-org-359 45 26 thing thing NN en-wikipedia-org-359 45 27 . . . en-wikipedia-org-359 46 1 In in IN en-wikipedia-org-359 46 2 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-359 46 3 chemical chemical JJ en-wikipedia-org-359 46 4 reaction reaction NN en-wikipedia-org-359 46 5 , , , en-wikipedia-org-359 46 6 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-359 46 7 half half JJ en-wikipedia-org-359 46 8 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-359 46 9 life life NN en-wikipedia-org-359 46 10 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-359 46 11 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-359 46 12 species species NN en-wikipedia-org-359 46 13 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-359 46 14 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-359 46 15 time time NN en-wikipedia-org-359 46 16 it -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-359 46 17 takes take VBZ en-wikipedia-org-359 46 18 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-359 46 19 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-359 46 20 concentration concentration NN en-wikipedia-org-359 46 21 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-359 46 22 that that DT en-wikipedia-org-359 46 23 substance substance NN en-wikipedia-org-359 46 24 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-359 46 25 fall fall VB en-wikipedia-org-359 46 26 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-359 46 27 half half NN en-wikipedia-org-359 46 28 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-359 46 29 its -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-359 46 30 initial initial JJ en-wikipedia-org-359 46 31 value value NN en-wikipedia-org-359 46 32 . . . en-wikipedia-org-359 47 1 In in IN en-wikipedia-org-359 47 2 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-359 47 3 first first JJ en-wikipedia-org-359 47 4 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-359 47 5 order order NN en-wikipedia-org-359 47 6 reaction reaction NN en-wikipedia-org-359 47 7 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-359 47 8 half half JJ en-wikipedia-org-359 47 9 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-359 47 10 life life NN en-wikipedia-org-359 47 11 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-359 47 12 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-359 47 13 reactant reactant NN en-wikipedia-org-359 47 14 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-359 47 15 ln(2)/λ ln(2)/λ NNP en-wikipedia-org-359 47 16 , , , en-wikipedia-org-359 47 17 where where WRB en-wikipedia-org-359 47 18 λ λ PRP en-wikipedia-org-359 47 19 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-359 47 20 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-359 47 21 reaction reaction NN en-wikipedia-org-359 47 22 rate rate NN en-wikipedia-org-359 47 23 constant constant JJ en-wikipedia-org-359 47 24 . . . en-wikipedia-org-359 48 1 In in IN en-wikipedia-org-359 48 2 non non JJ en-wikipedia-org-359 48 3 - - JJ en-wikipedia-org-359 48 4 exponential exponential JJ en-wikipedia-org-359 48 5 decay[edit decay[edit NFP en-wikipedia-org-359 48 6 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-359 48 7 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-359 48 8 term term NN en-wikipedia-org-359 48 9 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-359 48 10 half half JJ en-wikipedia-org-359 48 11 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-359 48 12 life life NN en-wikipedia-org-359 48 13 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-359 48 14 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-359 48 15 almost almost RB en-wikipedia-org-359 48 16 exclusively exclusively RB en-wikipedia-org-359 48 17 used use VBN en-wikipedia-org-359 48 18 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-359 48 19 decay decay NN en-wikipedia-org-359 48 20 processes process NNS en-wikipedia-org-359 48 21 that that WDT en-wikipedia-org-359 48 22 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-359 48 23 exponential exponential JJ en-wikipedia-org-359 48 24 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-359 48 25 such such JJ en-wikipedia-org-359 48 26 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-359 48 27 radioactive radioactive JJ en-wikipedia-org-359 48 28 decay decay NN en-wikipedia-org-359 48 29 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-359 48 30 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-359 48 31 other other JJ en-wikipedia-org-359 48 32 examples example NNS en-wikipedia-org-359 48 33 above above IN en-wikipedia-org-359 48 34 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-359 48 35 , , , en-wikipedia-org-359 48 36 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-359 48 37 approximately approximately RB en-wikipedia-org-359 48 38 exponential exponential JJ en-wikipedia-org-359 48 39 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-359 48 40 such such JJ en-wikipedia-org-359 48 41 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-359 48 42 biological biological JJ en-wikipedia-org-359 48 43 half half JJ en-wikipedia-org-359 48 44 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-359 48 45 life life NN en-wikipedia-org-359 48 46 discussed discuss VBN en-wikipedia-org-359 48 47 below below RB en-wikipedia-org-359 48 48 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-359 48 49 . . . en-wikipedia-org-359 49 1 In in IN en-wikipedia-org-359 49 2 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-359 49 3 decay decay JJ en-wikipedia-org-359 49 4 process process NN en-wikipedia-org-359 49 5 that that WDT en-wikipedia-org-359 49 6 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-359 49 7 not not RB en-wikipedia-org-359 49 8 even even RB en-wikipedia-org-359 49 9 close close JJ en-wikipedia-org-359 49 10 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-359 49 11 exponential exponential JJ en-wikipedia-org-359 49 12 , , , en-wikipedia-org-359 49 13 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-359 49 14 half half JJ en-wikipedia-org-359 49 15 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-359 49 16 life life NN en-wikipedia-org-359 49 17 will will MD en-wikipedia-org-359 49 18 change change VB en-wikipedia-org-359 49 19 dramatically dramatically RB en-wikipedia-org-359 49 20 while while IN en-wikipedia-org-359 49 21 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-359 49 22 decay decay NN en-wikipedia-org-359 49 23 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-359 49 24 happening happen VBG en-wikipedia-org-359 49 25 . . . en-wikipedia-org-359 50 1 In in IN en-wikipedia-org-359 50 2 this this DT en-wikipedia-org-359 50 3 situation situation NN en-wikipedia-org-359 50 4 it -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-359 50 5 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-359 50 6 generally generally RB en-wikipedia-org-359 50 7 uncommon uncommon JJ en-wikipedia-org-359 50 8 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-359 50 9 talk talk VB en-wikipedia-org-359 50 10 about about IN en-wikipedia-org-359 50 11 half half JJ en-wikipedia-org-359 50 12 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-359 50 13 life life NN en-wikipedia-org-359 50 14 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-359 50 15 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-359 50 16 first first JJ en-wikipedia-org-359 50 17 place place NN en-wikipedia-org-359 50 18 , , , en-wikipedia-org-359 50 19 but but CC en-wikipedia-org-359 50 20 sometimes sometimes RB en-wikipedia-org-359 50 21 people people NNS en-wikipedia-org-359 50 22 will will MD en-wikipedia-org-359 50 23 describe describe VB en-wikipedia-org-359 50 24 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-359 50 25 decay decay NN en-wikipedia-org-359 50 26 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-359 50 27 terms term NNS en-wikipedia-org-359 50 28 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-359 50 29 its -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-359 50 30 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-359 50 31 first first JJ en-wikipedia-org-359 50 32 half half JJ en-wikipedia-org-359 50 33 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-359 50 34 life life NN en-wikipedia-org-359 50 35 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-359 50 36 , , , en-wikipedia-org-359 50 37 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-359 50 38 second second JJ en-wikipedia-org-359 50 39 half half JJ en-wikipedia-org-359 50 40 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-359 50 41 life life NN en-wikipedia-org-359 50 42 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-359 50 43 , , , en-wikipedia-org-359 50 44 etc etc FW en-wikipedia-org-359 50 45 . . FW en-wikipedia-org-359 50 46 , , , en-wikipedia-org-359 50 47 where where WRB en-wikipedia-org-359 50 48 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-359 50 49 first first JJ en-wikipedia-org-359 50 50 half half JJ en-wikipedia-org-359 50 51 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-359 50 52 life life NN en-wikipedia-org-359 50 53 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-359 50 54 defined define VBN en-wikipedia-org-359 50 55 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-359 50 56 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-359 50 57 time time NN en-wikipedia-org-359 50 58 required require VBN en-wikipedia-org-359 50 59 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-359 50 60 decay decay NN en-wikipedia-org-359 50 61 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-359 50 62 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-359 50 63 initial initial JJ en-wikipedia-org-359 50 64 value value NN en-wikipedia-org-359 50 65 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-359 50 66 50 50 CD en-wikipedia-org-359 50 67 % % NN en-wikipedia-org-359 50 68 , , , en-wikipedia-org-359 50 69 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-359 50 70 second second JJ en-wikipedia-org-359 50 71 half half JJ en-wikipedia-org-359 50 72 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-359 50 73 life life NN en-wikipedia-org-359 50 74 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-359 50 75 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-359 50 76 50 50 CD en-wikipedia-org-359 50 77 % % NN en-wikipedia-org-359 50 78 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-359 50 79 25 25 CD en-wikipedia-org-359 50 80 % % NN en-wikipedia-org-359 50 81 , , , en-wikipedia-org-359 50 82 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-359 50 83 so so RB en-wikipedia-org-359 50 84 on on RB en-wikipedia-org-359 50 85 . . . en-wikipedia-org-359 51 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-359 51 2 7 7 CD en-wikipedia-org-359 51 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-359 51 4 In in IN en-wikipedia-org-359 51 5 biology biology NN en-wikipedia-org-359 51 6 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-359 51 7 pharmacology[edit pharmacology[edit LS en-wikipedia-org-359 51 8 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-359 51 9 See see VB en-wikipedia-org-359 51 10 also also RB en-wikipedia-org-359 51 11 : : : en-wikipedia-org-359 51 12 Biological biological JJ en-wikipedia-org-359 51 13 half half JJ en-wikipedia-org-359 51 14 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-359 51 15 life life NN en-wikipedia-org-359 51 16 A a DT en-wikipedia-org-359 51 17 biological biological JJ en-wikipedia-org-359 51 18 half half JJ en-wikipedia-org-359 51 19 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-359 51 20 life life NN en-wikipedia-org-359 51 21 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-359 51 22 elimination elimination NN en-wikipedia-org-359 51 23 half half JJ en-wikipedia-org-359 51 24 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-359 51 25 life life NN en-wikipedia-org-359 51 26 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-359 51 27 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-359 51 28 time time NN en-wikipedia-org-359 51 29 it -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-359 51 30 takes take VBZ en-wikipedia-org-359 51 31 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-359 51 32 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-359 51 33 substance substance NN en-wikipedia-org-359 51 34 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-359 51 35 drug drug NN en-wikipedia-org-359 51 36 , , , en-wikipedia-org-359 51 37 radioactive radioactive JJ en-wikipedia-org-359 51 38 nuclide nuclide NN en-wikipedia-org-359 51 39 , , , en-wikipedia-org-359 51 40 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-359 51 41 other other JJ en-wikipedia-org-359 51 42 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-359 51 43 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-359 51 44 lose lose VB en-wikipedia-org-359 51 45 one one CD en-wikipedia-org-359 51 46 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-359 51 47 half half NN en-wikipedia-org-359 51 48 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-359 51 49 its -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-359 51 50 pharmacologic pharmacologic NN en-wikipedia-org-359 51 51 , , , en-wikipedia-org-359 51 52 physiologic physiologic JJ en-wikipedia-org-359 51 53 , , , en-wikipedia-org-359 51 54 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-359 51 55 radiological radiological JJ en-wikipedia-org-359 51 56 activity activity NN en-wikipedia-org-359 51 57 . . . en-wikipedia-org-359 52 1 In in IN en-wikipedia-org-359 52 2 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-359 52 3 medical medical JJ en-wikipedia-org-359 52 4 context context NN en-wikipedia-org-359 52 5 , , , en-wikipedia-org-359 52 6 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-359 52 7 half half JJ en-wikipedia-org-359 52 8 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-359 52 9 life life NN en-wikipedia-org-359 52 10 may may MD en-wikipedia-org-359 52 11 also also RB en-wikipedia-org-359 52 12 describe describe VB en-wikipedia-org-359 52 13 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-359 52 14 time time NN en-wikipedia-org-359 52 15 that that WDT en-wikipedia-org-359 52 16 it -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-359 52 17 takes take VBZ en-wikipedia-org-359 52 18 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-359 52 19 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-359 52 20 concentration concentration NN en-wikipedia-org-359 52 21 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-359 52 22 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-359 52 23 substance substance NN en-wikipedia-org-359 52 24 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-359 52 25 blood blood NN en-wikipedia-org-359 52 26 plasma plasma NN en-wikipedia-org-359 52 27 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-359 52 28 reach reach VB en-wikipedia-org-359 52 29 one one CD en-wikipedia-org-359 52 30 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-359 52 31 half half NN en-wikipedia-org-359 52 32 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-359 52 33 its -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-359 52 34 steady steady JJ en-wikipedia-org-359 52 35 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-359 52 36 state state NN en-wikipedia-org-359 52 37 value value NN en-wikipedia-org-359 52 38 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-359 52 39 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-359 52 40 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-359 52 41 plasma plasma NNP en-wikipedia-org-359 52 42 half half JJ en-wikipedia-org-359 52 43 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-359 52 44 life life NN en-wikipedia-org-359 52 45 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-359 52 46 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-359 52 47 . . . en-wikipedia-org-359 53 1 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-359 53 2 relationship relationship NN en-wikipedia-org-359 53 3 between between IN en-wikipedia-org-359 53 4 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-359 53 5 biological biological JJ en-wikipedia-org-359 53 6 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-359 53 7 plasma plasma VB en-wikipedia-org-359 53 8 half half NN en-wikipedia-org-359 53 9 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-359 53 10 lives life NNS en-wikipedia-org-359 53 11 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-359 53 12 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-359 53 13 substance substance NN en-wikipedia-org-359 53 14 can can MD en-wikipedia-org-359 53 15 be be VB en-wikipedia-org-359 53 16 complex complex JJ en-wikipedia-org-359 53 17 , , , en-wikipedia-org-359 53 18 due due IN en-wikipedia-org-359 53 19 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-359 53 20 factors factor NNS en-wikipedia-org-359 53 21 including include VBG en-wikipedia-org-359 53 22 accumulation accumulation NN en-wikipedia-org-359 53 23 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-359 53 24 tissues tissue NNS en-wikipedia-org-359 53 25 , , , en-wikipedia-org-359 53 26 active active JJ en-wikipedia-org-359 53 27 metabolites metabolite NNS en-wikipedia-org-359 53 28 , , , en-wikipedia-org-359 53 29 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-359 53 30 receptor receptor NN en-wikipedia-org-359 53 31 interactions interaction NNS en-wikipedia-org-359 53 32 . . . en-wikipedia-org-359 54 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-359 54 2 8 8 CD en-wikipedia-org-359 54 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-359 54 4 While while IN en-wikipedia-org-359 54 5 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-359 54 6 radioactive radioactive JJ en-wikipedia-org-359 54 7 isotope isotope NN en-wikipedia-org-359 54 8 decays decay VBZ en-wikipedia-org-359 54 9 almost almost RB en-wikipedia-org-359 54 10 perfectly perfectly RB en-wikipedia-org-359 54 11 according accord VBG en-wikipedia-org-359 54 12 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-359 54 13 so so RB en-wikipedia-org-359 54 14 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-359 54 15 called call VBN en-wikipedia-org-359 54 16 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-359 54 17 first first JJ en-wikipedia-org-359 54 18 order order NN en-wikipedia-org-359 54 19 kinetics kinetic NNS en-wikipedia-org-359 54 20 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-359 54 21 where where WRB en-wikipedia-org-359 54 22 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-359 54 23 rate rate NN en-wikipedia-org-359 54 24 constant constant JJ en-wikipedia-org-359 54 25 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-359 54 26 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-359 54 27 fixed fixed JJ en-wikipedia-org-359 54 28 number number NN en-wikipedia-org-359 54 29 , , , en-wikipedia-org-359 54 30 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-359 54 31 elimination elimination NN en-wikipedia-org-359 54 32 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-359 54 33 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-359 54 34 substance substance NN en-wikipedia-org-359 54 35 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-359 54 36 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-359 54 37 living live VBG en-wikipedia-org-359 54 38 organism organism NN en-wikipedia-org-359 54 39 usually usually RB en-wikipedia-org-359 54 40 follows follow VBZ en-wikipedia-org-359 54 41 more more RBR en-wikipedia-org-359 54 42 complex complex JJ en-wikipedia-org-359 54 43 chemical chemical JJ en-wikipedia-org-359 54 44 kinetics kinetic NNS en-wikipedia-org-359 54 45 . . . en-wikipedia-org-359 55 1 For for IN en-wikipedia-org-359 55 2 example example NN en-wikipedia-org-359 55 3 , , , en-wikipedia-org-359 55 4 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-359 55 5 biological biological JJ en-wikipedia-org-359 55 6 half half JJ en-wikipedia-org-359 55 7 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-359 55 8 life life NN en-wikipedia-org-359 55 9 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-359 55 10 water water NN en-wikipedia-org-359 55 11 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-359 55 12 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-359 55 13 human human NN en-wikipedia-org-359 55 14 being being NN en-wikipedia-org-359 55 15 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-359 55 16 about about RB en-wikipedia-org-359 55 17 9 9 CD en-wikipedia-org-359 55 18 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-359 55 19 10 10 CD en-wikipedia-org-359 55 20 days,[9 days,[9 NNS en-wikipedia-org-359 55 21 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-359 55 22 though though IN en-wikipedia-org-359 55 23 this this DT en-wikipedia-org-359 55 24 can can MD en-wikipedia-org-359 55 25 be be VB en-wikipedia-org-359 55 26 altered alter VBN en-wikipedia-org-359 55 27 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-359 55 28 behavior behavior NN en-wikipedia-org-359 55 29 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-359 55 30 other other JJ en-wikipedia-org-359 55 31 conditions condition NNS en-wikipedia-org-359 55 32 . . . en-wikipedia-org-359 56 1 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-359 56 2 biological biological JJ en-wikipedia-org-359 56 3 half half JJ en-wikipedia-org-359 56 4 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-359 56 5 life life NN en-wikipedia-org-359 56 6 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-359 56 7 caesium caesium NN en-wikipedia-org-359 56 8 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-359 56 9 human human JJ en-wikipedia-org-359 56 10 beings being NNS en-wikipedia-org-359 56 11 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-359 56 12 between between IN en-wikipedia-org-359 56 13 one one CD en-wikipedia-org-359 56 14 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-359 56 15 four four CD en-wikipedia-org-359 56 16 months month NNS en-wikipedia-org-359 56 17 . . . en-wikipedia-org-359 57 1 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-359 57 2 concept concept NN en-wikipedia-org-359 57 3 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-359 57 4 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-359 57 5 half half JJ en-wikipedia-org-359 57 6 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-359 57 7 life life NN en-wikipedia-org-359 57 8 has have VBZ en-wikipedia-org-359 57 9 also also RB en-wikipedia-org-359 57 10 been be VBN en-wikipedia-org-359 57 11 utilized utilize VBN en-wikipedia-org-359 57 12 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-359 57 13 pesticides pesticide NNS en-wikipedia-org-359 57 14 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-359 57 15 plants,[10 plants,[10 NN en-wikipedia-org-359 57 16 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-359 57 17 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-359 57 18 certain certain JJ en-wikipedia-org-359 57 19 authors author NNS en-wikipedia-org-359 57 20 maintain maintain VBP en-wikipedia-org-359 57 21 that that DT en-wikipedia-org-359 57 22 pesticide pesticide NN en-wikipedia-org-359 57 23 risk risk NN en-wikipedia-org-359 57 24 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-359 57 25 impact impact NN en-wikipedia-org-359 57 26 assessment assessment NN en-wikipedia-org-359 57 27 models model NNS en-wikipedia-org-359 57 28 rely rely VBP en-wikipedia-org-359 57 29 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-359 57 30 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-359 57 31 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-359 57 32 sensitive sensitive JJ en-wikipedia-org-359 57 33 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-359 57 34 information information NN en-wikipedia-org-359 57 35 describing describe VBG en-wikipedia-org-359 57 36 dissipation dissipation NN en-wikipedia-org-359 57 37 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-359 57 38 plants plant NNS en-wikipedia-org-359 57 39 . . . en-wikipedia-org-359 58 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-359 58 2 11 11 CD en-wikipedia-org-359 58 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-359 58 4 In in IN en-wikipedia-org-359 58 5 epidemiology epidemiology NN en-wikipedia-org-359 58 6 , , , en-wikipedia-org-359 58 7 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-359 58 8 concept concept NN en-wikipedia-org-359 58 9 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-359 58 10 half half JJ en-wikipedia-org-359 58 11 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-359 58 12 life life NN en-wikipedia-org-359 58 13 can can MD en-wikipedia-org-359 58 14 refer refer VB en-wikipedia-org-359 58 15 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-359 58 16 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-359 58 17 length length NN en-wikipedia-org-359 58 18 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-359 58 19 time time NN en-wikipedia-org-359 58 20 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-359 58 21 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-359 58 22 number number NN en-wikipedia-org-359 58 23 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-359 58 24 incident incident NN en-wikipedia-org-359 58 25 cases case NNS en-wikipedia-org-359 58 26 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-359 58 27 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-359 58 28 disease disease NN en-wikipedia-org-359 58 29 outbreak outbreak NN en-wikipedia-org-359 58 30 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-359 58 31 drop drop VB en-wikipedia-org-359 58 32 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-359 58 33 half half NN en-wikipedia-org-359 58 34 , , , en-wikipedia-org-359 58 35 particularly particularly RB en-wikipedia-org-359 58 36 if if IN en-wikipedia-org-359 58 37 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-359 58 38 dynamics dynamic NNS en-wikipedia-org-359 58 39 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-359 58 40 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-359 58 41 outbreak outbreak NN en-wikipedia-org-359 58 42 can can MD en-wikipedia-org-359 58 43 be be VB en-wikipedia-org-359 58 44 modeled model VBN en-wikipedia-org-359 58 45 exponentially exponentially RB en-wikipedia-org-359 58 46 . . . en-wikipedia-org-359 59 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-359 59 2 12][13 12][13 LS en-wikipedia-org-359 59 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-359 59 4 See see VB en-wikipedia-org-359 59 5 also[edit also[edit CD en-wikipedia-org-359 59 6 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-359 59 7 Half half JJ en-wikipedia-org-359 59 8 time time NN en-wikipedia-org-359 59 9 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-359 59 10 physics physics NN en-wikipedia-org-359 59 11 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-359 59 12 List list NN en-wikipedia-org-359 59 13 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-359 59 14 radioactive radioactive JJ en-wikipedia-org-359 59 15 nuclides nuclide NNS en-wikipedia-org-359 59 16 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-359 59 17 half half JJ en-wikipedia-org-359 59 18 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-359 59 19 life life NN en-wikipedia-org-359 59 20 Mean mean JJ en-wikipedia-org-359 59 21 lifetime lifetime NN en-wikipedia-org-359 59 22 Median median JJ en-wikipedia-org-359 59 23 lethal lethal NN en-wikipedia-org-359 59 24 dose dose VBD en-wikipedia-org-359 59 25 References[edit references[edit NN en-wikipedia-org-359 59 26 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-359 59 27 ^ ^ NN en-wikipedia-org-359 59 28 John John NNP en-wikipedia-org-359 59 29 Ayto Ayto NNP en-wikipedia-org-359 59 30 , , , en-wikipedia-org-359 59 31 20th 20th JJ en-wikipedia-org-359 59 32 Century Century NNP en-wikipedia-org-359 59 33 Words Words NNPS en-wikipedia-org-359 59 34 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-359 59 35 1989 1989 CD en-wikipedia-org-359 59 36 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-359 59 37 , , , en-wikipedia-org-359 59 38 Cambridge Cambridge NNP en-wikipedia-org-359 59 39 University University NNP en-wikipedia-org-359 59 40 Press Press NNP en-wikipedia-org-359 59 41 . . . en-wikipedia-org-359 60 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-359 60 2 Muller Muller NNP en-wikipedia-org-359 60 3 , , , en-wikipedia-org-359 60 4 Richard Richard NNP en-wikipedia-org-359 60 5 A. A. NNP en-wikipedia-org-359 61 1 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-359 61 2 April April NNP en-wikipedia-org-359 61 3 12 12 CD en-wikipedia-org-359 61 4 , , , en-wikipedia-org-359 61 5 2010 2010 CD en-wikipedia-org-359 61 6 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-359 61 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-359 62 1 Physics Physics NNP en-wikipedia-org-359 62 2 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-359 62 3 Technology Technology NNP en-wikipedia-org-359 62 4 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-359 62 5 Future Future NNP en-wikipedia-org-359 62 6 Presidents president NNS en-wikipedia-org-359 62 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-359 63 1 Princeton Princeton NNP en-wikipedia-org-359 63 2 University University NNP en-wikipedia-org-359 63 3 Press Press NNP en-wikipedia-org-359 63 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-359 64 1 pp pp NNP en-wikipedia-org-359 64 2 . . . en-wikipedia-org-359 65 1 128–129 128–129 CD en-wikipedia-org-359 65 2 . . . en-wikipedia-org-359 66 1 ISBN ISBN NNP en-wikipedia-org-359 66 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-359 66 3 9780691135045 9780691135045 CD en-wikipedia-org-359 66 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-359 67 1 ^ ^ NFP en-wikipedia-org-359 67 2 Chivers Chivers NNP en-wikipedia-org-359 67 3 , , , en-wikipedia-org-359 67 4 Sidney Sidney NNP en-wikipedia-org-359 67 5 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-359 67 6 March March NNP en-wikipedia-org-359 67 7 16 16 CD en-wikipedia-org-359 67 8 , , , en-wikipedia-org-359 67 9 2003 2003 CD en-wikipedia-org-359 67 10 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-359 67 11 . . . en-wikipedia-org-359 68 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-359 68 2 Re re IN en-wikipedia-org-359 68 3 : : : en-wikipedia-org-359 68 4 What what WP en-wikipedia-org-359 68 5 happens happen VBZ en-wikipedia-org-359 68 6 during during IN en-wikipedia-org-359 68 7 half half NN en-wikipedia-org-359 68 8 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-359 68 9 lifes life NNS en-wikipedia-org-359 68 10 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-359 68 11 sic sic NN en-wikipedia-org-359 68 12 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-359 68 13 when when WRB en-wikipedia-org-359 68 14 there there EX en-wikipedia-org-359 68 15 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-359 68 16 only only RB en-wikipedia-org-359 68 17 one one CD en-wikipedia-org-359 68 18 atom atom NN en-wikipedia-org-359 68 19 left leave VBN en-wikipedia-org-359 68 20 ? ? . en-wikipedia-org-359 68 21 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-359 68 22 . . . en-wikipedia-org-359 69 1 MADSCI.org madsci.org ADD en-wikipedia-org-359 69 2 . . . en-wikipedia-org-359 70 1 ^ ^ FW en-wikipedia-org-359 70 2 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-359 70 3 Radioactive Radioactive NNP en-wikipedia-org-359 70 4 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-359 70 5 Decay Decay NNP en-wikipedia-org-359 70 6 Model Model NNP en-wikipedia-org-359 70 7 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-359 70 8 . . . en-wikipedia-org-359 71 1 Exploratorium.edu Exploratorium.edu NNP en-wikipedia-org-359 71 2 . . . en-wikipedia-org-359 72 1 Retrieved Retrieved NNP en-wikipedia-org-359 72 2 2012 2012 CD en-wikipedia-org-359 72 3 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-359 72 4 04 04 CD en-wikipedia-org-359 72 5 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-359 72 6 25 25 CD en-wikipedia-org-359 72 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-359 73 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-359 73 2 Wallin Wallin NNP en-wikipedia-org-359 73 3 , , , en-wikipedia-org-359 73 4 John John NNP en-wikipedia-org-359 73 5 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-359 73 6 September September NNP en-wikipedia-org-359 73 7 1996 1996 CD en-wikipedia-org-359 73 8 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-359 73 9 . . . en-wikipedia-org-359 74 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-359 74 2 Assignment assignment NN en-wikipedia-org-359 74 3 # # NN en-wikipedia-org-359 74 4 2 2 CD en-wikipedia-org-359 74 5 : : : en-wikipedia-org-359 74 6 Data datum NNS en-wikipedia-org-359 74 7 , , , en-wikipedia-org-359 74 8 Simulations Simulations NNPS en-wikipedia-org-359 74 9 , , , en-wikipedia-org-359 74 10 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-359 74 11 Analytic Analytic NNP en-wikipedia-org-359 74 12 Science Science NNP en-wikipedia-org-359 74 13 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-359 74 14 Decay Decay NNP en-wikipedia-org-359 74 15 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-359 74 16 . . . en-wikipedia-org-359 75 1 Astro.GLU.edu Astro.GLU.edu NNS en-wikipedia-org-359 75 2 . . . en-wikipedia-org-359 76 1 Archived archived JJ en-wikipedia-org-359 76 2 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-359 76 3 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-359 76 4 original original NN en-wikipedia-org-359 76 5 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-359 76 6 2011 2011 CD en-wikipedia-org-359 76 7 - - SYM en-wikipedia-org-359 76 8 09 09 CD en-wikipedia-org-359 76 9 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-359 76 10 29.CS1 29.cs1 CD en-wikipedia-org-359 76 11 maint maint NN en-wikipedia-org-359 76 12 : : : en-wikipedia-org-359 76 13 unfit unfit JJ en-wikipedia-org-359 76 14 URL URL NNP en-wikipedia-org-359 76 15 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-359 76 16 link link NN en-wikipedia-org-359 76 17 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-359 76 18 ^ ^ FW en-wikipedia-org-359 76 19 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-359 76 20 b b NN en-wikipedia-org-359 76 21 Rösch Rösch NNP en-wikipedia-org-359 76 22 , , , en-wikipedia-org-359 76 23 Frank Frank NNP en-wikipedia-org-359 76 24 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-359 76 25 September September NNP en-wikipedia-org-359 76 26 12 12 CD en-wikipedia-org-359 76 27 , , , en-wikipedia-org-359 76 28 2014 2014 CD en-wikipedia-org-359 76 29 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-359 76 30 . . . en-wikipedia-org-359 77 1 Nuclear- Nuclear- NNP en-wikipedia-org-359 77 2 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-359 77 3 Radiochemistry Radiochemistry NNP en-wikipedia-org-359 77 4 : : : en-wikipedia-org-359 77 5 Introduction introduction NN en-wikipedia-org-359 77 6 . . . en-wikipedia-org-359 78 1 1 1 LS en-wikipedia-org-359 78 2 . . . en-wikipedia-org-359 79 1 Walter Walter NNP en-wikipedia-org-359 79 2 de de NNP en-wikipedia-org-359 79 3 Gruyter Gruyter NNP en-wikipedia-org-359 79 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-359 80 1 ISBN ISBN NNP en-wikipedia-org-359 80 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-359 80 3 978 978 CD en-wikipedia-org-359 80 4 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-359 80 5 3 3 CD en-wikipedia-org-359 80 6 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-359 80 7 11 11 CD en-wikipedia-org-359 80 8 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-359 80 9 022191 022191 CD en-wikipedia-org-359 80 10 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-359 80 11 6 6 CD en-wikipedia-org-359 80 12 . . . en-wikipedia-org-359 81 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-359 81 2 Jonathan Jonathan NNP en-wikipedia-org-359 81 3 Crowe Crowe NNP en-wikipedia-org-359 81 4 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-359 81 5 Tony Tony NNP en-wikipedia-org-359 81 6 Bradshaw Bradshaw NNP en-wikipedia-org-359 81 7 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-359 81 8 2014 2014 CD en-wikipedia-org-359 81 9 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-359 81 10 . . . en-wikipedia-org-359 82 1 Chemistry chemistry NN en-wikipedia-org-359 82 2 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-359 82 3 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-359 82 4 Biosciences bioscience NNS en-wikipedia-org-359 82 5 : : : en-wikipedia-org-359 82 6 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-359 82 7 Essential Essential NNP en-wikipedia-org-359 82 8 Concepts Concepts NNP en-wikipedia-org-359 82 9 . . . en-wikipedia-org-359 83 1 p. p. NN en-wikipedia-org-359 83 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-359 83 3 568 568 CD en-wikipedia-org-359 83 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-359 84 1 ISBN ISBN NNP en-wikipedia-org-359 84 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-359 84 3 9780199662883 9780199662883 CD en-wikipedia-org-359 84 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-359 85 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-359 85 2 Lin Lin NNP en-wikipedia-org-359 85 3 VW VW NNP en-wikipedia-org-359 85 4 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-359 85 5 Cardenas Cardenas NNP en-wikipedia-org-359 85 6 DD DD NNP en-wikipedia-org-359 85 7 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-359 85 8 2003 2003 CD en-wikipedia-org-359 85 9 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-359 85 10 . . . en-wikipedia-org-359 86 1 Spinal spinal JJ en-wikipedia-org-359 86 2 cord cord NN en-wikipedia-org-359 86 3 medicine medicine NN en-wikipedia-org-359 86 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-359 87 1 Demos Demos NNP en-wikipedia-org-359 87 2 Medical Medical NNP en-wikipedia-org-359 87 3 Publishing Publishing NNP en-wikipedia-org-359 87 4 , , , en-wikipedia-org-359 87 5 LLC LLC NNP en-wikipedia-org-359 87 6 . . . en-wikipedia-org-359 88 1 p. p. NN en-wikipedia-org-359 88 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-359 88 3 251 251 CD en-wikipedia-org-359 88 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-359 89 1 ISBN ISBN NNP en-wikipedia-org-359 89 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-359 89 3 978 978 CD en-wikipedia-org-359 89 4 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-359 89 5 1 1 CD en-wikipedia-org-359 89 6 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-359 89 7 888799 888799 CD en-wikipedia-org-359 89 8 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-359 89 9 61 61 CD en-wikipedia-org-359 89 10 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-359 89 11 3 3 CD en-wikipedia-org-359 89 12 . . . en-wikipedia-org-359 90 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-359 90 2 Pang Pang NNP en-wikipedia-org-359 90 3 , , , en-wikipedia-org-359 90 4 Xiao Xiao NNP en-wikipedia-org-359 90 5 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-359 90 6 Feng Feng NNP en-wikipedia-org-359 90 7 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-359 90 8 2014 2014 CD en-wikipedia-org-359 90 9 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-359 90 10 . . . en-wikipedia-org-359 91 1 Water water NN en-wikipedia-org-359 91 2 : : : en-wikipedia-org-359 91 3 Molecular Molecular NNP en-wikipedia-org-359 91 4 Structure Structure NNP en-wikipedia-org-359 91 5 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-359 91 6 Properties Properties NNP en-wikipedia-org-359 91 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-359 92 1 New New NNP en-wikipedia-org-359 92 2 Jersey Jersey NNP en-wikipedia-org-359 92 3 : : : en-wikipedia-org-359 92 4 World World NNP en-wikipedia-org-359 92 5 Scientific Scientific NNP en-wikipedia-org-359 92 6 . . . en-wikipedia-org-359 93 1 p. p. NN en-wikipedia-org-359 93 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-359 93 3 451 451 CD en-wikipedia-org-359 93 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-359 94 1 ISBN ISBN NNP en-wikipedia-org-359 94 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-359 94 3 9789814440424 9789814440424 CD en-wikipedia-org-359 94 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-359 95 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-359 95 2 Australian Australian NNP en-wikipedia-org-359 95 3 Pesticides Pesticides NNPS en-wikipedia-org-359 95 4 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-359 95 5 Veterinary Veterinary NNP en-wikipedia-org-359 95 6 Medicines Medicines NNP en-wikipedia-org-359 95 7 Authority Authority NNP en-wikipedia-org-359 95 8 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-359 95 9 31 31 CD en-wikipedia-org-359 95 10 March March NNP en-wikipedia-org-359 95 11 2015 2015 CD en-wikipedia-org-359 95 12 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-359 95 13 . . . en-wikipedia-org-359 96 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-359 96 2 Tebufenozide tebufenozide NN en-wikipedia-org-359 96 3 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-359 96 4 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-359 96 5 product product NN en-wikipedia-org-359 96 6 Mimic Mimic NNP en-wikipedia-org-359 96 7 700 700 CD en-wikipedia-org-359 96 8 WP WP NNP en-wikipedia-org-359 96 9 Insecticide Insecticide NNP en-wikipedia-org-359 96 10 , , , en-wikipedia-org-359 96 11 Mimic Mimic NNP en-wikipedia-org-359 96 12 240 240 CD en-wikipedia-org-359 96 13 SC SC NNP en-wikipedia-org-359 96 14 Insecticide Insecticide NNP en-wikipedia-org-359 96 15 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-359 96 16 . . . en-wikipedia-org-359 97 1 Australian australian JJ en-wikipedia-org-359 97 2 Government Government NNP en-wikipedia-org-359 97 3 . . . en-wikipedia-org-359 98 1 Retrieved retrieve VBN en-wikipedia-org-359 98 2 30 30 CD en-wikipedia-org-359 98 3 April April NNP en-wikipedia-org-359 98 4 2018 2018 CD en-wikipedia-org-359 98 5 . . . en-wikipedia-org-359 99 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-359 99 2 Fantke Fantke NNP en-wikipedia-org-359 99 3 , , , en-wikipedia-org-359 99 4 Peter Peter NNP en-wikipedia-org-359 99 5 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-359 99 6 Gillespie Gillespie NNP en-wikipedia-org-359 99 7 , , , en-wikipedia-org-359 99 8 Brenda Brenda NNP en-wikipedia-org-359 99 9 W. W. 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is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-359 107 8 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-359 107 9 Multi multi JJ en-wikipedia-org-359 107 10 - - JJ en-wikipedia-org-359 107 11 Exponential exponential JJ en-wikipedia-org-359 107 12 Function Function NNP en-wikipedia-org-359 107 13 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-359 107 14 Thesis Thesis NNP en-wikipedia-org-359 107 15 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-359 107 16 . . . en-wikipedia-org-359 108 1 East East NNP en-wikipedia-org-359 108 2 Tennessee Tennessee NNP en-wikipedia-org-359 108 3 State State NNP en-wikipedia-org-359 108 4 University University NNP en-wikipedia-org-359 108 5 . . . en-wikipedia-org-359 109 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-359 109 2 Ireland Ireland NNP en-wikipedia-org-359 109 3 , , , en-wikipedia-org-359 109 4 MW MW NNP en-wikipedia-org-359 109 5 , , , en-wikipedia-org-359 109 6 ed ed NN en-wikipedia-org-359 109 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-359 110 1 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-359 110 2 1928 1928 CD en-wikipedia-org-359 110 3 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-359 110 4 . 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dictionary dictionary NNP en-wikipedia-org-359 116 15 . . . en-wikipedia-org-359 117 1 Wikimedia Wikimedia NNP en-wikipedia-org-359 117 2 Commons Commons NNP en-wikipedia-org-359 117 3 has have VBZ en-wikipedia-org-359 117 4 media medium NNS en-wikipedia-org-359 117 5 related relate VBN en-wikipedia-org-359 117 6 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-359 117 7 Half Half NNP en-wikipedia-org-359 117 8 times time NNS en-wikipedia-org-359 117 9 . . . en-wikipedia-org-359 118 1 Welcome welcome VBP en-wikipedia-org-359 118 2 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-359 118 3 Nucleonica Nucleonica NNP en-wikipedia-org-359 118 4 , , , en-wikipedia-org-359 118 5 Nucleonica.net Nucleonica.net NNP en-wikipedia-org-359 118 6 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-359 118 7 archived archived JJ en-wikipedia-org-359 118 8 2017 2017 CD en-wikipedia-org-359 118 9 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-359 118 10 wiki wiki NN en-wikipedia-org-359 118 11 : : : en-wikipedia-org-359 118 12 Decay Decay NNP en-wikipedia-org-359 118 13 Engine Engine NNP 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en-wikipedia-org-359 118 36 : : : en-wikipedia-org-359 118 37 Xe-124 xe-124 XX en-wikipedia-org-359 118 38 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-359 118 39 18 18 CD en-wikipedia-org-359 118 40 billion billion CD en-wikipedia-org-359 118 41 trillion trillion CD en-wikipedia-org-359 118 42 years year NNS en-wikipedia-org-359 118 43 v v NN en-wikipedia-org-359 118 44 t t NN en-wikipedia-org-359 118 45 e e NNP en-wikipedia-org-359 118 46 Radiation Radiation NNP en-wikipedia-org-359 118 47 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-359 118 48 physics physics NN en-wikipedia-org-359 118 49 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-359 118 50 health health NN en-wikipedia-org-359 118 51 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-359 118 52 Main main JJ en-wikipedia-org-359 118 53 articles article NNS en-wikipedia-org-359 118 54 Non non JJ en-wikipedia-org-359 118 55 - - JJ en-wikipedia-org-359 118 56 ionizing ionizing JJ en-wikipedia-org-359 118 57 radiation radiation NN en-wikipedia-org-359 118 58 Acoustic acoustic JJ en-wikipedia-org-359 118 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en-wikipedia-org-359 118 80 particle particle NN en-wikipedia-org-359 118 81 Gamma Gamma NNP en-wikipedia-org-359 118 82 ray ray NNP en-wikipedia-org-359 118 83 Cosmic Cosmic NNP en-wikipedia-org-359 118 84 ray ray NN en-wikipedia-org-359 118 85 Neutron Neutron NNP en-wikipedia-org-359 118 86 radiation radiation NN en-wikipedia-org-359 118 87 Nuclear nuclear JJ en-wikipedia-org-359 118 88 fission fission NN en-wikipedia-org-359 118 89 Nuclear nuclear JJ en-wikipedia-org-359 118 90 fusion fusion NN en-wikipedia-org-359 118 91 Nuclear nuclear JJ en-wikipedia-org-359 118 92 reactors reactor NNS en-wikipedia-org-359 118 93 Nuclear nuclear JJ en-wikipedia-org-359 118 94 weapons weapon NNS en-wikipedia-org-359 118 95 Particle Particle NNP en-wikipedia-org-359 118 96 accelerators accelerator NNS en-wikipedia-org-359 118 97 Radioactive radioactive JJ en-wikipedia-org-359 118 98 materials material NNS en-wikipedia-org-359 118 99 X x NN en-wikipedia-org-359 118 100 - - NN en-wikipedia-org-359 118 101 ray ray NN en-wikipedia-org-359 118 102 Earth Earth NNP en-wikipedia-org-359 118 103 's 's POS en-wikipedia-org-359 118 104 energy energy NN en-wikipedia-org-359 118 105 budget budget NN en-wikipedia-org-359 118 106 Electromagnetic electromagnetic JJ en-wikipedia-org-359 118 107 radiation radiation NN en-wikipedia-org-359 118 108 Synchrotron Synchrotron NNP en-wikipedia-org-359 118 109 radiation radiation NN en-wikipedia-org-359 118 110 Thermal thermal JJ en-wikipedia-org-359 118 111 radiation radiation NN en-wikipedia-org-359 118 112 Black black JJ en-wikipedia-org-359 118 113 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-359 118 114 body body NN en-wikipedia-org-359 118 115 radiation radiation NN en-wikipedia-org-359 118 116 Particle Particle NNP en-wikipedia-org-359 118 117 radiation radiation NN en-wikipedia-org-359 118 118 Gravitational gravitational JJ en-wikipedia-org-359 118 119 radiation radiation NN en-wikipedia-org-359 118 120 Cosmic cosmic JJ en-wikipedia-org-359 118 121 background background NN en-wikipedia-org-359 118 122 radiation radiation NN en-wikipedia-org-359 118 123 Cherenkov Cherenkov NNP en-wikipedia-org-359 118 124 radiation radiation NN en-wikipedia-org-359 118 125 Askaryan askaryan JJ en-wikipedia-org-359 118 126 radiation radiation NN en-wikipedia-org-359 118 127 Bremsstrahlung Bremsstrahlung NNP en-wikipedia-org-359 118 128 Unruh Unruh NNP en-wikipedia-org-359 118 129 radiation radiation NN en-wikipedia-org-359 118 130 Dark dark JJ en-wikipedia-org-359 118 131 radiation radiation NN en-wikipedia-org-359 118 132 Radiation radiation NN en-wikipedia-org-359 118 133 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-359 118 134 health health NN en-wikipedia-org-359 118 135 Radiation radiation NN en-wikipedia-org-359 118 136 syndrome syndrome NN en-wikipedia-org-359 118 137 acute acute JJ en-wikipedia-org-359 118 138 chronic chronic JJ en-wikipedia-org-359 118 139 Health Health NNP en-wikipedia-org-359 118 140 physics physics NN en-wikipedia-org-359 118 141 Dosimetry Dosimetry NNP en-wikipedia-org-359 118 142 Electromagnetic electromagnetic JJ en-wikipedia-org-359 118 143 radiation radiation NN en-wikipedia-org-359 118 144 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-359 118 145 health health NN en-wikipedia-org-359 118 146 Laser Laser NNP en-wikipedia-org-359 118 147 safety safety NN en-wikipedia-org-359 118 148 Lasers laser NNS en-wikipedia-org-359 118 149 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-359 118 150 aviation aviation NN en-wikipedia-org-359 118 151 safety safety NN en-wikipedia-org-359 118 152 Medical medical JJ en-wikipedia-org-359 118 153 radiography radiography NN en-wikipedia-org-359 118 154 Mobile Mobile NNP en-wikipedia-org-359 118 155 phone phone NN en-wikipedia-org-359 118 156 radiation radiation NN en-wikipedia-org-359 118 157 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-359 118 158 health health NN en-wikipedia-org-359 118 159 Radiation radiation NN en-wikipedia-org-359 118 160 protection protection NN en-wikipedia-org-359 118 161 Radiation Radiation NNP en-wikipedia-org-359 118 162 therapy therapy NN en-wikipedia-org-359 118 163 Radioactivity Radioactivity NNP en-wikipedia-org-359 118 164 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-359 118 165 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-359 118 166 life life NN en-wikipedia-org-359 118 167 sciences science VBZ en-wikipedia-org-359 118 168 Radioactive radioactive JJ en-wikipedia-org-359 118 169 contamination contamination NN en-wikipedia-org-359 118 170 Radiobiology Radiobiology NNP en-wikipedia-org-359 118 171 Biological Biological NNP en-wikipedia-org-359 118 172 dose dose VBP en-wikipedia-org-359 118 173 units unit NNS en-wikipedia-org-359 118 174 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-359 118 175 quantities quantity NNS en-wikipedia-org-359 118 176 Wireless wireless JJ en-wikipedia-org-359 118 177 electronic electronic JJ en-wikipedia-org-359 118 178 devices device NNS en-wikipedia-org-359 118 179 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-359 118 180 health health NN en-wikipedia-org-359 118 181 Radiation Radiation NNP en-wikipedia-org-359 118 182 heat heat NN en-wikipedia-org-359 118 183 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-359 118 184 transfer transfer NN en-wikipedia-org-359 118 185 Related relate VBN en-wikipedia-org-359 118 186 articles article NNS en-wikipedia-org-359 118 187 Half half JJ en-wikipedia-org-359 118 188 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-359 118 189 life life NN en-wikipedia-org-359 118 190 Nuclear nuclear JJ en-wikipedia-org-359 118 191 physics physics NN en-wikipedia-org-359 118 192 Radioactive radioactive JJ en-wikipedia-org-359 118 193 source source NN en-wikipedia-org-359 118 194 Radiation radiation NN en-wikipedia-org-359 118 195 hardening harden VBG en-wikipedia-org-359 118 196 List List NNP en-wikipedia-org-359 118 197 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-359 118 198 civilian civilian JJ en-wikipedia-org-359 118 199 radiation radiation NN en-wikipedia-org-359 118 200 accidents accident NNS en-wikipedia-org-359 118 201 1996 1996 CD en-wikipedia-org-359 118 202 Costa Costa NNP en-wikipedia-org-359 118 203 Rica Rica NNP en-wikipedia-org-359 118 204 accident accident NN en-wikipedia-org-359 118 205 1987 1987 CD en-wikipedia-org-359 118 206 Goiânia Goiânia NNP en-wikipedia-org-359 118 207 accident accident NN en-wikipedia-org-359 118 208 1984 1984 CD en-wikipedia-org-359 118 209 Moroccan moroccan JJ en-wikipedia-org-359 118 210 accident accident NN en-wikipedia-org-359 118 211 1990 1990 CD en-wikipedia-org-359 118 212 Zaragoza Zaragoza NNP en-wikipedia-org-359 118 213 accident accident NN en-wikipedia-org-359 118 214 See see VB en-wikipedia-org-359 118 215 also also RB en-wikipedia-org-359 118 216 : : : en-wikipedia-org-359 118 217 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-359 118 218 categories category NNS en-wikipedia-org-359 118 219 Radiation Radiation NNP en-wikipedia-org-359 118 220 effects effect NNS en-wikipedia-org-359 118 221 , , , en-wikipedia-org-359 118 222 Radioactivity Radioactivity NNP en-wikipedia-org-359 118 223 , , , en-wikipedia-org-359 118 224 Radiobiology Radiobiology NNP en-wikipedia-org-359 118 225 , , , en-wikipedia-org-359 118 226 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-359 118 227 Radiation Radiation NNP en-wikipedia-org-359 118 228 protection protection NNP en-wikipedia-org-359 118 229 Authority Authority NNP en-wikipedia-org-359 118 230 control control NN en-wikipedia-org-359 118 231 GND GND NNP en-wikipedia-org-359 118 232 : : : en-wikipedia-org-359 118 233 4258821 4258821 CD en-wikipedia-org-359 118 234 - - SYM en-wikipedia-org-359 118 235 2 2 CD en-wikipedia-org-359 118 236 MA MA NNP en-wikipedia-org-359 118 237 : : : en-wikipedia-org-359 118 238 3941253 3941253 CD en-wikipedia-org-359 118 239 , , , en-wikipedia-org-359 118 240 113514576 113514576 CD en-wikipedia-org-359 118 241 Retrieved retrieve VBN en-wikipedia-org-359 118 242 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-359 118 243 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-359 118 244 https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Half-life&oldid=1014132428 https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Half-life&oldid=1014132428 NNP en-wikipedia-org-359 118 245 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-359 118 246 Categories category NNS en-wikipedia-org-359 118 247 : : : en-wikipedia-org-359 118 248 Chemical chemical NN en-wikipedia-org-359 118 249 kinetics kinetic NNS en-wikipedia-org-359 118 250 Exponentials Exponentials NNPS en-wikipedia-org-359 118 251 Radioactivity Radioactivity NNP en-wikipedia-org-359 118 252 Hidden hidden JJ en-wikipedia-org-359 118 253 categories category NNS en-wikipedia-org-359 118 254 : : : en-wikipedia-org-359 118 255 CS1 cs1 NN en-wikipedia-org-359 118 256 maint maint NN en-wikipedia-org-359 118 257 : : : en-wikipedia-org-359 118 258 unfit unfit JJ en-wikipedia-org-359 118 259 URL URL NNP en-wikipedia-org-359 118 260 Articles Articles NNPS en-wikipedia-org-359 118 261 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-359 118 262 short short JJ en-wikipedia-org-359 118 263 description description NN en-wikipedia-org-359 118 264 Short short JJ en-wikipedia-org-359 118 265 description description NN en-wikipedia-org-359 118 266 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-359 118 267 different different JJ en-wikipedia-org-359 118 268 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-359 118 269 Wikidata Wikidata NNP en-wikipedia-org-359 118 270 Articles Articles NNPS en-wikipedia-org-359 118 271 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-359 118 272 be be VB en-wikipedia-org-359 118 273 expanded expand VBN en-wikipedia-org-359 118 274 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-359 118 275 July July NNP en-wikipedia-org-359 118 276 2019 2019 CD en-wikipedia-org-359 118 277 Commons Commons NNP en-wikipedia-org-359 118 278 category category NN en-wikipedia-org-359 118 279 link link NN en-wikipedia-org-359 118 280 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-359 118 281 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-359 118 282 Wikidata Wikidata NNP en-wikipedia-org-359 118 283 Wikipedia Wikipedia NNP en-wikipedia-org-359 118 284 articles article NNS en-wikipedia-org-359 118 285 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-359 118 286 GND GND NNP en-wikipedia-org-359 118 287 identifiers identifier NNS en-wikipedia-org-359 118 288 Wikipedia Wikipedia NNP en-wikipedia-org-359 118 289 articles article NNS en-wikipedia-org-359 118 290 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-359 118 291 MA MA NNP en-wikipedia-org-359 118 292 identifiers identifier NNS en-wikipedia-org-359 118 293 Wikipedia Wikipedia NNP en-wikipedia-org-359 118 294 articles article NNS en-wikipedia-org-359 118 295 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-359 118 296 multiple multiple JJ en-wikipedia-org-359 118 297 identifiers identifier NNS en-wikipedia-org-359 118 298 Navigation Navigation NNP en-wikipedia-org-359 118 299 menu menu NN en-wikipedia-org-359 118 300 Personal personal JJ en-wikipedia-org-359 118 301 tools tool NNS en-wikipedia-org-359 118 302 Not not RB en-wikipedia-org-359 118 303 logged log VBN en-wikipedia-org-359 118 304 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-359 118 305 Talk Talk NNP en-wikipedia-org-359 118 306 Contributions Contributions NNP en-wikipedia-org-359 118 307 Create Create NNP en-wikipedia-org-359 118 308 account account NN en-wikipedia-org-359 118 309 Log Log NNP en-wikipedia-org-359 118 310 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-359 118 311 Namespaces Namespaces NNP en-wikipedia-org-359 118 312 Article Article NNP en-wikipedia-org-359 118 313 Talk talk NN en-wikipedia-org-359 118 314 Variants variant VBZ en-wikipedia-org-359 118 315 Views view NNS en-wikipedia-org-359 118 316 Read read VBP en-wikipedia-org-359 118 317 Edit edit NN en-wikipedia-org-359 118 318 View View NNP en-wikipedia-org-359 118 319 history history NN en-wikipedia-org-359 118 320 More More JJR en-wikipedia-org-359 118 321 Search Search NNP en-wikipedia-org-359 118 322 Navigation Navigation NNP en-wikipedia-org-359 118 323 Main Main NNP en-wikipedia-org-359 118 324 page page NN en-wikipedia-org-359 118 325 Contents content VBZ en-wikipedia-org-359 118 326 Current current JJ en-wikipedia-org-359 118 327 events event NNS en-wikipedia-org-359 118 328 Random random JJ en-wikipedia-org-359 118 329 article article NN en-wikipedia-org-359 118 330 About about IN en-wikipedia-org-359 118 331 Wikipedia Wikipedia NNP en-wikipedia-org-359 118 332 Contact Contact NNP en-wikipedia-org-359 118 333 us -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-359 118 334 Donate Donate NNP en-wikipedia-org-359 118 335 Contribute contribute NN en-wikipedia-org-359 118 336 Help help NN en-wikipedia-org-359 118 337 Learn learn VB en-wikipedia-org-359 118 338 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-359 118 339 edit edit VB en-wikipedia-org-359 118 340 Community community NN en-wikipedia-org-359 118 341 portal portal JJ en-wikipedia-org-359 118 342 Recent recent JJ en-wikipedia-org-359 118 343 changes change NNS en-wikipedia-org-359 118 344 Upload upload JJ en-wikipedia-org-359 118 345 file file NN en-wikipedia-org-359 118 346 Tools tool NNS en-wikipedia-org-359 118 347 What what WP en-wikipedia-org-359 118 348 links link NNS en-wikipedia-org-359 118 349 here here RB en-wikipedia-org-359 118 350 Related relate VBN en-wikipedia-org-359 118 351 changes change VBZ en-wikipedia-org-359 118 352 Upload upload JJ en-wikipedia-org-359 118 353 file file VBP en-wikipedia-org-359 118 354 Special special JJ en-wikipedia-org-359 118 355 pages page NNS en-wikipedia-org-359 118 356 Permanent permanent JJ en-wikipedia-org-359 118 357 link link NN en-wikipedia-org-359 118 358 Page Page NNP en-wikipedia-org-359 118 359 information information NN en-wikipedia-org-359 118 360 Cite cite VB en-wikipedia-org-359 118 361 this this DT en-wikipedia-org-359 118 362 page page NN en-wikipedia-org-359 118 363 Wikidata wikidata NN en-wikipedia-org-359 118 364 item item NN en-wikipedia-org-359 118 365 Print print NN en-wikipedia-org-359 118 366 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-359 118 367 export export NN en-wikipedia-org-359 118 368 Download Download NNP en-wikipedia-org-359 118 369 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-359 118 370 PDF PDF NNP en-wikipedia-org-359 118 371 Printable Printable NNP en-wikipedia-org-359 118 372 version version NN en-wikipedia-org-359 118 373 In in IN en-wikipedia-org-359 118 374 other other JJ en-wikipedia-org-359 118 375 projects project NNS en-wikipedia-org-359 118 376 Wikimedia Wikimedia NNP en-wikipedia-org-359 118 377 Commons Commons NNPS en-wikipedia-org-359 118 378 Languages Languages NNPS en-wikipedia-org-359 118 379 Afrikaans Afrikaans NNPS en-wikipedia-org-359 118 380 العربية العربية NN en-wikipedia-org-359 118 381 Aragonés Aragonés NNP en-wikipedia-org-359 118 382 Asturianu Asturianu NNP en-wikipedia-org-359 118 383 বাংলা বাংলা NN en-wikipedia-org-359 118 384 Bân bân NN en-wikipedia-org-359 118 385 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-359 118 386 lâm lâm NN en-wikipedia-org-359 118 387 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-359 118 388 gú gú NN en-wikipedia-org-359 118 389 Беларуская Беларуская NNP en-wikipedia-org-359 118 390 भोजपुरी भोजपुरी NNP en-wikipedia-org-359 118 391 Български Български NNP en-wikipedia-org-359 118 392 Bosanski Bosanski NNP en-wikipedia-org-359 118 393 Català Català NNP en-wikipedia-org-359 118 394 Чӑвашла Чӑвашла NNP en-wikipedia-org-359 118 395 Čeština Čeština NNP en-wikipedia-org-359 118 396 Cymraeg Cymraeg NNP en-wikipedia-org-359 118 397 Dansk Dansk NNP en-wikipedia-org-359 118 398 الدارجة الدارجة VBZ en-wikipedia-org-359 118 399 Deutsch Deutsch NNP en-wikipedia-org-359 118 400 Eesti Eesti NNP en-wikipedia-org-359 118 401 Ελληνικά Ελληνικά NNP en-wikipedia-org-359 118 402 Español Español NNP en-wikipedia-org-359 118 403 Esperanto Esperanto NNP en-wikipedia-org-359 118 404 Euskara Euskara NNP en-wikipedia-org-359 118 405 فارسی فارسی JJ en-wikipedia-org-359 118 406 Français Français NNP en-wikipedia-org-359 118 407 Gaeilge Gaeilge NNP en-wikipedia-org-359 118 408 Galego Galego NNP en-wikipedia-org-359 118 409 贛語 贛語 NNP en-wikipedia-org-359 118 410 한국어 한국어 NNP en-wikipedia-org-359 118 411 हिन्दी हिन्दी IN en-wikipedia-org-359 118 412 Hrvatski Hrvatski NNP en-wikipedia-org-359 118 413 Bahasa Bahasa NNP en-wikipedia-org-359 118 414 Indonesia Indonesia NNP en-wikipedia-org-359 118 415 Íslenska Íslenska NNP en-wikipedia-org-359 118 416 Italiano Italiano NNP en-wikipedia-org-359 118 417 עברית עברית NN en-wikipedia-org-359 118 418 ಕನ್ನಡ ಕನ್ನಡ CD en-wikipedia-org-359 118 419 ქართული ქართული NN en-wikipedia-org-359 118 420 Қазақша Қазақша NNP en-wikipedia-org-359 118 421 Kiswahili Kiswahili NNP en-wikipedia-org-359 118 422 Kreyòl Kreyòl NNP en-wikipedia-org-359 118 423 ayisyen ayisyen NN en-wikipedia-org-359 118 424 Latviešu Latviešu NNP en-wikipedia-org-359 118 425 Lietuvių Lietuvių NNP en-wikipedia-org-359 118 426 Limburgs Limburgs NNP en-wikipedia-org-359 118 427 Magyar Magyar NNP en-wikipedia-org-359 118 428 Македонски Македонски NNP en-wikipedia-org-359 118 429 മലയാളം മലയാളം IN en-wikipedia-org-359 118 430 Bahasa Bahasa NNP en-wikipedia-org-359 118 431 Melayu Melayu NNP en-wikipedia-org-359 118 432 Nederlands Nederlands NNP en-wikipedia-org-359 118 433 日本語 日本語 . en-wikipedia-org-359 118 434 Nordfriisk Nordfriisk NNP en-wikipedia-org-359 118 435 Norsk Norsk NNP en-wikipedia-org-359 118 436 bokmål bokmål NN en-wikipedia-org-359 118 437 Norsk Norsk NNP en-wikipedia-org-359 118 438 nynorsk nynorsk NNP en-wikipedia-org-359 118 439 Occitan Occitan NNP en-wikipedia-org-359 118 440 Oʻzbekcha/ўзбекча Oʻzbekcha/ўзбекча NNP en-wikipedia-org-359 118 441 پنجابی پنجابی NNP en-wikipedia-org-359 118 442 Plattdüütsch Plattdüütsch NNP en-wikipedia-org-359 118 443 Polski Polski NNP en-wikipedia-org-359 118 444 Português Português NNP en-wikipedia-org-359 118 445 Română Română NNP en-wikipedia-org-359 118 446 Runa Runa NNP en-wikipedia-org-359 118 447 Simi Simi NNP en-wikipedia-org-359 118 448 Русский Русский NNP en-wikipedia-org-359 118 449 Simple Simple NNP en-wikipedia-org-359 118 450 English english JJ en-wikipedia-org-359 118 451 Slovenčina Slovenčina NNP en-wikipedia-org-359 118 452 Slovenščina Slovenščina NNP en-wikipedia-org-359 118 453 کوردی کوردی NN en-wikipedia-org-359 118 454 Српски Српски NNP en-wikipedia-org-359 118 455 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-359 118 456 srpski srpski JJ en-wikipedia-org-359 118 457 Srpskohrvatski Srpskohrvatski NNP en-wikipedia-org-359 118 458 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-359 118 459 српскохрватски српскохрватски NN en-wikipedia-org-359 118 460 Suomi Suomi NNP en-wikipedia-org-359 118 461 Svenska Svenska NNP en-wikipedia-org-359 118 462 தமிழ் தமிழ் , en-wikipedia-org-359 118 463 Татарча Татарча NNP en-wikipedia-org-359 118 464 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-359 118 465 tatarça tatarça NN en-wikipedia-org-359 118 466 తెలుగు తెలుగు NN en-wikipedia-org-359 118 467 ไทย ไทย NNP en-wikipedia-org-359 118 468 Türkçe Türkçe NNP en-wikipedia-org-359 118 469 Українська Українська NNP en-wikipedia-org-359 118 470 اردو اردو NN en-wikipedia-org-359 118 471 Tiếng Tiếng NNP en-wikipedia-org-359 118 472 Việt Việt NNP en-wikipedia-org-359 118 473 吴语 吴语 NNP en-wikipedia-org-359 118 474 粵語 粵語 NNP en-wikipedia-org-359 118 475 中文 中文 NNP en-wikipedia-org-359 118 476 Edit Edit NNP en-wikipedia-org-359 118 477 links link NNS en-wikipedia-org-359 118 478 This this DT en-wikipedia-org-359 118 479 page page NN en-wikipedia-org-359 118 480 was be VBD en-wikipedia-org-359 118 481 last last RB en-wikipedia-org-359 118 482 edited edit VBN en-wikipedia-org-359 118 483 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-359 118 484 25 25 CD en-wikipedia-org-359 118 485 March March NNP en-wikipedia-org-359 118 486 2021 2021 CD en-wikipedia-org-359 118 487 , , , en-wikipedia-org-359 118 488 at at IN en-wikipedia-org-359 118 489 10:46 10:46 CD en-wikipedia-org-359 118 490   _SP en-wikipedia-org-359 118 491 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-359 118 492 UTC UTC NNP en-wikipedia-org-359 118 493 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-359 118 494 . . . en-wikipedia-org-359 119 1 Text text NN en-wikipedia-org-359 119 2 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-359 119 3 available available JJ en-wikipedia-org-359 119 4 under under IN en-wikipedia-org-359 119 5 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-359 119 6 Creative Creative NNP en-wikipedia-org-359 119 7 Commons Commons NNP en-wikipedia-org-359 119 8 Attribution Attribution NNP en-wikipedia-org-359 119 9 - - HYPH 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Inc. NNP en-wikipedia-org-359 121 13 , , , en-wikipedia-org-359 121 14 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-359 121 15 non non JJ en-wikipedia-org-359 121 16 - - JJ en-wikipedia-org-359 121 17 profit profit JJ en-wikipedia-org-359 121 18 organization organization NN en-wikipedia-org-359 121 19 . . . en-wikipedia-org-359 122 1 Privacy privacy NN en-wikipedia-org-359 122 2 policy policy NN en-wikipedia-org-359 122 3 About about IN en-wikipedia-org-359 122 4 Wikipedia Wikipedia NNP en-wikipedia-org-359 122 5 Disclaimers Disclaimers NNPS en-wikipedia-org-359 122 6 Contact Contact NNP en-wikipedia-org-359 122 7 Wikipedia Wikipedia NNP en-wikipedia-org-359 122 8 Mobile Mobile NNP en-wikipedia-org-359 122 9 view view NN en-wikipedia-org-359 122 10 Developers Developers NNP en-wikipedia-org-359 122 11 Statistics Statistics NNP en-wikipedia-org-359 122 12 Cookie Cookie NNP en-wikipedia-org-359 122 13 statement statement NN