id sid tid token lemma pos en-wikipedia-org-1629 1 1 Double double JJ en-wikipedia-org-1629 1 2 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-1629 1 3 spending spending NN en-wikipedia-org-1629 1 4 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-1629 1 5 Wikipedia Wikipedia NNP en-wikipedia-org-1629 1 6 Double double JJ en-wikipedia-org-1629 1 7 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-1629 1 8 spending spending NN en-wikipedia-org-1629 1 9 From from IN en-wikipedia-org-1629 1 10 Wikipedia Wikipedia NNP en-wikipedia-org-1629 1 11 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1629 1 12 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1629 1 13 free free JJ en-wikipedia-org-1629 1 14 encyclopedia encyclopedia NN en-wikipedia-org-1629 1 15 Jump Jump NNP en-wikipedia-org-1629 1 16 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-1629 1 17 navigation navigation NN en-wikipedia-org-1629 1 18 Jump Jump NNP en-wikipedia-org-1629 1 19 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-1629 1 20 search search VB en-wikipedia-org-1629 1 21 Failure failure NN en-wikipedia-org-1629 1 22 mode mode NN en-wikipedia-org-1629 1 23 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1629 1 24 digital digital JJ en-wikipedia-org-1629 1 25 cash cash NN en-wikipedia-org-1629 1 26 schemes scheme NNS en-wikipedia-org-1629 1 27 Double double JJ en-wikipedia-org-1629 1 28 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-1629 1 29 spending spending NN en-wikipedia-org-1629 1 30 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-1629 1 31 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-1629 1 32 potential potential JJ en-wikipedia-org-1629 1 33 flaw flaw NN en-wikipedia-org-1629 1 34 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-1629 1 35 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-1629 1 36 digital digital JJ en-wikipedia-org-1629 1 37 cash cash NN en-wikipedia-org-1629 1 38 scheme scheme NN en-wikipedia-org-1629 1 39 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-1629 1 40 which which WDT en-wikipedia-org-1629 1 41 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1629 1 42 same same JJ en-wikipedia-org-1629 1 43 single single JJ en-wikipedia-org-1629 1 44 digital digital JJ en-wikipedia-org-1629 1 45 token token NN en-wikipedia-org-1629 1 46 can can MD en-wikipedia-org-1629 1 47 be be VB en-wikipedia-org-1629 1 48 spent spend VBN en-wikipedia-org-1629 1 49 more more JJR en-wikipedia-org-1629 1 50 than than IN en-wikipedia-org-1629 1 51 once once RB en-wikipedia-org-1629 1 52 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1629 2 1 Unlike unlike IN en-wikipedia-org-1629 2 2 physical physical JJ en-wikipedia-org-1629 2 3 cash cash NN en-wikipedia-org-1629 2 4 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1629 2 5 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-1629 2 6 digital digital JJ en-wikipedia-org-1629 2 7 token token JJ en-wikipedia-org-1629 2 8 consists consist VBZ en-wikipedia-org-1629 2 9 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1629 2 10 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-1629 2 11 digital digital JJ en-wikipedia-org-1629 2 12 file file NN en-wikipedia-org-1629 2 13 that that WDT en-wikipedia-org-1629 2 14 can can MD en-wikipedia-org-1629 2 15 be be VB en-wikipedia-org-1629 2 16 duplicated duplicate VBN en-wikipedia-org-1629 2 17 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-1629 2 18 falsified falsify VBN en-wikipedia-org-1629 2 19 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1629 3 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1629 3 2 1][2 1][2 NNP en-wikipedia-org-1629 3 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1629 3 4 As as IN en-wikipedia-org-1629 3 5 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-1629 3 6 counterfeit counterfeit JJ en-wikipedia-org-1629 3 7 money money NN en-wikipedia-org-1629 3 8 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1629 3 9 such such JJ en-wikipedia-org-1629 3 10 double double JJ en-wikipedia-org-1629 3 11 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-1629 3 12 spending spending NN en-wikipedia-org-1629 3 13 leads lead NNS en-wikipedia-org-1629 3 14 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-1629 3 15 inflation inflation NN en-wikipedia-org-1629 3 16 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-1629 3 17 creating create VBG en-wikipedia-org-1629 3 18 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-1629 3 19 new new JJ en-wikipedia-org-1629 3 20 amount amount NN en-wikipedia-org-1629 3 21 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1629 3 22 copied copied JJ en-wikipedia-org-1629 3 23 currency currency NN en-wikipedia-org-1629 3 24 that that WDT en-wikipedia-org-1629 3 25 did do VBD en-wikipedia-org-1629 3 26 not not RB en-wikipedia-org-1629 3 27 previously previously RB en-wikipedia-org-1629 3 28 exist exist VB en-wikipedia-org-1629 3 29 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1629 4 1 This this DT en-wikipedia-org-1629 4 2 devalues devalue VBZ en-wikipedia-org-1629 4 3 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1629 4 4 currency currency NN en-wikipedia-org-1629 4 5 relative relative JJ en-wikipedia-org-1629 4 6 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-1629 4 7 other other JJ en-wikipedia-org-1629 4 8 monetary monetary JJ en-wikipedia-org-1629 4 9 units unit NNS en-wikipedia-org-1629 4 10 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-1629 4 11 goods good NNS en-wikipedia-org-1629 4 12 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1629 4 13 diminishes diminishe NNS en-wikipedia-org-1629 4 14 user user NN en-wikipedia-org-1629 4 15 trust trust NN en-wikipedia-org-1629 4 16 as as RB en-wikipedia-org-1629 4 17 well well RB en-wikipedia-org-1629 4 18 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-1629 4 19 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1629 4 20 circulation circulation NN en-wikipedia-org-1629 4 21 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1629 4 22 retention retention NN en-wikipedia-org-1629 4 23 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1629 4 24 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1629 4 25 currency currency NN en-wikipedia-org-1629 4 26 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1629 5 1 Fundamental fundamental JJ en-wikipedia-org-1629 5 2 cryptographic cryptographic JJ en-wikipedia-org-1629 5 3 techniques technique NNS en-wikipedia-org-1629 5 4 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-1629 5 5 prevent prevent VB en-wikipedia-org-1629 5 6 double double JJ en-wikipedia-org-1629 5 7 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-1629 5 8 spending spending NN en-wikipedia-org-1629 5 9 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1629 5 10 while while IN en-wikipedia-org-1629 5 11 preserving preserve VBG en-wikipedia-org-1629 5 12 anonymity anonymity NN en-wikipedia-org-1629 5 13 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-1629 5 14 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-1629 5 15 transaction transaction NN en-wikipedia-org-1629 5 16 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1629 5 17 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-1629 5 18 blind blind JJ en-wikipedia-org-1629 5 19 signatures signature NNS en-wikipedia-org-1629 5 20 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1629 5 21 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1629 5 22 particularly particularly RB en-wikipedia-org-1629 5 23 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-1629 5 24 offline offline JJ en-wikipedia-org-1629 5 25 systems system NNS en-wikipedia-org-1629 5 26 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1629 5 27 secret secret JJ en-wikipedia-org-1629 5 28 splitting splitting NN en-wikipedia-org-1629 5 29 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1629 6 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1629 6 2 2 2 LS en-wikipedia-org-1629 6 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1629 6 4 Contents content NNS en-wikipedia-org-1629 6 5 1 1 CD en-wikipedia-org-1629 6 6 Centralized centralized JJ en-wikipedia-org-1629 6 7 currencies currency NNS en-wikipedia-org-1629 6 8 2 2 CD en-wikipedia-org-1629 6 9 Decentralized decentralized JJ en-wikipedia-org-1629 6 10 currencies currency NNS en-wikipedia-org-1629 6 11 3 3 CD en-wikipedia-org-1629 6 12 51 51 CD en-wikipedia-org-1629 6 13 % % NN en-wikipedia-org-1629 6 14 attack attack NN en-wikipedia-org-1629 6 15 4 4 CD en-wikipedia-org-1629 6 16 References reference NNS en-wikipedia-org-1629 6 17 Centralized centralize VBN en-wikipedia-org-1629 6 18 currencies[edit currencies[edit CD en-wikipedia-org-1629 6 19 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1629 6 20 Prevention prevention NN en-wikipedia-org-1629 6 21 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1629 6 22 double double JJ en-wikipedia-org-1629 6 23 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-1629 6 24 spending spending NN en-wikipedia-org-1629 6 25 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-1629 6 26 usually usually RB en-wikipedia-org-1629 6 27 implemented implement VBN en-wikipedia-org-1629 6 28 using use VBG en-wikipedia-org-1629 6 29 an an DT en-wikipedia-org-1629 6 30 online online JJ en-wikipedia-org-1629 6 31 central central JJ en-wikipedia-org-1629 6 32 trusted trust VBN en-wikipedia-org-1629 6 33 third third JJ en-wikipedia-org-1629 6 34 party party NN en-wikipedia-org-1629 6 35 that that WDT en-wikipedia-org-1629 6 36 can can MD en-wikipedia-org-1629 6 37 verify verify VB en-wikipedia-org-1629 6 38 whether whether IN en-wikipedia-org-1629 6 39 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-1629 6 40 token token NN en-wikipedia-org-1629 6 41 has have VBZ en-wikipedia-org-1629 6 42 been be VBN en-wikipedia-org-1629 6 43 spent spend VBN en-wikipedia-org-1629 6 44 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1629 7 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1629 7 2 2 2 LS en-wikipedia-org-1629 7 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1629 7 4 This this DT en-wikipedia-org-1629 7 5 normally normally RB en-wikipedia-org-1629 7 6 represents represent VBZ en-wikipedia-org-1629 7 7 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-1629 7 8 single single JJ en-wikipedia-org-1629 7 9 point point NN en-wikipedia-org-1629 7 10 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1629 7 11 failure failure NN en-wikipedia-org-1629 7 12 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-1629 7 13 both both CC en-wikipedia-org-1629 7 14 availability availability NN en-wikipedia-org-1629 7 15 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1629 7 16 trust trust NN en-wikipedia-org-1629 7 17 viewpoints viewpoint NNS en-wikipedia-org-1629 7 18 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1629 8 1 Decentralized decentralized JJ en-wikipedia-org-1629 8 2 currencies[edit currencies[edit CD en-wikipedia-org-1629 8 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1629 8 4 In in IN en-wikipedia-org-1629 8 5 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-1629 8 6 decentralized decentralized JJ en-wikipedia-org-1629 8 7 system system NN en-wikipedia-org-1629 8 8 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1629 8 9 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1629 8 10 double double JJ en-wikipedia-org-1629 8 11 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-1629 8 12 spending spending NN en-wikipedia-org-1629 8 13 problem problem NN en-wikipedia-org-1629 8 14 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-1629 8 15 significantly significantly RB en-wikipedia-org-1629 8 16 harder hard JJR en-wikipedia-org-1629 8 17 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-1629 8 18 solve solve VB en-wikipedia-org-1629 8 19 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1629 9 1 To to TO en-wikipedia-org-1629 9 2 avoid avoid VB en-wikipedia-org-1629 9 3 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1629 9 4 need need NN en-wikipedia-org-1629 9 5 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-1629 9 6 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-1629 9 7 trusted trust VBN en-wikipedia-org-1629 9 8 third third JJ en-wikipedia-org-1629 9 9 party party NN en-wikipedia-org-1629 9 10 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1629 9 11 many many JJ en-wikipedia-org-1629 9 12 servers server NNS en-wikipedia-org-1629 9 13 must must MD en-wikipedia-org-1629 9 14 store store VB en-wikipedia-org-1629 9 15 identical identical JJ en-wikipedia-org-1629 9 16 up up RB en-wikipedia-org-1629 9 17 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-1629 9 18 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-1629 9 19 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-1629 9 20 date date NN en-wikipedia-org-1629 9 21 copies copy NNS en-wikipedia-org-1629 9 22 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1629 9 23 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-1629 9 24 public public JJ en-wikipedia-org-1629 9 25 transaction transaction NN en-wikipedia-org-1629 9 26 ledger ledger RB en-wikipedia-org-1629 9 27 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1629 9 28 but but CC en-wikipedia-org-1629 9 29 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-1629 9 30 transactions transaction NNS en-wikipedia-org-1629 9 31 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1629 9 32 requests request NNS en-wikipedia-org-1629 9 33 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-1629 9 34 spend spend VB en-wikipedia-org-1629 9 35 money money NN en-wikipedia-org-1629 9 36 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1629 9 37 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-1629 9 38 broadcast broadcast VBN en-wikipedia-org-1629 9 39 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1629 9 40 they -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-1629 9 41 will will MD en-wikipedia-org-1629 9 42 arrive arrive VB en-wikipedia-org-1629 9 43 at at IN en-wikipedia-org-1629 9 44 each each DT en-wikipedia-org-1629 9 45 server server NN en-wikipedia-org-1629 9 46 at at IN en-wikipedia-org-1629 9 47 slightly slightly RB en-wikipedia-org-1629 9 48 different different JJ en-wikipedia-org-1629 9 49 times time NNS en-wikipedia-org-1629 9 50 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1629 10 1 If if IN en-wikipedia-org-1629 10 2 two two CD en-wikipedia-org-1629 10 3 transactions transaction NNS en-wikipedia-org-1629 10 4 attempt attempt VBP en-wikipedia-org-1629 10 5 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-1629 10 6 spend spend VB en-wikipedia-org-1629 10 7 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1629 10 8 same same JJ en-wikipedia-org-1629 10 9 token token NN en-wikipedia-org-1629 10 10 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1629 10 11 each each DT en-wikipedia-org-1629 10 12 server server NN en-wikipedia-org-1629 10 13 will will MD en-wikipedia-org-1629 10 14 consider consider VB en-wikipedia-org-1629 10 15 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1629 10 16 first first JJ en-wikipedia-org-1629 10 17 transaction transaction NN en-wikipedia-org-1629 10 18 it -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-1629 10 19 sees see VBZ en-wikipedia-org-1629 10 20 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-1629 10 21 be be VB en-wikipedia-org-1629 10 22 valid valid JJ en-wikipedia-org-1629 10 23 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1629 10 24 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1629 10 25 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1629 10 26 other other JJ en-wikipedia-org-1629 10 27 invalid invalid NN en-wikipedia-org-1629 10 28 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1629 11 1 Once once IN en-wikipedia-org-1629 11 2 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1629 11 3 servers server NNS en-wikipedia-org-1629 11 4 disagree disagree VBP en-wikipedia-org-1629 11 5 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1629 11 6 there there EX en-wikipedia-org-1629 11 7 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-1629 11 8 no no DT en-wikipedia-org-1629 11 9 way way NN en-wikipedia-org-1629 11 10 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-1629 11 11 determine determine VB en-wikipedia-org-1629 11 12 true true JJ en-wikipedia-org-1629 11 13 balances balance NNS en-wikipedia-org-1629 11 14 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1629 11 15 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-1629 11 16 each each DT en-wikipedia-org-1629 11 17 server server NN en-wikipedia-org-1629 11 18 's 's POS en-wikipedia-org-1629 11 19 observations observation NNS en-wikipedia-org-1629 11 20 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-1629 11 21 considered consider VBN en-wikipedia-org-1629 11 22 equally equally RB en-wikipedia-org-1629 11 23 valid valid JJ en-wikipedia-org-1629 11 24 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1629 12 1 Most Most JJS en-wikipedia-org-1629 12 2 decentralized decentralize VBN en-wikipedia-org-1629 12 3 systems system NNS en-wikipedia-org-1629 12 4 solve solve VBP en-wikipedia-org-1629 12 5 this this DT en-wikipedia-org-1629 12 6 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-1629 12 7 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-1629 12 8 consensus consensus NN en-wikipedia-org-1629 12 9 algorithm algorithm NN en-wikipedia-org-1629 12 10 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1629 12 11 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-1629 12 12 way way NN en-wikipedia-org-1629 12 13 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-1629 12 14 bring bring VB en-wikipedia-org-1629 12 15 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1629 12 16 servers server NNS en-wikipedia-org-1629 12 17 back back RB en-wikipedia-org-1629 12 18 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-1629 12 19 sync sync NN en-wikipedia-org-1629 12 20 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1629 13 1 Two two CD en-wikipedia-org-1629 13 2 notable notable JJ en-wikipedia-org-1629 13 3 types type NNS en-wikipedia-org-1629 13 4 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1629 13 5 consensus consensus NN en-wikipedia-org-1629 13 6 mechanisms mechanism NNS en-wikipedia-org-1629 13 7 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-1629 13 8 proof proof NN en-wikipedia-org-1629 13 9 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-1629 13 10 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1629 13 11 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-1629 13 12 work work NN en-wikipedia-org-1629 13 13 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1629 13 14 proof proof NN en-wikipedia-org-1629 13 15 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-1629 13 16 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1629 13 17 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-1629 13 18 stake stake NN en-wikipedia-org-1629 13 19 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1629 14 1 By by IN en-wikipedia-org-1629 14 2 2007 2007 CD en-wikipedia-org-1629 14 3 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1629 14 4 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-1629 14 5 number number NN en-wikipedia-org-1629 14 6 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1629 14 7 distributed distribute VBN en-wikipedia-org-1629 14 8 systems system NNS en-wikipedia-org-1629 14 9 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-1629 14 10 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1629 14 11 prevention prevention NN en-wikipedia-org-1629 14 12 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1629 14 13 double double JJ en-wikipedia-org-1629 14 14 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-1629 14 15 spending spending NN en-wikipedia-org-1629 14 16 had have VBD en-wikipedia-org-1629 14 17 been be VBN en-wikipedia-org-1629 14 18 proposed propose VBN en-wikipedia-org-1629 14 19 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1629 15 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1629 15 2 3][4 3][4 NN en-wikipedia-org-1629 15 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1629 15 4 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-1629 15 5 cryptocurrency cryptocurrency NN en-wikipedia-org-1629 15 6 Bitcoin Bitcoin NNP en-wikipedia-org-1629 15 7 implemented implement VBD en-wikipedia-org-1629 15 8 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-1629 15 9 solution solution NN en-wikipedia-org-1629 15 10 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-1629 15 11 early early JJ en-wikipedia-org-1629 15 12 2009 2009 CD en-wikipedia-org-1629 15 13 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1629 16 1 Its -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-1629 16 2 cryptographic cryptographic JJ en-wikipedia-org-1629 16 3 protocol protocol NN en-wikipedia-org-1629 16 4 used use VBD en-wikipedia-org-1629 16 5 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-1629 16 6 proof proof NN en-wikipedia-org-1629 16 7 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-1629 16 8 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1629 16 9 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-1629 16 10 work work NN en-wikipedia-org-1629 16 11 consensus consensus NN en-wikipedia-org-1629 16 12 mechanism mechanism NN en-wikipedia-org-1629 16 13 where where WRB en-wikipedia-org-1629 16 14 transactions transaction NNS en-wikipedia-org-1629 16 15 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-1629 16 16 batched batch VBN en-wikipedia-org-1629 16 17 into into IN en-wikipedia-org-1629 16 18 blocks block NNS en-wikipedia-org-1629 16 19 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1629 16 20 chained chain VBN en-wikipedia-org-1629 16 21 together together RB en-wikipedia-org-1629 16 22 using use VBG en-wikipedia-org-1629 16 23 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-1629 16 24 linked link VBN en-wikipedia-org-1629 16 25 list list NN en-wikipedia-org-1629 16 26 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1629 16 27 hash hash NN en-wikipedia-org-1629 16 28 pointers pointer NNS en-wikipedia-org-1629 16 29 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1629 16 30 blockchain blockchain NNP en-wikipedia-org-1629 16 31 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1629 16 32 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1629 17 1 Any any DT en-wikipedia-org-1629 17 2 server server NN en-wikipedia-org-1629 17 3 can can MD en-wikipedia-org-1629 17 4 produce produce VB en-wikipedia-org-1629 17 5 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-1629 17 6 block block NN en-wikipedia-org-1629 17 7 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-1629 17 8 solving solve VBG en-wikipedia-org-1629 17 9 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-1629 17 10 computationally computationally RB en-wikipedia-org-1629 17 11 difficult difficult JJ en-wikipedia-org-1629 17 12 puzzle puzzle NN en-wikipedia-org-1629 17 13 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1629 17 14 specifically specifically RB en-wikipedia-org-1629 17 15 finding find VBG en-wikipedia-org-1629 17 16 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-1629 17 17 partial partial JJ en-wikipedia-org-1629 17 18 hash hash NN en-wikipedia-org-1629 17 19 collision collision NN en-wikipedia-org-1629 17 20 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1629 17 21 called call VBD en-wikipedia-org-1629 17 22 mining mining NN en-wikipedia-org-1629 17 23 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1629 18 1 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-1629 18 2 block block NN en-wikipedia-org-1629 18 3 commits commit VBZ en-wikipedia-org-1629 18 4 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-1629 18 5 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1629 18 6 entire entire JJ en-wikipedia-org-1629 18 7 history history NN en-wikipedia-org-1629 18 8 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1629 18 9 bitcoin bitcoin NN en-wikipedia-org-1629 18 10 transactions transaction NNS en-wikipedia-org-1629 18 11 as as RB en-wikipedia-org-1629 18 12 well well RB en-wikipedia-org-1629 18 13 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-1629 18 14 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1629 18 15 new new JJ en-wikipedia-org-1629 18 16 set set NN en-wikipedia-org-1629 18 17 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1629 18 18 incoming incoming JJ en-wikipedia-org-1629 18 19 transactions transaction NNS en-wikipedia-org-1629 18 20 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1629 19 1 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-1629 19 2 miner miner NN en-wikipedia-org-1629 19 3 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-1629 19 4 rewarded reward VBN en-wikipedia-org-1629 19 5 some some DT en-wikipedia-org-1629 19 6 bitcoins bitcoin NNS en-wikipedia-org-1629 19 7 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-1629 19 8 solving solve VBG en-wikipedia-org-1629 19 9 it -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-1629 19 10 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1629 20 1 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-1629 20 2 double double JJ en-wikipedia-org-1629 20 3 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-1629 20 4 spending spending NN en-wikipedia-org-1629 20 5 problem problem NN en-wikipedia-org-1629 20 6 persists persist VBZ en-wikipedia-org-1629 20 7 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1629 20 8 however however RB en-wikipedia-org-1629 20 9 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1629 20 10 if if IN en-wikipedia-org-1629 20 11 two two CD en-wikipedia-org-1629 20 12 blocks block NNS en-wikipedia-org-1629 20 13 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1629 20 14 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-1629 20 15 conflicting conflict VBG en-wikipedia-org-1629 20 16 transactions transaction NNS en-wikipedia-org-1629 20 17 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1629 20 18 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-1629 20 19 mined mine VBN en-wikipedia-org-1629 20 20 at at IN en-wikipedia-org-1629 20 21 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1629 20 22 same same JJ en-wikipedia-org-1629 20 23 approximate approximate JJ en-wikipedia-org-1629 20 24 time time NN en-wikipedia-org-1629 20 25 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1629 21 1 When when WRB en-wikipedia-org-1629 21 2 servers server NNS en-wikipedia-org-1629 21 3 inevitably inevitably RB en-wikipedia-org-1629 21 4 disagree disagree VBP en-wikipedia-org-1629 21 5 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-1629 21 6 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1629 21 7 order order NN en-wikipedia-org-1629 21 8 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1629 21 9 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1629 21 10 two two CD en-wikipedia-org-1629 21 11 blocks block NNS en-wikipedia-org-1629 21 12 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1629 21 13 they -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-1629 21 14 each each DT en-wikipedia-org-1629 21 15 keep keep VBP en-wikipedia-org-1629 21 16 both both DT en-wikipedia-org-1629 21 17 blocks block NNS en-wikipedia-org-1629 21 18 temporarily temporarily RB en-wikipedia-org-1629 21 19 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1629 22 1 As as IN en-wikipedia-org-1629 22 2 new new JJ en-wikipedia-org-1629 22 3 blocks block NNS en-wikipedia-org-1629 22 4 arrive arrive VBP en-wikipedia-org-1629 22 5 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1629 22 6 they -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-1629 22 7 must must MD en-wikipedia-org-1629 22 8 commit commit VB en-wikipedia-org-1629 22 9 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-1629 22 10 one one CD en-wikipedia-org-1629 22 11 history history NN en-wikipedia-org-1629 22 12 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-1629 22 13 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1629 22 14 other other JJ en-wikipedia-org-1629 22 15 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1629 22 16 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1629 22 17 eventually eventually RB en-wikipedia-org-1629 22 18 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-1629 22 19 single single JJ en-wikipedia-org-1629 22 20 chain chain NN en-wikipedia-org-1629 22 21 will will MD en-wikipedia-org-1629 22 22 continue continue VB en-wikipedia-org-1629 22 23 on on RP en-wikipedia-org-1629 22 24 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1629 22 25 while while IN en-wikipedia-org-1629 22 26 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1629 22 27 other(s other(s NNP en-wikipedia-org-1629 22 28 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1629 22 29 will will MD en-wikipedia-org-1629 22 30 not not RB en-wikipedia-org-1629 22 31 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1629 23 1 Since since IN en-wikipedia-org-1629 23 2 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1629 23 3 longest long JJS en-wikipedia-org-1629 23 4 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1629 23 5 more more RBR en-wikipedia-org-1629 23 6 technically technically RB en-wikipedia-org-1629 23 7 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-1629 23 8 heaviest heavy JJS en-wikipedia-org-1629 23 9 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-1629 23 10 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1629 23 11 chain chain NN en-wikipedia-org-1629 23 12 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-1629 23 13 considered consider VBN en-wikipedia-org-1629 23 14 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-1629 23 15 be be VB en-wikipedia-org-1629 23 16 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1629 23 17 valid valid JJ en-wikipedia-org-1629 23 18 data data NN en-wikipedia-org-1629 23 19 set set NN en-wikipedia-org-1629 23 20 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1629 23 21 miners miner NNS en-wikipedia-org-1629 23 22 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-1629 23 23 incentivized incentivize VBN en-wikipedia-org-1629 23 24 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-1629 23 25 only only RB en-wikipedia-org-1629 23 26 build build VB en-wikipedia-org-1629 23 27 blocks block NNS en-wikipedia-org-1629 23 28 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-1629 23 29 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1629 23 30 longest long JJS en-wikipedia-org-1629 23 31 chain chain NN en-wikipedia-org-1629 23 32 they -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-1629 23 33 know know VBP en-wikipedia-org-1629 23 34 about about IN en-wikipedia-org-1629 23 35 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-1629 23 36 order order NN en-wikipedia-org-1629 23 37 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-1629 23 38 it -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-1629 23 39 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-1629 23 40 become become VB en-wikipedia-org-1629 23 41 part part NN en-wikipedia-org-1629 23 42 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1629 23 43 that that DT en-wikipedia-org-1629 23 44 dataset dataset NN en-wikipedia-org-1629 23 45 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1629 23 46 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1629 23 47 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-1629 23 48 their -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-1629 23 49 reward reward NN en-wikipedia-org-1629 23 50 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-1629 23 51 be be VB en-wikipedia-org-1629 23 52 valid valid JJ en-wikipedia-org-1629 23 53 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1629 23 54 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1629 24 1 Transactions transaction NNS en-wikipedia-org-1629 24 2 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-1629 24 3 this this DT en-wikipedia-org-1629 24 4 system system NN en-wikipedia-org-1629 24 5 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-1629 24 6 therefore therefore RB en-wikipedia-org-1629 24 7 never never RB en-wikipedia-org-1629 24 8 technically technically RB en-wikipedia-org-1629 24 9 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-1629 24 10 final final JJ en-wikipedia-org-1629 24 11 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-1629 24 12 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-1629 24 13 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-1629 24 14 conflicting conflict VBG en-wikipedia-org-1629 24 15 chain chain NN en-wikipedia-org-1629 24 16 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1629 24 17 blocks block NNS en-wikipedia-org-1629 24 18 can can MD en-wikipedia-org-1629 24 19 always always RB en-wikipedia-org-1629 24 20 outgrow outgrow VB en-wikipedia-org-1629 24 21 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1629 24 22 current current JJ en-wikipedia-org-1629 24 23 canonical canonical JJ en-wikipedia-org-1629 24 24 chain chain NN en-wikipedia-org-1629 24 25 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1629 25 1 However however RB en-wikipedia-org-1629 25 2 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1629 25 3 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-1629 25 4 blocks block NNS en-wikipedia-org-1629 25 5 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-1629 25 6 built build VBN en-wikipedia-org-1629 25 7 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-1629 25 8 top top NN en-wikipedia-org-1629 25 9 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1629 25 10 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-1629 25 11 transaction transaction NN en-wikipedia-org-1629 25 12 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1629 25 13 it -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-1629 25 14 becomes become VBZ en-wikipedia-org-1629 25 15 increasingly increasingly RB en-wikipedia-org-1629 25 16 unlikely unlikely JJ en-wikipedia-org-1629 25 17 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-1629 25 18 costly costly JJ en-wikipedia-org-1629 25 19 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-1629 25 20 another another DT en-wikipedia-org-1629 25 21 chain chain NN en-wikipedia-org-1629 25 22 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-1629 25 23 overtake overtake VB en-wikipedia-org-1629 25 24 it -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-1629 25 25 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1629 26 1 51 51 CD en-wikipedia-org-1629 26 2 % % NN en-wikipedia-org-1629 26 3 attack[edit attack[edit , en-wikipedia-org-1629 26 4 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1629 26 5 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-1629 26 6 total total JJ en-wikipedia-org-1629 26 7 computational computational JJ en-wikipedia-org-1629 26 8 power power NN en-wikipedia-org-1629 26 9 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1629 26 10 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-1629 26 11 decentralized decentralized JJ en-wikipedia-org-1629 26 12 proof proof NN en-wikipedia-org-1629 26 13 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-1629 26 14 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1629 26 15 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-1629 26 16 work work NN en-wikipedia-org-1629 26 17 system system NN en-wikipedia-org-1629 26 18 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-1629 26 19 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1629 26 20 sum sum NN en-wikipedia-org-1629 26 21 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1629 26 22 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1629 26 23 computational computational JJ en-wikipedia-org-1629 26 24 power power NN en-wikipedia-org-1629 26 25 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1629 26 26 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1629 26 27 nodes node NNS en-wikipedia-org-1629 26 28 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1629 26 29 which which WDT en-wikipedia-org-1629 26 30 can can MD en-wikipedia-org-1629 26 31 differ differ VB en-wikipedia-org-1629 26 32 significantly significantly RB en-wikipedia-org-1629 26 33 due due IN en-wikipedia-org-1629 26 34 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-1629 26 35 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1629 26 36 hardware hardware NN en-wikipedia-org-1629 26 37 used use VBN en-wikipedia-org-1629 26 38 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1629 27 1 Larger large JJR en-wikipedia-org-1629 27 2 computational computational JJ en-wikipedia-org-1629 27 3 power power NN en-wikipedia-org-1629 27 4 increases increase VBZ en-wikipedia-org-1629 27 5 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1629 27 6 chance chance NN en-wikipedia-org-1629 27 7 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-1629 27 8 win win VB en-wikipedia-org-1629 27 9 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1629 27 10 mining mining NN en-wikipedia-org-1629 27 11 reward reward NN en-wikipedia-org-1629 27 12 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-1629 27 13 each each DT en-wikipedia-org-1629 27 14 new new JJ en-wikipedia-org-1629 27 15 block block NN en-wikipedia-org-1629 27 16 mined mine VBD en-wikipedia-org-1629 27 17 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1629 27 18 which which WDT en-wikipedia-org-1629 27 19 creates create VBZ en-wikipedia-org-1629 27 20 an an DT en-wikipedia-org-1629 27 21 incentive incentive NN en-wikipedia-org-1629 27 22 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-1629 27 23 accumulate accumulate VB en-wikipedia-org-1629 27 24 clusters cluster NNS en-wikipedia-org-1629 27 25 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1629 27 26 mining mining NN en-wikipedia-org-1629 27 27 nodes node NNS en-wikipedia-org-1629 27 28 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1629 27 29 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-1629 27 30 mining mining NN en-wikipedia-org-1629 27 31 pools pool NNS en-wikipedia-org-1629 27 32 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1629 28 1 Any any DT en-wikipedia-org-1629 28 2 pool pool NN en-wikipedia-org-1629 28 3 that that WDT en-wikipedia-org-1629 28 4 achieves achieve VBZ en-wikipedia-org-1629 28 5 51 51 CD en-wikipedia-org-1629 28 6 % % NN en-wikipedia-org-1629 28 7 hashing hash VBG en-wikipedia-org-1629 28 8 power power NN en-wikipedia-org-1629 28 9 can can MD en-wikipedia-org-1629 28 10 effectively effectively RB en-wikipedia-org-1629 28 11 overturn overturn VB en-wikipedia-org-1629 28 12 network network NN en-wikipedia-org-1629 28 13 transactions transaction NNS en-wikipedia-org-1629 28 14 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1629 28 15 resulting result VBG en-wikipedia-org-1629 28 16 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-1629 28 17 double double JJ en-wikipedia-org-1629 28 18 spending spending NN en-wikipedia-org-1629 28 19 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1629 29 1 One one CD en-wikipedia-org-1629 29 2 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1629 29 3 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1629 29 4 Bitcoin Bitcoin NNP en-wikipedia-org-1629 29 5 forks fork NNS en-wikipedia-org-1629 29 6 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1629 29 7 Bitcoin Bitcoin NNP en-wikipedia-org-1629 29 8 Gold Gold NNP en-wikipedia-org-1629 29 9 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1629 29 10 was be VBD en-wikipedia-org-1629 29 11 hit hit VBN en-wikipedia-org-1629 29 12 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-1629 29 13 such such PDT en-wikipedia-org-1629 29 14 an an DT en-wikipedia-org-1629 29 15 attack attack NN en-wikipedia-org-1629 29 16 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-1629 29 17 2018 2018 CD en-wikipedia-org-1629 29 18 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1629 29 19 then then RB en-wikipedia-org-1629 29 20 again again RB en-wikipedia-org-1629 29 21 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-1629 29 22 2020 2020 CD en-wikipedia-org-1629 29 23 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1629 30 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1629 30 2 5 5 CD en-wikipedia-org-1629 30 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1629 30 4 A a DT en-wikipedia-org-1629 30 5 given give VBN en-wikipedia-org-1629 30 6 cryptocurrency cryptocurrency NN en-wikipedia-org-1629 30 7 's 's POS en-wikipedia-org-1629 30 8 susceptibility susceptibility NN en-wikipedia-org-1629 30 9 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-1629 30 10 attack attack VB en-wikipedia-org-1629 30 11 depends depend VBZ en-wikipedia-org-1629 30 12 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-1629 30 13 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1629 30 14 existing exist VBG en-wikipedia-org-1629 30 15 hashing hash VBG en-wikipedia-org-1629 30 16 power power NN en-wikipedia-org-1629 30 17 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1629 30 18 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1629 30 19 network network NN en-wikipedia-org-1629 30 20 since since IN en-wikipedia-org-1629 30 21 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1629 30 22 attacker attacker NN en-wikipedia-org-1629 30 23 needs need VBZ en-wikipedia-org-1629 30 24 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-1629 30 25 overcome overcome VB en-wikipedia-org-1629 30 26 it -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-1629 30 27 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1629 31 1 For for IN en-wikipedia-org-1629 31 2 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1629 31 3 attack attack NN en-wikipedia-org-1629 31 4 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-1629 31 5 be be VB en-wikipedia-org-1629 31 6 economically economically RB en-wikipedia-org-1629 31 7 viable viable JJ en-wikipedia-org-1629 31 8 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1629 31 9 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1629 31 10 market market NN en-wikipedia-org-1629 31 11 cap cap NN en-wikipedia-org-1629 31 12 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1629 31 13 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1629 31 14 currency currency NN en-wikipedia-org-1629 31 15 must must MD en-wikipedia-org-1629 31 16 be be VB en-wikipedia-org-1629 31 17 sufficiently sufficiently RB en-wikipedia-org-1629 31 18 large large JJ en-wikipedia-org-1629 31 19 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-1629 31 20 justify justify VB en-wikipedia-org-1629 31 21 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1629 31 22 cost cost NN en-wikipedia-org-1629 31 23 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-1629 31 24 rent rent VB en-wikipedia-org-1629 31 25 hashing hash VBG en-wikipedia-org-1629 31 26 power power NN en-wikipedia-org-1629 31 27 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1629 32 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1629 32 2 6][7 6][7 LS en-wikipedia-org-1629 32 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1629 32 4 In in IN en-wikipedia-org-1629 32 5 2014 2014 CD en-wikipedia-org-1629 32 6 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1629 32 7 mining mining NN en-wikipedia-org-1629 32 8 pool pool NN en-wikipedia-org-1629 32 9 Ghash.io ghash.io CD en-wikipedia-org-1629 32 10 obtained obtain VBD en-wikipedia-org-1629 32 11 51 51 CD en-wikipedia-org-1629 32 12 % % NN en-wikipedia-org-1629 32 13 hashing hash VBG en-wikipedia-org-1629 32 14 power power NN en-wikipedia-org-1629 32 15 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-1629 32 16 Bitcoin Bitcoin NNP en-wikipedia-org-1629 32 17 which which WDT en-wikipedia-org-1629 32 18 raised raise VBD en-wikipedia-org-1629 32 19 significant significant JJ en-wikipedia-org-1629 32 20 controversies controversy NNS en-wikipedia-org-1629 32 21 about about IN en-wikipedia-org-1629 32 22 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1629 32 23 safety safety NN en-wikipedia-org-1629 32 24 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1629 32 25 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1629 32 26 network network NN en-wikipedia-org-1629 32 27 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1629 33 1 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-1629 33 2 pool pool NN en-wikipedia-org-1629 33 3 has have VBZ en-wikipedia-org-1629 33 4 voluntarily voluntarily RB en-wikipedia-org-1629 33 5 capped cap VBN en-wikipedia-org-1629 33 6 their -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-1629 33 7 hashing hash VBG en-wikipedia-org-1629 33 8 power power NN en-wikipedia-org-1629 33 9 at at IN en-wikipedia-org-1629 33 10 39.99 39.99 CD en-wikipedia-org-1629 33 11 % % NN en-wikipedia-org-1629 33 12 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1629 33 13 requested request VBD en-wikipedia-org-1629 33 14 other other JJ en-wikipedia-org-1629 33 15 pools pool NNS en-wikipedia-org-1629 33 16 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-1629 33 17 follow follow VB en-wikipedia-org-1629 33 18 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-1629 33 19 order order NN en-wikipedia-org-1629 33 20 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-1629 33 21 restore restore VB en-wikipedia-org-1629 33 22 trust trust NN en-wikipedia-org-1629 33 23 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-1629 33 24 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1629 33 25 network network NN en-wikipedia-org-1629 33 26 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1629 34 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1629 34 2 8 8 CD en-wikipedia-org-1629 34 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1629 34 4 References[edit references[edit NN en-wikipedia-org-1629 34 5 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1629 34 6 ^ ^ . en-wikipedia-org-1629 34 7 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-1629 34 8 Double double JJ en-wikipedia-org-1629 34 9 Spending spending NN en-wikipedia-org-1629 34 10 Problem problem NN en-wikipedia-org-1629 34 11 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1629 34 12 Cryptocurrencies cryptocurrencie NNS en-wikipedia-org-1629 34 13 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1629 35 1 Banking Banking NNP en-wikipedia-org-1629 35 2 & & CC en-wikipedia-org-1629 35 3 Insurance Insurance NNP en-wikipedia-org-1629 35 4 Journal Journal NNP en-wikipedia-org-1629 35 5 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1629 36 1 Social Social NNP en-wikipedia-org-1629 36 2 Science Science NNP en-wikipedia-org-1629 36 3 Research Research NNP en-wikipedia-org-1629 36 4 Network Network NNP en-wikipedia-org-1629 36 5 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1629 36 6 SSRN SSRN NNP en-wikipedia-org-1629 36 7 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1629 36 8 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1629 37 1 Accessed access VBN en-wikipedia-org-1629 37 2 24 24 CD en-wikipedia-org-1629 37 3 December December NNP en-wikipedia-org-1629 37 4 2017 2017 CD en-wikipedia-org-1629 37 5 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1629 38 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-1629 38 2 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-1629 38 3 b b NN en-wikipedia-org-1629 38 4 c c NN en-wikipedia-org-1629 38 5 Mark Mark NNP en-wikipedia-org-1629 38 6 Ryan Ryan NNP en-wikipedia-org-1629 38 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1629 39 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-1629 39 2 Digital Digital NNP en-wikipedia-org-1629 39 3 Cash Cash NNP en-wikipedia-org-1629 39 4 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-1629 39 5 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1629 40 1 School School NNP en-wikipedia-org-1629 40 2 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1629 40 3 Computer Computer NNP en-wikipedia-org-1629 40 4 Science Science NNP en-wikipedia-org-1629 40 5 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1629 40 6 University University NNP en-wikipedia-org-1629 40 7 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1629 40 8 Birmingham Birmingham NNP en-wikipedia-org-1629 40 9 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1629 41 1 Retrieved retrieve VBN en-wikipedia-org-1629 41 2 2017 2017 CD en-wikipedia-org-1629 41 3 - - SYM en-wikipedia-org-1629 41 4 05 05 CD en-wikipedia-org-1629 41 5 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-1629 41 6 27 27 CD en-wikipedia-org-1629 41 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1629 42 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-1629 42 2 Jaap Jaap NNP en-wikipedia-org-1629 42 3 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-1629 42 4 Henk Henk NNP en-wikipedia-org-1629 42 5 Hoepman Hoepman NNP en-wikipedia-org-1629 42 6 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1629 42 7 2008 2008 CD en-wikipedia-org-1629 42 8 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1629 42 9 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1629 43 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-1629 43 2 Distributed distribute VBN en-wikipedia-org-1629 43 3 Double double JJ en-wikipedia-org-1629 43 4 Spending Spending NNP en-wikipedia-org-1629 43 5 Prevention Prevention NNP en-wikipedia-org-1629 43 6 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-1629 43 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1629 44 1 arXiv:0802.0832v1 arxiv:0802.0832v1 RB en-wikipedia-org-1629 44 2 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1629 44 3 cs cs NNP en-wikipedia-org-1629 44 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1629 44 5 CR CR NNP en-wikipedia-org-1629 44 6 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1629 44 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1629 45 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-1629 45 2 Osipkov Osipkov NNP en-wikipedia-org-1629 45 3 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1629 45 4 I. I. NNP en-wikipedia-org-1629 45 5 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-1629 45 6 Vasserman Vasserman NNP en-wikipedia-org-1629 45 7 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1629 45 8 E. E. NNP en-wikipedia-org-1629 45 9 Y. Y. NNP en-wikipedia-org-1629 45 10 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-1629 45 11 Hopper Hopper NNP en-wikipedia-org-1629 45 12 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1629 45 13 N. N. NNP en-wikipedia-org-1629 45 14 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-1629 45 15 Kim Kim NNP en-wikipedia-org-1629 45 16 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1629 45 17 Y. Y. NNP en-wikipedia-org-1629 46 1 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1629 46 2 2007 2007 CD en-wikipedia-org-1629 46 3 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1629 46 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1629 47 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-1629 47 2 Combating combat VBG en-wikipedia-org-1629 47 3 Double double JJ en-wikipedia-org-1629 47 4 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-1629 47 5 Spending spending NN en-wikipedia-org-1629 47 6 Using use VBG en-wikipedia-org-1629 47 7 Cooperative cooperative JJ en-wikipedia-org-1629 47 8 P2P p2p NN en-wikipedia-org-1629 47 9 Systems Systems NNPS en-wikipedia-org-1629 47 10 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-1629 47 11 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1629 48 1 27th 27th NNP en-wikipedia-org-1629 48 2 International International NNP en-wikipedia-org-1629 48 3 Conference Conference NNP en-wikipedia-org-1629 48 4 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-1629 48 5 Distributed Distributed NNP en-wikipedia-org-1629 48 6 Computing Computing NNP en-wikipedia-org-1629 48 7 Systems Systems NNPS en-wikipedia-org-1629 48 8 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1629 48 9 ICDCS ICDCS NNP en-wikipedia-org-1629 48 10 ' ' '' en-wikipedia-org-1629 48 11 07 07 CD en-wikipedia-org-1629 48 12 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1629 48 13 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1629 49 1 p. p. NN en-wikipedia-org-1629 49 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-1629 49 3 41 41 CD en-wikipedia-org-1629 49 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1629 50 1 CiteSeerX CiteSeerX NNS en-wikipedia-org-1629 50 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-1629 50 3 10.1.1.120.52 10.1.1.120.52 NNP en-wikipedia-org-1629 50 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1629 50 5 doi:10.1109 doi:10.1109 NNP en-wikipedia-org-1629 50 6 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-1629 50 7 ICDCS.2007.91 ICDCS.2007.91 NNP en-wikipedia-org-1629 50 8 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1629 51 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-1629 51 2 Canellis Canellis NNP en-wikipedia-org-1629 51 3 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1629 51 4 David David NNP en-wikipedia-org-1629 51 5 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1629 51 6 2020 2020 CD en-wikipedia-org-1629 51 7 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-1629 51 8 01 01 CD en-wikipedia-org-1629 51 9 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-1629 51 10 27 27 CD en-wikipedia-org-1629 51 11 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1629 51 12 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1629 52 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-1629 52 2 Bitcoin Bitcoin NNP en-wikipedia-org-1629 52 3 Gold Gold NNP en-wikipedia-org-1629 52 4 hit hit VBD en-wikipedia-org-1629 52 5 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-1629 52 6 51 51 CD en-wikipedia-org-1629 52 7 % % NN en-wikipedia-org-1629 52 8 attacks attack NNS en-wikipedia-org-1629 52 9 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1629 52 10 $ $ $ en-wikipedia-org-1629 52 11 72 72 CD en-wikipedia-org-1629 52 12 K k NN en-wikipedia-org-1629 52 13 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-1629 52 14 cryptocurrency cryptocurrency NN en-wikipedia-org-1629 52 15 double double RB en-wikipedia-org-1629 52 16 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-1629 52 17 spent spend VBN en-wikipedia-org-1629 52 18 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-1629 52 19 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1629 53 1 Hard Hard NNP en-wikipedia-org-1629 53 2 Fork Fork NNP en-wikipedia-org-1629 53 3 | | NNP en-wikipedia-org-1629 53 4 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-1629 53 5 Next Next NNP en-wikipedia-org-1629 53 6 Web web NN en-wikipedia-org-1629 53 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1629 54 1 Retrieved retrieve VBN en-wikipedia-org-1629 54 2 2020 2020 CD en-wikipedia-org-1629 54 3 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-1629 54 4 02 02 CD en-wikipedia-org-1629 54 5 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-1629 54 6 29 29 CD en-wikipedia-org-1629 54 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1629 55 1 ^ ^ FW en-wikipedia-org-1629 55 2 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-1629 55 3 Cost cost NN en-wikipedia-org-1629 55 4 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1629 55 5 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-1629 55 6 51 51 CD en-wikipedia-org-1629 55 7 % % NN en-wikipedia-org-1629 55 8 Attack attack NN en-wikipedia-org-1629 55 9 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-1629 55 10 Different different JJ en-wikipedia-org-1629 55 11 Cryptocurrencies Cryptocurrencies NNPS en-wikipedia-org-1629 55 12 | | NNP en-wikipedia-org-1629 55 13 Crypto51 Crypto51 NNP en-wikipedia-org-1629 55 14 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-1629 55 15 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1629 56 1 www.crypto51.app www.crypto51.app NNP en-wikipedia-org-1629 56 2 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1629 57 1 Retrieved retrieve VBN en-wikipedia-org-1629 57 2 2020 2020 CD en-wikipedia-org-1629 57 3 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-1629 57 4 02 02 CD en-wikipedia-org-1629 57 5 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-1629 57 6 29 29 CD en-wikipedia-org-1629 57 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1629 58 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-1629 58 2 Varshney varshney NN en-wikipedia-org-1629 58 3 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1629 58 4 Neer Neer NNP en-wikipedia-org-1629 58 5 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1629 58 6 2018 2018 CD en-wikipedia-org-1629 58 7 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-1629 58 8 05 05 CD en-wikipedia-org-1629 58 9 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-1629 58 10 24 24 CD en-wikipedia-org-1629 58 11 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1629 58 12 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1629 59 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-1629 59 2 Why why WRB en-wikipedia-org-1629 59 3 Proof Proof NNP en-wikipedia-org-1629 59 4 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-1629 59 5 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1629 59 6 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-1629 59 7 work work NN en-wikipedia-org-1629 59 8 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-1629 59 9 n't not RB en-wikipedia-org-1629 59 10 suitable suitable JJ en-wikipedia-org-1629 59 11 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-1629 59 12 small small JJ en-wikipedia-org-1629 59 13 cryptocurrencies cryptocurrencie NNS en-wikipedia-org-1629 59 14 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-1629 59 15 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1629 60 1 Hard Hard NNP en-wikipedia-org-1629 60 2 Fork Fork NNP en-wikipedia-org-1629 60 3 | | NNP en-wikipedia-org-1629 60 4 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-1629 60 5 Next Next NNP en-wikipedia-org-1629 60 6 Web web NN en-wikipedia-org-1629 60 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1629 61 1 Retrieved retrieve VBN en-wikipedia-org-1629 61 2 2018 2018 CD en-wikipedia-org-1629 61 3 - - SYM en-wikipedia-org-1629 61 4 05 05 CD en-wikipedia-org-1629 61 5 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-1629 61 6 25 25 CD en-wikipedia-org-1629 61 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1629 62 1 ^ ^ FW en-wikipedia-org-1629 62 2 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-1629 62 3 Popular Popular NNP en-wikipedia-org-1629 62 4 Bitcoin Bitcoin NNP en-wikipedia-org-1629 62 5 Mining Mining NNP en-wikipedia-org-1629 62 6 Pool Pool NNP en-wikipedia-org-1629 62 7 Promises promise VBZ en-wikipedia-org-1629 62 8 To to TO en-wikipedia-org-1629 62 9 Restrict restrict VB en-wikipedia-org-1629 62 10 Its -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-1629 62 11 Compute Compute NNP en-wikipedia-org-1629 62 12 Power power NN en-wikipedia-org-1629 62 13 To to TO en-wikipedia-org-1629 62 14 Prevent prevent VB en-wikipedia-org-1629 62 15 Feared fear VBN en-wikipedia-org-1629 62 16 ' ' POS en-wikipedia-org-1629 62 17 51 51 CD en-wikipedia-org-1629 62 18 % % NN en-wikipedia-org-1629 62 19 ' ' `` en-wikipedia-org-1629 62 20 Fiasco Fiasco NNP en-wikipedia-org-1629 62 21 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-1629 62 22 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1629 63 1 TechCrunch TechCrunch NNP en-wikipedia-org-1629 63 2 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1629 64 1 Retrieved retrieve VBN en-wikipedia-org-1629 64 2 2020 2020 CD en-wikipedia-org-1629 64 3 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-1629 64 4 02 02 CD en-wikipedia-org-1629 64 5 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-1629 64 6 29 29 CD en-wikipedia-org-1629 64 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1629 64 8 v v NNP en-wikipedia-org-1629 64 9 t t NNP en-wikipedia-org-1629 64 10 e e NNP en-wikipedia-org-1629 64 11 Cryptocurrencies Cryptocurrencies NNP en-wikipedia-org-1629 64 12 Technology Technology NNP en-wikipedia-org-1629 64 13 Blockchain Blockchain NNP en-wikipedia-org-1629 64 14 Cryptocurrency Cryptocurrency NNP en-wikipedia-org-1629 64 15 tumbler tumbler NN en-wikipedia-org-1629 64 16 Cryptocurrency Cryptocurrency NNP en-wikipedia-org-1629 64 17 exchange exchange NN en-wikipedia-org-1629 64 18 Cryptocurrency Cryptocurrency NNP en-wikipedia-org-1629 64 19 wallet wallet NN en-wikipedia-org-1629 64 20 Cryptographic Cryptographic NNP en-wikipedia-org-1629 64 21 hash hash NN en-wikipedia-org-1629 64 22 function function NN en-wikipedia-org-1629 64 23 Distributed distribute VBN en-wikipedia-org-1629 64 24 ledger ledger JJ en-wikipedia-org-1629 64 25 Fork Fork NNP en-wikipedia-org-1629 64 26 Lightning Lightning NNP en-wikipedia-org-1629 64 27 Network Network NNP en-wikipedia-org-1629 64 28 MetaMask MetaMask NNP en-wikipedia-org-1629 64 29 Smart Smart NNP en-wikipedia-org-1629 64 30 contract contract NN en-wikipedia-org-1629 64 31 Consensus Consensus NNP en-wikipedia-org-1629 64 32 mechanisms mechanism NNS en-wikipedia-org-1629 64 33 Proof Proof NNP en-wikipedia-org-1629 64 34 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1629 64 35 authority authority NN en-wikipedia-org-1629 64 36 Proof Proof NNP en-wikipedia-org-1629 64 37 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1629 64 38 personhood personhood NN en-wikipedia-org-1629 64 39 Proof Proof NNP en-wikipedia-org-1629 64 40 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1629 64 41 space space NN en-wikipedia-org-1629 64 42 Proof Proof NNP en-wikipedia-org-1629 64 43 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1629 64 44 stake stake NN en-wikipedia-org-1629 64 45 Proof Proof NNP en-wikipedia-org-1629 64 46 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1629 64 47 work work NN en-wikipedia-org-1629 64 48 Proof Proof NNP en-wikipedia-org-1629 64 49 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1629 64 50 work work NN en-wikipedia-org-1629 64 51 currencies currency NNS en-wikipedia-org-1629 64 52 SHA-256-based sha-256-base VBD en-wikipedia-org-1629 64 53 Bitcoin Bitcoin NNP en-wikipedia-org-1629 64 54 Bitcoin Bitcoin NNP en-wikipedia-org-1629 64 55 Cash Cash NNP en-wikipedia-org-1629 64 56 Counterparty Counterparty NNP en-wikipedia-org-1629 64 57 LBRY lbry NN en-wikipedia-org-1629 64 58 MazaCoin MazaCoin NNP en-wikipedia-org-1629 64 59 Namecoin Namecoin NNP en-wikipedia-org-1629 64 60 Peercoin Peercoin NNP en-wikipedia-org-1629 64 61 Titcoin Titcoin NNP en-wikipedia-org-1629 64 62 Ethash Ethash NNP en-wikipedia-org-1629 64 63 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-1629 64 64 based base VBN en-wikipedia-org-1629 64 65 Ethereum Ethereum NNP en-wikipedia-org-1629 64 66 Ethereum Ethereum NNP en-wikipedia-org-1629 64 67 Classic Classic NNP en-wikipedia-org-1629 64 68 Scrypt Scrypt NNP en-wikipedia-org-1629 64 69 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-1629 64 70 based base VBN en-wikipedia-org-1629 64 71 Auroracoin Auroracoin NNP en-wikipedia-org-1629 64 72 Bitconnect Bitconnect NNP en-wikipedia-org-1629 64 73 Coinye Coinye NNP en-wikipedia-org-1629 64 74 Dogecoin Dogecoin NNP en-wikipedia-org-1629 64 75 Litecoin Litecoin NNP en-wikipedia-org-1629 64 76 Equihash Equihash NNP en-wikipedia-org-1629 64 77 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-1629 64 78 based base VBN en-wikipedia-org-1629 64 79 Bitcoin Bitcoin NNP en-wikipedia-org-1629 64 80 Gold Gold NNP en-wikipedia-org-1629 64 81 Zcash Zcash NNP en-wikipedia-org-1629 64 82 RandomX RandomX NNP en-wikipedia-org-1629 64 83 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-1629 64 84 based base VBN en-wikipedia-org-1629 64 85 Monero Monero NNP en-wikipedia-org-1629 64 86 X11-based X11-based NNP en-wikipedia-org-1629 64 87 Dash Dash NNP en-wikipedia-org-1629 64 88 Petro Petro NNP en-wikipedia-org-1629 64 89 Other Other NNP en-wikipedia-org-1629 64 90 AmbaCoin AmbaCoin NNP en-wikipedia-org-1629 64 91 Firo Firo NNP en-wikipedia-org-1629 64 92 IOTA IOTA NNP en-wikipedia-org-1629 64 93 Primecoin Primecoin NNP en-wikipedia-org-1629 64 94 Verge Verge NNP en-wikipedia-org-1629 64 95 Vertcoin Vertcoin NNP en-wikipedia-org-1629 64 96 Proof Proof NNP en-wikipedia-org-1629 64 97 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1629 64 98 stake stake NN en-wikipedia-org-1629 64 99 currencies currency NNS en-wikipedia-org-1629 64 100 Cardano Cardano NNP en-wikipedia-org-1629 64 101 EOS.IO EOS.IO NNP en-wikipedia-org-1629 64 102 Gridcoin Gridcoin NNP en-wikipedia-org-1629 64 103 Nxt Nxt NNP en-wikipedia-org-1629 64 104 Peercoin Peercoin NNP en-wikipedia-org-1629 64 105 Polkadot Polkadot NNP en-wikipedia-org-1629 64 106 Steem Steem NNP en-wikipedia-org-1629 64 107 Tezos Tezos NNP en-wikipedia-org-1629 64 108 TRON tron NN en-wikipedia-org-1629 64 109 ERC-20 erc-20 NN en-wikipedia-org-1629 64 110 tokens token NNS en-wikipedia-org-1629 64 111 Augur Augur NNP en-wikipedia-org-1629 64 112 Aventus Aventus NNP en-wikipedia-org-1629 64 113 Bancor Bancor NNP en-wikipedia-org-1629 64 114 Basic Basic NNP en-wikipedia-org-1629 64 115 Attention Attention NNP en-wikipedia-org-1629 64 116 Token Token NNP en-wikipedia-org-1629 64 117 Chainlink Chainlink NNP en-wikipedia-org-1629 64 118 Kin Kin NNP en-wikipedia-org-1629 64 119 KodakCoin KodakCoin NNP en-wikipedia-org-1629 64 120 Minds mind VBZ en-wikipedia-org-1629 64 121 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-1629 64 122 DAO DAO NNP en-wikipedia-org-1629 64 123 Uniswap Uniswap NNP en-wikipedia-org-1629 64 124 Stablecoins Stablecoins NNPS en-wikipedia-org-1629 64 125 Dai Dai NNP en-wikipedia-org-1629 64 126 Diem Diem NNP en-wikipedia-org-1629 64 127 Tether Tether NNP en-wikipedia-org-1629 64 128 USD USD NNP en-wikipedia-org-1629 64 129 Coin Coin NNP en-wikipedia-org-1629 64 130 Other other JJ en-wikipedia-org-1629 64 131 currencies currency NNS en-wikipedia-org-1629 64 132 Filecoin filecoin VBP en-wikipedia-org-1629 64 133 GNU GNU NNP en-wikipedia-org-1629 64 134 Taler Taler NNP en-wikipedia-org-1629 64 135 Hashgraph Hashgraph NNP en-wikipedia-org-1629 64 136 Nano Nano NNP en-wikipedia-org-1629 64 137 NEO NEO NNP en-wikipedia-org-1629 64 138 Ripple Ripple NNP en-wikipedia-org-1629 64 139 Stellar Stellar NNP en-wikipedia-org-1629 64 140 WhopperCoin WhopperCoin NNP en-wikipedia-org-1629 64 141 Related related JJ en-wikipedia-org-1629 64 142 topics topic NNS en-wikipedia-org-1629 64 143 Airdrop Airdrop NNP en-wikipedia-org-1629 64 144 BitLicense BitLicense NNP en-wikipedia-org-1629 64 145 Blockchain Blockchain NNP en-wikipedia-org-1629 64 146 game game NN en-wikipedia-org-1629 64 147 Complementary complementary JJ en-wikipedia-org-1629 64 148 currency currency NN en-wikipedia-org-1629 64 149 Crypto Crypto NNP en-wikipedia-org-1629 64 150 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-1629 64 151 anarchism anarchism NN en-wikipedia-org-1629 64 152 Cryptocurrency Cryptocurrency NNP en-wikipedia-org-1629 64 153 bubble bubble NN en-wikipedia-org-1629 64 154 Decentralized Decentralized NNP en-wikipedia-org-1629 64 155 Finance Finance NNP en-wikipedia-org-1629 64 156 Digital Digital NNP en-wikipedia-org-1629 64 157 currency currency NN en-wikipedia-org-1629 64 158 Double double JJ en-wikipedia-org-1629 64 159 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-1629 64 160 spending spend VBG en-wikipedia-org-1629 64 161 Hyperledger Hyperledger NNP en-wikipedia-org-1629 64 162 Initial initial JJ en-wikipedia-org-1629 64 163 coin coin NN en-wikipedia-org-1629 64 164 offering offer VBG en-wikipedia-org-1629 64 165 Initial initial JJ en-wikipedia-org-1629 64 166 exchange exchange NN en-wikipedia-org-1629 64 167 offering offer VBG en-wikipedia-org-1629 64 168 Initiative Initiative NNP en-wikipedia-org-1629 64 169 Q Q NNP en-wikipedia-org-1629 64 170 List List NNP en-wikipedia-org-1629 64 171 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1629 64 172 cryptocurrencies cryptocurrencie NNS en-wikipedia-org-1629 64 173 Non non JJ en-wikipedia-org-1629 64 174 - - JJ en-wikipedia-org-1629 64 175 fungible fungible JJ en-wikipedia-org-1629 64 176 token token JJ en-wikipedia-org-1629 64 177 Token token JJ en-wikipedia-org-1629 64 178 money money NN en-wikipedia-org-1629 64 179 Virtual virtual JJ en-wikipedia-org-1629 64 180 currency currency NN en-wikipedia-org-1629 64 181 Category Category NNP en-wikipedia-org-1629 64 182 Commons Commons NNP en-wikipedia-org-1629 64 183 List List NNP en-wikipedia-org-1629 64 184 Retrieved retrieve VBN en-wikipedia-org-1629 64 185 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-1629 64 186 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-1629 64 187 https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Double-spending&oldid=1018658906 https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=double-spending&oldid=1018658906 JJ en-wikipedia-org-1629 64 188 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-1629 64 189 Categories category NNS en-wikipedia-org-1629 64 190 : : : en-wikipedia-org-1629 64 191 Digital digital JJ en-wikipedia-org-1629 64 192 currencies currency NNS en-wikipedia-org-1629 64 193 Financial financial JJ en-wikipedia-org-1629 64 194 cryptography cryptography NN en-wikipedia-org-1629 64 195 Payment payment NN en-wikipedia-org-1629 64 196 systems system NNS en-wikipedia-org-1629 64 197 Internet internet NN en-wikipedia-org-1629 64 198 fraud fraud NN en-wikipedia-org-1629 64 199 Distributed distribute VBN en-wikipedia-org-1629 64 200 computing compute VBG en-wikipedia-org-1629 64 201 Cryptocurrencies cryptocurrencie NNS en-wikipedia-org-1629 64 202 Hidden hide VBN en-wikipedia-org-1629 64 203 categories category NNS en-wikipedia-org-1629 64 204 : : : en-wikipedia-org-1629 64 205 Articles article NNS en-wikipedia-org-1629 64 206 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-1629 64 207 short short JJ en-wikipedia-org-1629 64 208 description description NN en-wikipedia-org-1629 64 209 Short short JJ en-wikipedia-org-1629 64 210 description description NN en-wikipedia-org-1629 64 211 matches match VBZ en-wikipedia-org-1629 64 212 Wikidata Wikidata NNP en-wikipedia-org-1629 64 213 Navigation Navigation NNP en-wikipedia-org-1629 64 214 menu menu NN en-wikipedia-org-1629 64 215 Personal personal JJ en-wikipedia-org-1629 64 216 tools tool NNS en-wikipedia-org-1629 64 217 Not not RB en-wikipedia-org-1629 64 218 logged log VBN en-wikipedia-org-1629 64 219 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-1629 64 220 Talk Talk NNP en-wikipedia-org-1629 64 221 Contributions Contributions NNP en-wikipedia-org-1629 64 222 Create Create NNP en-wikipedia-org-1629 64 223 account account NN en-wikipedia-org-1629 64 224 Log Log NNP en-wikipedia-org-1629 64 225 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-1629 64 226 Namespaces Namespaces NNP en-wikipedia-org-1629 64 227 Article Article NNP en-wikipedia-org-1629 64 228 Talk talk NN en-wikipedia-org-1629 64 229 Variants variant VBZ en-wikipedia-org-1629 64 230 Views view NNS en-wikipedia-org-1629 64 231 Read read VBP en-wikipedia-org-1629 64 232 Edit edit NN en-wikipedia-org-1629 64 233 View View NNP en-wikipedia-org-1629 64 234 history history NN en-wikipedia-org-1629 64 235 More More JJR en-wikipedia-org-1629 64 236 Search Search NNP en-wikipedia-org-1629 64 237 Navigation Navigation NNP en-wikipedia-org-1629 64 238 Main Main NNP en-wikipedia-org-1629 64 239 page page NN en-wikipedia-org-1629 64 240 Contents content VBZ en-wikipedia-org-1629 64 241 Current current JJ en-wikipedia-org-1629 64 242 events event NNS en-wikipedia-org-1629 64 243 Random random JJ en-wikipedia-org-1629 64 244 article article NN en-wikipedia-org-1629 64 245 About about IN en-wikipedia-org-1629 64 246 Wikipedia Wikipedia NNP en-wikipedia-org-1629 64 247 Contact Contact NNP en-wikipedia-org-1629 64 248 us -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-1629 64 249 Donate Donate NNP en-wikipedia-org-1629 64 250 Contribute contribute NN en-wikipedia-org-1629 64 251 Help help NN en-wikipedia-org-1629 64 252 Learn learn VB en-wikipedia-org-1629 64 253 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-1629 64 254 edit edit VB en-wikipedia-org-1629 64 255 Community community NN en-wikipedia-org-1629 64 256 portal portal JJ en-wikipedia-org-1629 64 257 Recent recent JJ en-wikipedia-org-1629 64 258 changes change NNS en-wikipedia-org-1629 64 259 Upload upload JJ en-wikipedia-org-1629 64 260 file file NN en-wikipedia-org-1629 64 261 Tools tool NNS en-wikipedia-org-1629 64 262 What what WP en-wikipedia-org-1629 64 263 links link NNS en-wikipedia-org-1629 64 264 here here RB en-wikipedia-org-1629 64 265 Related relate VBN en-wikipedia-org-1629 64 266 changes change VBZ en-wikipedia-org-1629 64 267 Upload upload JJ en-wikipedia-org-1629 64 268 file file VBP en-wikipedia-org-1629 64 269 Special special JJ en-wikipedia-org-1629 64 270 pages page NNS en-wikipedia-org-1629 64 271 Permanent permanent JJ en-wikipedia-org-1629 64 272 link link NN en-wikipedia-org-1629 64 273 Page Page NNP en-wikipedia-org-1629 64 274 information information NN en-wikipedia-org-1629 64 275 Cite cite VB en-wikipedia-org-1629 64 276 this this DT en-wikipedia-org-1629 64 277 page page NN en-wikipedia-org-1629 64 278 Wikidata wikidata NN en-wikipedia-org-1629 64 279 item item NN en-wikipedia-org-1629 64 280 Print print NN en-wikipedia-org-1629 64 281 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-1629 64 282 export export NN en-wikipedia-org-1629 64 283 Download Download NNP en-wikipedia-org-1629 64 284 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-1629 64 285 PDF PDF NNP en-wikipedia-org-1629 64 286 Printable Printable NNP en-wikipedia-org-1629 64 287 version version NN en-wikipedia-org-1629 64 288 Languages language VBZ en-wikipedia-org-1629 64 289 العربية العربية NNP en-wikipedia-org-1629 64 290 Español Español NNP en-wikipedia-org-1629 64 291 فارسی فارسی JJ en-wikipedia-org-1629 64 292 Français Français NNP en-wikipedia-org-1629 64 293 Italiano Italiano NNP en-wikipedia-org-1629 64 294 Português Português NNP en-wikipedia-org-1629 64 295 Русский Русский NNP en-wikipedia-org-1629 64 296 中文 中文 NNP en-wikipedia-org-1629 64 297 Edit Edit NNP en-wikipedia-org-1629 64 298 links link NNS en-wikipedia-org-1629 64 299 This this DT en-wikipedia-org-1629 64 300 page page NN en-wikipedia-org-1629 64 301 was be VBD en-wikipedia-org-1629 64 302 last last RB en-wikipedia-org-1629 64 303 edited edit VBN en-wikipedia-org-1629 64 304 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-1629 64 305 19 19 CD en-wikipedia-org-1629 64 306 April April NNP en-wikipedia-org-1629 64 307 2021 2021 CD en-wikipedia-org-1629 64 308 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1629 64 309 at at IN en-wikipedia-org-1629 64 310 06:08 06:08 CD en-wikipedia-org-1629 64 311   _SP en-wikipedia-org-1629 64 312 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1629 64 313 UTC UTC NNP en-wikipedia-org-1629 64 314 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1629 64 315 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1629 65 1 Text text NN en-wikipedia-org-1629 65 2 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-1629 65 3 available available JJ en-wikipedia-org-1629 65 4 under under IN en-wikipedia-org-1629 65 5 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1629 65 6 Creative Creative NNP en-wikipedia-org-1629 65 7 Commons Commons NNP en-wikipedia-org-1629 65 8 Attribution Attribution NNP en-wikipedia-org-1629 65 9 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-1629 65 10 ShareAlike ShareAlike NNP en-wikipedia-org-1629 65 11 License License NNP en-wikipedia-org-1629 65 12 ; ; , en-wikipedia-org-1629 65 13 additional additional JJ en-wikipedia-org-1629 65 14 terms term NNS en-wikipedia-org-1629 65 15 may may MD en-wikipedia-org-1629 65 16 apply apply VB en-wikipedia-org-1629 65 17 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1629 66 1 By by IN en-wikipedia-org-1629 66 2 using use VBG en-wikipedia-org-1629 66 3 this this DT en-wikipedia-org-1629 66 4 site site NN en-wikipedia-org-1629 66 5 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1629 66 6 you -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-1629 66 7 agree agree VBP en-wikipedia-org-1629 66 8 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-1629 66 9 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1629 66 10 Terms term NNS en-wikipedia-org-1629 66 11 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1629 66 12 Use Use NNP en-wikipedia-org-1629 66 13 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1629 66 14 Privacy Privacy NNP en-wikipedia-org-1629 66 15 Policy Policy NNP en-wikipedia-org-1629 66 16 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1629 67 1 Wikipedia Wikipedia NNP en-wikipedia-org-1629 67 2 ® ® NNPS en-wikipedia-org-1629 67 3 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-1629 67 4 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-1629 67 5 registered registered JJ en-wikipedia-org-1629 67 6 trademark trademark NN en-wikipedia-org-1629 67 7 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1629 67 8 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1629 67 9 Wikimedia Wikimedia NNP en-wikipedia-org-1629 67 10 Foundation Foundation NNP en-wikipedia-org-1629 67 11 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1629 67 12 Inc. Inc. NNP en-wikipedia-org-1629 67 13 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1629 67 14 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-1629 67 15 non non JJ en-wikipedia-org-1629 67 16 - - JJ en-wikipedia-org-1629 67 17 profit profit JJ en-wikipedia-org-1629 67 18 organization organization NN en-wikipedia-org-1629 67 19 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1629 68 1 Privacy privacy NN en-wikipedia-org-1629 68 2 policy policy NN en-wikipedia-org-1629 68 3 About about IN en-wikipedia-org-1629 68 4 Wikipedia Wikipedia NNP en-wikipedia-org-1629 68 5 Disclaimers Disclaimers NNPS en-wikipedia-org-1629 68 6 Contact Contact NNP en-wikipedia-org-1629 68 7 Wikipedia Wikipedia NNP en-wikipedia-org-1629 68 8 Mobile Mobile NNP en-wikipedia-org-1629 68 9 view view NN en-wikipedia-org-1629 68 10 Developers Developers NNP en-wikipedia-org-1629 68 11 Statistics Statistics NNP en-wikipedia-org-1629 68 12 Cookie Cookie NNP en-wikipedia-org-1629 68 13 statement statement NN