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J. NNP www-nber-org-2196 1 393 McCabe McCabe NNP www-nber-org-2196 1 394 & & CC www-nber-org-2196 1 395 Christopher Christopher NNP www-nber-org-2196 1 396 Snyder Snyder NNP www-nber-org-2196 1 397 Share Share NNP www-nber-org-2196 1 398 Twitter Twitter NNP www-nber-org-2196 1 399 LinkedIn LinkedIn NNP www-nber-org-2196 1 400 Email email NN www-nber-org-2196 1 401 Working Working NNP www-nber-org-2196 1 402 Paper Paper NNP www-nber-org-2196 1 403 28128 28128 CD www-nber-org-2196 1 404 DOI DOI NNP www-nber-org-2196 1 405 10.3386 10.3386 CD www-nber-org-2196 1 406 / / SYM www-nber-org-2196 1 407 w28128 w28128 CD www-nber-org-2196 1 408 Issue issue NN www-nber-org-2196 1 409 Date Date NNP www-nber-org-2196 1 410 November November NNP www-nber-org-2196 1 411 2020 2020 CD www-nber-org-2196 1 412 Our -PRON- PRP$ www-nber-org-2196 1 413 previous previous JJ www-nber-org-2196 1 414 paper paper NN www-nber-org-2196 1 415 ( ( -LRB- www-nber-org-2196 1 416 McCabe McCabe NNP www-nber-org-2196 1 417 and and CC www-nber-org-2196 1 418 Snyder Snyder NNP www-nber-org-2196 1 419 2014 2014 CD www-nber-org-2196 1 420 ) ) -RRB- www-nber-org-2196 1 421 contained contain VBD www-nber-org-2196 1 422 the the DT www-nber-org-2196 1 423 provocative provocative JJ www-nber-org-2196 1 424 result result NN www-nber-org-2196 1 425 that that IN www-nber-org-2196 1 426 , , , www-nber-org-2196 1 427 despite despite IN www-nber-org-2196 1 428 a a DT www-nber-org-2196 1 429 positive positive JJ www-nber-org-2196 1 430 average average JJ www-nber-org-2196 1 431 effect effect NN www-nber-org-2196 1 432 , , , www-nber-org-2196 1 433 open open JJ www-nber-org-2196 1 434 access access NN www-nber-org-2196 1 435 reduces reduce NNS www-nber-org-2196 1 436 cites cite VBZ www-nber-org-2196 1 437 to to IN www-nber-org-2196 1 438 some some DT www-nber-org-2196 1 439 articles article NNS www-nber-org-2196 1 440 , , , www-nber-org-2196 1 441 in in IN www-nber-org-2196 1 442 particular particular JJ www-nber-org-2196 1 443 those those DT www-nber-org-2196 1 444 published publish VBN www-nber-org-2196 1 445 in in IN www-nber-org-2196 1 446 lower low JJR www-nber-org-2196 1 447 - - HYPH www-nber-org-2196 1 448 tier tier NN www-nber-org-2196 1 449 journals journal NNS www-nber-org-2196 1 450 . . . www-nber-org-2196 2 1 We -PRON- PRP www-nber-org-2196 2 2 propose propose VBP www-nber-org-2196 2 3 a a DT www-nber-org-2196 2 4 model model NN www-nber-org-2196 2 5 in in IN www-nber-org-2196 2 6 which which WDT www-nber-org-2196 2 7 open open JJ www-nber-org-2196 2 8 access access NN www-nber-org-2196 2 9 leads lead VBZ www-nber-org-2196 2 10 more more JJR www-nber-org-2196 2 11 readers reader NNS www-nber-org-2196 2 12 to to TO www-nber-org-2196 2 13 acquire acquire VB www-nber-org-2196 2 14 the the DT www-nber-org-2196 2 15 full full JJ www-nber-org-2196 2 16 text text NN www-nber-org-2196 2 17 , , , www-nber-org-2196 2 18 yielding yield VBG www-nber-org-2196 2 19 more more JJR www-nber-org-2196 2 20 cites cite NNS www-nber-org-2196 2 21 from from IN www-nber-org-2196 2 22 some some DT www-nber-org-2196 2 23 , , , www-nber-org-2196 2 24 but but CC www-nber-org-2196 2 25 fewer few JJR www-nber-org-2196 2 26 cites cite VBZ www-nber-org-2196 2 27 from from IN www-nber-org-2196 2 28 those those DT www-nber-org-2196 2 29 who who WP www-nber-org-2196 2 30 would would MD www-nber-org-2196 2 31 have have VB www-nber-org-2196 2 32 cited cite VBN www-nber-org-2196 2 33 the the DT www-nber-org-2196 2 34 article article NN www-nber-org-2196 2 35 based base VBN www-nber-org-2196 2 36 on on IN www-nber-org-2196 2 37 superficial superficial JJ www-nber-org-2196 2 38 knowledge knowledge NN www-nber-org-2196 2 39 but but CC www-nber-org-2196 2 40 who who WP www-nber-org-2196 2 41 refrain refrain VBP www-nber-org-2196 2 42 once once IN www-nber-org-2196 2 43 they -PRON- PRP www-nber-org-2196 2 44 learn learn VBP www-nber-org-2196 2 45 that that IN www-nber-org-2196 2 46 the the DT www-nber-org-2196 2 47 article article NN www-nber-org-2196 2 48 is be VBZ www-nber-org-2196 2 49 a a DT www-nber-org-2196 2 50 bad bad JJ www-nber-org-2196 2 51 match match NN www-nber-org-2196 2 52 . . . www-nber-org-2196 3 1 We -PRON- PRP www-nber-org-2196 3 2 test test VBP www-nber-org-2196 3 3 the the DT www-nber-org-2196 3 4 theory theory NN www-nber-org-2196 3 5 with with IN www-nber-org-2196 3 6 data datum NNS www-nber-org-2196 3 7 for for IN www-nber-org-2196 3 8 over over IN www-nber-org-2196 3 9 200,000 200,000 CD www-nber-org-2196 3 10 science science NN www-nber-org-2196 3 11 articles article NNS www-nber-org-2196 3 12 binned bin VBN www-nber-org-2196 3 13 by by IN www-nber-org-2196 3 14 cites cite NNS www-nber-org-2196 3 15 received receive VBN www-nber-org-2196 3 16 during during IN www-nber-org-2196 3 17 a a DT www-nber-org-2196 3 18 pre pre JJ www-nber-org-2196 3 19 - - JJ www-nber-org-2196 3 20 study study JJ www-nber-org-2196 3 21 period period NN www-nber-org-2196 3 22 . . . www-nber-org-2196 4 1 Consistent consistent JJ www-nber-org-2196 4 2 with with IN www-nber-org-2196 4 3 the the DT www-nber-org-2196 4 4 theory theory NN www-nber-org-2196 4 5 , , , www-nber-org-2196 4 6 the the DT www-nber-org-2196 4 7 marginal marginal JJ www-nber-org-2196 4 8 effect effect NN www-nber-org-2196 4 9 of of IN www-nber-org-2196 4 10 open open JJ www-nber-org-2196 4 11 access access NN www-nber-org-2196 4 12 is be VBZ www-nber-org-2196 4 13 negative negative JJ www-nber-org-2196 4 14 for for IN www-nber-org-2196 4 15 the the DT www-nber-org-2196 4 16 least least RBS www-nber-org-2196 4 17 - - HYPH www-nber-org-2196 4 18 cited cite VBN www-nber-org-2196 4 19 articles article NNS www-nber-org-2196 4 20 , , , www-nber-org-2196 4 21 positive positive JJ www-nber-org-2196 4 22 for for IN www-nber-org-2196 4 23 the the DT www-nber-org-2196 4 24 most most RBS www-nber-org-2196 4 25 cited cited JJ www-nber-org-2196 4 26 , , , www-nber-org-2196 4 27 and and CC www-nber-org-2196 4 28 generally generally RB www-nber-org-2196 4 29 monotonic monotonic JJ www-nber-org-2196 4 30 for for IN www-nber-org-2196 4 31 quality quality NN www-nber-org-2196 4 32 levels level NNS www-nber-org-2196 4 33 in in IN www-nber-org-2196 4 34 between between IN www-nber-org-2196 4 35 . . . www-nber-org-2196 5 1 Also also RB www-nber-org-2196 5 2 consistent consistent JJ www-nber-org-2196 5 3 with with IN www-nber-org-2196 5 4 the the DT www-nber-org-2196 5 5 theory theory NN www-nber-org-2196 5 6 is be VBZ www-nber-org-2196 5 7 a a DT www-nber-org-2196 5 8 magnification magnification NN www-nber-org-2196 5 9 of of IN www-nber-org-2196 5 10 these these DT www-nber-org-2196 5 11 effects effect NNS www-nber-org-2196 5 12 for for IN www-nber-org-2196 5 13 articles article NNS www-nber-org-2196 5 14 placed place VBN www-nber-org-2196 5 15 on on IN www-nber-org-2196 5 16 PubMed PubMed NNP www-nber-org-2196 5 17 Central Central NNP www-nber-org-2196 5 18 , , , www-nber-org-2196 5 19 one one CD www-nber-org-2196 5 20 of of IN www-nber-org-2196 5 21 the the DT www-nber-org-2196 5 22 broadest broad JJS www-nber-org-2196 5 23 open open JJ www-nber-org-2196 5 24 - - HYPH www-nber-org-2196 5 25 access access NN www-nber-org-2196 5 26 platforms platform NNS www-nber-org-2196 5 27 , , , www-nber-org-2196 5 28 and and CC www-nber-org-2196 5 29 the the DT www-nber-org-2196 5 30 differential differential NN www-nber-org-2196 5 31 pattern pattern NN www-nber-org-2196 5 32 of of IN www-nber-org-2196 5 33 results result NNS www-nber-org-2196 5 34 for for IN www-nber-org-2196 5 35 cites cite NNS www-nber-org-2196 5 36 from from IN www-nber-org-2196 5 37 insiders insider NNS www-nber-org-2196 5 38 versus versus IN www-nber-org-2196 5 39 outsiders outsider NNS www-nber-org-2196 5 40 to to IN www-nber-org-2196 5 41 the the DT www-nber-org-2196 5 42 article article NN www-nber-org-2196 5 43 ’s ’s POS www-nber-org-2196 5 44 field field NN www-nber-org-2196 5 45 . . . www-nber-org-2196 6 1 Acknowledgements acknowledgement NNS www-nber-org-2196 6 2 and and CC www-nber-org-2196 6 3 Disclosures disclosure VBZ www-nber-org-2196 6 4 The the DT www-nber-org-2196 6 5 authors author NNS www-nber-org-2196 6 6 are be VBP www-nber-org-2196 6 7 grateful grateful JJ www-nber-org-2196 6 8 to to IN www-nber-org-2196 6 9 Ted Ted NNP www-nber-org-2196 6 10 Bergstrom Bergstrom NNP www-nber-org-2196 6 11 , , , www-nber-org-2196 6 12 Laura Laura NNP www-nber-org-2196 6 13 Braunstein Braunstein NNP www-nber-org-2196 6 14 , , , www-nber-org-2196 6 15 David David NNP www-nber-org-2196 6 16 Card Card NNP www-nber-org-2196 6 17 , , , www-nber-org-2196 6 18 Brett Brett NNP www-nber-org-2196 6 19 Danaher Danaher NNP www-nber-org-2196 6 20 , , , www-nber-org-2196 6 21 Barbara Barbara NNP www-nber-org-2196 6 22 DeFelice DeFelice NNP www-nber-org-2196 6 23 , , , www-nber-org-2196 6 24 Stefano Stefano NNP www-nber-org-2196 6 25 DellaVigna DellaVigna NNP www-nber-org-2196 6 26 , , , www-nber-org-2196 6 27 Robert Robert NNP www-nber-org-2196 6 28 Johnson Johnson NNP www-nber-org-2196 6 29 , , , www-nber-org-2196 6 30 Elizabeth Elizabeth NNP www-nber-org-2196 6 31 Kirk Kirk NNP www-nber-org-2196 6 32 , , , www-nber-org-2196 6 33 Andreas Andreas NNP www-nber-org-2196 6 34 Moxnes Moxnes NNPS www-nber-org-2196 6 35 , , , www-nber-org-2196 6 36 Nina Nina NNP www-nber-org-2196 6 37 Pavcnik Pavcnik NNP www-nber-org-2196 6 38 , , , www-nber-org-2196 6 39 and and CC www-nber-org-2196 6 40 participants participant NNS www-nber-org-2196 6 41 at at IN www-nber-org-2196 6 42 the the DT www-nber-org-2196 6 43 American American NNP www-nber-org-2196 6 44 Economic Economic NNP www-nber-org-2196 6 45 Association Association NNP www-nber-org-2196 6 46 Annual Annual NNP www-nber-org-2196 6 47 Meetings Meetings NNPS www-nber-org-2196 6 48 and and CC www-nber-org-2196 6 49 International International NNP www-nber-org-2196 6 50 Industrial Industrial NNP www-nber-org-2196 6 51 Organization Organization NNP www-nber-org-2196 6 52 Conference Conference NNP www-nber-org-2196 6 53 for for IN www-nber-org-2196 6 54 helpful helpful JJ www-nber-org-2196 6 55 comments comment NNS www-nber-org-2196 6 56 . . . www-nber-org-2196 7 1 The the DT www-nber-org-2196 7 2 authors author NNS www-nber-org-2196 7 3 thank thank VBP www-nber-org-2196 7 4 Mark Mark NNP www-nber-org-2196 7 5 Bard Bard NNP www-nber-org-2196 7 6 , , , www-nber-org-2196 7 7 Jamie Jamie NNP www-nber-org-2196 7 8 Bergeson Bergeson NNP www-nber-org-2196 7 9 - - HYPH www-nber-org-2196 7 10 Bradshaw Bradshaw NNP www-nber-org-2196 7 11 , , , www-nber-org-2196 7 12 Yilan Yilan NNP www-nber-org-2196 7 13 Hu Hu NNP www-nber-org-2196 7 14 , , , www-nber-org-2196 7 15 Ella Ella NNP www-nber-org-2196 7 16 Kim Kim NNP www-nber-org-2196 7 17 , , , www-nber-org-2196 7 18 Scot Scot NNP www-nber-org-2196 7 19 Parsley Parsley NNP www-nber-org-2196 7 20 , , , www-nber-org-2196 7 21 Reagen Reagen NNP www-nber-org-2196 7 22 Readinger Readinger NNP www-nber-org-2196 7 23 , , , www-nber-org-2196 7 24 Kyle Kyle NNP www-nber-org-2196 7 25 Thomason Thomason NNP www-nber-org-2196 7 26 , , , www-nber-org-2196 7 27 and and CC www-nber-org-2196 7 28 JasonWei JasonWei NNP www-nber-org-2196 7 29 for for IN www-nber-org-2196 7 30 excellent excellent JJ www-nber-org-2196 7 31 research research NN www-nber-org-2196 7 32 assistance assistance NN www-nber-org-2196 7 33 . . . www-nber-org-2196 8 1 Joseph Joseph NNP www-nber-org-2196 8 2 Brightbill Brightbill NNP www-nber-org-2196 8 3 at at IN www-nber-org-2196 8 4 Clarivate Clarivate NNP www-nber-org-2196 8 5 provided provide VBD www-nber-org-2196 8 6 the the DT www-nber-org-2196 8 7 Web Web NNP www-nber-org-2196 8 8 of of IN www-nber-org-2196 8 9 Science Science NNP www-nber-org-2196 8 10 category category NN www-nber-org-2196 8 11 data datum NNS www-nber-org-2196 8 12 used use VBN www-nber-org-2196 8 13 in in IN www-nber-org-2196 8 14 our -PRON- PRP$ www-nber-org-2196 8 15 insider insider NN www-nber-org-2196 8 16 / / SYM www-nber-org-2196 8 17 outsider outsider NN www-nber-org-2196 8 18 analysis analysis NN www-nber-org-2196 8 19 . . . www-nber-org-2196 9 1 Funding fund VBG www-nber-org-2196 9 2 for for IN www-nber-org-2196 9 3 the the DT www-nber-org-2196 9 4 citation citation NN www-nber-org-2196 9 5 data datum NNS www-nber-org-2196 9 6 used use VBN www-nber-org-2196 9 7 in in IN www-nber-org-2196 9 8 this this DT www-nber-org-2196 9 9 and and CC www-nber-org-2196 9 10 earlier early JJR www-nber-org-2196 9 11 papers paper NNS www-nber-org-2196 9 12 was be VBD www-nber-org-2196 9 13 supported support VBN www-nber-org-2196 9 14 by by IN www-nber-org-2196 9 15 a a DT www-nber-org-2196 9 16 grant grant NN www-nber-org-2196 9 17 from from IN www-nber-org-2196 9 18 the the DT www-nber-org-2196 9 19 Andrew Andrew NNP www-nber-org-2196 9 20 W. W. NNP www-nber-org-2196 9 21 Mellon Mellon NNP www-nber-org-2196 9 22 Foundation Foundation NNP www-nber-org-2196 9 23 . . . www-nber-org-2196 10 1 Work work VB www-nber-org-2196 10 2 on on IN www-nber-org-2196 10 3 this this DT www-nber-org-2196 10 4 paper paper NN www-nber-org-2196 10 5 was be VBD www-nber-org-2196 10 6 supported support VBN www-nber-org-2196 10 7 by by IN www-nber-org-2196 10 8 a a DT www-nber-org-2196 10 9 grant grant NN www-nber-org-2196 10 10 from from IN www-nber-org-2196 10 11 the the DT www-nber-org-2196 10 12 Alfred Alfred NNP www-nber-org-2196 10 13 P. P. NNP www-nber-org-2196 10 14 Sloan Sloan NNP www-nber-org-2196 10 15 Foundation Foundation NNP www-nber-org-2196 10 16 . . . www-nber-org-2196 11 1 The the DT www-nber-org-2196 11 2 authors author NNS www-nber-org-2196 11 3 are be VBP www-nber-org-2196 11 4 grateful grateful JJ www-nber-org-2196 11 5 for for IN www-nber-org-2196 11 6 the the DT www-nber-org-2196 11 7 generous generous JJ www-nber-org-2196 11 8 funding funding NN www-nber-org-2196 11 9 from from IN www-nber-org-2196 11 10 these these DT www-nber-org-2196 11 11 sources source NNS www-nber-org-2196 11 12 . . . www-nber-org-2196 12 1 The the DT www-nber-org-2196 12 2 views view NNS www-nber-org-2196 12 3 expressed express VBD www-nber-org-2196 12 4 herein herein NNP www-nber-org-2196 12 5 are be VBP www-nber-org-2196 12 6 those those DT www-nber-org-2196 12 7 of of IN www-nber-org-2196 12 8 the the DT www-nber-org-2196 12 9 authors author NNS www-nber-org-2196 12 10 and and CC www-nber-org-2196 12 11 do do VBP www-nber-org-2196 12 12 not not RB www-nber-org-2196 12 13 necessarily necessarily RB www-nber-org-2196 12 14 reflect reflect VB www-nber-org-2196 12 15 the the DT www-nber-org-2196 12 16 views view NNS www-nber-org-2196 12 17 of of IN www-nber-org-2196 12 18 the the DT www-nber-org-2196 12 19 National National NNP www-nber-org-2196 12 20 Bureau Bureau NNP www-nber-org-2196 12 21 of of IN www-nber-org-2196 12 22 Economic Economic NNP www-nber-org-2196 12 23 Research Research NNP www-nber-org-2196 12 24 . . . www-nber-org-2196 13 1 Download Download NNP www-nber-org-2196 13 2 Citation Citation NNP www-nber-org-2196 13 3 MARC MARC NNP www-nber-org-2196 13 4 RIS RIS NNP www-nber-org-2196 13 5 BibTeΧ BibTeΧ NNP www-nber-org-2196 13 6 Download Download NNP www-nber-org-2196 13 7 Citation Citation NNP www-nber-org-2196 13 8 Data Data NNP www-nber-org-2196 13 9 Related Related NNP www-nber-org-2196 13 10 Topics Topics NNPS www-nber-org-2196 13 11 Microeconomics Microeconomics NNP 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and CC www-nber-org-2196 13 85 Disability Disability NNP www-nber-org-2196 13 86 , , , www-nber-org-2196 13 87 and and CC www-nber-org-2196 13 88 the the DT www-nber-org-2196 13 89 Bulletin Bulletin NNP www-nber-org-2196 13 90 on on IN www-nber-org-2196 13 91 Health Health NNP www-nber-org-2196 13 92 — — : www-nber-org-2196 13 93 as as RB www-nber-org-2196 13 94 well well RB www-nber-org-2196 13 95 as as IN www-nber-org-2196 13 96 online online JJ www-nber-org-2196 13 97 conference conference NN www-nber-org-2196 13 98 reports report VBZ www-nber-org-2196 13 99 , , , www-nber-org-2196 13 100 video video NN www-nber-org-2196 13 101 lectures lecture NNS www-nber-org-2196 13 102 , , , www-nber-org-2196 13 103 and and CC www-nber-org-2196 13 104 interviews interview NNS www-nber-org-2196 13 105 . . . www-nber-org-2196 14 1 The the DT www-nber-org-2196 14 2 Economics Economics NNP www-nber-org-2196 14 3 of of IN www-nber-org-2196 14 4 Digitization Digitization NNP www-nber-org-2196 14 5 Article Article NNP www-nber-org-2196 14 6 Author author NN www-nber-org-2196 14 7 : : : www-nber-org-2196 14 8 Shane Shane NNP www-nber-org-2196 14 9 Greenstein Greenstein NNP www-nber-org-2196 14 10 The the DT www-nber-org-2196 14 11 NBER NBER NNP www-nber-org-2196 14 12 Economics Economics NNP www-nber-org-2196 14 13 of of IN www-nber-org-2196 14 14 Digitization Digitization NNP www-nber-org-2196 14 15 Project Project NNP www-nber-org-2196 14 16 , , , www-nber-org-2196 14 17 established establish VBN www-nber-org-2196 14 18 in in IN www-nber-org-2196 14 19 2010 2010 CD www-nber-org-2196 14 20 with with IN www-nber-org-2196 14 21 support support NN www-nber-org-2196 14 22 from from IN www-nber-org-2196 14 23 the the DT www-nber-org-2196 14 24 Alfred Alfred NNP www-nber-org-2196 14 25 P. P. NNP www-nber-org-2196 14 26 Sloan Sloan NNP www-nber-org-2196 14 27 Foundation Foundation NNP www-nber-org-2196 14 28 , , , www-nber-org-2196 14 29 ... ... . www-nber-org-2196 15 1 The the DT www-nber-org-2196 15 2 2020 2020 CD www-nber-org-2196 15 3 Martin Martin NNP www-nber-org-2196 15 4 Feldstein Feldstein NNP www-nber-org-2196 15 5 Lecture lecture NN www-nber-org-2196 15 6 : : : www-nber-org-2196 15 7 Journey Journey NNP www-nber-org-2196 15 8 Across Across NNP www-nber-org-2196 15 9 a a DT www-nber-org-2196 15 10 Century Century NNP www-nber-org-2196 15 11 of of IN www-nber-org-2196 15 12 Women Women NNP www-nber-org-2196 15 13 Lecture Lecture NNP www-nber-org-2196 15 14 Claudia Claudia NNP www-nber-org-2196 15 15 Goldin Goldin NNP www-nber-org-2196 15 16 , , , www-nber-org-2196 15 17 the the DT www-nber-org-2196 15 18 Henry Henry NNP www-nber-org-2196 15 19 Lee Lee NNP www-nber-org-2196 15 20 Professor Professor NNP www-nber-org-2196 15 21 of of IN www-nber-org-2196 15 22 Economics Economics NNP www-nber-org-2196 15 23 at at IN www-nber-org-2196 15 24 Harvard Harvard NNP www-nber-org-2196 15 25 University University NNP www-nber-org-2196 15 26 and and CC www-nber-org-2196 15 27 a a DT www-nber-org-2196 15 28 past past JJ www-nber-org-2196 15 29 president president NN www-nber-org-2196 15 30 of of IN www-nber-org-2196 15 31 the the DT www-nber-org-2196 15 32 American American NNP www-nber-org-2196 15 33 ... ... : www-nber-org-2196 15 34 Summer Summer NNP www-nber-org-2196 15 35 Institute Institute NNP www-nber-org-2196 15 36 2020 2020 CD www-nber-org-2196 15 37 Methods Methods NNP www-nber-org-2196 15 38 Lectures Lectures NNPS www-nber-org-2196 15 39 : : : www-nber-org-2196 15 40 Differential differential VB www-nber-org-2196 15 41 Privacy privacy NN www-nber-org-2196 15 42 for for IN www-nber-org-2196 15 43 Economists economist NNS www-nber-org-2196 15 44 Lecture Lecture NNP www-nber-org-2196 15 45 The the DT www-nber-org-2196 15 46 extent extent NN www-nber-org-2196 15 47 to to TO www-nber-org-2196 15 48 which which WDT www-nber-org-2196 15 49 individual individual JJ www-nber-org-2196 15 50 responses response NNS www-nber-org-2196 15 51 to to IN www-nber-org-2196 15 52 household household NN www-nber-org-2196 15 53 surveys survey NNS www-nber-org-2196 15 54 are be VBP www-nber-org-2196 15 55 protected protect VBN www-nber-org-2196 15 56 from from IN www-nber-org-2196 15 57 discovery discovery NN www-nber-org-2196 15 58 by by IN www-nber-org-2196 15 59 outside outside JJ www-nber-org-2196 15 60 parties party NNS www-nber-org-2196 15 61 depends depend VBZ www-nber-org-2196 15 62 ... ... : www-nber-org-2196 15 63 National National NNP www-nber-org-2196 15 64 Bureau Bureau NNP www-nber-org-2196 15 65 of of IN www-nber-org-2196 15 66 Economic Economic NNP www-nber-org-2196 15 67 Research Research NNP www-nber-org-2196 15 68 Contact Contact NNP www-nber-org-2196 15 69 Us Us NNP www-nber-org-2196 15 70 1050 1050 CD www-nber-org-2196 15 71 Massachusetts Massachusetts NNP www-nber-org-2196 15 72 Ave Ave NNP www-nber-org-2196 15 73 . . . www-nber-org-2196 15 74 Cambridge Cambridge NNP www-nber-org-2196 15 75 , , , www-nber-org-2196 15 76 MA MA NNP www-nber-org-2196 15 77 02138 02138 CD www-nber-org-2196 15 78 617 617 CD www-nber-org-2196 15 79 - - HYPH www-nber-org-2196 15 80 868 868 CD www-nber-org-2196 15 81 - - HYPH www-nber-org-2196 15 82 3900 3900 CD www-nber-org-2196 15 83 info@nber.org info@nber.org CC www-nber-org-2196 15 84 Follow follow VB www-nber-org-2196 15 85 Homepage Homepage NNP www-nber-org-2196 15 86 Privacy Privacy NNP www-nber-org-2196 15 87 Policy Policy NNP www-nber-org-2196 15 88 © © NNP www-nber-org-2196 15 89 2020 2020 CD www-nber-org-2196 15 90 National National NNP www-nber-org-2196 15 91 Bureau Bureau NNP www-nber-org-2196 15 92 of of IN www-nber-org-2196 15 93 Economic Economic NNP www-nber-org-2196 15 94 Research Research NNP www-nber-org-2196 15 95 . . . www-nber-org-2196 16 1 All all DT www-nber-org-2196 16 2 Rights Rights NNPS www-nber-org-2196 16 3 Reserved reserve VBN www-nber-org-2196 16 4 . . .