id sid tid token lemma pos en-wikipedia-org-9307 1 1 Mesopotamia Mesopotamia NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 1 2 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-9307 1 3 Wikipedia Wikipedia NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 1 4 Mesopotamia Mesopotamia NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 1 5 From from IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 1 6 Wikipedia Wikipedia NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 1 7 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 1 8 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 1 9 free free JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 1 10 encyclopedia encyclopedia NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 1 11 Jump Jump NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 1 12 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 1 13 navigation navigation NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 1 14 Jump Jump NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 1 15 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-9307 1 16 search search VB en-wikipedia-org-9307 1 17 Historical historical JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 1 18 region region NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 1 19 within within IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 1 20 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 1 21 Tigris Tigris NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 1 22 – – : en-wikipedia-org-9307 1 23 Euphrates Euphrates NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 1 24 river river NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 1 25 system system NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 1 26 For for IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 1 27 other other JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 1 28 uses use NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 1 29 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 1 30 see see VB en-wikipedia-org-9307 1 31 Mesopotamia Mesopotamia NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 1 32 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 1 33 disambiguation disambiguation NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 1 34 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 1 35 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9307 2 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-9307 2 2 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 2 3 Two two CD en-wikipedia-org-9307 2 4 Rivers Rivers NNPS en-wikipedia-org-9307 2 5 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-9307 2 6 redirects redirect VBZ en-wikipedia-org-9307 2 7 here here RB en-wikipedia-org-9307 2 8 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9307 3 1 For for IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 3 2 other other JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 3 3 uses use NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 3 4 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 3 5 see see VB en-wikipedia-org-9307 3 6 Two two CD en-wikipedia-org-9307 3 7 Rivers Rivers NNPS en-wikipedia-org-9307 3 8 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 3 9 disambiguation disambiguation NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 3 10 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 3 11 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9307 4 1 This this DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 4 2 article article NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 4 3 needs need VBZ en-wikipedia-org-9307 4 4 additional additional JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 4 5 citations citation NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 4 6 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 4 7 verification verification NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 4 8 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9307 5 1 Please please UH en-wikipedia-org-9307 5 2 help help VB en-wikipedia-org-9307 5 3 improve improve VB en-wikipedia-org-9307 5 4 this this DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 5 5 article article NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 5 6 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 5 7 adding add VBG en-wikipedia-org-9307 5 8 citations citation NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 5 9 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 5 10 reliable reliable JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 5 11 sources source NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 5 12 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9307 6 1 Unsourced unsourced JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 6 2 material material NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 6 3 may may MD en-wikipedia-org-9307 6 4 be be VB en-wikipedia-org-9307 6 5 challenged challenge VBN en-wikipedia-org-9307 6 6 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9307 6 7 removed remove VBN en-wikipedia-org-9307 6 8 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9307 7 1 Find find VB en-wikipedia-org-9307 7 2 sources source NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 7 3 : : : en-wikipedia-org-9307 7 4   _SP en-wikipedia-org-9307 7 5 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-9307 7 6 Mesopotamia Mesopotamia NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 7 7 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-9307 7 8   _SP en-wikipedia-org-9307 7 9 – – : en-wikipedia-org-9307 7 10   _SP en-wikipedia-org-9307 7 11 news news NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 7 12   _SP en-wikipedia-org-9307 7 13 · · NFP en-wikipedia-org-9307 7 14 newspapers newspaper NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 7 15   _SP en-wikipedia-org-9307 7 16 · · NFP en-wikipedia-org-9307 7 17 books book NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 7 18   _SP en-wikipedia-org-9307 7 19 · · NFP en-wikipedia-org-9307 7 20 scholar scholar NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 7 21   _SP en-wikipedia-org-9307 7 22 · · NFP en-wikipedia-org-9307 7 23 JSTOR JSTOR NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 7 24 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 7 25 July July NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 7 26 2018 2018 CD en-wikipedia-org-9307 7 27 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 7 28 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 7 29 Learn learn VB en-wikipedia-org-9307 7 30 how how WRB en-wikipedia-org-9307 7 31 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9307 7 32 when when WRB en-wikipedia-org-9307 7 33 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-9307 7 34 remove remove VB en-wikipedia-org-9307 7 35 this this DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 7 36 template template NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 7 37 message message NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 7 38 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 7 39 Mesopotamia Mesopotamia NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 7 40 Map Map NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 7 41 showing show VBG en-wikipedia-org-9307 7 42 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 7 43 extent extent NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 7 44 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 7 45 Mesopotamia Mesopotamia NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 7 46 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9307 8 1 Shown Shown NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 8 2 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-9307 8 3 Washukanni Washukanni NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 8 4 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 8 5 Nineveh Nineveh NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 8 6 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 8 7 Hatra Hatra NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 8 8 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 8 9 Assur Assur NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 8 10 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 8 11 Nuzi Nuzi NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 8 12 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 8 13 Palmyra Palmyra NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 8 14 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 8 15 Mari Mari NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 8 16 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 8 17 Sippar Sippar NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 8 18 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 8 19 Babylon Babylon NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 8 20 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 8 21 Kish Kish NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 8 22 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 8 23 Nippur Nippur NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 8 24 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 8 25 Isin Isin NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 8 26 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 8 27 Lagash Lagash NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 8 28 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 8 29 Uruk Uruk NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 8 30 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 8 31 Charax Charax NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 8 32 Spasinu Spasinu NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 8 33 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9307 8 34 Ur Ur NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 8 35 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 8 36 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 8 37 north north NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 8 38 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 8 39 south south NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 8 40 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9307 9 1 A a DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 9 2 modern modern JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 9 3 satellite satellite NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 9 4 view view NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 9 5 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 9 6 Mesopotamia Mesopotamia NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 9 7 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 9 8 October October NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 9 9 2020 2020 CD en-wikipedia-org-9307 9 10 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 9 11 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9307 10 1 Mesopotamia Mesopotamia NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 10 2 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 10 3 Arabic Arabic NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 10 4 : : : en-wikipedia-org-9307 10 5 بِلَاد بِلَاد CD en-wikipedia-org-9307 10 6 ٱلرَّافِدَيْن‎ ٱلرَّافِدَيْن‎ CD en-wikipedia-org-9307 10 7 Bilād Bilād NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 10 8 ar ar NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 10 9 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-9307 10 10 Rāfidayn Rāfidayn NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 10 11 ; ; , en-wikipedia-org-9307 10 12 Ancient Ancient NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 10 13 Greek Greek NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 10 14 : : : en-wikipedia-org-9307 10 15 Μεσοποταμία Μεσοποταμία NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 10 16 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-9307 10 17 Classical Classical NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 10 18 Syriac Syriac NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 10 19 : : : en-wikipedia-org-9307 10 20 ܐܪܡ ܐܪܡ NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 10 21 ܢܗܪ̈ܝܢ ܢܗܪ̈ܝܢ NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 10 22 Ārām Ārām NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 10 23 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-9307 10 24 Nahrīn Nahrīn NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 10 25 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-9307 10 26 ܒܝܬ ܒܝܬ NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 10 27 ܢܗܪ̈ܝܢ ܢܗܪ̈ܝܢ NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 10 28 Bēṯ Bēṯ NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 10 29 Nahrīn)[1 nahrīn)[1 NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 10 30 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 10 31 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-9307 10 32 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 10 33 historical historical JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 10 34 region region NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 10 35 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 10 36 Western Western NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 10 37 Asia Asia NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 10 38 situated situate VBN en-wikipedia-org-9307 10 39 within within IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 10 40 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 10 41 Tigris Tigris NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 10 42 – – : en-wikipedia-org-9307 10 43 Euphrates Euphrates NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 10 44 river river NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 10 45 system system NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 10 46 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 10 47 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 10 48 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 10 49 northern northern JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 10 50 part part NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 10 51 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 10 52 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 10 53 Fertile Fertile NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 10 54 Crescent Crescent NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 10 55 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9307 11 1 It -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-9307 11 2 occupies occupy VBZ en-wikipedia-org-9307 11 3 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 11 4 area area NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 11 5 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 11 6 present present JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 11 7 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-9307 11 8 day day NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 11 9 Iraq Iraq NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 11 10 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 11 11 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9307 11 12 parts part NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 11 13 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 11 14 Iran Iran NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 11 15 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 11 16 Turkey Turkey NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 11 17 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 11 18 Syria Syria NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 11 19 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9307 11 20 Kuwait Kuwait NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 11 21 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9307 12 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 12 2 2 2 LS en-wikipedia-org-9307 12 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 12 4 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 12 5 Sumerians Sumerians NNPS en-wikipedia-org-9307 12 6 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9307 12 7 Akkadians Akkadians NNPS en-wikipedia-org-9307 12 8 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 12 9 including include VBG en-wikipedia-org-9307 12 10 Assyrians Assyrians NNPS en-wikipedia-org-9307 12 11 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9307 12 12 Babylonians Babylonians NNPS en-wikipedia-org-9307 12 13 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 12 14 dominated dominate VBD en-wikipedia-org-9307 12 15 Mesopotamia Mesopotamia NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 12 16 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 12 17 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 12 18 beginning beginning NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 12 19 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 12 20 written write VBN en-wikipedia-org-9307 12 21 history history NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 12 22 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 12 23 c. c. NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 12 24     _SP en-wikipedia-org-9307 12 25 3100 3100 CD en-wikipedia-org-9307 12 26 BC BC NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 12 27 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 12 28 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 12 29 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 12 30 fall fall NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 12 31 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 12 32 Babylon Babylon NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 12 33 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 12 34 539 539 CD en-wikipedia-org-9307 12 35 BC BC NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 12 36 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 12 37 when when WRB en-wikipedia-org-9307 12 38 it -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-9307 12 39 was be VBD en-wikipedia-org-9307 12 40 conquered conquer VBN en-wikipedia-org-9307 12 41 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 12 42 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 12 43 Achaemenid Achaemenid NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 12 44 Empire Empire NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 12 45 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9307 13 1 It -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-9307 13 2 fell fall VBD en-wikipedia-org-9307 13 3 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 13 4 Alexander Alexander NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 13 5 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 13 6 Great Great NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 13 7 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 13 8 332 332 CD en-wikipedia-org-9307 13 9 BC BC NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 13 10 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 13 11 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9307 13 12 after after IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 13 13 his -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-9307 13 14 death death NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 13 15 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 13 16 it -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-9307 13 17 became become VBD en-wikipedia-org-9307 13 18 part part NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 13 19 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 13 20 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 13 21 Greek Greek NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 13 22 Seleucid Seleucid NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 13 23 Empire Empire NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 13 24 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9307 14 1 Later later RB en-wikipedia-org-9307 14 2 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 14 3 Arameans Arameans NNPS en-wikipedia-org-9307 14 4 dominated dominate VBD en-wikipedia-org-9307 14 5 major major JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 14 6 parts part NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 14 7 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 14 8 Mesopotamia Mesopotamia NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 14 9 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 14 10 c. c. NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 14 11 900 900 CD en-wikipedia-org-9307 14 12 BC BC NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 14 13 – – : en-wikipedia-org-9307 14 14 270 270 CD en-wikipedia-org-9307 14 15 AD)[3][4 AD)[3][4 NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 14 16 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 14 17 Around around RB en-wikipedia-org-9307 14 18 150 150 CD en-wikipedia-org-9307 14 19 BC BC NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 14 20 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 14 21 Mesopotamia Mesopotamia NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 14 22 was be VBD en-wikipedia-org-9307 14 23 under under IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 14 24 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 14 25 control control NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 14 26 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 14 27 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 14 28 Parthian Parthian NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 14 29 Empire Empire NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 14 30 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9307 15 1 Mesopotamia Mesopotamia NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 15 2 became become VBD en-wikipedia-org-9307 15 3 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 15 4 battleground battleground NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 15 5 between between IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 15 6 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 15 7 Romans Romans NNPS en-wikipedia-org-9307 15 8 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9307 15 9 Parthians Parthians NNPS en-wikipedia-org-9307 15 10 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 15 11 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 15 12 western western JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 15 13 parts part NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 15 14 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 15 15 Mesopotamia Mesopotamia NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 15 16 coming come VBG en-wikipedia-org-9307 15 17 under under IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 15 18 ephemeral ephemeral JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 15 19 Roman roman JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 15 20 control control NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 15 21 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9307 16 1 In in IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 16 2 AD ad NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 16 3 226 226 CD en-wikipedia-org-9307 16 4 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 16 5 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 16 6 eastern eastern JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 16 7 regions region NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 16 8 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 16 9 Mesopotamia Mesopotamia NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 16 10 fell fall VBD en-wikipedia-org-9307 16 11 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 16 12 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 16 13 Sassanid Sassanid NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 16 14 Persians Persians NNPS en-wikipedia-org-9307 16 15 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9307 17 1 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 17 2 division division NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 17 3 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 17 4 Mesopotamia Mesopotamia NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 17 5 between between IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 17 6 Roman Roman NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 17 7 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 17 8 Byzantine byzantine JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 17 9 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 17 10 AD ad NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 17 11 395 395 CD en-wikipedia-org-9307 17 12 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 17 13 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9307 17 14 Sassanid Sassanid NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 17 15 Empires Empires NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 17 16 lasted last VBD en-wikipedia-org-9307 17 17 until until IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 17 18 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 17 19 7th 7th JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 17 20 century century NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 17 21 Muslim muslim JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 17 22 conquest conquest NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 17 23 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 17 24 Persia Persia NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 17 25 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 17 26 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 17 27 Sasanian Sasanian NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 17 28 Empire Empire NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 17 29 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9307 17 30 Muslim Muslim NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 17 31 conquest conquest NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 17 32 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 17 33 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 17 34 Levant Levant NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 17 35 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 17 36 Byzantines byzantine NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 17 37 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9307 18 1 A a DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 18 2 number number NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 18 3 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 18 4 primarily primarily RB en-wikipedia-org-9307 18 5 neo neo NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 18 6 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-9307 18 7 Assyrian assyrian JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 18 8 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9307 18 9 Christian christian JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 18 10 native native JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 18 11 Mesopotamian mesopotamian JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 18 12 states state NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 18 13 existed exist VBD en-wikipedia-org-9307 18 14 between between IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 18 15 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 18 16 1st 1st JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 18 17 century century NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 18 18 BC BC NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 18 19 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9307 18 20 3rd 3rd JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 18 21 century century NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 18 22 BC BC NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 18 23 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 18 24 including include VBG en-wikipedia-org-9307 18 25 Adiabene Adiabene NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 18 26 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 18 27 Osroene Osroene NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 18 28 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 18 29 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9307 18 30 Hatra Hatra NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 18 31 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9307 19 1 Mesopotamia Mesopotamia NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 19 2 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-9307 19 3 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 19 4 site site NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 19 5 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 19 6 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 19 7 earliest early JJS en-wikipedia-org-9307 19 8 developments development NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 19 9 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 19 10 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 19 11 Neolithic Neolithic NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 19 12 Revolution Revolution NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 19 13 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 19 14 around around RB en-wikipedia-org-9307 19 15 10,000 10,000 CD en-wikipedia-org-9307 19 16 BC bc NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 19 17 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9307 20 1 It -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-9307 20 2 has have VBZ en-wikipedia-org-9307 20 3 been be VBN en-wikipedia-org-9307 20 4 identified identify VBN en-wikipedia-org-9307 20 5 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 20 6 having have VBG en-wikipedia-org-9307 20 7 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-9307 20 8 inspired inspire VBN en-wikipedia-org-9307 20 9 some some DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 20 10 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 20 11 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 20 12 most most RBS en-wikipedia-org-9307 20 13 important important JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 20 14 developments development NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 20 15 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 20 16 human human JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 20 17 history history NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 20 18 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 20 19 including include VBG en-wikipedia-org-9307 20 20 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 20 21 invention invention NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 20 22 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 20 23 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 20 24 wheel wheel NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 20 25 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 20 26 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 20 27 planting planting NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 20 28 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 20 29 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 20 30 first first JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 20 31 cereal cereal NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 20 32 crops crop NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 20 33 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 20 34 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9307 20 35 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 20 36 development development NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 20 37 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 20 38 cursive cursive JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 20 39 script script NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 20 40 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 20 41 mathematics mathematic NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 20 42 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 20 43 astronomy astronomy NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 20 44 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 20 45 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9307 20 46 agriculture agriculture NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 20 47 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-9307 20 48 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9307 21 1 It -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-9307 21 2 has have VBZ en-wikipedia-org-9307 21 3 been be VBN en-wikipedia-org-9307 21 4 known know VBN en-wikipedia-org-9307 21 5 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 21 6 one one CD en-wikipedia-org-9307 21 7 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 21 8 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 21 9 earliest early JJS en-wikipedia-org-9307 21 10 civilizations civilization NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 21 11 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-9307 21 12 ever ever RB en-wikipedia-org-9307 21 13 exist exist VB en-wikipedia-org-9307 21 14 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 21 15 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 21 16 world world NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 21 17 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9307 22 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 22 2 5 5 CD en-wikipedia-org-9307 22 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 22 4 Contents Contents NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 22 5 1 1 CD en-wikipedia-org-9307 22 6 Etymology etymology NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 22 7 2 2 CD en-wikipedia-org-9307 22 8 Geography geography NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 22 9 3 3 CD en-wikipedia-org-9307 22 10 History history NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 22 11 3.1 3.1 CD en-wikipedia-org-9307 22 12 Periodization periodization NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 22 13 4 4 CD en-wikipedia-org-9307 22 14 Language Language NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 22 15 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9307 22 16 writing write VBG en-wikipedia-org-9307 22 17 4.1 4.1 CD en-wikipedia-org-9307 22 18 Literature Literature NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 22 19 5 5 CD en-wikipedia-org-9307 22 20 Science Science NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 22 21 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9307 22 22 technology technology NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 22 23 5.1 5.1 CD en-wikipedia-org-9307 22 24 Mathematics Mathematics NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 22 25 5.2 5.2 CD en-wikipedia-org-9307 22 26 Astronomy Astronomy NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 22 27 5.3 5.3 CD en-wikipedia-org-9307 22 28 Medicine Medicine NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 22 29 5.4 5.4 CD en-wikipedia-org-9307 22 30 Technology Technology NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 22 31 6 6 CD en-wikipedia-org-9307 22 32 Religion religion NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 22 33 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9307 22 34 philosophy philosophy NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 22 35 6.1 6.1 CD en-wikipedia-org-9307 22 36 Philosophy philosophy NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 22 37 7 7 CD en-wikipedia-org-9307 22 38 Culture Culture NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 22 39 7.1 7.1 CD en-wikipedia-org-9307 22 40 Festivals Festivals NNPS en-wikipedia-org-9307 22 41 7.2 7.2 CD en-wikipedia-org-9307 22 42 Music Music NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 22 43 7.3 7.3 CD en-wikipedia-org-9307 22 44 Games Games NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 22 45 7.4 7.4 CD en-wikipedia-org-9307 22 46 Family Family NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 22 47 life life NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 22 48 7.5 7.5 CD en-wikipedia-org-9307 22 49 Burials Burials NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 22 50 8 8 CD en-wikipedia-org-9307 22 51 Economy economy NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 22 52 8.1 8.1 CD en-wikipedia-org-9307 22 53 Agriculture Agriculture NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 22 54 8.2 8.2 CD en-wikipedia-org-9307 22 55 Trade Trade NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 22 56 9 9 CD en-wikipedia-org-9307 22 57 Government Government NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 22 58 9.1 9.1 CD en-wikipedia-org-9307 22 59 Kings king NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 22 60 9.2 9.2 CD en-wikipedia-org-9307 22 61 Power power NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 22 62 9.3 9.3 CD en-wikipedia-org-9307 22 63 Warfare warfare NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 22 64 9.4 9.4 CD en-wikipedia-org-9307 22 65 Laws Laws NNPS en-wikipedia-org-9307 22 66 10 10 CD en-wikipedia-org-9307 22 67 Art art NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 22 68 11 11 CD en-wikipedia-org-9307 22 69 Architecture architecture NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 22 70 12 12 CD en-wikipedia-org-9307 22 71 References reference NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 22 72 13 13 CD en-wikipedia-org-9307 22 73 Further further JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 22 74 reading read VBG en-wikipedia-org-9307 22 75 14 14 CD en-wikipedia-org-9307 22 76 External external JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 22 77 links link NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 22 78 Etymology Etymology NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 22 79 Map Map NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 22 80 showing show VBG en-wikipedia-org-9307 22 81 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 22 82 Tigris Tigris NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 22 83 – – : en-wikipedia-org-9307 22 84 Euphrates Euphrates NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 22 85 river river NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 22 86 system system NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 22 87 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 22 88 which which WDT en-wikipedia-org-9307 22 89 surrounds surround VBZ en-wikipedia-org-9307 22 90 Mesopotamia Mesopotamia NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 22 91 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 22 92 regional regional JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 22 93 toponym toponym NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 22 94 Mesopotamia Mesopotamia NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 22 95 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 22 96 /ˌmɛsəpəˈteɪmiə/ /ˌmɛsəpəˈteɪmiə/ NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 22 97 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 22 98 Ancient Ancient NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 22 99 Greek Greek NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 22 100 : : : en-wikipedia-org-9307 22 101 Μεσοποταμία Μεσοποταμία NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 22 102 ' ' '' en-wikipedia-org-9307 22 103 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 22 104 land land NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 22 105 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 22 106 between between IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 22 107 rivers river NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 22 108 ' ' POS en-wikipedia-org-9307 22 109 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-9307 22 110 Arabic arabic JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 22 111 : : : en-wikipedia-org-9307 22 112 بِلَاد بِلَاد CD en-wikipedia-org-9307 22 113 ٱلرَّافِدَيْن‎ ٱلرَّافِدَيْن‎ CD en-wikipedia-org-9307 22 114 Bilād Bilād NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 22 115 ar ar NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 22 116 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-9307 22 117 Rāfidayn Rāfidayn NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 22 118 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-9307 22 119 Arabic Arabic NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 22 120 : : : en-wikipedia-org-9307 22 121 بَيْن بَيْن NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 22 122 ٱلنَّهْرَيْن‎ ٱلنَّهْرَيْن‎ NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 22 123 Bayn bayn VB en-wikipedia-org-9307 22 124 an an DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 22 125 - - : en-wikipedia-org-9307 22 126 Nahrayn nahrayn NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 22 127 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-9307 22 128 Persian Persian NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 22 129 : : : en-wikipedia-org-9307 22 130 میان‌رودان‎ میان‌رودان‎ NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 22 131 miyân miyân NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 22 132 rudân rudân NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 22 133 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-9307 22 134 Syriac Syriac NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 22 135 : : : en-wikipedia-org-9307 22 136 ܒܝܬ ܒܝܬ NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 22 137 ܢܗܪ̈ܝܢ‎ ܢܗܪ̈ܝܢ‎ CD en-wikipedia-org-9307 22 138 Beth Beth NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 22 139 Nahrain Nahrain NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 22 140 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-9307 22 141 land land NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 22 142 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 22 143 rivers river NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 22 144 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-9307 22 145 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 22 146 comes come VBZ en-wikipedia-org-9307 22 147 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 22 148 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 22 149 ancient ancient JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 22 150 Greek greek JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 22 151 root root NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 22 152 words word NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 22 153 μέσος μέσος . en-wikipedia-org-9307 22 154 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 22 155 mesos mesos NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 22 156 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 22 157 ' ' `` en-wikipedia-org-9307 22 158 middle middle NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 22 159 ' ' '' en-wikipedia-org-9307 22 160 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 22 161 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9307 22 162 ποταμός ποταμός NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 22 163 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 22 164 potamos potamos NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 22 165 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 22 166 ' ' '' en-wikipedia-org-9307 22 167 river river NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 22 168 ' ' '' en-wikipedia-org-9307 22 169 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 22 170 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9307 22 171 translates translate VBZ en-wikipedia-org-9307 22 172 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 22 173 ' ' '' en-wikipedia-org-9307 22 174 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 22 175 land land NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 22 176 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 22 177 between between IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 22 178 rivers river NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 22 179 ' ' '' en-wikipedia-org-9307 22 180 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9307 23 1 It -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-9307 23 2 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-9307 23 3 used use VBN en-wikipedia-org-9307 23 4 throughout throughout IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 23 5 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 23 6 Greek Greek NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 23 7 Septuagint Septuagint NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 23 8 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 23 9 c. c. NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 23 10     _SP en-wikipedia-org-9307 23 11 250 250 CD en-wikipedia-org-9307 23 12 BC BC NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 23 13 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 23 14 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-9307 23 15 translate translate VB en-wikipedia-org-9307 23 16 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 23 17 Hebrew Hebrew NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 23 18 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9307 23 19 Aramaic Aramaic NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 23 20 equivalent equivalent JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 23 21 Naharaim Naharaim NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 23 22 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9307 24 1 An an DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 24 2 even even RB en-wikipedia-org-9307 24 3 earlier early RBR en-wikipedia-org-9307 24 4 Greek greek JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 24 5 usage usage NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 24 6 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 24 7 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 24 8 name name NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 24 9 Mesopotamia Mesopotamia NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 24 10 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-9307 24 11 evident evident JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 24 12 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 24 13 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 24 14 Anabasis Anabasis NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 24 15 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 24 16 Alexander Alexander NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 24 17 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 24 18 which which WDT en-wikipedia-org-9307 24 19 was be VBD en-wikipedia-org-9307 24 20 written write VBN en-wikipedia-org-9307 24 21 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 24 22 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 24 23 late late JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 24 24 2nd 2nd JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 24 25 century century NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 24 26 AD AD NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 24 27 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 24 28 but but CC en-wikipedia-org-9307 24 29 specifically specifically RB en-wikipedia-org-9307 24 30 refers refer VBZ en-wikipedia-org-9307 24 31 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 24 32 sources source NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 24 33 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 24 34 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 24 35 time time NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 24 36 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 24 37 Alexander Alexander NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 24 38 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 24 39 Great great JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 24 40 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9307 25 1 In in IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 25 2 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 25 3 Anabasis Anabasis NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 25 4 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 25 5 Mesopotamia Mesopotamia NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 25 6 was be VBD en-wikipedia-org-9307 25 7 used use VBN en-wikipedia-org-9307 25 8 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-9307 25 9 designate designate VB en-wikipedia-org-9307 25 10 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 25 11 land land NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 25 12 east east RB en-wikipedia-org-9307 25 13 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 25 14 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 25 15 Euphrates Euphrates NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 25 16 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 25 17 north north JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 25 18 Syria Syria NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 25 19 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9307 26 1 Another another DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 26 2 name name NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 26 3 that that WDT en-wikipedia-org-9307 26 4 was be VBD en-wikipedia-org-9307 26 5 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 26 6 use use NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 26 7 was be VBD en-wikipedia-org-9307 26 8 ” " '' en-wikipedia-org-9307 26 9 Ārām Ārām NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 26 10 Nahrīn Nahrīn NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 26 11 ” " '' en-wikipedia-org-9307 26 12 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 26 13 Classical Classical NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 26 14 Syriac Syriac NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 26 15 : : : en-wikipedia-org-9307 26 16 ܐܪܡ ܐܪܡ NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 26 17 ܢܗܪ̈ܝܢ ܢܗܪ̈ܝܢ NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 26 18 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 26 19 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 26 20 this this DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 26 21 term term NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 26 22 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 26 23 Mesopotamia Mesopotamia NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 26 24 was be VBD en-wikipedia-org-9307 26 25 mainly mainly RB en-wikipedia-org-9307 26 26 used use VBN en-wikipedia-org-9307 26 27 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 26 28 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 26 29 jews[6 jews[6 NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 26 30 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 26 31 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 26 32 Hebrew hebrew NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 26 33 : : : en-wikipedia-org-9307 26 34 ארם ארם NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 26 35 נהריים נהריים NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 26 36 Aram Aram NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 26 37 Naharayim Naharayim NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 26 38 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 26 39 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9307 27 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 27 2 7 7 LS en-wikipedia-org-9307 27 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 27 4 This this DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 27 5 word word NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 27 6 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-9307 27 7 also also RB en-wikipedia-org-9307 27 8 used use VBN en-wikipedia-org-9307 27 9 multiple multiple JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 27 10 times time NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 27 11 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 27 12 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 27 13 Old Old NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 27 14 Testament Testament NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 27 15 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 27 16 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 27 17 Bible Bible NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 27 18 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-9307 27 19 describe describe VB en-wikipedia-org-9307 27 20 ” " '' en-wikipedia-org-9307 27 21 Aram Aram NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 27 22 between between IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 27 23 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 27 24 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 27 25 two two CD en-wikipedia-org-9307 27 26 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 27 27 rivers river NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 27 28 ” " '' en-wikipedia-org-9307 27 29 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9307 28 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 28 2 8][9][10][11 8][9][10][11 CD en-wikipedia-org-9307 28 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 28 4 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 28 5 Aramaic Aramaic NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 28 6 term term NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 28 7 biritum biritum NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 28 8 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-9307 28 9 birit birit NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 28 10 narim narim NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 28 11 corresponded correspond VBD en-wikipedia-org-9307 28 12 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 28 13 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 28 14 similar similar JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 28 15 geographical geographical JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 28 16 concept concept NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 28 17 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9307 29 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 29 2 12 12 CD en-wikipedia-org-9307 29 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 29 4 Later later RBR en-wikipedia-org-9307 29 5 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 29 6 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 29 7 term term NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 29 8 Mesopotamia Mesopotamia NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 29 9 was be VBD en-wikipedia-org-9307 29 10 more more RBR en-wikipedia-org-9307 29 11 generally generally RB en-wikipedia-org-9307 29 12 applied apply VBN en-wikipedia-org-9307 29 13 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 29 14 all all PDT en-wikipedia-org-9307 29 15 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 29 16 lands land NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 29 17 between between IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 29 18 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 29 19 Euphrates Euphrates NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 29 20 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9307 29 21 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 29 22 Tigris Tigris NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 29 23 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 29 24 thereby thereby RB en-wikipedia-org-9307 29 25 incorporating incorporate VBG en-wikipedia-org-9307 29 26 not not RB en-wikipedia-org-9307 29 27 only only RB en-wikipedia-org-9307 29 28 parts part NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 29 29 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 29 30 Syria Syria NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 29 31 but but CC en-wikipedia-org-9307 29 32 also also RB en-wikipedia-org-9307 29 33 almost almost RB en-wikipedia-org-9307 29 34 all all DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 29 35 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 29 36 Iraq Iraq NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 29 37 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9307 29 38 southeastern southeastern JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 29 39 Turkey Turkey NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 29 40 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9307 30 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 30 2 13 13 CD en-wikipedia-org-9307 30 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 30 4 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 30 5 neighbouring neighbour VBG en-wikipedia-org-9307 30 6 steppes steppe NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 30 7 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 30 8 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 30 9 west west NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 30 10 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 30 11 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 30 12 Euphrates Euphrates NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 30 13 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9307 30 14 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 30 15 western western JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 30 16 part part NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 30 17 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 30 18 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 30 19 Zagros Zagros NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 30 20 Mountains Mountains NNPS en-wikipedia-org-9307 30 21 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-9307 30 22 also also RB en-wikipedia-org-9307 30 23 often often RB en-wikipedia-org-9307 30 24 included include VBN en-wikipedia-org-9307 30 25 under under IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 30 26 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 30 27 wider wide JJR en-wikipedia-org-9307 30 28 term term NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 30 29 Mesopotamia Mesopotamia NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 30 30 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9307 31 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 31 2 14][15][16 14][15][16 CD en-wikipedia-org-9307 31 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 31 4 A a DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 31 5 further further JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 31 6 distinction distinction NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 31 7 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-9307 31 8 usually usually RB en-wikipedia-org-9307 31 9 made make VBN en-wikipedia-org-9307 31 10 between between IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 31 11 Northern northern JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 31 12 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-9307 31 13 Upper Upper NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 31 14 Mesopotamia Mesopotamia NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 31 15 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9307 31 16 Southern Southern NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 31 17 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-9307 31 18 Lower Lower NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 31 19 Mesopotamia Mesopotamia NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 31 20 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9307 32 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 32 2 17 17 CD en-wikipedia-org-9307 32 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 32 4 Upper Upper NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 32 5 Mesopotamia Mesopotamia NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 32 6 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 32 7 also also RB en-wikipedia-org-9307 32 8 known know VBN en-wikipedia-org-9307 32 9 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 32 10 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 32 11 Jazira Jazira NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 32 12 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 32 13 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-9307 32 14 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 32 15 area area NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 32 16 between between IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 32 17 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 32 18 Euphrates Euphrates NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 32 19 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9307 32 20 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 32 21 Tigris Tigris NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 32 22 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 32 23 their -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-9307 32 24 sources source NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 32 25 down down RP en-wikipedia-org-9307 32 26 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 32 27 Baghdad Baghdad NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 32 28 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9307 33 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 33 2 14 14 CD en-wikipedia-org-9307 33 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 33 4 Lower Lower NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 33 5 Mesopotamia Mesopotamia NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 33 6 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-9307 33 7 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 33 8 area area NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 33 9 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 33 10 Baghdad Baghdad NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 33 11 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 33 12 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 33 13 Persian Persian NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 33 14 Gulf Gulf NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 33 15 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9307 33 16 includes include VBZ en-wikipedia-org-9307 33 17 Kuwait Kuwait NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 33 18 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9307 33 19 parts part NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 33 20 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 33 21 western western JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 33 22 Iran Iran NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 33 23 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9307 34 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 34 2 17 17 CD en-wikipedia-org-9307 34 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 34 4 In in IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 34 5 modern modern JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 34 6 academic academic JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 34 7 usage usage NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 34 8 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 34 9 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 34 10 term term NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 34 11 Mesopotamia Mesopotamia NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 34 12 often often RB en-wikipedia-org-9307 34 13 also also RB en-wikipedia-org-9307 34 14 has have VBZ en-wikipedia-org-9307 34 15 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 34 16 chronological chronological JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 34 17 connotation connotation NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 34 18 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9307 35 1 It -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-9307 35 2 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-9307 35 3 usually usually RB en-wikipedia-org-9307 35 4 used use VBN en-wikipedia-org-9307 35 5 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-9307 35 6 designate designate VB en-wikipedia-org-9307 35 7 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 35 8 area area NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 35 9 until until IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 35 10 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 35 11 Muslim muslim JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 35 12 conquests conquest NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 35 13 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 35 14 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 35 15 names name NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 35 16 like like IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 35 17 Syria Syria NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 35 18 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 35 19 Jazira Jazira NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 35 20 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 35 21 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9307 35 22 Iraq Iraq NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 35 23 being be VBG en-wikipedia-org-9307 35 24 used use VBN en-wikipedia-org-9307 35 25 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-9307 35 26 describe describe VB en-wikipedia-org-9307 35 27 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 35 28 region region NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 35 29 after after IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 35 30 that that DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 35 31 date date NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 35 32 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9307 36 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 36 2 13][18 13][18 LS en-wikipedia-org-9307 36 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 36 4 It -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-9307 36 5 has have VBZ en-wikipedia-org-9307 36 6 been be VBN en-wikipedia-org-9307 36 7 argued argue VBN en-wikipedia-org-9307 36 8 that that IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 36 9 these these DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 36 10 later later JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 36 11 euphemisms euphemism NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 36 12 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-9307 36 13 Eurocentric eurocentric JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 36 14 terms term NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 36 15 attributed attribute VBN en-wikipedia-org-9307 36 16 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 36 17 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 36 18 region region NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 36 19 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 36 20 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 36 21 midst midst NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 36 22 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 36 23 various various JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 36 24 19th 19th JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 36 25 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-9307 36 26 century century NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 36 27 Western western JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 36 28 encroachments encroachment NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 36 29 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9307 37 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 37 2 18][19 18][19 CD en-wikipedia-org-9307 37 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 37 4 Geography Geography NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 37 5 Main Main NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 37 6 article article NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 37 7 : : : en-wikipedia-org-9307 37 8 Geography geography NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 37 9 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 37 10 Mesopotamia Mesopotamia NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 37 11 Known Known NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 37 12 world world NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 37 13 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 37 14 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 37 15 Mesopotamian mesopotamian JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 37 16 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 37 17 Babylonian Babylonian NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 37 18 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 37 19 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9307 37 20 Assyrian assyrian JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 37 21 cultures culture NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 37 22 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 37 23 documentary documentary JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 37 24 sources source NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 37 25 Mesopotamia Mesopotamia NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 37 26 encompasses encompass VBZ en-wikipedia-org-9307 37 27 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 37 28 land land NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 37 29 between between IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 37 30 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 37 31 Euphrates Euphrates NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 37 32 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9307 37 33 Tigris Tigris NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 37 34 rivers river NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 37 35 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 37 36 both both DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 37 37 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 37 38 which which WDT en-wikipedia-org-9307 37 39 have have VBP en-wikipedia-org-9307 37 40 their -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-9307 37 41 headwaters headwater NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 37 42 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 37 43 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 37 44 Taurus Taurus NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 37 45 Mountains Mountains NNPS en-wikipedia-org-9307 37 46 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9307 38 1 Both both DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 38 2 rivers river NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 38 3 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-9307 38 4 fed feed VBN en-wikipedia-org-9307 38 5 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 38 6 numerous numerous JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 38 7 tributaries tributary NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 38 8 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 38 9 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9307 38 10 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 38 11 entire entire JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 38 12 river river NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 38 13 system system NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 38 14 drains drain VBZ en-wikipedia-org-9307 38 15 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 38 16 vast vast JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 38 17 mountainous mountainous JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 38 18 region region NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 38 19 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9307 39 1 Overland overland NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 39 2 routes route NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 39 3 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 39 4 Mesopotamia Mesopotamia NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 39 5 usually usually RB en-wikipedia-org-9307 39 6 follow follow VBP en-wikipedia-org-9307 39 7 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 39 8 Euphrates Euphrates NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 39 9 because because IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 39 10 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 39 11 banks bank NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 39 12 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 39 13 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 39 14 Tigris Tigris NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 39 15 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-9307 39 16 frequently frequently RB en-wikipedia-org-9307 39 17 steep steep JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 39 18 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9307 39 19 difficult difficult JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 39 20 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9307 40 1 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 40 2 climate climate NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 40 3 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 40 4 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 40 5 region region NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 40 6 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-9307 40 7 semi semi JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 40 8 - - JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 40 9 arid arid JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 40 10 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 40 11 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 40 12 vast vast JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 40 13 desert desert NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 40 14 expanse expanse NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 40 15 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 40 16 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 40 17 north north NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 40 18 which which WDT en-wikipedia-org-9307 40 19 gives give VBZ en-wikipedia-org-9307 40 20 way way NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 40 21 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 40 22 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 40 23 15,000-square 15,000-square CD en-wikipedia-org-9307 40 24 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-9307 40 25 kilometre kilometre NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 40 26 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 40 27 5,800 5,800 CD en-wikipedia-org-9307 40 28   _SP en-wikipedia-org-9307 40 29 sq sq XX en-wikipedia-org-9307 40 30   _SP en-wikipedia-org-9307 40 31 mi mi NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 40 32 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 40 33 region region NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 40 34 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 40 35 marshes marsh NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 40 36 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 40 37 lagoons lagoon NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 40 38 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 40 39 mudflats mudflat NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 40 40 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 40 41 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9307 40 42 reed ree VBN en-wikipedia-org-9307 40 43 banks bank NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 40 44 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 40 45 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 40 46 south south NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 40 47 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9307 41 1 In in IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 41 2 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 41 3 extreme extreme JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 41 4 south south NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 41 5 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 41 6 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 41 7 Euphrates Euphrates NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 41 8 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9307 41 9 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 41 10 Tigris Tigris NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 41 11 unite unite NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 41 12 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9307 41 13 empty empty JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 41 14 into into IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 41 15 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 41 16 Persian Persian NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 41 17 Gulf Gulf NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 41 18 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9307 42 1 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 42 2 arid arid NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 42 3 environment environment NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 42 4 ranges range VBZ en-wikipedia-org-9307 42 5 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 42 6 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 42 7 northern northern JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 42 8 areas area NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 42 9 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 42 10 rain rain NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 42 11 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-9307 42 12 fed feed VBN en-wikipedia-org-9307 42 13 agriculture agriculture NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 42 14 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 42 15 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 42 16 south south NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 42 17 where where WRB en-wikipedia-org-9307 42 18 irrigation irrigation NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 42 19 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 42 20 agriculture agriculture NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 42 21 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-9307 42 22 essential essential JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 42 23 if if IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 42 24 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 42 25 surplus surplus JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 42 26 energy energy NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 42 27 returned return VBD en-wikipedia-org-9307 42 28 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 42 29 energy energy NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 42 30 invested invest VBN en-wikipedia-org-9307 42 31 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 42 32 EROEI EROEI NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 42 33 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 42 34 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-9307 42 35 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-9307 42 36 be be VB en-wikipedia-org-9307 42 37 obtained obtain VBN en-wikipedia-org-9307 42 38 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9307 43 1 This this DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 43 2 irrigation irrigation NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 43 3 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-9307 43 4 aided aid VBN en-wikipedia-org-9307 43 5 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 43 6 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 43 7 high high JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 43 8 water water NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 43 9 table table NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 43 10 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9307 43 11 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 43 12 melting melt VBG en-wikipedia-org-9307 43 13 snows snow NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 43 14 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 43 15 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 43 16 high high JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 43 17 peaks peak NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 43 18 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 43 19 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 43 20 northern northern JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 43 21 Zagros Zagros NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 43 22 Mountains Mountains NNPS en-wikipedia-org-9307 43 23 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9307 43 24 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 43 25 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 43 26 Armenian armenian JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 43 27 Highlands Highlands NNPS en-wikipedia-org-9307 43 28 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 43 29 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 43 30 source source NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 43 31 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 43 32 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 43 33 Tigris Tigris NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 43 34 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9307 43 35 Euphrates Euphrates NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 43 36 Rivers Rivers NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 43 37 that that WDT en-wikipedia-org-9307 43 38 give give VBP en-wikipedia-org-9307 43 39 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 43 40 region region NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 43 41 its -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-9307 43 42 name name NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 43 43 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9307 44 1 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 44 2 usefulness usefulness NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 44 3 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 44 4 irrigation irrigation NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 44 5 depends depend VBZ en-wikipedia-org-9307 44 6 upon upon IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 44 7 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 44 8 ability ability NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 44 9 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-9307 44 10 mobilize mobilize VB en-wikipedia-org-9307 44 11 sufficient sufficient JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 44 12 labor labor NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 44 13 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 44 14 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 44 15 construction construction NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 44 16 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9307 44 17 maintenance maintenance NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 44 18 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 44 19 canals canal NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 44 20 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 44 21 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9307 44 22 this this DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 44 23 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 44 24 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 44 25 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 44 26 earliest early JJS en-wikipedia-org-9307 44 27 period period NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 44 28 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 44 29 has have VBZ en-wikipedia-org-9307 44 30 assisted assist VBN en-wikipedia-org-9307 44 31 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 44 32 development development NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 44 33 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 44 34 urban urban JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 44 35 settlements settlement NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 44 36 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9307 44 37 centralized centralize VBN en-wikipedia-org-9307 44 38 systems system NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 44 39 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 44 40 political political JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 44 41 authority authority NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 44 42 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9307 45 1 Agriculture agriculture NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 45 2 throughout throughout IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 45 3 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 45 4 region region NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 45 5 has have VBZ en-wikipedia-org-9307 45 6 been be VBN en-wikipedia-org-9307 45 7 supplemented supplement VBN en-wikipedia-org-9307 45 8 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 45 9 nomadic nomadic JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 45 10 pastoralism pastoralism NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 45 11 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 45 12 where where WRB en-wikipedia-org-9307 45 13 tent tent NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 45 14 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-9307 45 15 dwelling dwell VBG en-wikipedia-org-9307 45 16 nomads nomad NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 45 17 herded herd VBN en-wikipedia-org-9307 45 18 sheep sheep NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 45 19 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9307 45 20 goats goat NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 45 21 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 45 22 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9307 45 23 later later JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 45 24 camels camel NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 45 25 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 45 26 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 45 27 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 45 28 river river NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 45 29 pastures pasture NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 45 30 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 45 31 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 45 32 dry dry JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 45 33 summer summer NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 45 34 months month NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 45 35 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 45 36 out out IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 45 37 into into IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 45 38 seasonal seasonal JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 45 39 grazing grazing NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 45 40 lands land NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 45 41 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 45 42 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 45 43 desert desert NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 45 44 fringe fringe NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 45 45 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 45 46 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 45 47 wet wet JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 45 48 winter winter NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 45 49 season season NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 45 50 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9307 46 1 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 46 2 area area NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 46 3 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-9307 46 4 generally generally RB en-wikipedia-org-9307 46 5 lacking lack VBG en-wikipedia-org-9307 46 6 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 46 7 building build VBG en-wikipedia-org-9307 46 8 stone stone NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 46 9 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 46 10 precious precious JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 46 11 metals metal NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 46 12 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 46 13 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9307 46 14 timber timber NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 46 15 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 46 16 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9307 46 17 so so RB en-wikipedia-org-9307 46 18 historically historically RB en-wikipedia-org-9307 46 19 has have VBZ en-wikipedia-org-9307 46 20 relied rely VBN en-wikipedia-org-9307 46 21 upon upon IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 46 22 long long JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 46 23 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-9307 46 24 distance distance NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 46 25 trade trade NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 46 26 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 46 27 agricultural agricultural JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 46 28 products product NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 46 29 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-9307 46 30 secure secure VB en-wikipedia-org-9307 46 31 these these DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 46 32 items item NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 46 33 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 46 34 outlying outlying JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 46 35 areas area NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 46 36 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9307 47 1 In in IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 47 2 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 47 3 marshlands marshland NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 47 4 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 47 5 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 47 6 south south NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 47 7 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 47 8 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 47 9 area area NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 47 10 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 47 11 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 47 12 complex complex JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 47 13 water water NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 47 14 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-9307 47 15 borne bear VBN en-wikipedia-org-9307 47 16 fishing fishing NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 47 17 culture culture NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 47 18 has have VBZ en-wikipedia-org-9307 47 19 existed exist VBN en-wikipedia-org-9307 47 20 since since IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 47 21 prehistoric prehistoric JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 47 22 times time NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 47 23 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9307 47 24 has have VBZ en-wikipedia-org-9307 47 25 added add VBN en-wikipedia-org-9307 47 26 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 47 27 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 47 28 cultural cultural JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 47 29 mix mix NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 47 30 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9307 48 1 Periodic periodic JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 48 2 breakdowns breakdown NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 48 3 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 48 4 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 48 5 cultural cultural JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 48 6 system system NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 48 7 have have VBP en-wikipedia-org-9307 48 8 occurred occur VBN en-wikipedia-org-9307 48 9 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 48 10 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 48 11 number number NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 48 12 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 48 13 reasons reason NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 48 14 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9307 49 1 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 49 2 demands demand NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 49 3 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 49 4 labor labor NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 49 5 has have VBZ en-wikipedia-org-9307 49 6 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 49 7 time time NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 49 8 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 49 9 time time NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 49 10 led lead VBD en-wikipedia-org-9307 49 11 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 49 12 population population NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 49 13 increases increase NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 49 14 that that WDT en-wikipedia-org-9307 49 15 push push VBP en-wikipedia-org-9307 49 16 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 49 17 limits limit NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 49 18 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 49 19 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 49 20 ecological ecological JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 49 21 carrying carrying NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 49 22 capacity capacity NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 49 23 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 49 24 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9307 49 25 should should MD en-wikipedia-org-9307 49 26 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 49 27 period period NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 49 28 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 49 29 climatic climatic JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 49 30 instability instability NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 49 31 ensue ensue NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 49 32 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 49 33 collapsing collapse VBG en-wikipedia-org-9307 49 34 central central JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 49 35 government government NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 49 36 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9307 49 37 declining decline VBG en-wikipedia-org-9307 49 38 populations population NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 49 39 can can MD en-wikipedia-org-9307 49 40 occur occur VB en-wikipedia-org-9307 49 41 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9307 50 1 Alternatively alternatively RB en-wikipedia-org-9307 50 2 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 50 3 military military JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 50 4 vulnerability vulnerability NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 50 5 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 50 6 invasion invasion NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 50 7 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 50 8 marginal marginal JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 50 9 hill hill NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 50 10 tribes tribe NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 50 11 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-9307 50 12 nomadic nomadic JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 50 13 pastoralists pastoralist NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 50 14 has have VBZ en-wikipedia-org-9307 50 15 led lead VBN en-wikipedia-org-9307 50 16 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 50 17 periods period NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 50 18 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 50 19 trade trade NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 50 20 collapse collapse NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 50 21 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9307 50 22 neglect neglect NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 50 23 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 50 24 irrigation irrigation NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 50 25 systems system NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 50 26 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9307 51 1 Equally equally RB en-wikipedia-org-9307 51 2 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 51 3 centripetal centripetal JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 51 4 tendencies tendency NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 51 5 amongst amongst IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 51 6 city city NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 51 7 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-9307 51 8 states state NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 51 9 have have VBP en-wikipedia-org-9307 51 10 meant mean VBN en-wikipedia-org-9307 51 11 that that IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 51 12 central central NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 51 13 authority authority NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 51 14 over over IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 51 15 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 51 16 whole whole JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 51 17 region region NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 51 18 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 51 19 when when WRB en-wikipedia-org-9307 51 20 imposed impose VBN en-wikipedia-org-9307 51 21 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 51 22 has have VBZ en-wikipedia-org-9307 51 23 tended tend VBN en-wikipedia-org-9307 51 24 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-9307 51 25 be be VB en-wikipedia-org-9307 51 26 ephemeral ephemeral JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 51 27 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 51 28 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9307 51 29 localism localism NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 51 30 has have VBZ en-wikipedia-org-9307 51 31 fragmented fragment VBN en-wikipedia-org-9307 51 32 power power NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 51 33 into into IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 51 34 tribal tribal JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 51 35 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-9307 51 36 smaller small JJR en-wikipedia-org-9307 51 37 regional regional JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 51 38 units unit NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 51 39 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9307 52 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 52 2 20 20 CD en-wikipedia-org-9307 52 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 52 4 These these DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 52 5 trends trend NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 52 6 have have VBP en-wikipedia-org-9307 52 7 continued continue VBN en-wikipedia-org-9307 52 8 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 52 9 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 52 10 present present JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 52 11 day day NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 52 12 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 52 13 Iraq Iraq NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 52 14 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9307 53 1 History history NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 53 2 One one CD en-wikipedia-org-9307 53 3 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 53 4 18 18 CD en-wikipedia-org-9307 53 5 Statues Statues NNPS en-wikipedia-org-9307 53 6 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 53 7 Gudea Gudea NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 53 8 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 53 9 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 53 10 ruler ruler NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 53 11 around around IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 53 12 2090 2090 CD en-wikipedia-org-9307 53 13 BC BC NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 53 14 Main Main NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 53 15 article article NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 53 16 : : : en-wikipedia-org-9307 53 17 History history NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 53 18 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 53 19 Mesopotamia Mesopotamia NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 53 20 Further further JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 53 21 information information NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 53 22 : : : en-wikipedia-org-9307 53 23 History history NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 53 24 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 53 25 Iraq Iraq NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 53 26 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 53 27 History history NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 53 28 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 53 29 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 53 30 Middle Middle NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 53 31 East East NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 53 32 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 53 33 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9307 53 34 Chronology Chronology NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 53 35 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 53 36 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 53 37 ancient ancient JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 53 38 Near Near NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 53 39 East East NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 53 40 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 53 41 pre pre NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 53 42 - - NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 53 43 history history NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 53 44 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 53 45 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 53 46 Ancient Ancient NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 53 47 Near Near NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 53 48 East East NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 53 49 begins begin VBZ en-wikipedia-org-9307 53 50 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 53 51 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 53 52 Lower Lower NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 53 53 Paleolithic Paleolithic NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 53 54 period period NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 53 55 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9307 54 1 Therein therein RB en-wikipedia-org-9307 54 2 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 54 3 writing writing NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 54 4 emerged emerge VBD en-wikipedia-org-9307 54 5 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 54 6 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 54 7 pictographic pictographic JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 54 8 script script NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 54 9 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 54 10 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 54 11 Uruk Uruk NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 54 12 IV IV NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 54 13 period period NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 54 14 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 54 15 c. c. NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 54 16 4th 4th NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 54 17 millennium millennium NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 54 18 BC BC NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 54 19 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 54 20 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 54 21 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9307 54 22 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 54 23 documented document VBN en-wikipedia-org-9307 54 24 record record NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 54 25 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 54 26 actual actual JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 54 27 historical historical JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 54 28 events event NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 54 29 — — : en-wikipedia-org-9307 54 30 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9307 54 31 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 54 32 ancient ancient JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 54 33 history history NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 54 34 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 54 35 lower low JJR en-wikipedia-org-9307 54 36 Mesopotamia Mesopotamia NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 54 37 — — : en-wikipedia-org-9307 54 38 commenced commence VBD en-wikipedia-org-9307 54 39 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 54 40 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 54 41 mid mid JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 54 42 - - JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 54 43 third third JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 54 44 millennium millennium NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 54 45 BC BC NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 54 46 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 54 47 cuneiform cuneiform NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 54 48 records record NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 54 49 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 54 50 early early JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 54 51 dynastic dynastic JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 54 52 kings king NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 54 53 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9307 55 1 This this DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 55 2 entire entire JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 55 3 history history NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 55 4 ends end VBZ en-wikipedia-org-9307 55 5 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 55 6 either either CC en-wikipedia-org-9307 55 7 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 55 8 arrival arrival NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 55 9 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 55 10 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 55 11 Achaemenid Achaemenid NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 55 12 Empire Empire NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 55 13 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 55 14 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 55 15 late late JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 55 16 6th 6th JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 55 17 century century NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 55 18 BC BC NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 55 19 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-9307 55 20 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 55 21 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 55 22 Muslim muslim JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 55 23 conquest conquest NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 55 24 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9307 55 25 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 55 26 establishment establishment NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 55 27 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 55 28 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 55 29 Caliphate Caliphate NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 55 30 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 55 31 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 55 32 late late JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 55 33 7th 7th JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 55 34 century century NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 55 35 AD ad NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 55 36 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 55 37 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 55 38 which which WDT en-wikipedia-org-9307 55 39 point point NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 55 40 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 55 41 region region NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 55 42 came come VBD en-wikipedia-org-9307 55 43 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-9307 55 44 be be VB en-wikipedia-org-9307 55 45 known know VBN en-wikipedia-org-9307 55 46 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 55 47 Iraq Iraq NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 55 48 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9307 56 1 In in IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 56 2 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 56 3 long long JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 56 4 span span NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 56 5 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 56 6 this this DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 56 7 period period NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 56 8 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 56 9 Mesopotamia Mesopotamia NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 56 10 housed house VBD en-wikipedia-org-9307 56 11 some some DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 56 12 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 56 13 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 56 14 world world NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 56 15 's 's POS en-wikipedia-org-9307 56 16 most most RBS en-wikipedia-org-9307 56 17 ancient ancient JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 56 18 highly highly RB en-wikipedia-org-9307 56 19 developed developed JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 56 20 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 56 21 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9307 56 22 socially socially RB en-wikipedia-org-9307 56 23 complex complex JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 56 24 states state NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 56 25 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9307 57 1 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 57 2 region region NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 57 3 was be VBD en-wikipedia-org-9307 57 4 one one CD en-wikipedia-org-9307 57 5 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 57 6 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 57 7 four four CD en-wikipedia-org-9307 57 8 riverine riverine NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 57 9 civilizations civilization NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 57 10 where where WRB en-wikipedia-org-9307 57 11 writing writing NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 57 12 was be VBD en-wikipedia-org-9307 57 13 invented invent VBN en-wikipedia-org-9307 57 14 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 57 15 along along IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 57 16 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 57 17 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 57 18 Nile Nile NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 57 19 valley valley NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 57 20 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 57 21 Ancient Ancient NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 57 22 Egypt Egypt NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 57 23 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 57 24 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 57 25 Indus Indus NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 57 26 Valley Valley NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 57 27 Civilization Civilization NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 57 28 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 57 29 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 57 30 Indian indian JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 57 31 subcontinent subcontinent NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 57 32 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 57 33 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9307 57 34 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 57 35 Yellow Yellow NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 57 36 River River NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 57 37 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 57 38 Ancient Ancient NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 57 39 China China NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 57 40 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9307 58 1 Mesopotamia Mesopotamia NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 58 2 housed house VBD en-wikipedia-org-9307 58 3 historically historically RB en-wikipedia-org-9307 58 4 important important JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 58 5 cities city NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 58 6 such such JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 58 7 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 58 8 Uruk Uruk NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 58 9 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 58 10 Nippur Nippur NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 58 11 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 58 12 Nineveh Nineveh NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 58 13 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 58 14 Assur Assur NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 58 15 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9307 58 16 Babylon Babylon NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 58 17 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 58 18 as as RB en-wikipedia-org-9307 58 19 well well RB en-wikipedia-org-9307 58 20 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 58 21 major major JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 58 22 territorial territorial JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 58 23 states state NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 58 24 such such JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 58 25 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 58 26 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 58 27 city city NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 58 28 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 58 29 Eridu Eridu NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 58 30 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 58 31 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 58 32 Akkadian akkadian JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 58 33 kingdoms kingdom NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 58 34 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 58 35 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 58 36 Third Third NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 58 37 Dynasty Dynasty NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 58 38 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 58 39 Ur Ur NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 58 40 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 58 41 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9307 58 42 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 58 43 various various JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 58 44 Assyrian assyrian JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 58 45 empires empire NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 58 46 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9307 59 1 Some some DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 59 2 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 59 3 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 59 4 important important JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 59 5 historical historical JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 59 6 Mesopotamian mesopotamian JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 59 7 leaders leader NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 59 8 were be VBD en-wikipedia-org-9307 59 9 Ur Ur NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 59 10 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-9307 59 11 Nammu Nammu NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 59 12 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 59 13 king king NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 59 14 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 59 15 Ur Ur NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 59 16 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 59 17 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 59 18 Sargon Sargon NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 59 19 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 59 20 Akkad Akkad NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 59 21 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 59 22 who who WP en-wikipedia-org-9307 59 23 established establish VBD en-wikipedia-org-9307 59 24 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 59 25 Akkadian Akkadian NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 59 26 Empire Empire NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 59 27 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 59 28 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 59 29 Hammurabi Hammurabi NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 59 30 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 59 31 who who WP en-wikipedia-org-9307 59 32 established establish VBD en-wikipedia-org-9307 59 33 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 59 34 Old old JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 59 35 Babylonian babylonian JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 59 36 state state NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 59 37 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 59 38 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 59 39 Ashur Ashur NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 59 40 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-9307 59 41 uballit uballit NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 59 42 II II NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 59 43 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9307 59 44 Tiglath Tiglath NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 59 45 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-9307 59 46 Pileser Pileser NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 59 47 I -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-9307 59 48 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 59 49 who who WP en-wikipedia-org-9307 59 50 established establish VBD en-wikipedia-org-9307 59 51 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 59 52 Assyrian Assyrian NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 59 53 Empire Empire NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 59 54 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 59 55 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9307 60 1 Scientists scientist NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 60 2 analysed analyse VBD en-wikipedia-org-9307 60 3 DNA dna NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 60 4 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 60 5 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 60 6 8,000-year 8,000-year CD en-wikipedia-org-9307 60 7 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-9307 60 8 old old JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 60 9 remains remain NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 60 10 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 60 11 early early JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 60 12 farmers farmer NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 60 13 found find VBN en-wikipedia-org-9307 60 14 at at IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 60 15 an an DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 60 16 ancient ancient JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 60 17 graveyard graveyard NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 60 18 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 60 19 Germany Germany NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 60 20 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9307 61 1 They -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-9307 61 2 compared compare VBD en-wikipedia-org-9307 61 3 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 61 4 genetic genetic JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 61 5 signatures signature NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 61 6 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 61 7 those those DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 61 8 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 61 9 modern modern JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 61 10 populations population NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 61 11 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9307 61 12 found find VBD en-wikipedia-org-9307 61 13 similarities similarity NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 61 14 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 61 15 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 61 16 DNA dna NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 61 17 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 61 18 people people NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 61 19 living live VBG en-wikipedia-org-9307 61 20 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 61 21 today today NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 61 22 's 's POS en-wikipedia-org-9307 61 23 Turkey Turkey NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 61 24 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9307 61 25 Iraq Iraq NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 61 26 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9307 62 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 62 2 21 21 CD en-wikipedia-org-9307 62 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 62 4 Periodization Periodization NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 62 5 Pre- Pre- NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 62 6 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9307 62 7 protohistory protohistory NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 62 8 After after IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 62 9 early early JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 62 10 starts start NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 62 11 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 62 12 Jarmo Jarmo NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 62 13 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 62 14 red red JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 62 15 dot dot NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 62 16 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 62 17 circa circa NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 62 18 7500 7500 CD en-wikipedia-org-9307 62 19 BC BC NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 62 20 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 62 21 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 62 22 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 62 23 civilization civilization NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 62 24 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 62 25 Mesopotamia Mesopotamia NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 62 26 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 62 27 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 62 28 7th–5th 7th–5th CD en-wikipedia-org-9307 62 29 millennium millennium NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 62 30 BC BC NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 62 31 was be VBD en-wikipedia-org-9307 62 32 centered center VBN en-wikipedia-org-9307 62 33 around around IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 62 34 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 62 35 Hassuna Hassuna NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 62 36 culture culture NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 62 37 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 62 38 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 62 39 north north NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 62 40 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 62 41 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 62 42 Halaf Halaf NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 62 43 culture culture NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 62 44 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 62 45 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 62 46 northwest northwest NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 62 47 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 62 48 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 62 49 Samarra Samarra NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 62 50 culture culture NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 62 51 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 62 52 central central JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 62 53 Mesopotamia Mesopotamia NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 62 54 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9307 62 55 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 62 56 Ubaid Ubaid NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 62 57 culture culture NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 62 58 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 62 59 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 62 60 southeast southeast NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 62 61 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 62 62 which which WDT en-wikipedia-org-9307 62 63 later later RB en-wikipedia-org-9307 62 64 expanded expand VBD en-wikipedia-org-9307 62 65 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-9307 62 66 encompass encompass VB en-wikipedia-org-9307 62 67 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 62 68 whole whole JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 62 69 region region NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 62 70 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9307 63 1 Pre pre JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 63 2 - - JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 63 3 Pottery pottery NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 63 4 Neolithic neolithic JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 63 5 A a NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 63 6 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 63 7 10,000–8700 10,000–8700 CD en-wikipedia-org-9307 63 8 BC BC NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 63 9 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 63 10 Pre pre JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 63 11 - - JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 63 12 Pottery pottery JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 63 13 Neolithic neolithic JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 63 14 B b NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 63 15 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 63 16 8700–6800 8700–6800 CD en-wikipedia-org-9307 63 17 BC BC NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 63 18 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 63 19 Jarmo Jarmo NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 63 20 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 63 21 7500–5000 7500–5000 CD en-wikipedia-org-9307 63 22 BC BC NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 63 23 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 63 24 Hassuna Hassuna NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 63 25 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 63 26 ~6000 ~6000 NFP en-wikipedia-org-9307 63 27 BC BC NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 63 28 – – : en-wikipedia-org-9307 63 29 ? ? . en-wikipedia-org-9307 64 1 BC BC NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 64 2 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 64 3 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 64 4 Samarra Samarra NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 64 5 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 64 6 ~5700–4900 ~5700–4900 NFP en-wikipedia-org-9307 64 7 BC BC NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 64 8 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 64 9 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9307 64 10 Halaf Halaf NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 64 11 cultures culture NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 64 12 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 64 13 ~6000–5300 ~6000–5300 NFP en-wikipedia-org-9307 64 14 BC BC NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 64 15 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 64 16 cultures culture VBZ en-wikipedia-org-9307 64 17 Ubaid ubaid JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 64 18 period period NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 64 19 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 64 20 ~6500–4000 ~6500–4000 NFP en-wikipedia-org-9307 64 21 BC BC NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 64 22 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 64 23 Uruk Uruk NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 64 24 period period NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 64 25 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 64 26 ~4000–3100 ~4000–3100 NFP en-wikipedia-org-9307 64 27 BC BC NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 64 28 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 64 29 Jemdet Jemdet NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 64 30 Nasr Nasr NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 64 31 period period NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 64 32 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 64 33 ~3100–2900 ~3100–2900 NFP en-wikipedia-org-9307 64 34 BC)[22 BC)[22 NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 64 35 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 64 36 Early early JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 64 37 Bronze Bronze NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 64 38 Age Age NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 64 39 Early early RB en-wikipedia-org-9307 64 40 Dynastic dynastic JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 64 41 period period NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 64 42 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 64 43 ~2900–2350 ~2900–2350 NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 64 44 BC BC NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 64 45 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 64 46 Akkadian Akkadian NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 64 47 Empire Empire NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 64 48 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 64 49 ~2350–2100 ~2350–2100 NFP en-wikipedia-org-9307 64 50 BC BC NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 64 51 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 64 52 Third Third NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 64 53 Dynasty Dynasty NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 64 54 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 64 55 Ur Ur NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 64 56 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 64 57 2112–2004 2112–2004 CD en-wikipedia-org-9307 64 58 BC BC NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 64 59 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 64 60 Early early JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 64 61 Assyrian assyrian JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 64 62 kingdom kingdom NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 64 63 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 64 64 24th 24th JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 64 65 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 64 66 18th 18th JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 64 67 century century NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 64 68 BC BC NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 64 69 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 64 70 Middle Middle NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 64 71 Bronze Bronze NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 64 72 Age Age NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 64 73 Early Early NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 64 74 Babylonia Babylonia NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 64 75 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 64 76 19th 19th JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 64 77 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 64 78 18th 18th JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 64 79 century century NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 64 80 BC BC NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 64 81 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 64 82 First first JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 64 83 Babylonian babylonian JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 64 84 dynasty dynasty NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 64 85 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 64 86 18th 18th NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 64 87 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 64 88 17th 17th JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 64 89 century century NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 64 90 BC BC NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 64 91 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 64 92 Minoan Minoan NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 64 93 eruption eruption NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 64 94 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 64 95 c. c. NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 64 96 1620 1620 CD en-wikipedia-org-9307 64 97 BC BC NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 64 98 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 64 99 Late Late NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 64 100 Bronze Bronze NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 64 101 Age Age NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 64 102 Overview Overview NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 64 103 map map NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 64 104 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 64 105 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 64 106 15th 15th JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 64 107 century century NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 64 108 BC BC NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 64 109 showing show VBG en-wikipedia-org-9307 64 110 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 64 111 core core NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 64 112 territory territory NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 64 113 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 64 114 Assyria Assyria NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 64 115 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 64 116 its -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-9307 64 117 two two CD en-wikipedia-org-9307 64 118 major major JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 64 119 cities city NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 64 120 Assur Assur NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 64 121 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9307 64 122 Nineveh Nineveh NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 64 123 wedged wedge VBD en-wikipedia-org-9307 64 124 between between IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 64 125 Babylonia Babylonia NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 64 126 downstream downstream NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 64 127 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9307 64 128 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 64 129 states state NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 64 130 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 64 131 Mitanni Mitanni NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 64 132 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9307 64 133 Hatti Hatti NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 64 134 upstream upstream NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 64 135 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9307 65 1 Old old JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 65 2 Assyrian assyrian JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 65 3 period period NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 65 4 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 65 5 16th 16th NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 65 6 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 65 7 11th 11th JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 65 8 century century NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 65 9 BC BC NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 65 10 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 65 11 Middle Middle NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 65 12 Assyrian assyrian JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 65 13 period period NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 65 14 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 65 15 c. c. NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 65 16 1365–1076 1365–1076 CD en-wikipedia-org-9307 65 17 BC BC NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 65 18 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 65 19 Kassites Kassites NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 65 20 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 65 21 Babylon Babylon NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 65 22 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 65 23 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 65 24 c. c. NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 65 25 1595–1155 1595–1155 CD en-wikipedia-org-9307 65 26 BC BC NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 65 27 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 65 28 Late Late NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 65 29 Bronze Bronze NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 65 30 Age Age NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 65 31 collapse collapse NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 65 32 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 65 33 12th 12th NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 65 34 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 65 35 11th 11th JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 65 36 century century NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 65 37 BC BC NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 65 38 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 65 39 Iron Iron NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 65 40 Age Age NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 65 41 Syro Syro NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 65 42 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-9307 65 43 Hittite Hittite NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 65 44 states state NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 65 45 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 65 46 11th 11th JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 65 47 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 65 48 7th 7th JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 65 49 century century NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 65 50 BC BC NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 65 51 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 65 52 Neo Neo NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 65 53 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-9307 65 54 Assyrian Assyrian NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 65 55 Empire Empire NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 65 56 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 65 57 10th 10th JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 65 58 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 65 59 7th 7th JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 65 60 century century NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 65 61 BC BC NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 65 62 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 65 63 Neo Neo NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 65 64 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-9307 65 65 Babylonian Babylonian NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 65 66 Empire Empire NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 65 67 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 65 68 7th 7th JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 65 69 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 65 70 6th 6th JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 65 71 century century NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 65 72 BC BC NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 65 73 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 65 74 Classical classical JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 65 75 antiquity antiquity NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 65 76 Persian Persian NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 65 77 Babylonia Babylonia NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 65 78 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 65 79 Achaemenid Achaemenid NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 65 80 Assyria Assyria NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 65 81 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 65 82 6th 6th JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 65 83 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 65 84 4th 4th JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 65 85 century century NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 65 86 BC BC NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 65 87 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 65 88 Seleucid Seleucid NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 65 89 Mesopotamia Mesopotamia NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 65 90 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 65 91 4th 4th JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 65 92 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 65 93 3rd 3rd JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 65 94 century century NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 65 95 BC BC NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 65 96 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 65 97 Parthian Parthian NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 65 98 Babylonia Babylonia NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 65 99 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 65 100 3rd 3rd JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 65 101 century century NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 65 102 BC BC NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 65 103 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 65 104 3rd 3rd JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 65 105 century century NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 65 106 AD AD NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 65 107 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 65 108 Osroene Osroene NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 65 109 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 65 110 2nd 2nd JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 65 111 century century NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 65 112 BC BC NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 65 113 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 65 114 3rd 3rd JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 65 115 century century NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 65 116 AD ad NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 65 117 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 65 118 Adiabene Adiabene NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 65 119 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 65 120 1st 1st NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 65 121 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 65 122 2nd 2nd JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 65 123 century century NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 65 124 AD AD NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 65 125 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 65 126 Hatra Hatra NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 65 127 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 65 128 1st 1st JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 65 129 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 65 130 2nd 2nd JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 65 131 century century NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 65 132 AD AD NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 65 133 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 65 134 Roman Roman NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 65 135 Mesopotamia Mesopotamia NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 65 136 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 65 137 2nd 2nd JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 65 138 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 65 139 7th 7th JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 65 140 centuries century NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 65 141 AD ad NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 65 142 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 65 143 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 65 144 Roman Roman NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 65 145 Assyria Assyria NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 65 146 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 65 147 2nd 2nd JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 65 148 century century NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 65 149 AD ad NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 65 150 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 65 151 Late Late NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 65 152 Antiquity antiquity NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 65 153 Palmyrene Palmyrene NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 65 154 Empire Empire NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 65 155 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 65 156 3nd 3nd JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 65 157 century century NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 65 158 AD AD NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 65 159 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 65 160 Asōristān Asōristān NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 65 161 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 65 162 3rd 3rd JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 65 163 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 65 164 7th 7th JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 65 165 century century NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 65 166 AD AD NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 65 167 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 65 168 Euphratensis Euphratensis NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 65 169 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 65 170 mid-4th mid-4th NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 65 171 century century NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 65 172 AD ad NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 65 173 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 65 174 7th 7th JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 65 175 century century NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 65 176 AD ad NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 65 177 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 65 178 Muslim Muslim NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 65 179 conquest conquest NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 65 180 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 65 181 mid-7th mid-7th VB en-wikipedia-org-9307 65 182 century century NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 65 183 AD ad NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 65 184 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 65 185 Language language NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 65 186 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9307 65 187 writing write VBG en-wikipedia-org-9307 65 188 One one CD en-wikipedia-org-9307 65 189 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 65 190 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 65 191 Nimrud Nimrud NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 65 192 ivories ivory NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 65 193 shows show VBZ en-wikipedia-org-9307 65 194 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 65 195 lion lion NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 65 196 eating eat VBG en-wikipedia-org-9307 65 197 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 65 198 man man NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 65 199 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9307 66 1 Neo Neo NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 66 2 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-9307 66 3 Assyrian assyrian JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 66 4 period period NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 66 5 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 66 6 9th 9th JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 66 7 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 66 8 7th 7th JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 66 9 centuries century NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 66 10 BC BC NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 66 11 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9307 67 1 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 67 2 earliest early JJS en-wikipedia-org-9307 67 3 language language NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 67 4 written write VBN en-wikipedia-org-9307 67 5 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 67 6 Mesopotamia Mesopotamia NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 67 7 was be VBD en-wikipedia-org-9307 67 8 Sumerian Sumerian NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 67 9 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 67 10 an an DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 67 11 agglutinative agglutinative JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 67 12 language language NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 67 13 isolate isolate NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 67 14 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9307 68 1 Along along IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 68 2 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 68 3 Sumerian sumerian JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 68 4 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 68 5 Semitic semitic JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 68 6 languages language NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 68 7 were be VBD en-wikipedia-org-9307 68 8 also also RB en-wikipedia-org-9307 68 9 spoken speak VBN en-wikipedia-org-9307 68 10 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 68 11 early early JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 68 12 Mesopotamia Mesopotamia NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 68 13 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9307 69 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 69 2 23 23 CD en-wikipedia-org-9307 69 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 69 4 Subartuan[24 Subartuan[24 `` en-wikipedia-org-9307 69 5 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 69 6 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 69 7 language language NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 69 8 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 69 9 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 69 10 Zagros Zagros NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 69 11 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 69 12 perhaps perhaps RB en-wikipedia-org-9307 69 13 related relate VBN en-wikipedia-org-9307 69 14 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 69 15 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 69 16 Hurro Hurro NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 69 17 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-9307 69 18 Urartuan Urartuan NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 69 19 language language NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 69 20 family family NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 69 21 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-9307 69 22 attested attest VBN en-wikipedia-org-9307 69 23 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 69 24 personal personal JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 69 25 names name NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 69 26 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 69 27 rivers river NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 69 28 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9307 69 29 mountains mountain NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 69 30 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9307 69 31 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 69 32 various various JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 69 33 crafts craft NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 69 34 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9307 70 1 Akkadian Akkadian NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 70 2 came come VBD en-wikipedia-org-9307 70 3 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-9307 70 4 be be VB en-wikipedia-org-9307 70 5 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 70 6 dominant dominant JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 70 7 language language NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 70 8 during during IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 70 9 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 70 10 Akkadian Akkadian NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 70 11 Empire Empire NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 70 12 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9307 70 13 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 70 14 Assyrian assyrian JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 70 15 empires empire NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 70 16 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 70 17 but but CC en-wikipedia-org-9307 70 18 Sumerian Sumerian NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 70 19 was be VBD en-wikipedia-org-9307 70 20 retained retain VBN en-wikipedia-org-9307 70 21 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 70 22 administrative administrative JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 70 23 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 70 24 religious religious JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 70 25 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 70 26 literary literary JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 70 27 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9307 70 28 scientific scientific JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 70 29 purposes purpose NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 70 30 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9307 71 1 Different different JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 71 2 varieties variety NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 71 3 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 71 4 Akkadian Akkadian NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 71 5 were be VBD en-wikipedia-org-9307 71 6 used use VBN en-wikipedia-org-9307 71 7 until until IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 71 8 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 71 9 end end NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 71 10 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 71 11 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 71 12 Neo neo JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 71 13 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-9307 71 14 Babylonian babylonian JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 71 15 period period NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 71 16 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9307 72 1 Old Old NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 72 2 Aramaic Aramaic NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 72 3 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 72 4 which which WDT en-wikipedia-org-9307 72 5 had have VBD en-wikipedia-org-9307 72 6 already already RB en-wikipedia-org-9307 72 7 become become VBN en-wikipedia-org-9307 72 8 common common JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 72 9 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 72 10 Mesopotamia Mesopotamia NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 72 11 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 72 12 then then RB en-wikipedia-org-9307 72 13 became become VBD en-wikipedia-org-9307 72 14 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 72 15 official official JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 72 16 provincial provincial JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 72 17 administration administration NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 72 18 language language NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 72 19 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 72 20 first first JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 72 21 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 72 22 Neo Neo NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 72 23 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-9307 72 24 Assyrian Assyrian NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 72 25 Empire Empire NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 72 26 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 72 27 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9307 72 28 then then RB en-wikipedia-org-9307 72 29 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 72 30 Achaemenid Achaemenid NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 72 31 Empire Empire NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 72 32 : : : en-wikipedia-org-9307 72 33 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 72 34 official official JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 72 35 lect lect NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 72 36 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-9307 72 37 called call VBN en-wikipedia-org-9307 72 38 Imperial Imperial NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 72 39 Aramaic Aramaic NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 72 40 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9307 73 1 Akkadian Akkadian NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 73 2 fell fall VBD en-wikipedia-org-9307 73 3 into into IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 73 4 disuse disuse NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 73 5 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 73 6 but but CC en-wikipedia-org-9307 73 7 both both CC en-wikipedia-org-9307 73 8 it -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-9307 73 9 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9307 73 10 Sumerian Sumerian NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 73 11 were be VBD en-wikipedia-org-9307 73 12 still still RB en-wikipedia-org-9307 73 13 used use VBN en-wikipedia-org-9307 73 14 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 73 15 temples temple NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 73 16 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 73 17 some some DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 73 18 centuries century NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 73 19 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9307 74 1 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 74 2 last last JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 74 3 Akkadian akkadian JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 74 4 texts text NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 74 5 date date NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 74 6 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 74 7 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 74 8 late late JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 74 9 1st 1st JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 74 10 century century NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 74 11 AD ad NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 74 12 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9307 75 1 Early early RB en-wikipedia-org-9307 75 2 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 75 3 Mesopotamia Mesopotamia NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 75 4 's 's POS en-wikipedia-org-9307 75 5 history history NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 75 6 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 75 7 around around IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 75 8 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 75 9 mid-4th mid-4th NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 75 10 millennium millennium NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 75 11 BC BC NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 75 12 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 75 13 cuneiform cuneiform NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 75 14 was be VBD en-wikipedia-org-9307 75 15 invented invent VBN en-wikipedia-org-9307 75 16 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 75 17 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 75 18 Sumerian sumerian JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 75 19 language language NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 75 20 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9307 76 1 Cuneiform Cuneiform NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 76 2 literally literally RB en-wikipedia-org-9307 76 3 means mean VBZ en-wikipedia-org-9307 76 4 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-9307 76 5 wedge wedge NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 76 6 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-9307 76 7 shaped shape VBN en-wikipedia-org-9307 76 8 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-9307 76 9 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 76 10 due due IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 76 11 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 76 12 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 76 13 triangular triangular JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 76 14 tip tip NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 76 15 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 76 16 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 76 17 stylus stylus NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 76 18 used use VBN 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early JJS en-wikipedia-org-9307 78 3 texts text NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 78 4 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 78 5 7 7 CD en-wikipedia-org-9307 78 6 archaic archaic NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 78 7 tablets tablet NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 78 8 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 78 9 come come VBP en-wikipedia-org-9307 78 10 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 78 11 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 78 12 É é NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 78 13 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 78 14 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 78 15 temple temple NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 78 16 dedicated dedicate VBN en-wikipedia-org-9307 78 17 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 78 18 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 78 19 goddess goddess NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 78 20 Inanna Inanna NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 78 21 at at IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 78 22 Uruk Uruk NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 78 23 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 78 24 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 78 25 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 78 26 building building NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 78 27 labeled label VBN en-wikipedia-org-9307 78 28 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 78 29 Temple Temple NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 78 30 C C NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 78 31 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 78 32 its -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-9307 78 33 excavators excavator NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 78 34 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9307 79 1 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 79 2 early early JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 79 3 logographic logographic JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 79 4 system system NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 79 5 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 79 6 cuneiform cuneiform NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 79 7 script script NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 79 8 took take VBD en-wikipedia-org-9307 79 9 many many JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 79 10 years year NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 79 11 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-9307 79 12 master master VB en-wikipedia-org-9307 79 13 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9307 80 1 Thus thus RB en-wikipedia-org-9307 80 2 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 80 3 only only RB en-wikipedia-org-9307 80 4 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 80 5 limited limited JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 80 6 number number NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 80 7 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 80 8 individuals individual NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 80 9 were be VBD en-wikipedia-org-9307 80 10 hired hire VBN en-wikipedia-org-9307 80 11 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 80 12 scribes scribe NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 80 13 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-9307 80 14 be be VB en-wikipedia-org-9307 80 15 trained train VBN en-wikipedia-org-9307 80 16 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 80 17 its -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-9307 80 18 use use NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 80 19 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9307 81 1 It -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-9307 81 2 was be VBD en-wikipedia-org-9307 81 3 not not RB en-wikipedia-org-9307 81 4 until until IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 81 5 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 81 6 widespread widespread JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 81 7 use use NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 81 8 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 81 9 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 81 10 syllabic syllabic JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 81 11 script script NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 81 12 was be VBD en-wikipedia-org-9307 81 13 adopted adopt VBN en-wikipedia-org-9307 81 14 under under IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 81 15 Sargon Sargon NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 81 16 's 's POS en-wikipedia-org-9307 81 17 rule[25 rule[25 NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 81 18 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 81 19 that that IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 81 20 significant significant JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 81 21 portions portion NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 81 22 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 81 23 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 81 24 Mesopotamian mesopotamian JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 81 25 population population NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 81 26 became become VBD en-wikipedia-org-9307 81 27 literate literate JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 81 28 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9307 82 1 Massive massive JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 82 2 archives archive NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 82 3 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 82 4 texts text NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 82 5 were be VBD en-wikipedia-org-9307 82 6 recovered recover VBN en-wikipedia-org-9307 82 7 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 82 8 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 82 9 archaeological archaeological JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 82 10 contexts contexts NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 82 11 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 82 12 Old old JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 82 13 Babylonian babylonian JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 82 14 scribal scribal JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 82 15 schools school NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 82 16 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 82 17 through through IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 82 18 which which WDT en-wikipedia-org-9307 82 19 literacy literacy NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 82 20 was be VBD en-wikipedia-org-9307 82 21 disseminated disseminate VBN en-wikipedia-org-9307 82 22 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9307 83 1 During during IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 83 2 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 83 3 third third JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 83 4 millennium millennium NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 83 5 BC BC NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 83 6 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 83 7 there there RB en-wikipedia-org-9307 83 8 developed develop VBD en-wikipedia-org-9307 83 9 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 83 10 very very RB en-wikipedia-org-9307 83 11 intimate intimate JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 83 12 cultural cultural JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 83 13 symbiosis symbiosis NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 83 14 between between IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 83 15 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 83 16 Sumerian Sumerian NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 83 17 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9307 83 18 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 83 19 Akkadian akkadian JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 83 20 language language NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 83 21 users user NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 83 22 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 83 23 which which WDT en-wikipedia-org-9307 83 24 included include VBD en-wikipedia-org-9307 83 25 widespread widespread JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 83 26 bilingualism bilingualism 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en-wikipedia-org-9307 88 5 averred aver VBD en-wikipedia-org-9307 88 6 that that IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 88 7 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-9307 88 8 he -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-9307 88 9 who who WP en-wikipedia-org-9307 88 10 would would MD en-wikipedia-org-9307 88 11 excel excel VB en-wikipedia-org-9307 88 12 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 88 13 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 88 14 school school NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 88 15 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 88 16 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 88 17 scribes scribe NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 88 18 must must MD en-wikipedia-org-9307 88 19 rise rise VB en-wikipedia-org-9307 88 20 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 88 21 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 88 22 dawn dawn NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 88 23 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9307 88 24 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-9307 89 1 Women woman NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 89 2 as as RB en-wikipedia-org-9307 89 3 well well RB en-wikipedia-org-9307 89 4 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 89 5 men man NNS 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en-wikipedia-org-9307 91 12 use use NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 91 13 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 91 14 students student NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 91 15 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 91 16 as as RB en-wikipedia-org-9307 91 17 well well RB en-wikipedia-org-9307 91 18 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 91 19 commentaries commentary NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 91 20 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 91 21 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 91 22 older old JJR en-wikipedia-org-9307 91 23 texts text NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 91 24 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9307 91 25 explanations explanation NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 91 26 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 91 27 obscure obscure JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 91 28 words word NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 91 29 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9307 91 30 phrases phrase NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 91 31 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9307 92 1 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 92 2 characters character NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 92 3 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 92 4 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 92 5 syllabary syllabary NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 92 6 were be VBD en-wikipedia-org-9307 92 7 all all DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 92 8 arranged arrange VBN en-wikipedia-org-9307 92 9 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9307 92 10 named name VBN en-wikipedia-org-9307 92 11 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 92 12 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9307 92 13 elaborate elaborate JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 92 14 lists list NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 92 15 were be VBD en-wikipedia-org-9307 92 16 drawn draw VBN en-wikipedia-org-9307 92 17 up up RP en-wikipedia-org-9307 92 18 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9307 93 1 Many many JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 93 2 Babylonian babylonian JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 93 3 literary literary JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 93 4 works work NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 93 5 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-9307 93 6 still still RB en-wikipedia-org-9307 93 7 studied study VBN en-wikipedia-org-9307 93 8 today today NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 93 9 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9307 94 1 One one CD 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en-wikipedia-org-9307 94 26 Sîn Sîn NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 94 27 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-9307 94 28 lēqi lēqi NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 94 29 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-9307 94 30 unninni unninni NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 94 31 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 94 32 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9307 94 33 arranged arrange VBN en-wikipedia-org-9307 94 34 upon upon IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 94 35 an an DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 94 36 astronomical astronomical JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 94 37 principle principle NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 94 38 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9307 95 1 Each each DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 95 2 division division NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 95 3 contains contain VBZ en-wikipedia-org-9307 95 4 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 95 5 story story NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 95 6 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 95 7 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 95 8 single single JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 95 9 adventure adventure NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 95 10 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 95 11 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 95 12 career career NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 95 13 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 95 14 Gilgamesh Gilgamesh NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 95 15 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9307 96 1 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 96 2 whole whole JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 96 3 story story NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 96 4 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-9307 96 5 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 96 6 composite composite JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 96 7 product product NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 96 8 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 96 9 although although IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 96 10 it -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-9307 96 11 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-9307 96 12 probable probable JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 96 13 that that IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 96 14 some some DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 96 15 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 96 16 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 96 17 stories story NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 96 18 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-9307 96 19 artificially artificially RB en-wikipedia-org-9307 96 20 attached attach VBN en-wikipedia-org-9307 96 21 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 96 22 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 96 23 central central JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 96 24 figure figure NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 96 25 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9307 97 1 Science science NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 97 2 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9307 97 3 technology technology NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 97 4 Mathematics mathematics NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 97 5 Main Main NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 97 6 article article NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 97 7 : : : en-wikipedia-org-9307 97 8 Babylonian babylonian JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 97 9 mathematics mathematics JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 97 10 Mesopotamian mesopotamian JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 97 11 mathematics mathematic NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 97 12 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9307 97 13 science science NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 97 14 was be VBD en-wikipedia-org-9307 97 15 based base VBN en-wikipedia-org-9307 97 16 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 97 17 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 97 18 sexagesimal sexagesimal NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 97 19 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 97 20 base base NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 97 21 60 60 CD en-wikipedia-org-9307 97 22 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 97 23 numeral numeral JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 97 24 system system NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 97 25 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9307 98 1 This this DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 98 2 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-9307 98 3 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 98 4 source source NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 98 5 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 98 6 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 98 7 60-minute 60-minute CD en-wikipedia-org-9307 98 8 hour hour NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 98 9 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 98 10 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 98 11 24-hour 24-hour CD en-wikipedia-org-9307 98 12 day day NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 98 13 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 98 14 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9307 98 15 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 98 16 360-degree 360-degree CD en-wikipedia-org-9307 98 17 circle circle NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 98 18 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9307 99 1 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 99 2 Sumerian sumerian JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 99 3 calendar calendar NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 99 4 was be VBD en-wikipedia-org-9307 99 5 lunisolar lunisolar JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 99 6 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 99 7 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 99 8 three three CD en-wikipedia-org-9307 99 9 seven seven CD en-wikipedia-org-9307 99 10 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-9307 99 11 day day NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 99 12 weeks week NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 99 13 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 99 14 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 99 15 lunar lunar JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 99 16 month month NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 99 17 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9307 100 1 This this DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 100 2 form form NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 100 3 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 100 4 mathematics mathematic NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 100 5 was be VBD en-wikipedia-org-9307 100 6 instrumental instrumental JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 100 7 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 100 8 early early JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 100 9 map map NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 100 10 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-9307 100 11 making making NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 100 12 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9307 101 1 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 101 2 Babylonians Babylonians NNPS en-wikipedia-org-9307 101 3 also also RB en-wikipedia-org-9307 101 4 had have VBD en-wikipedia-org-9307 101 5 theorems theorem NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 101 6 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 101 7 how how WRB en-wikipedia-org-9307 101 8 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-9307 101 9 measure measure VB en-wikipedia-org-9307 101 10 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 101 11 area area NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 101 12 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 101 13 several several JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 101 14 shapes shape NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 101 15 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9307 101 16 solids solid NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 101 17 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9307 102 1 They -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-9307 102 2 measured measure VBD en-wikipedia-org-9307 102 3 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 102 4 circumference circumference NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 102 5 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 102 6 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 102 7 circle circle NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 102 8 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 102 9 three three CD en-wikipedia-org-9307 102 10 times time NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 102 11 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 102 12 diameter diameter NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 102 13 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9307 102 14 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 102 15 area area NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 102 16 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 102 17 one one CD en-wikipedia-org-9307 102 18 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-9307 102 19 twelfth twelfth NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 102 20 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 102 21 square square NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 102 22 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 102 23 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 102 24 circumference circumference NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 102 25 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 102 26 which which WDT en-wikipedia-org-9307 102 27 would would MD en-wikipedia-org-9307 102 28 be be VB en-wikipedia-org-9307 102 29 correct correct JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 102 30 if if IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 102 31 π π PRP en-wikipedia-org-9307 102 32 were be VBD en-wikipedia-org-9307 102 33 fixed fix VBN en-wikipedia-org-9307 102 34 at at IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 102 35 3 3 CD en-wikipedia-org-9307 102 36 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9307 103 1 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 103 2 volume volume NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 103 3 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 103 4 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 103 5 cylinder cylinder NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 103 6 was be VBD en-wikipedia-org-9307 103 7 taken take VBN en-wikipedia-org-9307 103 8 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 103 9 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 103 10 product product NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 103 11 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 103 12 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 103 13 area area NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 103 14 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 103 15 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 103 16 base base NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 103 17 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9307 103 18 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 103 19 height height NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 103 20 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-9307 103 21 however however RB en-wikipedia-org-9307 103 22 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 103 23 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 103 24 volume volume NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 103 25 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 103 26 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 103 27 frustum frustum NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 103 28 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 103 29 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 103 30 cone cone NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 103 31 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-9307 103 32 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 103 33 square square JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 103 34 pyramid pyramid NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 103 35 was be VBD en-wikipedia-org-9307 103 36 incorrectly incorrectly RB en-wikipedia-org-9307 103 37 taken take VBN en-wikipedia-org-9307 103 38 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 103 39 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 103 40 product product NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 103 41 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 103 42 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 103 43 height height NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 103 44 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9307 103 45 half half PDT en-wikipedia-org-9307 103 46 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 103 47 sum sum NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 103 48 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 103 49 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 103 50 bases basis NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 103 51 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9307 104 1 Also also RB en-wikipedia-org-9307 104 2 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 104 3 there there EX en-wikipedia-org-9307 104 4 was be VBD en-wikipedia-org-9307 104 5 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 104 6 recent recent JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 104 7 discovery discovery NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 104 8 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 104 9 which which WDT en-wikipedia-org-9307 104 10 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 104 11 tablet tablet NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 104 12 used use VBN en-wikipedia-org-9307 104 13 π π NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 104 14 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 104 15 25/8 25/8 CD en-wikipedia-org-9307 104 16 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 104 17 3.125 3.125 CD en-wikipedia-org-9307 104 18 instead instead RB en-wikipedia-org-9307 104 19 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 104 20 3.14159~ 3.14159~ CD en-wikipedia-org-9307 104 21 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 104 22 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9307 105 1 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 105 2 Babylonians Babylonians NNPS en-wikipedia-org-9307 105 3 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-9307 105 4 also also RB en-wikipedia-org-9307 105 5 known know VBN en-wikipedia-org-9307 105 6 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 105 7 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 105 8 Babylonian babylonian JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 105 9 mile mile NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 105 10 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 105 11 which which WDT en-wikipedia-org-9307 105 12 was be VBD en-wikipedia-org-9307 105 13 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 105 14 measure measure NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 105 15 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 105 16 distance distance NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 105 17 equal equal JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 105 18 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 105 19 about about RB en-wikipedia-org-9307 105 20 seven seven CD en-wikipedia-org-9307 105 21 modern modern JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 105 22 miles mile NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 105 23 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 105 24 11 11 CD en-wikipedia-org-9307 105 25   _SP en-wikipedia-org-9307 105 26 km km NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 105 27 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 105 28 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9307 106 1 This this DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 106 2 measurement measurement NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 106 3 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 106 4 distances distance NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 106 5 eventually eventually RB en-wikipedia-org-9307 106 6 was be VBD en-wikipedia-org-9307 106 7 converted convert VBN en-wikipedia-org-9307 106 8 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 106 9 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 106 10 time time NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 106 11 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-9307 106 12 mile mile NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 106 13 used use VBN en-wikipedia-org-9307 106 14 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 106 15 measuring measure VBG en-wikipedia-org-9307 106 16 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 106 17 travel travel NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 106 18 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 106 19 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 106 20 Sun Sun NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 106 21 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 106 22 therefore therefore RB en-wikipedia-org-9307 106 23 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 106 24 representing represent VBG en-wikipedia-org-9307 106 25 time time NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 106 26 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9307 107 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 107 2 29 29 CD en-wikipedia-org-9307 107 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 107 4 Astronomy Astronomy NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 107 5 Main Main NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 107 6 article article NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 107 7 : : : en-wikipedia-org-9307 107 8 Babylonian babylonian JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 107 9 astronomy astronomy NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 107 10 From from IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 107 11 Sumerian Sumerian NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 107 12 times time NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 107 13 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 107 14 temple temple NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 107 15 priesthoods priesthood NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 107 16 had have VBD en-wikipedia-org-9307 107 17 attempted attempt VBN en-wikipedia-org-9307 107 18 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-9307 107 19 associate associate VB en-wikipedia-org-9307 107 20 current current JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 107 21 events event NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 107 22 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 107 23 certain certain JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 107 24 positions position NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 107 25 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 107 26 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 107 27 planets planet NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 107 28 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9307 107 29 stars star NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 107 30 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9307 108 1 This this DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 108 2 continued continue VBD en-wikipedia-org-9307 108 3 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 108 4 Assyrian assyrian JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 108 5 times time NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 108 6 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 108 7 when when WRB en-wikipedia-org-9307 108 8 Limmu Limmu NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 108 9 lists list NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 108 10 were be VBD en-wikipedia-org-9307 108 11 created create VBN en-wikipedia-org-9307 108 12 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 108 13 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 108 14 year year NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 108 15 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 108 16 year year NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 108 17 association association NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 108 18 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 108 19 events event NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 108 20 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 108 21 planetary planetary JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 108 22 positions position NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 108 23 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 108 24 which which WDT en-wikipedia-org-9307 108 25 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 108 26 when when WRB en-wikipedia-org-9307 108 27 they -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-9307 108 28 have have VBP en-wikipedia-org-9307 108 29 survived survive VBN en-wikipedia-org-9307 108 30 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 108 31 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 108 32 present present JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 108 33 day day NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 108 34 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 108 35 allow allow VB en-wikipedia-org-9307 108 36 accurate accurate JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 108 37 associations association NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 108 38 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 108 39 relative relative JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 108 40 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 108 41 absolute absolute JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 108 42 dating dating NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 108 43 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 108 44 establishing establish VBG en-wikipedia-org-9307 108 45 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 108 46 history history NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 108 47 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 108 48 Mesopotamia Mesopotamia NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 108 49 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9307 109 1 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 109 2 Babylonian babylonian JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 109 3 astronomers astronomer NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 109 4 were be VBD en-wikipedia-org-9307 109 5 very very RB en-wikipedia-org-9307 109 6 adept adept JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 109 7 at at IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 109 8 mathematics mathematic NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 109 9 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9307 109 10 could could MD en-wikipedia-org-9307 109 11 predict predict VB en-wikipedia-org-9307 109 12 eclipses eclipse NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 109 13 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9307 109 14 solstices solstice NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 109 15 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9307 110 1 Scholars scholar NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 110 2 thought think VBD en-wikipedia-org-9307 110 3 that that IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 110 4 everything everything NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 110 5 had have VBD en-wikipedia-org-9307 110 6 some some DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 110 7 purpose purpose NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 110 8 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 110 9 astronomy astronomy NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 110 10 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9307 111 1 Most Most JJS en-wikipedia-org-9307 111 2 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 111 3 these these DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 111 4 related related JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 111 5 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 111 6 religion religion NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 111 7 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9307 111 8 omens omen NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 111 9 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9307 112 1 Mesopotamian mesopotamian JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 112 2 astronomers astronomer NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 112 3 worked work VBD en-wikipedia-org-9307 112 4 out out RP en-wikipedia-org-9307 112 5 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 112 6 12-month 12-month CD en-wikipedia-org-9307 112 7 calendar calendar NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 112 8 based base VBN en-wikipedia-org-9307 112 9 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 112 10 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 112 11 cycles cycle NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 112 12 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 112 13 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 112 14 moon moon NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 112 15 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9307 113 1 They -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-9307 113 2 divided divide VBD en-wikipedia-org-9307 113 3 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 113 4 year year NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 113 5 into into IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 113 6 two two CD en-wikipedia-org-9307 113 7 seasons season NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 113 8 : : : en-wikipedia-org-9307 113 9 summer summer NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 113 10 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9307 113 11 winter winter NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 113 12 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9307 114 1 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 114 2 origins origin NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 114 3 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 114 4 astronomy astronomy NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 114 5 as as RB en-wikipedia-org-9307 114 6 well well RB en-wikipedia-org-9307 114 7 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 114 8 astrology astrology NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 114 9 date date NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 114 10 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 114 11 this this DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 114 12 time time NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 114 13 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9307 115 1 During during IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 115 2 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 115 3 8th 8th JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 115 4 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9307 115 5 7th 7th JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 115 6 centuries century NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 115 7 BC BC NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 115 8 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 115 9 Babylonian babylonian JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 115 10 astronomers astronomer NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 115 11 developed develop VBD en-wikipedia-org-9307 115 12 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 115 13 new new JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 115 14 approach approach NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 115 15 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 115 16 astronomy astronomy NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 115 17 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9307 116 1 They -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-9307 116 2 began begin VBD en-wikipedia-org-9307 116 3 studying study VBG en-wikipedia-org-9307 116 4 philosophy philosophy NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 116 5 dealing deal VBG en-wikipedia-org-9307 116 6 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 116 7 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 116 8 ideal ideal JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 116 9 nature nature NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 116 10 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 116 11 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 116 12 early early JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 116 13 universe universe NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 116 14 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9307 116 15 began begin VBD en-wikipedia-org-9307 116 16 employing employ VBG en-wikipedia-org-9307 116 17 an an DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 116 18 internal internal JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 116 19 logic logic NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 116 20 within within IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 116 21 their -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-9307 116 22 predictive predictive JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 116 23 planetary planetary NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 116 24 systems system NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 116 25 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9307 117 1 This this DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 117 2 was be VBD en-wikipedia-org-9307 117 3 an an DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 117 4 important important JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 117 5 contribution contribution NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 117 6 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 117 7 astronomy astronomy NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 117 8 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9307 117 9 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 117 10 philosophy philosophy NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 117 11 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 117 12 science science NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 117 13 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9307 117 14 some some DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 117 15 scholars scholar NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 117 16 have have VBP en-wikipedia-org-9307 117 17 thus thus RB en-wikipedia-org-9307 117 18 referred refer VBN en-wikipedia-org-9307 117 19 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 117 20 this this DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 117 21 new new JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 117 22 approach approach NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 117 23 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 117 24 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 117 25 first first JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 117 26 scientific scientific JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 117 27 revolution revolution NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 117 28 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9307 118 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 118 2 30 30 CD en-wikipedia-org-9307 118 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 118 4 This this DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 118 5 new new JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 118 6 approach approach NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 118 7 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 118 8 astronomy astronomy NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 118 9 was be VBD en-wikipedia-org-9307 118 10 adopted adopt VBN en-wikipedia-org-9307 118 11 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9307 118 12 further further RB en-wikipedia-org-9307 118 13 developed develop VBN en-wikipedia-org-9307 118 14 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 118 15 Greek Greek NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 118 16 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9307 118 17 Hellenistic Hellenistic NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 118 18 astronomy astronomy NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 118 19 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9307 119 1 In in IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 119 2 Seleucid seleucid JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 119 3 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9307 119 4 Parthian parthian JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 119 5 times time NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 119 6 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 119 7 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 119 8 astronomical astronomical JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 119 9 reports report NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 119 10 were be VBD en-wikipedia-org-9307 119 11 thoroughly thoroughly RB en-wikipedia-org-9307 119 12 scientific scientific JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 119 13 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-9307 119 14 how how WRB en-wikipedia-org-9307 119 15 much much RB en-wikipedia-org-9307 119 16 earlier early RBR en-wikipedia-org-9307 119 17 their -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-9307 119 18 advanced advanced JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 119 19 knowledge knowledge NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 119 20 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9307 119 21 methods method NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 119 22 were be VBD en-wikipedia-org-9307 119 23 developed develop VBN en-wikipedia-org-9307 119 24 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-9307 119 25 uncertain uncertain JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 119 26 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9307 120 1 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 120 2 Babylonian babylonian JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 120 3 development development NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 120 4 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 120 5 methods method NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 120 6 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 120 7 predicting predict VBG en-wikipedia-org-9307 120 8 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 120 9 motions motion NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 120 10 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 120 11 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 120 12 planets planet NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 120 13 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-9307 120 14 considered consider VBN en-wikipedia-org-9307 120 15 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-9307 120 16 be be VB en-wikipedia-org-9307 120 17 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 120 18 major major JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 120 19 episode episode NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 120 20 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 120 21 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 120 22 history history NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 120 23 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 120 24 astronomy astronomy NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 120 25 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9307 121 1 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 121 2 only only JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 121 3 Greek Greek NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 121 4 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-9307 121 5 Babylonian babylonian JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 121 6 astronomer astronomer NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 121 7 known know VBN en-wikipedia-org-9307 121 8 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-9307 121 9 have have VB en-wikipedia-org-9307 121 10 supported support VBN en-wikipedia-org-9307 121 11 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 121 12 heliocentric heliocentric JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 121 13 model model NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 121 14 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 121 15 planetary planetary JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 121 16 motion motion NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 121 17 was be VBD en-wikipedia-org-9307 121 18 Seleucus Seleucus NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 121 19 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 121 20 Seleucia Seleucia NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 121 21 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 121 22 b. b. NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 122 1 190 190 CD en-wikipedia-org-9307 122 2 BC BC NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 122 3 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 122 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9307 123 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 123 2 31][32][33 31][32][33 CD en-wikipedia-org-9307 123 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 123 4 Seleucus Seleucus NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 123 5 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-9307 123 6 known know VBN en-wikipedia-org-9307 123 7 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 123 8 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 123 9 writings writing NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 123 10 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 123 11 Plutarch Plutarch NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 123 12 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9307 124 1 He -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-9307 124 2 supported support VBD en-wikipedia-org-9307 124 3 Aristarchus Aristarchus NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 124 4 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 124 5 Samos Samos NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 124 6 ' ' POS en-wikipedia-org-9307 124 7 heliocentric heliocentric JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 124 8 theory theory NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 124 9 where where WRB en-wikipedia-org-9307 124 10 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 124 11 Earth Earth NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 124 12 rotated rotate VBD en-wikipedia-org-9307 124 13 around around IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 124 14 its -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-9307 124 15 own own JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 124 16 axis axi NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 124 17 which which WDT en-wikipedia-org-9307 124 18 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 124 19 turn turn NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 124 20 revolved revolve VBD en-wikipedia-org-9307 124 21 around around IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 124 22 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 124 23 Sun Sun NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 124 24 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9307 125 1 According accord VBG en-wikipedia-org-9307 125 2 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 125 3 Plutarch Plutarch NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 125 4 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 125 5 Seleucus Seleucus NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 125 6 even even RB en-wikipedia-org-9307 125 7 proved prove VBD en-wikipedia-org-9307 125 8 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 125 9 heliocentric heliocentric JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 125 10 system system NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 125 11 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 125 12 but but CC en-wikipedia-org-9307 125 13 it -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-9307 125 14 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-9307 125 15 not not RB en-wikipedia-org-9307 125 16 known know VBN en-wikipedia-org-9307 125 17 what what WP en-wikipedia-org-9307 125 18 arguments argument NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 125 19 he -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-9307 125 20 used use VBD en-wikipedia-org-9307 125 21 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 125 22 except except IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 125 23 that that IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 125 24 he -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-9307 125 25 correctly correctly RB en-wikipedia-org-9307 125 26 theorized theorize VBD en-wikipedia-org-9307 125 27 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 125 28 tides tide NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 125 29 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 125 30 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 125 31 result result NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 125 32 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 125 33 Moon Moon NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 125 34 's 's POS en-wikipedia-org-9307 125 35 attraction attraction NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 125 36 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 125 37 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9307 126 1 Babylonian babylonian JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 126 2 astronomy astronomy NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 126 3 served serve VBD en-wikipedia-org-9307 126 4 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 126 5 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 126 6 basis basis NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 126 7 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 126 8 much much JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 126 9 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 126 10 Greek Greek NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 126 11 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 126 12 classical classical JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 126 13 Indian indian JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 126 14 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 126 15 Sassanian Sassanian NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 126 16 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 126 17 Byzantine byzantine JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 126 18 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 126 19 Syrian syrian JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 126 20 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 126 21 medieval medieval JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 126 22 Islamic islamic JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 126 23 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 126 24 Central central JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 126 25 Asian Asian NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 126 26 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 126 27 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9307 126 28 Western western JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 126 29 European european JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 126 30 astronomy astronomy NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 126 31 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9307 127 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 127 2 34 34 CD en-wikipedia-org-9307 127 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 127 4 Medicine Medicine NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 127 5 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 127 6 oldest old JJS en-wikipedia-org-9307 127 7 Babylonian babylonian JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 127 8 texts text NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 127 9 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 127 10 medicine medicine NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 127 11 date date NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 127 12 back back RB en-wikipedia-org-9307 127 13 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 127 14 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 127 15 Old old JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 127 16 Babylonian babylonian JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 127 17 period period NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 127 18 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 127 19 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 127 20 first first JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 127 21 half half NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 127 22 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 127 23 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 127 24 2nd 2nd JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 127 25 millennium millennium NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 127 26 BC BC NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 127 27 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9307 128 1 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 128 2 most most RBS en-wikipedia-org-9307 128 3 extensive extensive JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 128 4 Babylonian babylonian JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 128 5 medical medical JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 128 6 text text NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 128 7 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 128 8 however however RB en-wikipedia-org-9307 128 9 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 128 10 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-9307 128 11 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 128 12 Diagnostic Diagnostic NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 128 13 Handbook Handbook NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 128 14 written write VBN en-wikipedia-org-9307 128 15 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 128 16 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 128 17 ummânū ummânū NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 128 18 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 128 19 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-9307 128 20 chief chief JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 128 21 scholar scholar NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 128 22 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 128 23 Esagil Esagil NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 128 24 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-9307 128 25 kin kin NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 128 26 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-9307 128 27 apli apli NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 128 28 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 128 29 Borsippa,[35 Borsippa,[35 NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 128 30 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 128 31 during during IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 128 32 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 128 33 reign reign NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 128 34 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 128 35 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 128 36 Babylonian babylonian JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 128 37 king king NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 128 38 Adad Adad NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 128 39 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-9307 128 40 apla apla NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 128 41 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-9307 128 42 iddina iddina NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 128 43 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 128 44 1069 1069 CD en-wikipedia-org-9307 128 45 - - SYM en-wikipedia-org-9307 128 46 1046 1046 CD en-wikipedia-org-9307 128 47 BC BC NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 128 48 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 128 49 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9307 129 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 129 2 36 36 CD en-wikipedia-org-9307 129 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 129 4 Along along IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 129 5 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 129 6 contemporary contemporary JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 129 7 Egyptian egyptian JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 129 8 medicine medicine NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 129 9 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 129 10 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 129 11 Babylonians Babylonians NNPS en-wikipedia-org-9307 129 12 introduced introduce VBD en-wikipedia-org-9307 129 13 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 129 14 concepts concept NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 129 15 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 129 16 diagnosis diagnosis NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 129 17 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 129 18 prognosis prognosis NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 129 19 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 129 20 physical physical JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 129 21 examination examination NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 129 22 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 129 23 enemas,[37 enemas,[37 CD en-wikipedia-org-9307 129 24 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 129 25 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9307 129 26 prescriptions prescription NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 129 27 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9307 130 1 In in IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 130 2 addition addition NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 130 3 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 130 4 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 130 5 Diagnostic Diagnostic NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 130 6 Handbook Handbook NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 130 7 introduced introduce VBD en-wikipedia-org-9307 130 8 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 130 9 methods method NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 130 10 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 130 11 therapy therapy NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 130 12 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9307 130 13 aetiology aetiology NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 130 14 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9307 130 15 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 130 16 use use NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 130 17 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 130 18 empiricism empiricism NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 130 19 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 130 20 logic logic NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 130 21 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 130 22 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9307 130 23 rationality rationality NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 130 24 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 130 25 diagnosis diagnosis NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 130 26 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 130 27 prognosis prognosis NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 130 28 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9307 130 29 therapy therapy NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 130 30 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9307 131 1 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 131 2 text text NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 131 3 contains contain VBZ en-wikipedia-org-9307 131 4 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 131 5 list list NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 131 6 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 131 7 medical medical JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 131 8 symptoms symptom NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 131 9 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9307 131 10 often often RB en-wikipedia-org-9307 131 11 detailed detail VBD en-wikipedia-org-9307 131 12 empirical empirical JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 131 13 observations observation NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 131 14 along along IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 131 15 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 131 16 logical logical JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 131 17 rules rule NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 131 18 used use VBN en-wikipedia-org-9307 131 19 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 131 20 combining combine VBG en-wikipedia-org-9307 131 21 observed observed JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 131 22 symptoms symptom NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 131 23 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 131 24 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 131 25 body body NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 131 26 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 131 27 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 131 28 patient patient NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 131 29 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 131 30 its -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-9307 131 31 diagnosis diagnosis NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 131 32 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9307 131 33 prognosis prognosis NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 131 34 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9307 132 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 132 2 38 38 CD en-wikipedia-org-9307 132 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 132 4 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 132 5 symptoms symptom NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 132 6 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9307 132 7 diseases disease NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 132 8 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 132 9 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 132 10 patient patient NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 132 11 were be VBD en-wikipedia-org-9307 132 12 treated treat VBN en-wikipedia-org-9307 132 13 through through IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 132 14 therapeutic therapeutic JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 132 15 means mean NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 132 16 such such JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 132 17 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 132 18 bandages bandage NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 132 19 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 132 20 creams cream NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 132 21 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9307 132 22 pills pill NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 132 23 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9307 133 1 If if IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 133 2 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 133 3 patient patient NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 133 4 could could MD en-wikipedia-org-9307 133 5 not not RB en-wikipedia-org-9307 133 6 be be VB en-wikipedia-org-9307 133 7 cured cure VBN en-wikipedia-org-9307 133 8 physically physically RB en-wikipedia-org-9307 133 9 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 133 10 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 133 11 Babylonian babylonian JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 133 12 physicians physician NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 133 13 often often RB en-wikipedia-org-9307 133 14 relied rely VBD en-wikipedia-org-9307 133 15 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 133 16 exorcism exorcism NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 133 17 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-9307 133 18 cleanse cleanse VB en-wikipedia-org-9307 133 19 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 133 20 patient patient NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 133 21 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 133 22 any any DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 133 23 curses curse NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 133 24 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9307 134 1 Esagil Esagil NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 134 2 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-9307 134 3 kin kin NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 134 4 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-9307 134 5 apli apli NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 134 6 's 's POS en-wikipedia-org-9307 134 7 Diagnostic Diagnostic NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 134 8 Handbook Handbook NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 134 9 was be VBD en-wikipedia-org-9307 134 10 based base VBN en-wikipedia-org-9307 134 11 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 134 12 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 134 13 logical logical JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 134 14 set set NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 134 15 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 134 16 axioms axiom NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 134 17 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9307 134 18 assumptions assumption NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 134 19 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 134 20 including include VBG en-wikipedia-org-9307 134 21 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 134 22 modern modern JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 134 23 view view NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 134 24 that that IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 134 25 through through IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 134 26 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 134 27 examination examination NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 134 28 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9307 134 29 inspection inspection NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 134 30 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 134 31 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 134 32 symptoms symptom NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 134 33 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 134 34 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 134 35 patient patient NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 134 36 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 134 37 it -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-9307 134 38 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-9307 134 39 possible possible JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 134 40 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-9307 134 41 determine determine VB en-wikipedia-org-9307 134 42 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 134 43 patient patient NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 134 44 's 's POS en-wikipedia-org-9307 134 45 disease disease NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 134 46 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 134 47 its -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-9307 134 48 aetiology aetiology NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 134 49 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 134 50 its -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-9307 134 51 future future JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 134 52 development development NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 134 53 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 134 54 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9307 134 55 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 134 56 chances chance NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 134 57 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 134 58 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 134 59 patient patient NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 134 60 's 's POS en-wikipedia-org-9307 134 61 recovery recovery NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 134 62 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9307 135 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 135 2 35 35 CD en-wikipedia-org-9307 135 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 135 4 Esagil Esagil NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 135 5 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-9307 135 6 kin kin NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 135 7 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-9307 135 8 apli apli NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 135 9 discovered discover VBD en-wikipedia-org-9307 135 10 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 135 11 variety variety NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 135 12 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 135 13 illnesses illness NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 135 14 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9307 135 15 diseases disease NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 135 16 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9307 135 17 described describe VBD en-wikipedia-org-9307 135 18 their -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-9307 135 19 symptoms symptom NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 135 20 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 135 21 his -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-9307 135 22 Diagnostic Diagnostic NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 135 23 Handbook Handbook NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 135 24 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9307 136 1 These these DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 136 2 include include VBP en-wikipedia-org-9307 136 3 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 136 4 symptoms symptom NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 136 5 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 136 6 many many JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 136 7 varieties variety NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 136 8 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 136 9 epilepsy epilepsy NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 136 10 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9307 136 11 related related JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 136 12 ailments ailment NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 136 13 along along IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 136 14 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 136 15 their -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-9307 136 16 diagnosis diagnosis NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 136 17 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9307 136 18 prognosis prognosis NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 136 19 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9307 137 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 137 2 39 39 CD en-wikipedia-org-9307 137 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 137 4 Technology Technology NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 137 5 Mesopotamian mesopotamian JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 137 6 people people NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 137 7 invented invent VBD en-wikipedia-org-9307 137 8 many many JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 137 9 technologies technology NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 137 10 including include VBG en-wikipedia-org-9307 137 11 metal metal NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 137 12 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9307 137 13 copper copper NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 137 14 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-9307 137 15 working working NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 137 16 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 137 17 glass glass NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 137 18 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9307 137 19 lamp lamp NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 137 20 making make VBG en-wikipedia-org-9307 137 21 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 137 22 textile textile NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 137 23 weaving weaving NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 137 24 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 137 25 flood flood NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 137 26 control control NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 137 27 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 137 28 water water NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 137 29 storage storage NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 137 30 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 137 31 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9307 137 32 irrigation irrigation NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 137 33 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9307 138 1 They -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-9307 138 2 were be VBD en-wikipedia-org-9307 138 3 also also RB en-wikipedia-org-9307 138 4 one one CD en-wikipedia-org-9307 138 5 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 138 6 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 138 7 first first JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 138 8 Bronze Bronze NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 138 9 Age Age NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 138 10 societies society NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 138 11 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 138 12 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 138 13 world world NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 138 14 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9307 139 1 They -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-9307 139 2 developed develop VBD en-wikipedia-org-9307 139 3 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 139 4 copper copper NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 139 5 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 139 6 bronze bronze NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 139 7 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 139 8 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9307 139 9 gold gold NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 139 10 on on RP en-wikipedia-org-9307 139 11 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 139 12 iron iron NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 139 13 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9307 140 1 Palaces palace NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 140 2 were be VBD en-wikipedia-org-9307 140 3 decorated decorate VBN en-wikipedia-org-9307 140 4 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 140 5 hundreds hundred NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 140 6 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 140 7 kilograms kilogram NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 140 8 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 140 9 these these DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 140 10 very very RB en-wikipedia-org-9307 140 11 expensive expensive JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 140 12 metals metal NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 140 13 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9307 141 1 Also also RB en-wikipedia-org-9307 141 2 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 141 3 copper copper NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 141 4 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 141 5 bronze bronze NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 141 6 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 141 7 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9307 141 8 iron iron NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 141 9 were be VBD en-wikipedia-org-9307 141 10 used use VBN en-wikipedia-org-9307 141 11 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 141 12 armor armor NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 141 13 as as RB en-wikipedia-org-9307 141 14 well well RB en-wikipedia-org-9307 141 15 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 141 16 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 141 17 different different JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 141 18 weapons weapon NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 141 19 such such JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 141 20 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 141 21 swords sword NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 141 22 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 141 23 daggers dagger NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 141 24 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 141 25 spears spear NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 141 26 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 141 27 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9307 141 28 maces mace NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 141 29 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9307 142 1 According accord VBG en-wikipedia-org-9307 142 2 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 142 3 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 142 4 recent recent JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 142 5 hypothesis hypothesis NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 142 6 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 142 7 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 142 8 Archimedes Archimedes NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 142 9 ' ' POS en-wikipedia-org-9307 142 10 screw screw NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 142 11 may may MD en-wikipedia-org-9307 142 12 have have VB en-wikipedia-org-9307 142 13 been be VBN en-wikipedia-org-9307 142 14 used use VBN en-wikipedia-org-9307 142 15 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 142 16 Sennacherib Sennacherib NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 142 17 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 142 18 King King NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 142 19 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 142 20 Assyria Assyria NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 142 21 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 142 22 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 142 23 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 142 24 water water NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 142 25 systems system NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 142 26 at at IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 142 27 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 142 28 Hanging Hanging NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 142 29 Gardens Gardens NNPS en-wikipedia-org-9307 142 30 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 142 31 Babylon Babylon NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 142 32 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9307 142 33 Nineveh Nineveh NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 142 34 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 142 35 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 142 36 7th 7th JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 142 37 century century NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 142 38 BC BC NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 142 39 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 142 40 although although IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 142 41 mainstream mainstream JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 142 42 scholarship scholarship NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 142 43 holds hold VBZ en-wikipedia-org-9307 142 44 it -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-9307 142 45 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-9307 142 46 be be VB en-wikipedia-org-9307 142 47 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 142 48 Greek greek JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 142 49 invention invention NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 142 50 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 142 51 later late JJR en-wikipedia-org-9307 142 52 times time NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 142 53 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9307 143 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 143 2 40 40 CD en-wikipedia-org-9307 143 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 143 4 Later later RBR en-wikipedia-org-9307 143 5 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 143 6 during during IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 143 7 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 143 8 Parthian parthian JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 143 9 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-9307 143 10 Sasanian sasanian JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 143 11 periods period NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 143 12 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 143 13 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 143 14 Baghdad Baghdad NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 143 15 Battery Battery NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 143 16 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 143 17 which which WDT en-wikipedia-org-9307 143 18 may may MD en-wikipedia-org-9307 143 19 have have VB en-wikipedia-org-9307 143 20 been be VBN en-wikipedia-org-9307 143 21 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 143 22 world world NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 143 23 's 's POS en-wikipedia-org-9307 143 24 first first JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 143 25 battery battery NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 143 26 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 143 27 was be VBD en-wikipedia-org-9307 143 28 created create VBN en-wikipedia-org-9307 143 29 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 143 30 Mesopotamia Mesopotamia NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 143 31 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9307 144 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 144 2 41 41 CD en-wikipedia-org-9307 144 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 144 4 Religion religion NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 144 5 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9307 144 6 philosophy philosophy NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 144 7 Main main JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 144 8 article article NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 144 9 : : : en-wikipedia-org-9307 144 10 Ancient ancient JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 144 11 Mesopotamian mesopotamian JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 144 12 religion religion NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 144 13 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 144 14 Burney Burney NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 144 15 Relief Relief NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 144 16 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 144 17 First first JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 144 18 Babylonian babylonian JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 144 19 dynasty dynasty NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 144 20 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 144 21 around around IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 144 22 1800 1800 CD en-wikipedia-org-9307 144 23 BC BC NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 144 24 Statuette Statuette NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 144 25 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 144 26 Standing Standing NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 144 27 Nude Nude NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 144 28 Goddess Goddess NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 144 29 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 144 30 1st 1st JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 144 31 century century NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 144 32 B.C--1st B.C--1st VBN en-wikipedia-org-9307 144 33 Century Century NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 144 34 AD AD NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 144 35 Ancient ancient JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 144 36 Mesopotamian mesopotamian JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 144 37 religion religion NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 144 38 was be VBD en-wikipedia-org-9307 144 39 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 144 40 first first JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 144 41 recorded record VBN en-wikipedia-org-9307 144 42 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9307 145 1 Mesopotamians Mesopotamians NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 145 2 believed believe VBD en-wikipedia-org-9307 145 3 that that IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 145 4 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 145 5 world world NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 145 6 was be VBD en-wikipedia-org-9307 145 7 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 145 8 flat flat JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 145 9 disc,[42 disc,[42 CD en-wikipedia-org-9307 145 10 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 145 11 surrounded surround VBN en-wikipedia-org-9307 145 12 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 145 13 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 145 14 huge huge JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 145 15 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 145 16 holed hole VBN en-wikipedia-org-9307 145 17 space space NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 145 18 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 145 19 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9307 145 20 above above IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 145 21 that that DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 145 22 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 145 23 heaven heaven NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 145 24 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9307 146 1 They -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-9307 146 2 also also RB en-wikipedia-org-9307 146 3 believed believe VBD en-wikipedia-org-9307 146 4 that that DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 146 5 water water NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 146 6 was be VBD en-wikipedia-org-9307 146 7 everywhere everywhere RB en-wikipedia-org-9307 146 8 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 146 9 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 146 10 top top JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 146 11 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 146 12 bottom bottom NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 146 13 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9307 146 14 sides side NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 146 15 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 146 16 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9307 146 17 that that IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 146 18 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 146 19 universe universe NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 146 20 was be VBD en-wikipedia-org-9307 146 21 born bear VBN en-wikipedia-org-9307 146 22 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 146 23 this this DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 146 24 enormous enormous JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 146 25 sea sea NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 146 26 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9307 147 1 In in IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 147 2 addition addition NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 147 3 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 147 4 Mesopotamian mesopotamian JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 147 5 religion religion NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 147 6 was be VBD en-wikipedia-org-9307 147 7 polytheistic polytheistic JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 147 8 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9307 148 1 Although although IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 148 2 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 148 3 beliefs belief NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 148 4 described describe VBN en-wikipedia-org-9307 148 5 above above RB en-wikipedia-org-9307 148 6 were be VBD en-wikipedia-org-9307 148 7 held hold VBN en-wikipedia-org-9307 148 8 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 148 9 common common JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 148 10 among among IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 148 11 Mesopotamians Mesopotamians NNPS en-wikipedia-org-9307 148 12 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 148 13 there there EX en-wikipedia-org-9307 148 14 were be VBD en-wikipedia-org-9307 148 15 also also RB en-wikipedia-org-9307 148 16 regional regional JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 148 17 variations variation NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 148 18 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9307 149 1 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 149 2 Sumerian sumerian JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 149 3 word word NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 149 4 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 149 5 universe universe NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 149 6 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-9307 149 7 an an DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 149 8 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-9307 149 9 ki ki NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 149 10 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 149 11 which which WDT en-wikipedia-org-9307 149 12 refers refer VBZ en-wikipedia-org-9307 149 13 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 149 14 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 149 15 god god NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 149 16 An An NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 149 17 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9307 149 18 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 149 19 goddess goddess NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 149 20 Ki Ki NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 149 21 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9307 150 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 150 2 citation citation NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 150 3 needed need VBN en-wikipedia-org-9307 150 4 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 150 5 Their -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-9307 150 6 son son NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 150 7 was be VBD en-wikipedia-org-9307 150 8 Enlil Enlil NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 150 9 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 150 10 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 150 11 air air NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 150 12 god god NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 150 13 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9307 151 1 They -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-9307 151 2 believed believe VBD en-wikipedia-org-9307 151 3 that that IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 151 4 Enlil Enlil NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 151 5 was be VBD en-wikipedia-org-9307 151 6 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 151 7 most most RBS en-wikipedia-org-9307 151 8 powerful powerful JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 151 9 god god NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 151 10 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9307 152 1 He -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-9307 152 2 was be VBD en-wikipedia-org-9307 152 3 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 152 4 chief chief JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 152 5 god god NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 152 6 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 152 7 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 152 8 pantheon pantheon NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 152 9 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9307 153 1 Philosophy philosophy NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 153 2 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 153 3 numerous numerous JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 153 4 civilizations civilization NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 153 5 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 153 6 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 153 7 area area NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 153 8 influenced influence VBD en-wikipedia-org-9307 153 9 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 153 10 Abrahamic Abrahamic NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 153 11 religions religion NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 153 12 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 153 13 especially especially RB en-wikipedia-org-9307 153 14 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 153 15 Hebrew Hebrew NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 153 16 Bible Bible NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 153 17 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-9307 153 18 its -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-9307 153 19 cultural cultural JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 153 20 values value NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 153 21 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9307 153 22 literary literary JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 153 23 influence influence NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 153 24 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-9307 153 25 especially especially RB en-wikipedia-org-9307 153 26 evident evident JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 153 27 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 153 28 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 153 29 Book Book NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 153 30 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 153 31 Genesis Genesis NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 153 32 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9307 154 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 154 2 43 43 CD en-wikipedia-org-9307 154 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 154 4 Giorgio Giorgio NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 154 5 Buccellati Buccellati NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 154 6 believes believe VBZ en-wikipedia-org-9307 154 7 that that IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 154 8 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 154 9 origins origin NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 154 10 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 154 11 philosophy philosophy NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 154 12 can can MD en-wikipedia-org-9307 154 13 be be VB en-wikipedia-org-9307 154 14 traced trace VBN en-wikipedia-org-9307 154 15 back back RB en-wikipedia-org-9307 154 16 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 154 17 early early JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 154 18 Mesopotamian mesopotamian JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 154 19 wisdom wisdom NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 154 20 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 154 21 which which WDT en-wikipedia-org-9307 154 22 embodied embody VBD en-wikipedia-org-9307 154 23 certain certain JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 154 24 philosophies philosophy NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 154 25 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 154 26 life life NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 154 27 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 154 28 particularly particularly RB en-wikipedia-org-9307 154 29 ethics ethic NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 154 30 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 154 31 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 154 32 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 154 33 forms form NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 154 34 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 154 35 dialectic dialectic JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 154 36 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 154 37 dialogues dialogue NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 154 38 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 154 39 epic epic NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 154 40 poetry poetry NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 154 41 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 154 42 folklore folklore NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 154 43 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 154 44 hymns hymn NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 154 45 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 154 46 lyrics lyric NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 154 47 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 154 48 prose prose NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 154 49 works work NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 154 50 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 154 51 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9307 154 52 proverbs proverb NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 154 53 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9307 155 1 Babylonian babylonian JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 155 2 reason reason NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 155 3 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9307 155 4 rationality rationality NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 155 5 developed develop VBN en-wikipedia-org-9307 155 6 beyond beyond IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 155 7 empirical empirical JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 155 8 observation observation NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 155 9 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9307 156 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 156 2 44 44 CD en-wikipedia-org-9307 156 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 156 4 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 156 5 earliest early JJS en-wikipedia-org-9307 156 6 form form NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 156 7 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 156 8 logic logic NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 156 9 was be VBD en-wikipedia-org-9307 156 10 developed develop VBN en-wikipedia-org-9307 156 11 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 156 12 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 156 13 Babylonians Babylonians NNPS en-wikipedia-org-9307 156 14 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 156 15 notably notably RB en-wikipedia-org-9307 156 16 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 156 17 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 156 18 rigorous rigorous JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 156 19 nonergodic nonergodic JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 156 20 nature nature NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 156 21 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 156 22 their -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-9307 156 23 social social JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 156 24 systems system NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 156 25 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9307 157 1 Babylonian babylonian JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 157 2 thought thought NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 157 3 was be VBD en-wikipedia-org-9307 157 4 axiomatic axiomatic JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 157 5 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9307 157 6 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-9307 157 7 comparable comparable JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 157 8 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 157 9 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 157 10 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-9307 157 11 ordinary ordinary JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 157 12 logic logic NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 157 13 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-9307 157 14 described describe VBN en-wikipedia-org-9307 157 15 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 157 16 John John NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 157 17 Maynard Maynard NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 157 18 Keynes Keynes NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 157 19 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9307 158 1 Babylonian babylonian JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 158 2 thought thought NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 158 3 was be VBD en-wikipedia-org-9307 158 4 also also RB en-wikipedia-org-9307 158 5 based base VBN en-wikipedia-org-9307 158 6 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 158 7 an an DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 158 8 open open JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 158 9 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-9307 158 10 systems system NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 158 11 ontology ontology NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 158 12 which which WDT en-wikipedia-org-9307 158 13 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-9307 158 14 compatible compatible JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 158 15 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 158 16 ergodic ergodic JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 158 17 axioms axiom NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 158 18 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9307 159 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 159 2 45 45 CD en-wikipedia-org-9307 159 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 159 4 Logic logic NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 159 5 was be VBD en-wikipedia-org-9307 159 6 employed employ VBN en-wikipedia-org-9307 159 7 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 159 8 some some DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 159 9 extent extent NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 159 10 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 159 11 Babylonian babylonian JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 159 12 astronomy astronomy NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 159 13 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9307 159 14 medicine medicine NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 159 15 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9307 160 1 Babylonian babylonian JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 160 2 thought thought NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 160 3 had have VBD en-wikipedia-org-9307 160 4 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 160 5 considerable considerable JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 160 6 influence influence NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 160 7 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 160 8 early early JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 160 9 Ancient Ancient NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 160 10 Greek Greek NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 160 11 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9307 160 12 Hellenistic hellenistic JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 160 13 philosophy philosophy NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 160 14 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9307 161 1 In in IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 161 2 particular particular JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 161 3 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 161 4 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 161 5 Babylonian babylonian JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 161 6 text text NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 161 7 Dialogue Dialogue NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 161 8 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 161 9 Pessimism Pessimism NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 161 10 contains contain VBZ en-wikipedia-org-9307 161 11 similarities similarity NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 161 12 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 161 13 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 161 14 agonistic agonistic JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 161 15 thought thought NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 161 16 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 161 17 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 161 18 Sophists Sophists NNPS en-wikipedia-org-9307 161 19 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 161 20 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 161 21 Heraclitean heraclitean JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 161 22 doctrine doctrine NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 161 23 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 161 24 dialectic dialectic NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 161 25 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 161 26 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9307 161 27 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 161 28 dialogs dialog NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 161 29 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 161 30 Plato Plato NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 161 31 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 161 32 as as RB en-wikipedia-org-9307 161 33 well well RB en-wikipedia-org-9307 161 34 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 161 35 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 161 36 precursor precursor NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 161 37 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 161 38 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 161 39 Socratic socratic JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 161 40 method method NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 161 41 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9307 162 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 162 2 46 46 CD en-wikipedia-org-9307 162 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 162 4 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 162 5 Ionian ionian JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 162 6 philosopher philosopher NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 162 7 Thales Thales NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 162 8 was be VBD en-wikipedia-org-9307 162 9 influenced influence VBN en-wikipedia-org-9307 162 10 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 162 11 Babylonian babylonian JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 162 12 cosmological cosmological JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 162 13 ideas idea NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 162 14 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9307 163 1 Culture Culture NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 163 2 Alabaster Alabaster NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 163 3 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 163 4 shell shell JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 163 5 eyes eye NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 163 6 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 163 7 male male NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 163 8 worshiper worshiper NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 163 9 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 163 10 Eshnunna Eshnunna NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 163 11 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 163 12 2750–2600 2750–2600 CD en-wikipedia-org-9307 163 13 BC BC NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 163 14 Festivals Festivals NNPS en-wikipedia-org-9307 163 15 Ancient Ancient NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 163 16 Mesopotamians Mesopotamians NNPS en-wikipedia-org-9307 163 17 had have VBD en-wikipedia-org-9307 163 18 ceremonies ceremony NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 163 19 each each DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 163 20 month month NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 163 21 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9307 164 1 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 164 2 theme theme NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 164 3 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 164 4 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 164 5 rituals ritual NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 164 6 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9307 164 7 festivals festival NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 164 8 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 164 9 each each DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 164 10 month month NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 164 11 was be VBD en-wikipedia-org-9307 164 12 determined determine VBN en-wikipedia-org-9307 164 13 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 164 14 at at RB en-wikipedia-org-9307 164 15 least least JJS en-wikipedia-org-9307 164 16 six six CD en-wikipedia-org-9307 164 17 important important JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 164 18 factors factor NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 164 19 : : : en-wikipedia-org-9307 164 20 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 164 21 Lunar lunar JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 164 22 phase phase NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 164 23 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 164 24 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 164 25 waxing wax VBG en-wikipedia-org-9307 164 26 moon moon NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 164 27 meant mean VBD en-wikipedia-org-9307 164 28 abundance abundance NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 164 29 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9307 164 30 growth growth NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 164 31 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 164 32 while while IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 164 33 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 164 34 waning wane VBG en-wikipedia-org-9307 164 35 moon moon NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 164 36 was be VBD en-wikipedia-org-9307 164 37 associated associate VBN en-wikipedia-org-9307 164 38 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 164 39 decline decline NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 164 40 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 164 41 conservation conservation NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 164 42 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 164 43 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9307 164 44 festivals festival NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 164 45 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 164 46 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 164 47 Underworld Underworld NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 164 48 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 164 49 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 164 50 phase phase NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 164 51 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 164 52 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 164 53 annual annual JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 164 54 agricultural agricultural JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 164 55 cycle cycle NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 164 56 Equinoxes equinox NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 164 57 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9307 164 58 solstices solstice VBZ en-wikipedia-org-9307 164 59 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 164 60 local local JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 164 61 mythos mythos NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 164 62 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9307 164 63 its -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-9307 164 64 divine divine JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 164 65 Patrons patron NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 164 66 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 164 67 success success NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 164 68 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 164 69 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 164 70 reigning reign VBG en-wikipedia-org-9307 164 71 Monarch Monarch NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 164 72 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 164 73 Akitu Akitu NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 164 74 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 164 75 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-9307 164 76 New New NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 164 77 Year Year NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 164 78 Festival Festival NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 164 79 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 164 80 First first JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 164 81 full full JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 164 82 moon moon NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 164 83 after after IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 164 84 spring spring NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 164 85 equinox equinox NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 164 86 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 164 87 Commemoration commemoration NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 164 88 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 164 89 specific specific JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 164 90 historical historical JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 164 91 events event NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 164 92 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 164 93 founding founding NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 164 94 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 164 95 military military JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 164 96 victories victory NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 164 97 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 164 98 temple temple NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 164 99 holidays holiday NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 164 100 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 164 101 etc etc FW en-wikipedia-org-9307 164 102 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9307 164 103 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 165 1 Music music NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 165 2 Main Main NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 165 3 article article NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 165 4 : : : en-wikipedia-org-9307 165 5 Music music NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 165 6 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 165 7 Mesopotamia Mesopotamia NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 165 8 Some some DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 165 9 songs song NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 165 10 were be VBD en-wikipedia-org-9307 165 11 written write VBN en-wikipedia-org-9307 165 12 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 165 13 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 165 14 gods god NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 165 15 but but CC en-wikipedia-org-9307 165 16 many many JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 165 17 were be VBD en-wikipedia-org-9307 165 18 written write VBN en-wikipedia-org-9307 165 19 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-9307 165 20 describe describe VB en-wikipedia-org-9307 165 21 important important JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 165 22 events event NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 165 23 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9307 166 1 Although although IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 166 2 music music NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 166 3 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9307 166 4 songs song NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 166 5 amused amuse VBD en-wikipedia-org-9307 166 6 kings king NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 166 7 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 166 8 they -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-9307 166 9 were be VBD en-wikipedia-org-9307 166 10 also also RB en-wikipedia-org-9307 166 11 enjoyed enjoy VBN en-wikipedia-org-9307 166 12 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 166 13 ordinary ordinary JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 166 14 people people NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 166 15 who who WP en-wikipedia-org-9307 166 16 liked like VBD en-wikipedia-org-9307 166 17 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-9307 166 18 sing sing VB en-wikipedia-org-9307 166 19 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9307 166 20 dance dance VB en-wikipedia-org-9307 166 21 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 166 22 their -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-9307 166 23 homes home NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 166 24 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-9307 166 25 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 166 26 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 166 27 marketplaces marketplace NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 166 28 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9307 167 1 Songs song NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 167 2 were be VBD en-wikipedia-org-9307 167 3 sung sing VBN en-wikipedia-org-9307 167 4 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 167 5 children child NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 167 6 who who WP en-wikipedia-org-9307 167 7 passed pass VBD en-wikipedia-org-9307 167 8 them -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-9307 167 9 on on RP en-wikipedia-org-9307 167 10 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 167 11 their -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-9307 167 12 children child NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 167 13 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9307 168 1 Thus thus RB en-wikipedia-org-9307 168 2 songs song NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 168 3 were be VBD en-wikipedia-org-9307 168 4 passed pass VBN en-wikipedia-org-9307 168 5 on on RP en-wikipedia-org-9307 168 6 through through IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 168 7 many many JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 168 8 generations generation NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 168 9 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 168 10 an an DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 168 11 oral oral JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 168 12 tradition tradition NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 168 13 until until IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 168 14 writing writing NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 168 15 was be VBD en-wikipedia-org-9307 168 16 more more RBR en-wikipedia-org-9307 168 17 universal universal JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 168 18 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9307 169 1 These these DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 169 2 songs song NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 169 3 provided provide VBD en-wikipedia-org-9307 169 4 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 169 5 means means NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 169 6 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 169 7 passing pass VBG en-wikipedia-org-9307 169 8 on on RP en-wikipedia-org-9307 169 9 through through IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 169 10 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 169 11 centuries century NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 169 12 highly highly RB en-wikipedia-org-9307 169 13 important important JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 169 14 information information NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 169 15 about about IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 169 16 historical historical JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 169 17 events event NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 169 18 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9307 170 1 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 170 2 Oud Oud NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 170 3 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 170 4 Arabic Arabic NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 170 5 : : : en-wikipedia-org-9307 170 6 العود العود NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 170 7 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 170 8 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-9307 170 9 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 170 10 small small JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 170 11 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 170 12 stringed string VBN en-wikipedia-org-9307 170 13 musical musical JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 170 14 instrument instrument NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 170 15 used use VBN en-wikipedia-org-9307 170 16 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 170 17 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 170 18 Mesopotamians Mesopotamians NNPS en-wikipedia-org-9307 170 19 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9307 171 1 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 171 2 oldest old JJS en-wikipedia-org-9307 171 3 pictorial pictorial JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 171 4 record record NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 171 5 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 171 6 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 171 7 Oud Oud NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 171 8 dates date VBZ en-wikipedia-org-9307 171 9 back back RB en-wikipedia-org-9307 171 10 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 171 11 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 171 12 Uruk Uruk NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 171 13 period period NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 171 14 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 171 15 Southern Southern NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 171 16 Mesopotamia Mesopotamia NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 171 17 over over IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 171 18 5000 5000 CD en-wikipedia-org-9307 171 19 years year NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 171 20 ago ago RB en-wikipedia-org-9307 171 21 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9307 172 1 It -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-9307 172 2 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-9307 172 3 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 172 4 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 172 5 cylinder cylinder NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 172 6 seal seal NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 172 7 currently currently RB en-wikipedia-org-9307 172 8 housed house VBN en-wikipedia-org-9307 172 9 at at IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 172 10 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 172 11 British British NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 172 12 Museum Museum NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 172 13 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9307 172 14 acquired acquire VBN en-wikipedia-org-9307 172 15 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 172 16 Dr. Dr. NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 172 17 Dominique Dominique NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 172 18 Collon Collon NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 172 19 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9307 173 1 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 173 2 image image NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 173 3 depicts depict VBZ en-wikipedia-org-9307 173 4 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 173 5 female female JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 173 6 crouching crouching NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 173 7 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 173 8 her -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-9307 173 9 instruments instrument NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 173 10 upon upon IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 173 11 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 173 12 boat boat NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 173 13 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 173 14 playing play VBG en-wikipedia-org-9307 173 15 right right JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 173 16 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-9307 173 17 handed handed JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 173 18 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9307 174 1 This this DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 174 2 instrument instrument NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 174 3 appears appear VBZ en-wikipedia-org-9307 174 4 hundreds hundred NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 174 5 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 174 6 times time NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 174 7 throughout throughout IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 174 8 Mesopotamian mesopotamian JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 174 9 history history NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 174 10 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9307 174 11 again again RB en-wikipedia-org-9307 174 12 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 174 13 ancient ancient JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 174 14 Egypt Egypt NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 174 15 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 174 16 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 174 17 18th 18th JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 174 18 dynasty dynasty NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 174 19 onwards onwards RB en-wikipedia-org-9307 174 20 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 174 21 long- long- JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 174 22 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9307 174 23 short short JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 174 24 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-9307 174 25 neck neck NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 174 26 varieties variety NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 174 27 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9307 175 1 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 175 2 oud oud JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 175 3 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-9307 175 4 regarded regard VBN en-wikipedia-org-9307 175 5 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 175 6 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 175 7 precursor precursor NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 175 8 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 175 9 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 175 10 European european JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 175 11 lute lute NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 175 12 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9307 176 1 Its -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-9307 176 2 name name NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 176 3 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-9307 176 4 derived derive VBN en-wikipedia-org-9307 176 5 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 176 6 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 176 7 Arabic arabic JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 176 8 word word NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 176 9 العود العود NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 176 10 al-‘ūd al-‘ūd . en-wikipedia-org-9307 176 11 ' ' '' en-wikipedia-org-9307 176 12 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 176 13 wood wood NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 176 14 ' ' '' en-wikipedia-org-9307 176 15 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 176 16 which which WDT en-wikipedia-org-9307 176 17 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-9307 176 18 probably probably RB en-wikipedia-org-9307 176 19 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 176 20 name name NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 176 21 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 176 22 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 176 23 tree tree NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 176 24 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 176 25 which which WDT en-wikipedia-org-9307 176 26 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 176 27 oud oud JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 176 28 was be VBD en-wikipedia-org-9307 176 29 made make VBN en-wikipedia-org-9307 176 30 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9307 177 1 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 177 2 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 177 3 Arabic arabic JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 177 4 name name NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 177 5 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 177 6 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 177 7 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 177 8 definite definite JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 177 9 article article NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 177 10 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 177 11 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-9307 177 12 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 177 13 source source NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 177 14 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 177 15 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 177 16 word word NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 177 17 ' ' `` en-wikipedia-org-9307 177 18 lute lute NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 177 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en-wikipedia-org-9307 179 14 was be VBD en-wikipedia-org-9307 179 15 probably probably RB en-wikipedia-org-9307 179 16 popular popular JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 179 17 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 179 18 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 179 19 men man NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 179 20 sitting sit VBG en-wikipedia-org-9307 179 21 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 179 22 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 179 23 shoulders shoulder NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 179 24 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 179 25 other other JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 179 26 men man NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 179 27 rather rather RB en-wikipedia-org-9307 179 28 than than IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 179 29 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 179 30 horses horse NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 179 31 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9307 180 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 180 2 47 47 CD en-wikipedia-org-9307 180 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 180 4 They -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-9307 180 5 also also RB en-wikipedia-org-9307 180 6 played play VBD en-wikipedia-org-9307 180 7 majore majore NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 180 8 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 180 9 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 180 10 game game NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 180 11 similar similar JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 180 12 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 180 13 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 180 14 sport sport NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 180 15 rugby rugby NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 180 16 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 180 17 but but CC en-wikipedia-org-9307 180 18 played play VBD en-wikipedia-org-9307 180 19 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 180 20 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 180 21 ball ball NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 180 22 made make VBN en-wikipedia-org-9307 180 23 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 180 24 wood wood NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 180 25 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9307 181 1 They -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-9307 181 2 also also RB en-wikipedia-org-9307 181 3 played play VBD en-wikipedia-org-9307 181 4 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 181 5 board board NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 181 6 game game NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 181 7 similar similar JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 181 8 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 181 9 senet senet NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 181 10 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9307 181 11 backgammon backgammon NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 181 12 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 181 13 now now RB en-wikipedia-org-9307 181 14 known know VBN en-wikipedia-org-9307 181 15 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 181 16 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 181 17 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-9307 181 18 Royal Royal NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 181 19 Game Game NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 181 20 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 181 21 Ur Ur NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 181 22 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-9307 181 23 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9307 182 1 Family family NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 182 2 life life NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 182 3 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 182 4 Babylonian babylonian JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 182 5 marriage marriage NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 182 6 market market NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 182 7 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 182 8 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 182 9 19th 19th JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 182 10 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-9307 182 11 century century NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 182 12 painter painter NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 182 13 Edwin Edwin NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 182 14 Long Long NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 182 15 Mesopotamia Mesopotamia NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 182 16 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 182 17 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 182 18 shown show VBN en-wikipedia-org-9307 182 19 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 182 20 successive successive JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 182 21 law law NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 182 22 codes code NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 182 23 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 182 24 those those DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 182 25 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 182 26 Urukagina Urukagina NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 182 27 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 182 28 Lipit Lipit NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 182 29 Ishtar Ishtar NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 182 30 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9307 182 31 Hammurabi Hammurabi NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 182 32 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 182 33 across across IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 182 34 its -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-9307 182 35 history history NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 182 36 became become VBD en-wikipedia-org-9307 182 37 more more RBR en-wikipedia-org-9307 182 38 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9307 182 39 more more RBR en-wikipedia-org-9307 182 40 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 182 41 patriarchal patriarchal JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 182 42 society society NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 182 43 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 182 44 one one CD en-wikipedia-org-9307 182 45 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 182 46 which which WDT en-wikipedia-org-9307 182 47 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 182 48 men man NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 182 49 were be VBD en-wikipedia-org-9307 182 50 far far RB en-wikipedia-org-9307 182 51 more more RBR en-wikipedia-org-9307 182 52 powerful powerful JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 182 53 than than IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 182 54 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 182 55 women woman NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 182 56 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9307 183 1 For for IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 183 2 example example NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 183 3 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 183 4 during during IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 183 5 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 183 6 earliest early JJS en-wikipedia-org-9307 183 7 Sumerian sumerian JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 183 8 period period NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 183 9 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 183 10 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 183 11 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-9307 183 12 en en FW en-wikipedia-org-9307 183 13 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-9307 183 14 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 183 15 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-9307 183 16 high high JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 183 17 priest priest NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 183 18 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 183 19 male male JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 183 20 gods god NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 183 21 was be VBD en-wikipedia-org-9307 183 22 originally originally RB en-wikipedia-org-9307 183 23 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 183 24 woman woman NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 183 25 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 183 26 that that DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 183 27 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 183 28 female female JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 183 29 goddesses goddess NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 183 30 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 183 31 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 183 32 man man NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 183 33 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9307 184 1 Thorkild Thorkild NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 184 2 Jacobsen Jacobsen NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 184 3 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 184 4 as as RB en-wikipedia-org-9307 184 5 well well RB en-wikipedia-org-9307 184 6 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 184 7 many many JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 184 8 others other NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 184 9 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 184 10 has have VBZ en-wikipedia-org-9307 184 11 suggested suggest VBN en-wikipedia-org-9307 184 12 that that IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 184 13 early early JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 184 14 Mesopotamian mesopotamian JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 184 15 society society NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 184 16 was be VBD en-wikipedia-org-9307 184 17 ruled rule VBN en-wikipedia-org-9307 184 18 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 184 19 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 184 20 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-9307 184 21 council council NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 184 22 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 184 23 elders elders NNPS en-wikipedia-org-9307 184 24 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-9307 184 25 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 184 26 which which WDT en-wikipedia-org-9307 184 27 men man NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 184 28 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9307 184 29 women woman NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 184 30 were be VBD en-wikipedia-org-9307 184 31 equally equally RB en-wikipedia-org-9307 184 32 represented represent VBN en-wikipedia-org-9307 184 33 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 184 34 but but CC en-wikipedia-org-9307 184 35 that that IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 184 36 over over IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 184 37 time time NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 184 38 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 184 39 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 184 40 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 184 41 status status NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 184 42 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 184 43 women woman NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 184 44 fell fall VBD en-wikipedia-org-9307 184 45 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 184 46 that that IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 184 47 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 184 48 men man NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 184 49 increased increase VBD en-wikipedia-org-9307 184 50 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9307 185 1 As as IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 185 2 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 185 3 schooling schooling NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 185 4 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 185 5 only only RB en-wikipedia-org-9307 185 6 royal royal JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 185 7 offspring offspring NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 185 8 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9307 185 9 sons son NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 185 10 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 185 11 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 185 12 rich rich JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 185 13 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9307 185 14 professionals professional NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 185 15 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 185 16 such such JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 185 17 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 185 18 scribes scribe NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 185 19 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 185 20 physicians physician NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 185 21 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 185 22 temple temple NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 185 23 administrators administrator NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 185 24 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 185 25 went go VBD en-wikipedia-org-9307 185 26 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 185 27 school school NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 185 28 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9307 186 1 Most Most JJS en-wikipedia-org-9307 186 2 boys boy NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 186 3 were be VBD en-wikipedia-org-9307 186 4 taught teach VBN en-wikipedia-org-9307 186 5 their -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-9307 186 6 father father NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 186 7 's 's POS en-wikipedia-org-9307 186 8 trade trade NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 186 9 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-9307 186 10 were be VBD en-wikipedia-org-9307 186 11 apprenticed apprentice VBN en-wikipedia-org-9307 186 12 out out RP en-wikipedia-org-9307 186 13 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-9307 186 14 learn learn VB en-wikipedia-org-9307 186 15 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 186 16 trade trade NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 186 17 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9307 187 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 187 2 48 48 CD en-wikipedia-org-9307 187 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 187 4 Girls girl NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 187 5 had have VBD en-wikipedia-org-9307 187 6 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-9307 187 7 stay stay VB en-wikipedia-org-9307 187 8 home home RB en-wikipedia-org-9307 187 9 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 187 10 their -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-9307 187 11 mothers mother NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 187 12 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-9307 187 13 learn learn VB en-wikipedia-org-9307 187 14 housekeeping housekeeping NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 187 15 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9307 187 16 cooking cooking NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 187 17 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 187 18 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9307 187 19 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-9307 187 20 look look VB en-wikipedia-org-9307 187 21 after after IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 187 22 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 187 23 younger young JJR en-wikipedia-org-9307 187 24 children child NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 187 25 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9307 188 1 Some some DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 188 2 children child NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 188 3 would would MD en-wikipedia-org-9307 188 4 help help VB en-wikipedia-org-9307 188 5 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 188 6 crushing crush VBG en-wikipedia-org-9307 188 7 grain grain NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 188 8 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-9307 188 9 cleaning cleaning NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 188 10 birds bird NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 188 11 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9307 189 1 Unusually unusually RB en-wikipedia-org-9307 189 2 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 189 3 that that DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 189 4 time time NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 189 5 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 189 6 history history NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 189 7 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 189 8 women woman NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 189 9 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 189 10 Mesopotamia Mesopotamia NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 189 11 had have VBD en-wikipedia-org-9307 189 12 rights right NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 189 13 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9307 190 1 They -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-9307 190 2 could could MD en-wikipedia-org-9307 190 3 own own VB en-wikipedia-org-9307 190 4 property property NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 190 5 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9307 190 6 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 190 7 if if IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 190 8 they -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-9307 190 9 had have VBD en-wikipedia-org-9307 190 10 good good JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 190 11 reason reason NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 190 12 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 190 13 get get VB en-wikipedia-org-9307 190 14 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 190 15 divorce divorce NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 190 16 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9307 191 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 191 2 49]:78–79 49]:78–79 CD en-wikipedia-org-9307 191 3 Burials Burials NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 191 4 Hundreds Hundreds NNPS en-wikipedia-org-9307 191 5 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 191 6 graves grave NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 191 7 have have VBP en-wikipedia-org-9307 191 8 been be VBN en-wikipedia-org-9307 191 9 excavated excavate VBN en-wikipedia-org-9307 191 10 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 191 11 parts part NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 191 12 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 191 13 Mesopotamia Mesopotamia NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 191 14 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 191 15 revealing reveal VBG en-wikipedia-org-9307 191 16 information information NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 191 17 about about IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 191 18 Mesopotamian mesopotamian JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 191 19 burial burial NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 191 20 habits habit NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 191 21 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9307 192 1 In in IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 192 2 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 192 3 city city NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 192 4 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 192 5 Ur Ur NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 192 6 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 192 7 most most JJS en-wikipedia-org-9307 192 8 people people NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 192 9 were be VBD en-wikipedia-org-9307 192 10 buried bury VBN en-wikipedia-org-9307 192 11 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 192 12 family family NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 192 13 graves grave NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 192 14 under under IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 192 15 their -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-9307 192 16 houses house NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 192 17 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 192 18 along along IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 192 19 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 192 20 some some DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 192 21 possessions possession NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 192 22 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9307 193 1 A a DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 193 2 few few JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 193 3 have have VBP en-wikipedia-org-9307 193 4 been be VBN en-wikipedia-org-9307 193 5 found find VBN en-wikipedia-org-9307 193 6 wrapped wrap VBN en-wikipedia-org-9307 193 7 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 193 8 mats mat NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 193 9 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9307 193 10 carpets carpet NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 193 11 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9307 194 1 Deceased deceased JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 194 2 children child NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 194 3 were be VBD en-wikipedia-org-9307 194 4 put put VBN en-wikipedia-org-9307 194 5 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 194 6 big big JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 194 7 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-9307 194 8 jars jar NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 194 9 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-9307 194 10 which which WDT en-wikipedia-org-9307 194 11 were be VBD en-wikipedia-org-9307 194 12 placed place VBN en-wikipedia-org-9307 194 13 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 194 14 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 194 15 family family NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 194 16 chapel chapel NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 194 17 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9307 195 1 Other other JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 195 2 remains remain NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 195 3 have have VBP en-wikipedia-org-9307 195 4 been be VBN en-wikipedia-org-9307 195 5 found find VBN en-wikipedia-org-9307 195 6 buried bury VBN en-wikipedia-org-9307 195 7 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 195 8 common common JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 195 9 city city NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 195 10 graveyards graveyard NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 195 11 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9307 196 1 17 17 CD en-wikipedia-org-9307 196 2 graves grave NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 196 3 have have VBP en-wikipedia-org-9307 196 4 been be VBN en-wikipedia-org-9307 196 5 found find VBN en-wikipedia-org-9307 196 6 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 196 7 very very RB en-wikipedia-org-9307 196 8 precious precious JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 196 9 objects object NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 196 10 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 196 11 them -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-9307 196 12 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9307 197 1 It -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-9307 197 2 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-9307 197 3 assumed assume VBN en-wikipedia-org-9307 197 4 that that IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 197 5 these these DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 197 6 were be VBD en-wikipedia-org-9307 197 7 royal royal JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 197 8 graves grave NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 197 9 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9307 198 1 Rich rich JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 198 2 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 198 3 various various JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 198 4 periods period NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 198 5 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 198 6 have have VBP en-wikipedia-org-9307 198 7 been be VBN en-wikipedia-org-9307 198 8 discovered discover VBN en-wikipedia-org-9307 198 9 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-9307 198 10 have have VB en-wikipedia-org-9307 198 11 sought seek VBN en-wikipedia-org-9307 198 12 burial burial NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 198 13 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 198 14 Bahrein Bahrein NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 198 15 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 198 16 identified identify VBN en-wikipedia-org-9307 198 17 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 198 18 Sumerian Sumerian NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 198 19 Dilmun Dilmun NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 198 20 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9307 199 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 199 2 50 50 CD en-wikipedia-org-9307 199 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 199 4 Economy Economy NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 199 5 Mining Mining NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 199 6 areas area NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 199 7 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 199 8 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 199 9 ancient ancient JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 199 10 West West NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 199 11 Asia Asia NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 199 12 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9307 200 1 Boxes box NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 200 2 colors color NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 200 3 : : : en-wikipedia-org-9307 200 4 arsenic arsenic JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 200 5 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-9307 200 6 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 200 7 brown brown NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 200 8 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 200 9 copper copper NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 200 10 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 200 11 red red JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 200 12 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 200 13 tin tin NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 200 14 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 200 15 grey grey NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 200 16 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 200 17 iron iron NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 200 18 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 200 19 reddish reddish JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 200 20 brown brown NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 200 21 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 200 22 gold gold NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 200 23 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 200 24 yellow yellow NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 200 25 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 200 26 silver silver NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 200 27 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 200 28 white white JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 200 29 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9307 200 30 lead lead NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 200 31 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 200 32 black black NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 200 33 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9307 201 1 Yellow yellow JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 201 2 area area NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 201 3 stands stand VBZ en-wikipedia-org-9307 201 4 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 201 5 arsenic arsenic JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 201 6 bronze bronze NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 201 7 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 201 8 while while IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 201 9 grey grey NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 201 10 area area NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 201 11 stands stand VBZ en-wikipedia-org-9307 201 12 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 201 13 tin tin NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 201 14 bronze bronze NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 201 15 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9307 202 1 Sumerian sumerian JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 202 2 temples temple NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 202 3 functioned function VBD en-wikipedia-org-9307 202 4 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 202 5 banks bank NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 202 6 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9307 202 7 developed develop VBD en-wikipedia-org-9307 202 8 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 202 9 first first JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 202 10 large large JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 202 11 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-9307 202 12 scale scale NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 202 13 system system NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 202 14 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 202 15 loans loan NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 202 16 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9307 202 17 credit credit NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 202 18 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 202 19 but but CC en-wikipedia-org-9307 202 20 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 202 21 Babylonians Babylonians NNPS en-wikipedia-org-9307 202 22 developed develop VBD en-wikipedia-org-9307 202 23 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 202 24 earliest early JJS en-wikipedia-org-9307 202 25 system system NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 202 26 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 202 27 commercial commercial JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 202 28 banking banking NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 202 29 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9307 203 1 It -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-9307 203 2 was be VBD en-wikipedia-org-9307 203 3 comparable comparable JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 203 4 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 203 5 some some DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 203 6 ways way NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 203 7 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 203 8 modern modern JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 203 9 post post JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 203 10 - - JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 203 11 Keynesian keynesian JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 203 12 economics economic NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 203 13 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 203 14 but but CC en-wikipedia-org-9307 203 15 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 203 16 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 203 17 more more RBR en-wikipedia-org-9307 203 18 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-9307 203 19 anything anything NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 203 20 goes go VBZ en-wikipedia-org-9307 203 21 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-9307 203 22 approach approach NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 203 23 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9307 204 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 204 2 45 45 CD en-wikipedia-org-9307 204 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 204 4 Agriculture Agriculture NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 204 5 Irrigated Irrigated NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 204 6 agriculture agriculture NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 204 7 spread spread VBD en-wikipedia-org-9307 204 8 southwards southwards RB en-wikipedia-org-9307 204 9 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 204 10 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 204 11 Zagros Zagros NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 204 12 foothills foothill NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 204 13 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 204 14 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 204 15 Samara Samara NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 204 16 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9307 204 17 Hadji Hadji NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 204 18 Muhammed muhammed JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 204 19 culture culture NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 204 20 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 204 21 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 204 22 about about RB en-wikipedia-org-9307 204 23 5,000 5,000 CD en-wikipedia-org-9307 204 24 BC bc NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 204 25 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9307 205 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 205 2 51 51 CD en-wikipedia-org-9307 205 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 205 4 In in IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 205 5 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 205 6 early early JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 205 7 period period NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 205 8 down down RB en-wikipedia-org-9307 205 9 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 205 10 Ur Ur NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 205 11 III iii CD en-wikipedia-org-9307 205 12 temples temple NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 205 13 owned own VBN en-wikipedia-org-9307 205 14 up up RP en-wikipedia-org-9307 205 15 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 205 16 one one CD en-wikipedia-org-9307 205 17 third third NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 205 18 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 205 19 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 205 20 available available JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 205 21 land land NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 205 22 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 205 23 declining decline VBG en-wikipedia-org-9307 205 24 over over IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 205 25 time time NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 205 26 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 205 27 royal royal JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 205 28 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9307 205 29 other other JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 205 30 private private JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 205 31 holdings holding NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 205 32 increased increase VBD en-wikipedia-org-9307 205 33 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 205 34 frequency frequency NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 205 35 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9307 206 1 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 206 2 word word NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 206 3 Ensi Ensi NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 206 4 was be VBD en-wikipedia-org-9307 206 5 used[by used[by NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 206 6 whom whom WP en-wikipedia-org-9307 206 7 ? ? . en-wikipedia-org-9307 206 8 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 207 1 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-9307 207 2 describe describe VB en-wikipedia-org-9307 207 3 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 207 4 official official NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 207 5 who who WP en-wikipedia-org-9307 207 6 organized organize VBD en-wikipedia-org-9307 207 7 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 207 8 work work NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 207 9 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 207 10 all all DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 207 11 facets facet NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 207 12 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 207 13 temple temple NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 207 14 agriculture agriculture NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 207 15 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9307 208 1 Villeins Villeins NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 208 2 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-9307 208 3 known know VBN en-wikipedia-org-9307 208 4 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-9307 208 5 have have VB en-wikipedia-org-9307 208 6 worked work VBN en-wikipedia-org-9307 208 7 most most RBS en-wikipedia-org-9307 208 8 frequently frequently RB en-wikipedia-org-9307 208 9 within within IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 208 10 agriculture agriculture NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 208 11 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 208 12 especially especially RB en-wikipedia-org-9307 208 13 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 208 14 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 208 15 grounds ground NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 208 16 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 208 17 temples temple NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 208 18 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-9307 208 19 palaces palace NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 208 20 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9307 209 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 209 2 52 52 CD en-wikipedia-org-9307 209 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 209 4 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 209 5 geography geography NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 209 6 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 209 7 southern southern JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 209 8 Mesopotamia Mesopotamia NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 209 9 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-9307 209 10 such such JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 209 11 that that IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 209 12 agriculture agriculture NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 209 13 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-9307 209 14 possible possible JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 209 15 only only RB en-wikipedia-org-9307 209 16 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 209 17 irrigation irrigation NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 209 18 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9307 209 19 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 209 20 good good JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 209 21 drainage drainage NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 209 22 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 209 23 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 209 24 fact fact NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 209 25 which which WDT en-wikipedia-org-9307 209 26 had have VBD en-wikipedia-org-9307 209 27 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 209 28 profound profound JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 209 29 effect effect NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 209 30 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 209 31 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 209 32 evolution evolution NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 209 33 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 209 34 early early JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 209 35 Mesopotamian mesopotamian JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 209 36 civilization civilization NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 209 37 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9307 210 1 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 210 2 need need NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 210 3 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 210 4 irrigation irrigation NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 210 5 led lead VBD en-wikipedia-org-9307 210 6 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 210 7 Sumerians Sumerians NNPS en-wikipedia-org-9307 210 8 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 210 9 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9307 210 10 later later RBR en-wikipedia-org-9307 210 11 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 210 12 Akkadians Akkadians NNPS en-wikipedia-org-9307 210 13 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 210 14 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-9307 210 15 build build VB en-wikipedia-org-9307 210 16 their -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-9307 210 17 cities city NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 210 18 along along IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 210 19 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 210 20 Tigris Tigris NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 210 21 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9307 210 22 Euphrates Euphrates NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 210 23 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9307 210 24 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 210 25 branches branch NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 210 26 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 210 27 these these DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 210 28 rivers river NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 210 29 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9307 211 1 Major major JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 211 2 cities city NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 211 3 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 211 4 such such JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 211 5 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 211 6 Ur Ur NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 211 7 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9307 211 8 Uruk Uruk NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 211 9 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 211 10 took take VBD en-wikipedia-org-9307 211 11 root root NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 211 12 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 211 13 tributaries tributary NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 211 14 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 211 15 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 211 16 Euphrates Euphrates NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 211 17 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 211 18 while while IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 211 19 others other NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 211 20 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 211 21 notably notably RB en-wikipedia-org-9307 211 22 Lagash Lagash NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 211 23 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 211 24 were be VBD en-wikipedia-org-9307 211 25 built build VBN en-wikipedia-org-9307 211 26 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 211 27 branches branch NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 211 28 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 211 29 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 211 30 Tigris Tigris NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 211 31 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9307 212 1 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 212 2 rivers river NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 212 3 provided provide VBD en-wikipedia-org-9307 212 4 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 212 5 further further JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 212 6 benefits benefit NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 212 7 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 212 8 fish fish NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 212 9 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 212 10 used use VBN en-wikipedia-org-9307 212 11 both both DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 212 12 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 212 13 food food NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 212 14 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9307 212 15 fertilizer fertilizer NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 212 16 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 212 17 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 212 18 reeds reed NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 212 19 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 212 20 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9307 212 21 clay clay NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 212 22 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 212 23 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 212 24 building build VBG en-wikipedia-org-9307 212 25 materials material NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 212 26 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 212 27 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9307 213 1 With with IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 213 2 irrigation irrigation NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 213 3 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 213 4 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 213 5 food food NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 213 6 supply supply NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 213 7 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 213 8 Mesopotamia Mesopotamia NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 213 9 was be VBD en-wikipedia-org-9307 213 10 comparable comparable JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 213 11 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 213 12 that that DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 213 13 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 213 14 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 213 15 Canadian canadian JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 213 16 prairies prairie NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 213 17 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9307 214 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 214 2 53 53 CD en-wikipedia-org-9307 214 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 214 4 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 214 5 Tigris Tigris NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 214 6 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9307 214 7 Euphrates Euphrates NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 214 8 River River NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 214 9 valleys valley NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 214 10 form form VBP en-wikipedia-org-9307 214 11 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 214 12 northeastern northeastern JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 214 13 portion portion NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 214 14 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 214 15 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 214 16 Fertile Fertile NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 214 17 Crescent Crescent NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 214 18 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 214 19 which which WDT en-wikipedia-org-9307 214 20 also also RB en-wikipedia-org-9307 214 21 included include VBD en-wikipedia-org-9307 214 22 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 214 23 Jordan Jordan NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 214 24 River River NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 214 25 valley valley NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 214 26 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9307 214 27 that that DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 214 28 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 214 29 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 214 30 Nile Nile NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 214 31 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9307 215 1 Although although IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 215 2 land land NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 215 3 nearer nearer RB en-wikipedia-org-9307 215 4 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 215 5 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 215 6 rivers river NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 215 7 was be VBD en-wikipedia-org-9307 215 8 fertile fertile JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 215 9 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9307 215 10 good good JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 215 11 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 215 12 crops crop NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 215 13 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 215 14 portions portion NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 215 15 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 215 16 land land NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 215 17 farther farther RB en-wikipedia-org-9307 215 18 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 215 19 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 215 20 water water NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 215 21 were be VBD en-wikipedia-org-9307 215 22 dry dry JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 215 23 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9307 215 24 largely largely RB en-wikipedia-org-9307 215 25 uninhabitable uninhabitable JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 215 26 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9307 216 1 Thus thus RB en-wikipedia-org-9307 216 2 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 216 3 development development NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 216 4 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 216 5 irrigation irrigation NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 216 6 became become VBD en-wikipedia-org-9307 216 7 very very RB en-wikipedia-org-9307 216 8 important important JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 216 9 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 216 10 settlers settler NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 216 11 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 216 12 Mesopotamia Mesopotamia NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 216 13 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9307 217 1 Other other JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 217 2 Mesopotamian mesopotamian JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 217 3 innovations innovation NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 217 4 include include VBP en-wikipedia-org-9307 217 5 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 217 6 control control NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 217 7 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 217 8 water water NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 217 9 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 217 10 dams dam NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 217 11 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9307 217 12 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 217 13 use use NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 217 14 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 217 15 aqueducts aqueduct NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 217 16 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9307 218 1 Early early JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 218 2 settlers settler NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 218 3 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 218 4 fertile fertile JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 218 5 land land NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 218 6 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 218 7 Mesopotamia Mesopotamia NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 218 8 used use VBD en-wikipedia-org-9307 218 9 wooden wooden JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 218 10 plows plow NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 218 11 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-9307 218 12 soften soften VB en-wikipedia-org-9307 218 13 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 218 14 soil soil NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 218 15 before before IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 218 16 planting plant VBG en-wikipedia-org-9307 218 17 crops crop NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 218 18 such such JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 218 19 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 218 20 barley barley NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 218 21 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 218 22 onions onion NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 218 23 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 218 24 grapes grape NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 218 25 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 218 26 turnips turnip NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 218 27 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 218 28 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9307 218 29 apples apple NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 218 30 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9307 219 1 Mesopotamian mesopotamian JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 219 2 settlers settler NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 219 3 were be VBD en-wikipedia-org-9307 219 4 some some DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 219 5 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 219 6 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 219 7 first first JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 219 8 people people NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 219 9 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-9307 219 10 make make VB en-wikipedia-org-9307 219 11 beer beer NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 219 12 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9307 219 13 wine wine NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 219 14 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9307 220 1 As as IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 220 2 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 220 3 result result NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 220 4 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 220 5 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 220 6 skill skill NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 220 7 involved involve VBN en-wikipedia-org-9307 220 8 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 220 9 farming farming NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 220 10 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 220 11 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 220 12 Mesopotamian mesopotamian JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 220 13 region region NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 220 14 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 220 15 farmers farmer NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 220 16 did do VBD en-wikipedia-org-9307 220 17 not not RB en-wikipedia-org-9307 220 18 generally generally RB en-wikipedia-org-9307 220 19 depend depend VB en-wikipedia-org-9307 220 20 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 220 21 slaves slave NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 220 22 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 220 23 complete complete VB en-wikipedia-org-9307 220 24 farm farm NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 220 25 work work NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 220 26 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 220 27 them -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-9307 220 28 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 220 29 but but CC en-wikipedia-org-9307 220 30 there there EX en-wikipedia-org-9307 220 31 were be VBD en-wikipedia-org-9307 220 32 some some DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 220 33 exceptions exception NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 220 34 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9307 221 1 There there EX en-wikipedia-org-9307 221 2 were be VBD en-wikipedia-org-9307 221 3 too too RB en-wikipedia-org-9307 221 4 many many JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 221 5 risks risk NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 221 6 involved involve VBN en-wikipedia-org-9307 221 7 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-9307 221 8 make make VB en-wikipedia-org-9307 221 9 slavery slavery NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 221 10 practical practical JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 221 11 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 221 12 i.e. i.e. FW en-wikipedia-org-9307 222 1 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 222 2 escape escape NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 222 3 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-9307 222 4 mutiny mutiny NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 222 5 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 222 6 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 222 7 slaves slave NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 222 8 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 222 9 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9307 223 1 Although although IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 223 2 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 223 3 rivers river NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 223 4 sustained sustain VBD en-wikipedia-org-9307 223 5 life life NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 223 6 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 223 7 they -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-9307 223 8 also also RB en-wikipedia-org-9307 223 9 destroyed destroy VBD en-wikipedia-org-9307 223 10 it -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-9307 223 11 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 223 12 frequent frequent JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 223 13 floods flood NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 223 14 that that WDT en-wikipedia-org-9307 223 15 ravaged ravage VBD en-wikipedia-org-9307 223 16 entire entire JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 223 17 cities city NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 223 18 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9307 224 1 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 224 2 unpredictable unpredictable JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 224 3 Mesopotamian mesopotamian JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 224 4 weather weather NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 224 5 was be VBD en-wikipedia-org-9307 224 6 often often RB en-wikipedia-org-9307 224 7 hard hard JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 224 8 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 224 9 farmers farmer NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 224 10 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-9307 224 11 crops crop NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 224 12 were be VBD en-wikipedia-org-9307 224 13 often often RB en-wikipedia-org-9307 224 14 ruined ruin VBN en-wikipedia-org-9307 224 15 so so RB en-wikipedia-org-9307 224 16 backup backup JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 224 17 sources source NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 224 18 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 224 19 food food NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 224 20 such such JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 224 21 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 224 22 cows cow NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 224 23 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9307 224 24 lambs lamb NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 224 25 were be VBD en-wikipedia-org-9307 224 26 also also RB en-wikipedia-org-9307 224 27 kept[by kept[by NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 224 28 whom whom WP en-wikipedia-org-9307 224 29 ? ? . en-wikipedia-org-9307 224 30 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 224 31 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9307 225 1 Over over IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 225 2 time time NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 225 3 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 225 4 southernmost southernmost JJS en-wikipedia-org-9307 225 5 parts part NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 225 6 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 225 7 Sumerian Sumerian NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 225 8 Mesopotamia Mesopotamia NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 225 9 suffered suffer VBD en-wikipedia-org-9307 225 10 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 225 11 increased increase VBN en-wikipedia-org-9307 225 12 salinity salinity NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 225 13 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 225 14 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 225 15 soils soil NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 225 16 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 225 17 leading lead VBG en-wikipedia-org-9307 225 18 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 225 19 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 225 20 slow slow JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 225 21 urban urban JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 225 22 decline decline NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 225 23 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9307 225 24 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 225 25 centring centring NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 225 26 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 225 27 power power NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 225 28 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 225 29 Akkad Akkad NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 225 30 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 225 31 further further JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 225 32 north north NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 225 33 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9307 226 1 Trade Trade NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 226 2 This this DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 226 3 section section NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 226 4 needs need VBZ en-wikipedia-org-9307 226 5 expansion expansion NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 226 6 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9307 227 1 You -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-9307 227 2 can can MD en-wikipedia-org-9307 227 3 help help VB en-wikipedia-org-9307 227 4 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 227 5 adding add VBG en-wikipedia-org-9307 227 6 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 227 7 it -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-9307 227 8 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9307 228 1 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 228 2 April April NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 228 3 2021 2021 CD en-wikipedia-org-9307 228 4 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 228 5 Mesopotamian mesopotamian JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 228 6 trade trade NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 228 7 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 228 8 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 228 9 Indus Indus NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 228 10 Valley Valley NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 228 11 civilisation civilisation NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 228 12 flourished flourish VBD en-wikipedia-org-9307 228 13 as as RB en-wikipedia-org-9307 228 14 early early RB en-wikipedia-org-9307 228 15 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 228 16 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 228 17 third third JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 228 18 millennium millennium NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 228 19 BC BC NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 228 20 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9307 229 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 229 2 54 54 CD en-wikipedia-org-9307 229 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 229 4 For for IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 229 5 much much JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 229 6 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 229 7 history history NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 229 8 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 229 9 Mesopotamia Mesopotamia NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 229 10 served serve VBD en-wikipedia-org-9307 229 11 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 229 12 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 229 13 trade trade NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 229 14 nexus nexus NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 229 15 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-9307 229 16 east east NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 229 17 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-9307 229 18 west west NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 229 19 between between IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 229 20 Central Central NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 229 21 Asia Asia NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 229 22 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9307 229 23 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 229 24 Mediterranean Mediterranean NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 229 25 world[55 world[55 NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 229 26 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 229 27 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 229 28 part part NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 229 29 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 229 30 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 229 31 Silk Silk NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 229 32 Road Road NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 229 33 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 229 34 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 229 35 as as RB en-wikipedia-org-9307 229 36 well well RB en-wikipedia-org-9307 229 37 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 229 38 north north NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 229 39 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-9307 229 40 south south NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 229 41 between between IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 229 42 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 229 43 Eastern Eastern NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 229 44 Europe Europe NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 229 45 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9307 229 46 Baghdad Baghdad NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 229 47 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 229 48 Volga Volga NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 229 49 trade trade NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 229 50 route route NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 229 51 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 229 52 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9307 230 1 Vasco Vasco NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 230 2 da da NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 230 3 Gama Gama NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 230 4 's 's POS en-wikipedia-org-9307 230 5 pioneering pioneering NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 230 6 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 230 7 1497 1497 CD en-wikipedia-org-9307 230 8 - - SYM en-wikipedia-org-9307 230 9 1499 1499 CD en-wikipedia-org-9307 230 10 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 230 11 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 230 12 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 230 13 sea sea NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 230 14 route route NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 230 15 between between IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 230 16 India India NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 230 17 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9307 230 18 Europe Europe NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 230 19 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9307 230 20 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 230 21 opening opening NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 230 22 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 230 23 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 230 24 Suez Suez NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 230 25 Canal Canal NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 230 26 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 230 27 1869 1869 CD en-wikipedia-org-9307 230 28 impacted impact VBN en-wikipedia-org-9307 230 29 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 230 30 this this DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 230 31 nexus nexus NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 230 32 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9307 231 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 231 2 56][57 56][57 CD en-wikipedia-org-9307 231 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 231 4 Government Government NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 231 5 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 231 6 geography geography NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 231 7 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 231 8 Mesopotamia Mesopotamia NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 231 9 had have VBD en-wikipedia-org-9307 231 10 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 231 11 profound profound JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 231 12 impact impact NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 231 13 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 231 14 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 231 15 political political JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 231 16 development development NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 231 17 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 231 18 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 231 19 region region NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 231 20 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9307 232 1 Among among IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 232 2 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 232 3 rivers river NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 232 4 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9307 232 5 streams stream NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 232 6 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 232 7 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 232 8 Sumerian sumerian JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 232 9 people people NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 232 10 built build VBD en-wikipedia-org-9307 232 11 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 232 12 first first JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 232 13 cities city NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 232 14 along along IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 232 15 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 232 16 irrigation irrigation NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 232 17 canals canal NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 232 18 which which WDT en-wikipedia-org-9307 232 19 were be VBD en-wikipedia-org-9307 232 20 separated separate VBN en-wikipedia-org-9307 232 21 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 232 22 vast vast JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 232 23 stretches stretch NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 232 24 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 232 25 open open JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 232 26 desert desert NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 232 27 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-9307 232 28 swamp swamp NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 232 29 where where WRB en-wikipedia-org-9307 232 30 nomadic nomadic JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 232 31 tribes tribe NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 232 32 roamed roam VBD en-wikipedia-org-9307 232 33 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9307 233 1 Communication communication NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 233 2 among among IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 233 3 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 233 4 isolated isolated JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 233 5 cities city NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 233 6 was be VBD en-wikipedia-org-9307 233 7 difficult difficult JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 233 8 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9307 233 9 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 233 10 at at IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 233 11 times time NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 233 12 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 233 13 dangerous dangerous JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 233 14 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9307 234 1 Thus thus RB en-wikipedia-org-9307 234 2 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 234 3 each each DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 234 4 Sumerian sumerian JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 234 5 city city NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 234 6 became become VBD en-wikipedia-org-9307 234 7 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 234 8 city city NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 234 9 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-9307 234 10 state state NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 234 11 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 234 12 independent independent JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 234 13 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 234 14 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 234 15 others other NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 234 16 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9307 234 17 protective protective JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 234 18 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 234 19 its -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-9307 234 20 independence independence NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 234 21 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9307 235 1 At at IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 235 2 times time NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 235 3 one one CD en-wikipedia-org-9307 235 4 city city NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 235 5 would would MD en-wikipedia-org-9307 235 6 try try VB en-wikipedia-org-9307 235 7 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-9307 235 8 conquer conquer VB en-wikipedia-org-9307 235 9 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9307 235 10 unify unify VB en-wikipedia-org-9307 235 11 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 235 12 region region NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 235 13 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 235 14 but but CC en-wikipedia-org-9307 235 15 such such JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 235 16 efforts effort NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 235 17 were be VBD en-wikipedia-org-9307 235 18 resisted resist VBN en-wikipedia-org-9307 235 19 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9307 235 20 failed fail VBN en-wikipedia-org-9307 235 21 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 235 22 centuries century NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 235 23 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9307 236 1 As as IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 236 2 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 236 3 result result NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 236 4 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 236 5 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 236 6 political political JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 236 7 history history NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 236 8 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 236 9 Sumer Sumer NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 236 10 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-9307 236 11 one one CD en-wikipedia-org-9307 236 12 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 236 13 almost almost RB en-wikipedia-org-9307 236 14 constant constant JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 236 15 warfare warfare NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 236 16 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9307 237 1 Eventually eventually RB en-wikipedia-org-9307 237 2 Sumer Sumer NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 237 3 was be VBD en-wikipedia-org-9307 237 4 unified unify VBN en-wikipedia-org-9307 237 5 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 237 6 Eannatum Eannatum NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 237 7 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 237 8 but but CC en-wikipedia-org-9307 237 9 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 237 10 unification unification NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 237 11 was be VBD en-wikipedia-org-9307 237 12 tenuous tenuous JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 237 13 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9307 237 14 failed fail VBD en-wikipedia-org-9307 237 15 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-9307 237 16 last last VB en-wikipedia-org-9307 237 17 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 237 18 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 237 19 Akkadians Akkadians NNPS en-wikipedia-org-9307 237 20 conquered conquer VBD en-wikipedia-org-9307 237 21 Sumeria Sumeria NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 237 22 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 237 23 2331 2331 CD en-wikipedia-org-9307 237 24 BC BC NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 237 25 only only RB en-wikipedia-org-9307 237 26 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 237 27 generation generation NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 237 28 later later RB en-wikipedia-org-9307 237 29 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9307 238 1 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 238 2 Akkadian Akkadian NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 238 3 Empire Empire NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 238 4 was be VBD en-wikipedia-org-9307 238 5 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 238 6 first first JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 238 7 successful successful JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 238 8 empire empire NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 238 9 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-9307 238 10 last last VB en-wikipedia-org-9307 238 11 beyond beyond IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 238 12 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 238 13 generation generation NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 238 14 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9307 238 15 see see VB en-wikipedia-org-9307 238 16 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 238 17 peaceful peaceful JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 238 18 succession succession NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 238 19 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 238 20 kings king NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 238 21 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9307 239 1 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 239 2 empire empire NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 239 3 was be VBD en-wikipedia-org-9307 239 4 relatively relatively RB en-wikipedia-org-9307 239 5 short short JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 239 6 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-9307 239 7 lived live VBN en-wikipedia-org-9307 239 8 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 239 9 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 239 10 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 239 11 Babylonians Babylonians NNPS en-wikipedia-org-9307 239 12 conquered conquer VBD en-wikipedia-org-9307 239 13 them -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-9307 239 14 within within IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 239 15 only only RB en-wikipedia-org-9307 239 16 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 239 17 few few JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 239 18 generations generation NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 239 19 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9307 240 1 Kings king NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 240 2 Further further JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 240 3 information information NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 240 4 : : : en-wikipedia-org-9307 240 5 Sumerian sumerian JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 240 6 King King NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 240 7 List List NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 240 8 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 240 9 List List NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 240 10 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 240 11 kings king NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 240 12 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 240 13 Babylon Babylon NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 240 14 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 240 15 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9307 240 16 List List NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 240 17 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 240 18 Assyrian Assyrian NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 240 19 kings king NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 240 20 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 240 21 Mesopotamians Mesopotamians NNPS en-wikipedia-org-9307 240 22 believed believe VBD en-wikipedia-org-9307 240 23 their -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-9307 240 24 kings king NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 240 25 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9307 240 26 queens queen NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 240 27 were be VBD en-wikipedia-org-9307 240 28 descended descend VBN en-wikipedia-org-9307 240 29 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 240 30 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 240 31 City City NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 240 32 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 240 33 Gods Gods NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 240 34 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 240 35 but but CC en-wikipedia-org-9307 240 36 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 240 37 unlike unlike IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 240 38 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 240 39 ancient ancient JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 240 40 Egyptians Egyptians NNPS en-wikipedia-org-9307 240 41 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 240 42 they -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-9307 240 43 never never RB en-wikipedia-org-9307 240 44 believed believe VBD en-wikipedia-org-9307 240 45 their -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-9307 240 46 kings king NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 240 47 were be VBD en-wikipedia-org-9307 240 48 real real JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 240 49 gods god NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 240 50 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9307 241 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 241 2 58 58 CD en-wikipedia-org-9307 241 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 241 4 Most Most JJS en-wikipedia-org-9307 241 5 kings king NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 241 6 named name VBD en-wikipedia-org-9307 241 7 themselves -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-9307 241 8 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-9307 241 9 king king NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 241 10 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 241 11 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 241 12 universe universe NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 241 13 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-9307 241 14 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-9307 241 15 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-9307 241 16 great great JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 241 17 king king NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 241 18 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-9307 241 19 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9307 242 1 Another another DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 242 2 common common JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 242 3 name name NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 242 4 was be VBD en-wikipedia-org-9307 242 5 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-9307 242 6 shepherd shepherd JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 242 7 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-9307 242 8 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 242 9 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 242 10 kings king NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 242 11 had have VBD en-wikipedia-org-9307 242 12 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-9307 242 13 look look VB en-wikipedia-org-9307 242 14 after after IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 242 15 their -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-9307 242 16 people people NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 242 17 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9307 243 1 Power power NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 243 2 When when WRB en-wikipedia-org-9307 243 3 Assyria Assyria NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 243 4 grew grow VBD en-wikipedia-org-9307 243 5 into into IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 243 6 an an DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 243 7 empire empire NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 243 8 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 243 9 it -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-9307 243 10 was be VBD en-wikipedia-org-9307 243 11 divided divide VBN en-wikipedia-org-9307 243 12 into into IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 243 13 smaller small JJR en-wikipedia-org-9307 243 14 parts part NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 243 15 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 243 16 called call VBN en-wikipedia-org-9307 243 17 provinces province NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 243 18 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9307 244 1 Each each DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 244 2 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 244 3 these these DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 244 4 were be VBD en-wikipedia-org-9307 244 5 named name VBN en-wikipedia-org-9307 244 6 after after IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 244 7 their -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-9307 244 8 main main JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 244 9 cities city NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 244 10 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 244 11 like like IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 244 12 Nineveh Nineveh NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 244 13 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 244 14 Samaria Samaria NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 244 15 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 244 16 Damascus Damascus NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 244 17 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 244 18 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9307 244 19 Arpad Arpad NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 244 20 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9307 245 1 They -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-9307 245 2 all all DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 245 3 had have VBD en-wikipedia-org-9307 245 4 their -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-9307 245 5 own own JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 245 6 governor governor NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 245 7 who who WP en-wikipedia-org-9307 245 8 had have VBD en-wikipedia-org-9307 245 9 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-9307 245 10 make make VB en-wikipedia-org-9307 245 11 sure sure JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 245 12 everyone everyone NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 245 13 paid pay VBD en-wikipedia-org-9307 245 14 their -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-9307 245 15 taxes taxis NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 245 16 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9307 246 1 Governors governor NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 246 2 also also RB en-wikipedia-org-9307 246 3 had have VBD en-wikipedia-org-9307 246 4 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-9307 246 5 call call VB en-wikipedia-org-9307 246 6 up up RP en-wikipedia-org-9307 246 7 soldiers soldier NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 246 8 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 246 9 war war NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 246 10 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9307 246 11 supply supply NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 246 12 workers worker NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 246 13 when when WRB en-wikipedia-org-9307 246 14 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 246 15 temple temple NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 246 16 was be VBD en-wikipedia-org-9307 246 17 built build VBN en-wikipedia-org-9307 246 18 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9307 247 1 He -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-9307 247 2 was be VBD en-wikipedia-org-9307 247 3 also also RB en-wikipedia-org-9307 247 4 responsible responsible JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 247 5 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 247 6 enforcing enforce VBG en-wikipedia-org-9307 247 7 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 247 8 laws law NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 247 9 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9307 248 1 In in IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 248 2 this this DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 248 3 way way NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 248 4 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 248 5 it -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-9307 248 6 was be VBD en-wikipedia-org-9307 248 7 easier easy JJR en-wikipedia-org-9307 248 8 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-9307 248 9 keep keep VB en-wikipedia-org-9307 248 10 control control NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 248 11 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 248 12 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 248 13 large large JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 248 14 empire empire NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 248 15 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9307 249 1 Although although IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 249 2 Babylon Babylon NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 249 3 was be VBD en-wikipedia-org-9307 249 4 quite quite PDT en-wikipedia-org-9307 249 5 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 249 6 small small JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 249 7 state state NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 249 8 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 249 9 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 249 10 Sumerian Sumerian NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 249 11 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 249 12 it -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-9307 249 13 grew grow VBD en-wikipedia-org-9307 249 14 tremendously tremendously RB en-wikipedia-org-9307 249 15 throughout throughout IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 249 16 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 249 17 time time NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 249 18 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 249 19 Hammurabi Hammurabi NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 249 20 's 's POS en-wikipedia-org-9307 249 21 rule rule NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 249 22 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9307 250 1 He -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-9307 250 2 was be VBD en-wikipedia-org-9307 250 3 known know VBN en-wikipedia-org-9307 250 4 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 250 5 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-9307 250 6 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 250 7 lawmaker lawmaker NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 250 8 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-9307 250 9 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 250 10 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9307 250 11 soon soon RB en-wikipedia-org-9307 250 12 Babylon Babylon NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 250 13 became become VBD en-wikipedia-org-9307 250 14 one one CD en-wikipedia-org-9307 250 15 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 250 16 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 250 17 main main JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 250 18 cities city NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 250 19 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 250 20 Mesopotamia Mesopotamia NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 250 21 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9307 251 1 It -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-9307 251 2 was be VBD en-wikipedia-org-9307 251 3 later later RB en-wikipedia-org-9307 251 4 called call VBN en-wikipedia-org-9307 251 5 Babylonia Babylonia NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 251 6 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 251 7 which which WDT en-wikipedia-org-9307 251 8 meant mean VBD en-wikipedia-org-9307 251 9 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-9307 251 10 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 251 11 gateway gateway NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 251 12 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 251 13 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 251 14 gods god NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 251 15 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9307 251 16 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-9307 252 1 It -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-9307 252 2 also also RB en-wikipedia-org-9307 252 3 became become VBD en-wikipedia-org-9307 252 4 one one CD en-wikipedia-org-9307 252 5 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 252 6 history history NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 252 7 's 's POS en-wikipedia-org-9307 252 8 greatest great JJS en-wikipedia-org-9307 252 9 centers center NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 252 10 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 252 11 learning learning NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 252 12 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9307 253 1 Warfare Warfare NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 253 2 Fragment Fragment NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 253 3 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 253 4 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 253 5 Stele Stele NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 253 6 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 253 7 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 253 8 Vultures vulture NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 253 9 showing show VBG en-wikipedia-org-9307 253 10 marching march VBG en-wikipedia-org-9307 253 11 warriors warrior NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 253 12 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 253 13 Early Early NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 253 14 Dynastic Dynastic NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 253 15 III iii CD en-wikipedia-org-9307 253 16 period period NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 253 17 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 253 18 2600–2350 2600–2350 CD en-wikipedia-org-9307 253 19 BC BC NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 253 20 One one CD en-wikipedia-org-9307 253 21 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 253 22 two two CD en-wikipedia-org-9307 253 23 figures figure NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 253 24 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 253 25 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 253 26 Ram Ram NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 253 27 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 253 28 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 253 29 Thicket Thicket NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 253 30 found find VBN en-wikipedia-org-9307 253 31 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 253 32 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 253 33 Royal Royal NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 253 34 Cemetery Cemetery NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 253 35 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 253 36 Ur Ur NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 253 37 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 253 38 2600–2400 2600–2400 CD en-wikipedia-org-9307 253 39 BC BC NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 253 40 With with IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 253 41 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 253 42 end end NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 253 43 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 253 44 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 253 45 Uruk Uruk NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 253 46 phase phase NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 253 47 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 253 48 walled walled JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 253 49 cities city NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 253 50 grew grow VBD en-wikipedia-org-9307 253 51 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9307 253 52 many many JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 253 53 isolated isolate VBN en-wikipedia-org-9307 253 54 Ubaid Ubaid NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 253 55 villages village NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 253 56 were be VBD en-wikipedia-org-9307 253 57 abandoned abandon VBN en-wikipedia-org-9307 253 58 indicating indicate VBG en-wikipedia-org-9307 253 59 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 253 60 rise rise NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 253 61 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 253 62 communal communal JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 253 63 violence violence NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 253 64 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9307 254 1 An an DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 254 2 early early JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 254 3 king king NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 254 4 Lugalbanda Lugalbanda NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 254 5 was be VBD en-wikipedia-org-9307 254 6 supposed suppose VBN en-wikipedia-org-9307 254 7 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-9307 254 8 have have VB en-wikipedia-org-9307 254 9 built build VBN en-wikipedia-org-9307 254 10 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 254 11 white white JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 254 12 walls wall NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 254 13 around around IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 254 14 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 254 15 city city NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 254 16 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9307 255 1 As as IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 255 2 city city NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 255 3 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-9307 255 4 states state NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 255 5 began begin VBD en-wikipedia-org-9307 255 6 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-9307 255 7 grow grow VB en-wikipedia-org-9307 255 8 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 255 9 their -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-9307 255 10 spheres sphere NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 255 11 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 255 12 influence influence NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 255 13 overlapped overlap VBD en-wikipedia-org-9307 255 14 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 255 15 creating create VBG en-wikipedia-org-9307 255 16 arguments argument NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 255 17 between between IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 255 18 other other JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 255 19 city city NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 255 20 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-9307 255 21 states state NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 255 22 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 255 23 especially especially RB en-wikipedia-org-9307 255 24 over over IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 255 25 land land NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 255 26 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9307 255 27 canals canal NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 255 28 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9307 256 1 These these DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 256 2 arguments argument NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 256 3 were be VBD en-wikipedia-org-9307 256 4 recorded record VBN en-wikipedia-org-9307 256 5 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 256 6 tablets tablet NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 256 7 several several JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 256 8 hundreds hundred NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 256 9 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 256 10 years year NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 256 11 before before IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 256 12 any any DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 256 13 major major JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 256 14 war war NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 256 15 — — : en-wikipedia-org-9307 256 16 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 256 17 first first JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 256 18 recording recording NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 256 19 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 256 20 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 256 21 war war NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 256 22 occurred occur VBD en-wikipedia-org-9307 256 23 around around IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 256 24 3200 3200 CD en-wikipedia-org-9307 256 25 BC BC NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 256 26 but but CC en-wikipedia-org-9307 256 27 was be VBD en-wikipedia-org-9307 256 28 not not RB en-wikipedia-org-9307 256 29 common common JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 256 30 until until IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 256 31 about about RB en-wikipedia-org-9307 256 32 2500 2500 CD en-wikipedia-org-9307 256 33 BC BC NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 256 34 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9307 257 1 An an DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 257 2 Early Early NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 257 3 Dynastic dynastic JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 257 4 II II NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 257 5 king king NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 257 6 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 257 7 Ensi Ensi NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 257 8 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 257 9 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 257 10 Uruk Uruk NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 257 11 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 257 12 Sumer Sumer NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 257 13 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 257 14 Gilgamesh Gilgamesh NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 257 15 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 257 16 c. c. NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 257 17 2600 2600 CD en-wikipedia-org-9307 257 18 BC BC NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 257 19 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 257 20 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 257 21 was be VBD en-wikipedia-org-9307 257 22 commended commend VBN en-wikipedia-org-9307 257 23 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 257 24 military military JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 257 25 exploits exploit NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 257 26 against against IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 257 27 Humbaba Humbaba NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 257 28 guardian guardian NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 257 29 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 257 30 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 257 31 Cedar Cedar NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 257 32 Mountain Mountain NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 257 33 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 257 34 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9307 257 35 was be VBD en-wikipedia-org-9307 257 36 later later RB en-wikipedia-org-9307 257 37 celebrated celebrate VBN en-wikipedia-org-9307 257 38 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 257 39 many many JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 257 40 later later JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 257 41 poems poem NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 257 42 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9307 257 43 songs song NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 257 44 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 257 45 which which WDT en-wikipedia-org-9307 257 46 he -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-9307 257 47 was be VBD en-wikipedia-org-9307 257 48 claimed claim VBN en-wikipedia-org-9307 257 49 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-9307 257 50 be be VB en-wikipedia-org-9307 257 51 two two CD en-wikipedia-org-9307 257 52 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-9307 257 53 thirds third NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 257 54 god god NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 257 55 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9307 257 56 only only RB en-wikipedia-org-9307 257 57 one one CD en-wikipedia-org-9307 257 58 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-9307 257 59 third third NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 257 60 human human NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 257 61 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9307 258 1 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 258 2 later later JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 258 3 Stele Stele NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 258 4 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 258 5 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 258 6 Vultures vulture NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 258 7 at at IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 258 8 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 258 9 end end NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 258 10 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 258 11 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 258 12 Early Early NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 258 13 Dynastic Dynastic NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 258 14 III iii CD en-wikipedia-org-9307 258 15 period period NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 258 16 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 258 17 2600–2350 2600–2350 CD en-wikipedia-org-9307 258 18 BC BC NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 258 19 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 258 20 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 258 21 commemorating commemorate VBG en-wikipedia-org-9307 258 22 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 258 23 victory victory NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 258 24 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 258 25 Eannatum Eannatum NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 258 26 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 258 27 Lagash Lagash NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 258 28 over over IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 258 29 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 258 30 neighbouring neighbour VBG en-wikipedia-org-9307 258 31 rival rival JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 258 32 city city NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 258 33 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 258 34 Umma Umma NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 258 35 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-9307 258 36 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 258 37 oldest old JJS en-wikipedia-org-9307 258 38 monument monument NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 258 39 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 258 40 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 258 41 world world NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 258 42 that that WDT en-wikipedia-org-9307 258 43 celebrates celebrate VBZ en-wikipedia-org-9307 258 44 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 258 45 massacre massacre NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 258 46 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9307 259 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 259 2 59 59 CD en-wikipedia-org-9307 259 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 259 4 From from IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 259 5 this this DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 259 6 point point NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 259 7 forwards forwards RB en-wikipedia-org-9307 259 8 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 259 9 warfare warfare NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 259 10 was be VBD en-wikipedia-org-9307 259 11 incorporated incorporate VBN en-wikipedia-org-9307 259 12 into into IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 259 13 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 259 14 Mesopotamian mesopotamian JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 259 15 political political JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 259 16 system system NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 259 17 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9307 260 1 At at IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 260 2 times time NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 260 3 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 260 4 neutral neutral JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 260 5 city city NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 260 6 may may MD en-wikipedia-org-9307 260 7 act act VB en-wikipedia-org-9307 260 8 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 260 9 an an DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 260 10 arbitrator arbitrator NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 260 11 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 260 12 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 260 13 two two CD en-wikipedia-org-9307 260 14 rival rival JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 260 15 cities city NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 260 16 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9307 261 1 This this DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 261 2 helped help VBD en-wikipedia-org-9307 261 3 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-9307 261 4 form form VB en-wikipedia-org-9307 261 5 unions union NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 261 6 between between IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 261 7 cities city NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 261 8 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 261 9 leading lead VBG en-wikipedia-org-9307 261 10 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 261 11 regional regional JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 261 12 states state NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 261 13 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9307 262 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 262 2 58 58 CD en-wikipedia-org-9307 262 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 262 4 When when WRB en-wikipedia-org-9307 262 5 empires empire NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 262 6 were be VBD en-wikipedia-org-9307 262 7 created create VBN en-wikipedia-org-9307 262 8 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 262 9 they -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-9307 262 10 went go VBD en-wikipedia-org-9307 262 11 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 262 12 war war NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 262 13 more more RBR en-wikipedia-org-9307 262 14 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 262 15 foreign foreign JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 262 16 countries country NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 262 17 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9307 263 1 King King NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 263 2 Sargon Sargon NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 263 3 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 263 4 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 263 5 example example NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 263 6 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 263 7 conquered conquer VBD en-wikipedia-org-9307 263 8 all all PDT en-wikipedia-org-9307 263 9 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 263 10 cities city NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 263 11 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 263 12 Sumer Sumer NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 263 13 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 263 14 some some DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 263 15 cities city NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 263 16 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 263 17 Mari Mari NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 263 18 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 263 19 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9307 263 20 then then RB en-wikipedia-org-9307 263 21 went go VBD en-wikipedia-org-9307 263 22 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 263 23 war war NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 263 24 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 263 25 northern northern JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 263 26 Syria Syria NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 263 27 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9307 264 1 Many many JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 264 2 Assyrian assyrian JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 264 3 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9307 264 4 Babylonian babylonian JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 264 5 palace palace NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 264 6 walls wall NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 264 7 were be VBD en-wikipedia-org-9307 264 8 decorated decorate VBN en-wikipedia-org-9307 264 9 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 264 10 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 264 11 pictures picture NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 264 12 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 264 13 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 264 14 successful successful JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 264 15 fights fight NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 264 16 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9307 264 17 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 264 18 enemy enemy NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 264 19 either either CC en-wikipedia-org-9307 264 20 desperately desperately RB en-wikipedia-org-9307 264 21 escaping escape VBG en-wikipedia-org-9307 264 22 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-9307 264 23 hiding hide VBG en-wikipedia-org-9307 264 24 amongst amongst IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 264 25 reeds reed NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 264 26 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9307 265 1 Laws law NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 265 2 See see VBP en-wikipedia-org-9307 265 3 also also RB en-wikipedia-org-9307 265 4 : : : en-wikipedia-org-9307 265 5 Mesopotamian mesopotamian JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 265 6 marriage marriage NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 265 7 law law NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 265 8 City city NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 265 9 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-9307 265 10 states state NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 265 11 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 265 12 Mesopotamia Mesopotamia NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 265 13 created create VBD en-wikipedia-org-9307 265 14 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 265 15 first first JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 265 16 law law NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 265 17 codes code NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 265 18 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 265 19 drawn draw VBN en-wikipedia-org-9307 265 20 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 265 21 legal legal JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 265 22 precedence precedence NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 265 23 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9307 265 24 decisions decision NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 265 25 made make VBN en-wikipedia-org-9307 265 26 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 265 27 kings king NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 265 28 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9307 266 1 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 266 2 codes code NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 266 3 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 266 4 Urukagina Urukagina NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 266 5 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9307 266 6 Lipit Lipit NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 266 7 Ishtar Ishtar NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 266 8 have have VBP en-wikipedia-org-9307 266 9 been be VBN en-wikipedia-org-9307 266 10 found find VBN en-wikipedia-org-9307 266 11 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9307 267 1 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 267 2 most most RBS en-wikipedia-org-9307 267 3 renowned renowned JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 267 4 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 267 5 these these DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 267 6 was be VBD en-wikipedia-org-9307 267 7 that that DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 267 8 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 267 9 Hammurabi Hammurabi NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 267 10 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 267 11 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 267 12 mentioned mention VBN en-wikipedia-org-9307 267 13 above above RB en-wikipedia-org-9307 267 14 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 267 15 who who WP en-wikipedia-org-9307 267 16 was be VBD en-wikipedia-org-9307 267 17 posthumously posthumously RB en-wikipedia-org-9307 267 18 famous famous JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 267 19 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 267 20 his -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-9307 267 21 set set NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 267 22 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 267 23 laws law NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 267 24 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 267 25 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 267 26 Code Code NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 267 27 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 267 28 Hammurabi Hammurabi NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 267 29 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 267 30 created create VBN en-wikipedia-org-9307 267 31 c. c. NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 267 32 1780 1780 CD en-wikipedia-org-9307 267 33 BC BC NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 267 34 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 267 35 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 267 36 which which WDT en-wikipedia-org-9307 267 37 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-9307 267 38 one one CD en-wikipedia-org-9307 267 39 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 267 40 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 267 41 earliest early JJS en-wikipedia-org-9307 267 42 sets set NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 267 43 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 267 44 laws law NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 267 45 found find VBN en-wikipedia-org-9307 267 46 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9307 267 47 one one CD en-wikipedia-org-9307 267 48 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 267 49 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 267 50 best good JJS en-wikipedia-org-9307 267 51 preserved preserve VBN en-wikipedia-org-9307 267 52 examples example NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 267 53 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 267 54 this this DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 267 55 type type NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 267 56 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 267 57 document document NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 267 58 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 267 59 ancient ancient JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 267 60 Mesopotamia Mesopotamia NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 267 61 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9307 268 1 He -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-9307 268 2 codified codify VBD en-wikipedia-org-9307 268 3 over over IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 268 4 200 200 CD en-wikipedia-org-9307 268 5 laws law NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 268 6 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 268 7 Mesopotamia Mesopotamia NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 268 8 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9307 269 1 Examination examination NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 269 2 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 269 3 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 269 4 laws law NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 269 5 show show VBP en-wikipedia-org-9307 269 6 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 269 7 progressive progressive JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 269 8 weakening weakening NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 269 9 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 269 10 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 269 11 rights right NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 269 12 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 269 13 women woman NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 269 14 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 269 15 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9307 269 16 increasing increase VBG en-wikipedia-org-9307 269 17 severity severity NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 269 18 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 269 19 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 269 20 treatment treatment NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 269 21 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 269 22 slaves[60 slaves[60 NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 269 23 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 269 24 Art art NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 269 25 Main Main NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 269 26 article article NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 269 27 : : : en-wikipedia-org-9307 269 28 Art art NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 269 29 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 269 30 Mesopotamia Mesopotamia NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 269 31 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-9307 269 32 Pair Pair NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 269 33 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 269 34 Basket basket NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 269 35 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-9307 269 36 Shaped shape VBN en-wikipedia-org-9307 269 37 Hair Hair NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 269 38 Ornaments Ornaments NNPS en-wikipedia-org-9307 269 39 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-9307 269 40 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 269 41 c. c. NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 269 42 2000 2000 CD en-wikipedia-org-9307 269 43 BC BC NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 269 44 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9307 270 1 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 270 2 art art NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 270 3 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 270 4 Mesopotamia Mesopotamia NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 270 5 rivalled rival VBD en-wikipedia-org-9307 270 6 that that DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 270 7 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 270 8 Ancient Ancient NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 270 9 Egypt Egypt NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 270 10 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 270 11 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 270 12 most most RBS en-wikipedia-org-9307 270 13 grand grand JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 270 14 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 270 15 sophisticated sophisticated JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 270 16 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9307 270 17 elaborate elaborate JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 270 18 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 270 19 western western JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 270 20 Eurasia Eurasia NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 270 21 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 270 22 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 270 23 4th 4th JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 270 24 millennium millennium NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 270 25 BC BC NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 270 26 until until IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 270 27 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 270 28 Persian Persian NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 270 29 Achaemenid Achaemenid NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 270 30 Empire Empire NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 270 31 conquered conquer VBD en-wikipedia-org-9307 270 32 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 270 33 region region NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 270 34 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 270 35 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 270 36 6th 6th JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 270 37 century century NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 270 38 BC BC NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 270 39 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9307 271 1 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 271 2 main main JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 271 3 emphasis emphasis NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 271 4 was be VBD en-wikipedia-org-9307 271 5 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 271 6 various various JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 271 7 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 271 8 very very RB en-wikipedia-org-9307 271 9 durable durable JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 271 10 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 271 11 forms form NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 271 12 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 271 13 sculpture sculpture NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 271 14 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 271 15 stone stone NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 271 16 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9307 271 17 clay clay NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 271 18 ; ; , en-wikipedia-org-9307 271 19 little little JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 271 20 painting painting NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 271 21 has have VBZ en-wikipedia-org-9307 271 22 survived survive VBN en-wikipedia-org-9307 271 23 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 271 24 but but CC en-wikipedia-org-9307 271 25 what what WP en-wikipedia-org-9307 271 26 has have VBZ en-wikipedia-org-9307 271 27 suggests suggest NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 271 28 that that IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 271 29 painting painting NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 271 30 was be VBD en-wikipedia-org-9307 271 31 mainly mainly RB en-wikipedia-org-9307 271 32 used use VBN en-wikipedia-org-9307 271 33 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 271 34 geometrical geometrical JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 271 35 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9307 271 36 plant plant NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 271 37 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-9307 271 38 based base VBN en-wikipedia-org-9307 271 39 decorative decorative JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 271 40 schemes scheme NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 271 41 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 271 42 though though IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 271 43 most most JJS en-wikipedia-org-9307 271 44 sculpture sculpture NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 271 45 was be VBD en-wikipedia-org-9307 271 46 also also RB en-wikipedia-org-9307 271 47 painted paint VBN en-wikipedia-org-9307 271 48 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9307 272 1 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 272 2 Protoliterate Protoliterate NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 272 3 period period NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 272 4 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 272 5 dominated dominate VBN en-wikipedia-org-9307 272 6 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 272 7 Uruk Uruk NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 272 8 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 272 9 saw see VBD en-wikipedia-org-9307 272 10 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 272 11 production production NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 272 12 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 272 13 sophisticated sophisticated JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 272 14 works work NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 272 15 like like IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 272 16 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 272 17 Warka Warka NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 272 18 Vase Vase NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 272 19 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9307 272 20 cylinder cylinder NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 272 21 seals seal NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 272 22 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9307 273 1 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 273 2 Guennol Guennol NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 273 3 Lioness Lioness NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 273 4 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-9307 273 5 an an DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 273 6 outstanding outstanding JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 273 7 small small JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 273 8 limestone limestone NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 273 9 figure figure NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 273 10 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 273 11 Elam Elam NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 273 12 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 273 13 about about RB en-wikipedia-org-9307 273 14 3000–2800 3000–2800 CD en-wikipedia-org-9307 273 15 BC BC NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 273 16 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 273 17 part part NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 273 18 man man NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 273 19 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9307 273 20 part part NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 273 21 lion lion NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 273 22 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9307 274 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 274 2 61 61 CD en-wikipedia-org-9307 274 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 274 4 A a DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 274 5 little little JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 274 6 later later RB en-wikipedia-org-9307 274 7 there there EX en-wikipedia-org-9307 274 8 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-9307 274 9 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 274 10 number number NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 274 11 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 274 12 figures figure NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 274 13 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 274 14 large large JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 274 15 - 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NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 276 15 2650 2650 CD en-wikipedia-org-9307 276 16 BC BC NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 276 17 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 276 18 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 276 19 including include VBG en-wikipedia-org-9307 276 20 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 276 21 two two CD en-wikipedia-org-9307 276 22 figures figure NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 276 23 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 276 24 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 276 25 Ram Ram NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 276 26 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 276 27 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 276 28 Thicket Thicket NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 276 29 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 276 30 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 276 31 Copper Copper NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 276 32 Bull Bull NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 276 33 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9307 276 34 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 276 35 bull bull NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 276 36 's 's POS en-wikipedia-org-9307 276 37 head head NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 276 38 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 276 39 one one CD en-wikipedia-org-9307 276 40 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 276 41 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 276 42 Lyres Lyres NNPS en-wikipedia-org-9307 276 43 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 276 44 Ur Ur NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 276 45 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9307 277 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 277 2 63 63 CD en-wikipedia-org-9307 277 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 277 4 From from IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 277 5 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 277 6 many many JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 277 7 subsequent subsequent JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 277 8 periods period NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 277 9 before before IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 277 10 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 277 11 ascendency ascendency NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 277 12 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 277 13 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 277 14 Neo Neo NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 277 15 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-9307 277 16 Assyrian Assyrian NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 277 17 Empire Empire NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 277 18 Mesopotamian mesopotamian JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 277 19 art art NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 277 20 survives survive VBZ en-wikipedia-org-9307 277 21 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 277 22 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 277 23 number number NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 277 24 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 277 25 forms form NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 277 26 : : : en-wikipedia-org-9307 277 27 cylinder cylinder NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 277 28 seals seal NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 277 29 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 277 30 relatively relatively RB en-wikipedia-org-9307 277 31 small small JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 277 32 figures figure NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 277 33 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 277 34 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 277 35 round round NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 277 36 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 277 37 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9307 277 38 reliefs relief NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 277 39 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 277 40 various various JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 277 41 sizes size NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 277 42 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 277 43 including include VBG en-wikipedia-org-9307 277 44 cheap cheap JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 277 45 plaques plaque NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 277 46 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 277 47 moulded moulded JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 277 48 pottery pottery NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 277 49 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 277 50 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 277 51 home home NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 277 52 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 277 53 some some DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 277 54 religious religious JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 277 55 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9307 277 56 some some DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 277 57 apparently apparently RB en-wikipedia-org-9307 277 58 not not RB en-wikipedia-org-9307 277 59 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9307 278 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 278 2 64 64 CD en-wikipedia-org-9307 278 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 278 4 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 278 5 Burney Burney NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 278 6 Relief Relief NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 278 7 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-9307 278 8 an an DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 278 9 unusual unusual JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 278 10 elaborate elaborate NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 278 11 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9307 278 12 relatively relatively RB en-wikipedia-org-9307 278 13 large large JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 278 14 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 278 15 20 20 CD en-wikipedia-org-9307 278 16 x x SYM en-wikipedia-org-9307 278 17 15 15 CD en-wikipedia-org-9307 278 18   _SP en-wikipedia-org-9307 278 19 inches inch NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 278 20 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 278 21 terracotta terracotta NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 278 22 plaque plaque NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 278 23 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 278 24 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 278 25 naked naked JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 278 26 winged winged JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 278 27 goddess goddess NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 278 28 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 278 29 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 278 30 feet foot NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 278 31 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 278 32 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 278 33 bird bird NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 278 34 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 278 35 prey prey NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 278 36 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 278 37 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9307 278 38 attendant attendant JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 278 39 owls owl NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 278 40 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9307 278 41 lions lion NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 278 42 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9307 279 1 It -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-9307 279 2 comes come VBZ en-wikipedia-org-9307 279 3 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 279 4 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 279 5 18th 18th JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 279 6 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-9307 279 7 19th 19th JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 279 8 centuries century NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 279 9 BC BC NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 279 10 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 279 11 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9307 279 12 may may MD en-wikipedia-org-9307 279 13 also also RB en-wikipedia-org-9307 279 14 be be VB en-wikipedia-org-9307 279 15 moulded mould VBN en-wikipedia-org-9307 279 16 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9307 280 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 280 2 65 65 CD en-wikipedia-org-9307 280 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 280 4 Stone stone NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 280 5 stelae stele NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 280 6 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 280 7 votive votive JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 280 8 offerings offering NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 280 9 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 280 10 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-9307 280 11 ones one NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 280 12 probably probably RB en-wikipedia-org-9307 280 13 commemorating commemorate VBG en-wikipedia-org-9307 280 14 victories victory NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 280 15 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9307 280 16 showing show VBG en-wikipedia-org-9307 280 17 feasts feast NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 280 18 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 280 19 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-9307 280 20 also also RB en-wikipedia-org-9307 280 21 found find VBN en-wikipedia-org-9307 280 22 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 280 23 temples temple NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 280 24 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 280 25 which which WDT en-wikipedia-org-9307 280 26 unlike unlike IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 280 27 more more JJR en-wikipedia-org-9307 280 28 official official JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 280 29 ones one NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 280 30 lack lack VBP en-wikipedia-org-9307 280 31 inscriptions inscription NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 280 32 that that WDT en-wikipedia-org-9307 280 33 would would MD en-wikipedia-org-9307 280 34 explain explain VB en-wikipedia-org-9307 280 35 them;[66 them;[66 NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 280 36 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 280 37 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 280 38 fragmentary fragmentary JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 280 39 Stele Stele NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 280 40 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 280 41 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 280 42 Vultures Vultures NNPS en-wikipedia-org-9307 280 43 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-9307 280 44 an an DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 280 45 early early JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 280 46 example example NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 280 47 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 280 48 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 280 49 inscribed inscribed JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 280 50 type,[67 type,[67 CD en-wikipedia-org-9307 280 51 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 280 52 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9307 280 53 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 280 54 Assyrian Assyrian NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 280 55 Black Black NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 280 56 Obelisk Obelisk NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 280 57 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 280 58 Shalmaneser Shalmaneser NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 280 59 III III NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 280 60 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 280 61 large large JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 280 62 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9307 280 63 solid solid JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 280 64 late late JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 280 65 one one CD en-wikipedia-org-9307 280 66 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9307 281 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 281 2 68 68 CD en-wikipedia-org-9307 281 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 281 4 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 281 5 conquest conquest NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 281 6 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 281 7 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 281 8 whole whole NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 281 9 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 281 10 Mesopotamia Mesopotamia NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 281 11 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9307 281 12 much much JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 281 13 surrounding surround VBG en-wikipedia-org-9307 281 14 territory territory NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 281 15 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 281 16 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 281 17 Assyrians Assyrians NNPS en-wikipedia-org-9307 281 18 created create VBD en-wikipedia-org-9307 281 19 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 281 20 larger large JJR en-wikipedia-org-9307 281 21 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9307 281 22 wealthier wealthy JJR en-wikipedia-org-9307 281 23 state state NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 281 24 than than IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 281 25 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 281 26 region region NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 281 27 had have VBD en-wikipedia-org-9307 281 28 known know VBN en-wikipedia-org-9307 281 29 before before RB en-wikipedia-org-9307 281 30 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 281 31 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9307 281 32 very very RB en-wikipedia-org-9307 281 33 grandiose grandiose JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 281 34 art art NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 281 35 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 281 36 palaces palace NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 281 37 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9307 281 38 public public JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 281 39 places place NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 281 40 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 281 41 no no RB en-wikipedia-org-9307 281 42 doubt doubt RB en-wikipedia-org-9307 281 43 partly partly RB en-wikipedia-org-9307 281 44 intended intend VBN en-wikipedia-org-9307 281 45 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-9307 281 46 match match VB en-wikipedia-org-9307 281 47 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 281 48 splendour splendour NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 281 49 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 281 50 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 281 51 art art NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 281 52 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 281 53 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 281 54 neighbouring neighbouring JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 281 55 Egyptian egyptian JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 281 56 empire empire NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 281 57 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9307 282 1 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 282 2 Assyrians Assyrians NNPS en-wikipedia-org-9307 282 3 developed develop VBD en-wikipedia-org-9307 282 4 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 282 5 style style NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 282 6 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 282 7 extremely extremely RB en-wikipedia-org-9307 282 8 large large JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 282 9 schemes scheme NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 282 10 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 282 11 very very RB en-wikipedia-org-9307 282 12 finely finely RB en-wikipedia-org-9307 282 13 detailed detailed JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 282 14 narrative narrative JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 282 15 low low JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 282 16 reliefs relief NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 282 17 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 282 18 stone stone NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 282 19 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 282 20 palaces palace NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 282 21 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 282 22 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 282 23 scenes scene NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 282 24 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 282 25 war war NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 282 26 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-9307 282 27 hunting hunting NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 282 28 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-9307 282 29 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 282 30 British British NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 282 31 Museum Museum NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 282 32 has have VBZ en-wikipedia-org-9307 282 33 an an DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 282 34 outstanding outstanding JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 282 35 collection collection NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 282 36 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9307 283 1 They -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-9307 283 2 produced produce VBD en-wikipedia-org-9307 283 3 very very RB en-wikipedia-org-9307 283 4 little little JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 283 5 sculpture sculpture NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 283 6 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 283 7 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 283 8 round round NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 283 9 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 283 10 except except IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 283 11 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 283 12 colossal colossal JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 283 13 guardian guardian NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 283 14 figures figure NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 283 15 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 283 16 often often RB en-wikipedia-org-9307 283 17 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 283 18 human human NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 283 19 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-9307 283 20 headed head VBN en-wikipedia-org-9307 283 21 lamassu lamassu NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 283 22 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 283 23 which which WDT en-wikipedia-org-9307 283 24 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-9307 283 25 sculpted sculpt VBN en-wikipedia-org-9307 283 26 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 283 27 high high JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 283 28 relief relief NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 283 29 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 283 30 two two CD en-wikipedia-org-9307 283 31 sides side NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 283 32 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 283 33 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 283 34 rectangular rectangular JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 283 35 block block NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 283 36 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 283 37 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 283 38 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 283 39 heads head NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 283 40 effectively effectively RB en-wikipedia-org-9307 283 41 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 283 42 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 283 43 round round NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 283 44 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 283 45 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9307 283 46 also also RB en-wikipedia-org-9307 283 47 five five CD en-wikipedia-org-9307 283 48 legs leg NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 283 49 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 283 50 so so IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 283 51 that that IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 283 52 both both DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 283 53 views view NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 283 54 seem seem VBP en-wikipedia-org-9307 283 55 complete complete JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 283 56 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 283 57 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9307 284 1 Even even RB en-wikipedia-org-9307 284 2 before before IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 284 3 dominating dominate VBG en-wikipedia-org-9307 284 4 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 284 5 region region NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 284 6 they -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-9307 284 7 had have VBD en-wikipedia-org-9307 284 8 continued continue VBN en-wikipedia-org-9307 284 9 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 284 10 cylinder cylinder NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 284 11 seal seal NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 284 12 tradition tradition NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 284 13 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 284 14 designs design NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 284 15 which which WDT en-wikipedia-org-9307 284 16 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-9307 284 17 often often RB en-wikipedia-org-9307 284 18 exceptionally exceptionally RB en-wikipedia-org-9307 284 19 energetic energetic JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 284 20 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9307 284 21 refined refined JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 284 22 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9307 285 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 285 2 69 69 CD en-wikipedia-org-9307 285 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 285 4 Architecture Architecture NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 285 5 A a DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 285 6 suggested suggest VBN en-wikipedia-org-9307 285 7 reconstruction reconstruction NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 285 8 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 285 9 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 285 10 appearance appearance NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 285 11 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 285 12 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 285 13 Sumerian sumerian JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 285 14 ziggurat ziggurat NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 285 15 Main main JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 285 16 article article NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 285 17 : : : en-wikipedia-org-9307 285 18 Architecture architecture NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 285 19 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 285 20 Mesopotamia Mesopotamia NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 285 21 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 285 22 study study NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 285 23 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 285 24 ancient ancient JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 285 25 Mesopotamian mesopotamian JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 285 26 architecture architecture NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 285 27 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-9307 285 28 based base VBN en-wikipedia-org-9307 285 29 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 285 30 available available JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 285 31 archaeological archaeological JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 285 32 evidence evidence NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 285 33 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 285 34 pictorial pictorial JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 285 35 representation representation NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 285 36 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 285 37 buildings building NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 285 38 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 285 39 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9307 285 40 texts text NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 285 41 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 285 42 building building NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 285 43 practices practice NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 285 44 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9307 286 1 Scholarly scholarly JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 286 2 literature literature NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 286 3 usually usually RB en-wikipedia-org-9307 286 4 concentrates concentrate VBZ en-wikipedia-org-9307 286 5 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 286 6 temples temple NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 286 7 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 286 8 palaces palace NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 286 9 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 286 10 city city NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 286 11 walls wall NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 286 12 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9307 286 13 gates gate NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 286 14 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 286 15 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9307 286 16 other other JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 286 17 monumental monumental JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 286 18 buildings building NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 286 19 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 286 20 but but CC en-wikipedia-org-9307 286 21 occasionally occasionally RB en-wikipedia-org-9307 286 22 one one NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 286 23 finds find VBZ en-wikipedia-org-9307 286 24 works work NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 286 25 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 286 26 residential residential JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 286 27 architecture architecture NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 286 28 as as RB en-wikipedia-org-9307 286 29 well well RB en-wikipedia-org-9307 286 30 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9307 287 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 287 2 70 70 CD en-wikipedia-org-9307 287 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 287 4 Archaeological archaeological JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 287 5 surface surface NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 287 6 surveys survey NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 287 7 also also RB en-wikipedia-org-9307 287 8 allowed allow VBD en-wikipedia-org-9307 287 9 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 287 10 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 287 11 study study NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 287 12 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 287 13 urban urban JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 287 14 form form NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 287 15 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 287 16 early early JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 287 17 Mesopotamian mesopotamian JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 287 18 cities city NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 287 19 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9307 288 1 Brick brick NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 288 2 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-9307 288 3 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 288 4 dominant dominant JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 288 5 material material NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 288 6 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 288 7 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 288 8 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 288 9 material material NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 288 10 was be VBD en-wikipedia-org-9307 288 11 freely freely RB en-wikipedia-org-9307 288 12 available available JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 288 13 locally locally RB en-wikipedia-org-9307 288 14 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 288 15 whereas whereas IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 288 16 building build VBG en-wikipedia-org-9307 288 17 stone stone NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 288 18 had have VBD en-wikipedia-org-9307 288 19 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-9307 288 20 be be VB en-wikipedia-org-9307 288 21 brought bring VBN en-wikipedia-org-9307 288 22 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 288 23 considerable considerable JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 288 24 distance distance NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 288 25 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 288 26 most most JJS en-wikipedia-org-9307 288 27 cities city NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 288 28 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9307 289 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 289 2 71 71 CD en-wikipedia-org-9307 289 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 289 4 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 289 5 ziggurat ziggurat NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 289 6 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-9307 289 7 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 289 8 most most RBS en-wikipedia-org-9307 289 9 distinctive distinctive JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 289 10 form form NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 289 11 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 289 12 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9307 289 13 cities city NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 289 14 often often RB en-wikipedia-org-9307 289 15 had have VBD en-wikipedia-org-9307 289 16 large large JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 289 17 gateways gateway NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 289 18 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 289 19 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 289 20 which which WDT en-wikipedia-org-9307 289 21 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 289 22 Ishtar Ishtar NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 289 23 Gate Gate NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 289 24 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 289 25 Neo Neo NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 289 26 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-9307 289 27 Babylonian Babylonian NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 289 28 Babylon Babylon NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 289 29 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 289 30 decorated decorate VBD en-wikipedia-org-9307 289 31 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 289 32 beasts beast NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 289 33 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 289 34 polychrome polychrome JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 289 35 brick brick NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 289 36 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 289 37 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-9307 289 38 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 289 39 most most RBS en-wikipedia-org-9307 289 40 famous famous JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 289 41 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 289 42 now now RB en-wikipedia-org-9307 289 43 largely largely RB en-wikipedia-org-9307 289 44 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 289 45 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 289 46 Pergamon Pergamon NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 289 47 Museum Museum NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 289 48 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 289 49 Berlin Berlin NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 289 50 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9307 290 1 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 290 2 most most RBS en-wikipedia-org-9307 290 3 notable notable JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 290 4 architectural architectural NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 290 5 remains remain VBZ en-wikipedia-org-9307 290 6 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 290 7 early early JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 290 8 Mesopotamia Mesopotamia NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 290 9 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-9307 290 10 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 290 11 temple temple NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 290 12 complexes complex NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 290 13 at at IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 290 14 Uruk Uruk NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 290 15 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 290 16 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 290 17 4th 4th JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 290 18 millennium millennium NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 290 19 BC BC NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 290 20 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 290 21 temples temple NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 290 22 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9307 290 23 palaces palace NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 290 24 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 290 25 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 290 26 Early early JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 290 27 Dynastic dynastic JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 290 28 period period NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 290 29 sites site NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 290 30 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 290 31 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 290 32 Diyala Diyala NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 290 33 River River NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 290 34 valley valley NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 290 35 such such JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 290 36 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 290 37 Khafajah Khafajah NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 290 38 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9307 290 39 Tell tell VB en-wikipedia-org-9307 290 40 Asmar Asmar NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 290 41 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 290 42 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 290 43 Third Third NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 290 44 Dynasty Dynasty NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 290 45 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 290 46 Ur Ur NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 290 47 remains remain VBZ en-wikipedia-org-9307 290 48 at at IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 290 49 Nippur Nippur NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 290 50 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 290 51 Sanctuary Sanctuary NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 290 52 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 290 53 Enlil Enlil NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 290 54 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 290 55 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9307 290 56 Ur Ur NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 290 57 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 290 58 Sanctuary Sanctuary NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 290 59 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 290 60 Nanna Nanna NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 290 61 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 290 62 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 290 63 Middle Middle NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 290 64 Bronze Bronze NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 290 65 Age Age NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 290 66 remains remain VBZ en-wikipedia-org-9307 290 67 at at IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 290 68 Syrian syrian JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 290 69 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-9307 290 70 Turkish turkish JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 290 71 sites site NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 290 72 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 290 73 Ebla Ebla NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 290 74 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 290 75 Mari Mari NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 290 76 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 290 77 Alalakh Alalakh NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 290 78 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 290 79 Aleppo Aleppo NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 290 80 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9307 290 81 Kultepe Kultepe NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 290 82 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 290 83 Late Late NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 290 84 Bronze Bronze NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 290 85 Age Age NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 290 86 palaces palace NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 290 87 at at IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 290 88 Hattusa Hattusa NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 290 89 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 290 90 Ugarit Ugarit NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 290 91 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 290 92 Ashur Ashur NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 290 93 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9307 290 94 Nuzi Nuzi NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 290 95 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 290 96 Iron Iron NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 290 97 Age Age NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 290 98 palaces palace NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 290 99 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9307 290 100 temples temple NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 290 101 at at IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 290 102 Assyrian Assyrian NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 290 103 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 290 104 Kalhu Kalhu NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 290 105 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-9307 290 106 Nimrud Nimrud NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 290 107 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 290 108 Khorsabad Khorsabad NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 290 109 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 290 110 Nineveh Nineveh NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 290 111 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 290 112 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 290 113 Babylonian Babylonian NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 290 114 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 290 115 Babylon Babylon NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 290 116 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 290 117 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 290 118 Urartian Urartian NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 290 119 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 290 120 Tushpa Tushpa NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 290 121 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-9307 290 122 Van Van NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 290 123 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 290 124 Kalesi Kalesi NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 290 125 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 290 126 Cavustepe Cavustepe NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 290 127 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 290 128 Ayanis Ayanis NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 290 129 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 290 130 Armavir Armavir NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 290 131 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 290 132 Erebuni Erebuni NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 290 133 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 290 134 Bastam Bastam NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 290 135 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 290 136 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9307 290 137 Neo Neo NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 290 138 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-9307 290 139 Hittite Hittite NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 290 140 sites site NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 290 141 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 290 142 Karkamis Karkamis NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 290 143 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 290 144 Tell Tell NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 290 145 Halaf Halaf NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 290 146 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 290 147 Karatepe Karatepe NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 290 148 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 290 149 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9307 291 1 Houses house NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 291 2 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-9307 291 3 mostly mostly RB en-wikipedia-org-9307 291 4 known know VBN en-wikipedia-org-9307 291 5 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 291 6 Old Old NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 291 7 Babylonian Babylonian NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 291 8 remains remain VBZ en-wikipedia-org-9307 291 9 at at IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 291 10 Nippur Nippur NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 291 11 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9307 291 12 Ur Ur NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 291 13 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9307 292 1 Among among IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 292 2 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 292 3 textual textual JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 292 4 sources source NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 292 5 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 292 6 building build VBG en-wikipedia-org-9307 292 7 construction construction NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 292 8 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9307 292 9 associated associated JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 292 10 rituals ritual NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 292 11 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-9307 292 12 Gudea Gudea NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 292 13 's 's POS en-wikipedia-org-9307 292 14 cylinders cylinder NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 292 15 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 292 16 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 292 17 late late JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 292 18 3rd 3rd JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 292 19 millennium millennium NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 292 20 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-9307 292 21 notable notable JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 292 22 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 292 23 as as RB en-wikipedia-org-9307 292 24 well well RB en-wikipedia-org-9307 292 25 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 292 26 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 292 27 Assyrian assyrian JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 292 28 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9307 292 29 Babylonian babylonian JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 292 30 royal royal JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 292 31 inscriptions inscription NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 292 32 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 292 33 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 292 34 Iron Iron NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 292 35 Age Age NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 292 36 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9307 293 1 References reference NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 293 2 ^ ^ NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 293 3 Smith Smith NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 293 4 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 293 5 Robert Robert NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 293 6 Payne Payne NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 293 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9307 294 1 Thesaurus Thesaurus NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 294 2 Syriacus Syriacus NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 294 3 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9307 295 1 p. p. NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 295 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-9307 295 3 388 388 CD en-wikipedia-org-9307 295 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9307 296 1 ^ ^ FW en-wikipedia-org-9307 296 2 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-9307 296 3 Ancient ancient JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 296 4 History history NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 296 5 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 296 6 depth depth NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 296 7 : : : en-wikipedia-org-9307 296 8 Mesopotamia Mesopotamia NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 296 9 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-9307 296 10 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9307 297 1 BBC BBC NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 297 2 History History NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 297 3 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9307 298 1 Retrieved retrieve VBN en-wikipedia-org-9307 298 2 21 21 CD en-wikipedia-org-9307 298 3 July July NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 298 4 2017 2017 CD en-wikipedia-org-9307 298 5 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9307 299 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 299 2 Liverani Liverani NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 299 3 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 299 4 Mario Mario NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 299 5 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 299 6 4 4 CD en-wikipedia-org-9307 299 7 December December NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 299 8 2013 2013 CD en-wikipedia-org-9307 299 9 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 299 10 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9307 300 1 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 300 2 Ancient Ancient NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 300 3 Near Near NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 300 4 East East NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 300 5 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9307 301 1 p. p. NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 301 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-9307 301 3 549 549 CD en-wikipedia-org-9307 301 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9307 302 1 ^ ^ NFP en-wikipedia-org-9307 302 2 Saggs Saggs NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 302 3 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 302 4 Henry Henry NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 302 5 William William NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 302 6 Frederick Frederick NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 302 7 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 302 8 1984 1984 CD en-wikipedia-org-9307 302 9 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 302 10 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9307 303 1 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 303 2 Might Might NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 303 3 That that WDT en-wikipedia-org-9307 303 4 Was be VBD en-wikipedia-org-9307 303 5 Assyria Assyria NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 303 6 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9307 304 1 p. p. NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 304 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-9307 304 3 128 128 CD en-wikipedia-org-9307 304 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9307 305 1 ISBN ISBN NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 305 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-9307 305 3 0 0 CD en-wikipedia-org-9307 305 4 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-9307 305 5 283 283 CD en-wikipedia-org-9307 305 6 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-9307 305 7 98961 98961 CD en-wikipedia-org-9307 305 8 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-9307 305 9 0 0 CD en-wikipedia-org-9307 305 10 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9307 306 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 306 2 Milton Milton NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 306 3 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-9307 306 4 Edwards Edwards NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 306 5 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 306 6 Beverley Beverley NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 306 7 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 306 8 May May NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 306 9 2003 2003 CD en-wikipedia-org-9307 306 10 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 306 11 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9307 307 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-9307 307 2 Iraq Iraq NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 307 3 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 307 4 past past JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 307 5 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 307 6 present present JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 307 7 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9307 307 8 future future NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 307 9 : : : en-wikipedia-org-9307 307 10 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 307 11 thoroughly thoroughly RB en-wikipedia-org-9307 307 12 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-9307 307 13 modern modern JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 307 14 mandate mandate NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 307 15 ? ? . en-wikipedia-org-9307 307 16 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-9307 307 17 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9307 308 1 History History NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 308 2 & & CC en-wikipedia-org-9307 308 3 Policy Policy NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 308 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9307 309 1 United United NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 309 2 Kingdom Kingdom NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 309 3 : : : en-wikipedia-org-9307 309 4 History History NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 309 5 & & CC en-wikipedia-org-9307 309 6 Policy Policy NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 309 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9307 310 1 Archived archived JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 310 2 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 310 3 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 310 4 original original NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 310 5 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 310 6 8 8 CD en-wikipedia-org-9307 310 7 December December NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 310 8 2010 2010 CD en-wikipedia-org-9307 310 9 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9307 311 1 Retrieved retrieved JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 311 2 9 9 CD en-wikipedia-org-9307 311 3 December December NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 311 4 2010 2010 CD en-wikipedia-org-9307 311 5 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9307 312 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 312 2 Payne Payne NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 312 3 Smith Smith NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 312 4 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 312 5 Robert Robert NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 312 6 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9307 313 1 Thesaurus Thesaurus NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 313 2 Syriacus Syriacus NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 313 3 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9307 314 1 p. p. NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 314 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-9307 314 3 388 388 CD en-wikipedia-org-9307 314 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9307 315 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 315 2 Hebrew Hebrew NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 315 3 Wikipedia Wikipedia NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 315 4 https://he.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/ארם_נהריים https://he.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/ארם_נהריים '' en-wikipedia-org-9307 315 5 ^ ^ VBD en-wikipedia-org-9307 315 6 Title title NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 315 7 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 315 8 Psalm Psalm NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 315 9 60 60 CD en-wikipedia-org-9307 315 10 https://www.bible.com/bible/114/PSA.60.NKJV https://www.bible.com/bible/114/PSA.60.NKJV NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 315 11 ^ ^ NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 315 12 Genesis Genesis NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 315 13 24:10 24:10 CD en-wikipedia-org-9307 315 14 https://biblehub.com/genesis/24-10.htm https://biblehub.com/genesis/24-10.htm NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 315 15 ^ ^ NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 315 16 Deuteronomy Deuteronomy NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 315 17 23:4 23:4 CD en-wikipedia-org-9307 315 18 https://biblehub.com/deuteronomy/23-4.htm https://biblehub.com/deuteronomy/23-4.htm NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 315 19 ^ ^ NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 315 20 Judges Judges NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 315 21 3:8 3:8 NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 315 22 https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Judges%203%3A8&version=NIV&interface=amp https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=judges%203%3a8&version=niv&interface=amp NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 315 23 ^ ^ NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 315 24 Finkelstein Finkelstein NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 315 25 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 315 26 J.J. J.J. NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 315 27 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 315 28 1962 1962 CD en-wikipedia-org-9307 315 29 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 315 30 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 315 31 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-9307 315 32 Mesopotamia Mesopotamia NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 315 33 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-9307 315 34 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 315 35 Journal Journal NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 315 36 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 315 37 Near Near NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 315 38 Eastern Eastern NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 315 39 Studies Studies NNPS en-wikipedia-org-9307 315 40 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 315 41 21 21 CD en-wikipedia-org-9307 315 42 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 315 43 2 2 CD en-wikipedia-org-9307 315 44 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 315 45 : : : en-wikipedia-org-9307 315 46 73–92 73–92 CD en-wikipedia-org-9307 315 47 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 315 48 doi:10.1086/371676 doi:10.1086/371676 NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 315 49 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 315 50 JSTOR JSTOR NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 315 51   _SP en-wikipedia-org-9307 315 52 543884 543884 CD en-wikipedia-org-9307 315 53 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 315 54 S2CID S2CID NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 315 55   _SP en-wikipedia-org-9307 315 56 222432558 222432558 CD en-wikipedia-org-9307 315 57 ^ ^ NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 315 58 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 315 59 b b NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 315 60 Foster Foster NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 315 61 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 315 62 Benjamin Benjamin NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 315 63 R. R. NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 315 64 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-9307 315 65 Polinger Polinger NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 315 66 Foster Foster NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 315 67 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 315 68 Karen Karen NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 315 69 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 315 70 2009 2009 CD en-wikipedia-org-9307 315 71 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 315 72 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 315 73 Civilizations civilization NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 315 74 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 315 75 ancient ancient JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 315 76 Iraq Iraq NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 315 77 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 315 78 Princeton Princeton NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 315 79 : : : en-wikipedia-org-9307 315 80 Princeton Princeton NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 315 81 University University NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 315 82 Press Press NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 315 83 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 315 84 ISBN ISBN NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 315 85   _SP en-wikipedia-org-9307 315 86 978 978 CD en-wikipedia-org-9307 315 87 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-9307 315 88 0 0 CD en-wikipedia-org-9307 315 89 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-9307 315 90 691 691 CD en-wikipedia-org-9307 315 91 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-9307 315 92 13722 13722 CD en-wikipedia-org-9307 315 93 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-9307 315 94 3 3 CD en-wikipedia-org-9307 315 95 ^ ^ NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 315 96 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 315 97 b b NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 315 98 Canard Canard NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 315 99 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 315 100 M. M. NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 315 101 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 315 102 2011 2011 CD en-wikipedia-org-9307 315 103 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 315 104 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 315 105 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-9307 315 106 al al NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 315 107 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-9307 315 108 ḎJazīra ḎJazīra NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 315 109 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 315 110 Ḏjazīrat Ḏjazīrat NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 315 111 Aḳūr Aḳūr NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 315 112 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-9307 315 113 Iḳlīm Iḳlīm NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 315 114 Aḳūr Aḳūr NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 315 115 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-9307 315 116 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 315 117 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 315 118 Bearman Bearman NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 315 119 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 315 120 P. P. NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 315 121 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-9307 315 122 Bianquis Bianquis NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 315 123 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 315 124 Th Th NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 315 125 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9307 316 1 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-9307 316 2 Bosworth Bosworth NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 316 3 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 316 4 C.E. C.E. NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 317 1 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-9307 317 2 van van NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 317 3 Donzel Donzel NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 317 4 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 317 5 E. E. NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 317 6 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-9307 317 7 Heinrichs Heinrichs NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 317 8 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 317 9 W.P. W.P. NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 318 1 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 318 2 eds eds PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-9307 318 3 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9307 319 1 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 319 2 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 319 3 Encyclopaedia Encyclopaedia NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 319 4 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 319 5 Islam Islam NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 319 6 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 319 7 Second Second NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 319 8 Edition Edition NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 319 9 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 319 10 Leiden Leiden NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 319 11 : : : en-wikipedia-org-9307 319 12 Brill Brill NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 319 13 Online Online NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 319 14 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 319 15 OCLC oclc NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 319 16   _SP en-wikipedia-org-9307 319 17 624382576 624382576 CD en-wikipedia-org-9307 319 18 ^ ^ FW en-wikipedia-org-9307 319 19 Wilkinson Wilkinson NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 319 20 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 319 21 Tony Tony NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 319 22 J. J. NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 320 1 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 320 2 2000 2000 CD en-wikipedia-org-9307 320 3 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 320 4 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 320 5 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-9307 320 6 Regional regional JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 320 7 approaches approach NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 320 8 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 320 9 Mesopotamian mesopotamian JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 320 10 archaeology archaeology NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 320 11 : : : en-wikipedia-org-9307 320 12 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 320 13 contribution contribution NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 320 14 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 320 15 archaeological archaeological JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 320 16 surveys survey NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 320 17 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-9307 320 18 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 320 19 Journal Journal NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 320 20 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 320 21 Archaeological Archaeological NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 320 22 Research Research NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 320 23 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 320 24 8 8 CD en-wikipedia-org-9307 320 25 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 320 26 3 3 CD en-wikipedia-org-9307 320 27 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 320 28 : : : en-wikipedia-org-9307 320 29 219–267 219–267 CD en-wikipedia-org-9307 320 30 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 320 31 doi:10.1023 doi:10.1023 NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 320 32 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-9307 320 33 A:1009487620969 A:1009487620969 NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 320 34 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 320 35 ISSN ISSN NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 320 36   _SP en-wikipedia-org-9307 320 37 1573 1573 CD en-wikipedia-org-9307 320 38 - - SYM en-wikipedia-org-9307 320 39 7756 7756 CD en-wikipedia-org-9307 320 40 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 320 41 S2CID S2CID NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 320 42   _SP en-wikipedia-org-9307 320 43 140771958 140771958 CD en-wikipedia-org-9307 320 44 ^ ^ SYM en-wikipedia-org-9307 320 45 Matthews Matthews NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 320 46 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 320 47 Roger Roger NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 320 48 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 320 49 2003 2003 CD en-wikipedia-org-9307 320 50 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 320 51 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 320 52 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 320 53 archaeology archaeology NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 320 54 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 320 55 Mesopotamia Mesopotamia NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 320 56 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9307 321 1 Theories theory NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 321 2 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9307 321 3 approaches approach NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 321 4 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 321 5 Approaching approach VBG en-wikipedia-org-9307 321 6 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 321 7 past past NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 321 8 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 321 9 Milton Milton NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 321 10 Square Square NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 321 11 : : : en-wikipedia-org-9307 321 12 Routledge Routledge NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 321 13 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 321 14 ISBN ISBN NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 321 15   _SP en-wikipedia-org-9307 321 16 978 978 CD en-wikipedia-org-9307 321 17 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-9307 321 18 0 0 CD en-wikipedia-org-9307 321 19 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-9307 321 20 415 415 CD en-wikipedia-org-9307 321 21 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-9307 321 22 25317 25317 CD en-wikipedia-org-9307 321 23 - - SYM en-wikipedia-org-9307 321 24 8 8 CD en-wikipedia-org-9307 321 25 ^ ^ NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 321 26 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 321 27 b b NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 321 28 Miquel Miquel NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 321 29 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 321 30 A. a. NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 321 31 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-9307 321 32 Brice Brice NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 321 33 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 321 34 W.C. W.C. NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 321 35 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-9307 321 36 Sourdel Sourdel NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 321 37 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 321 38 D. D. NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 321 39 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-9307 321 40 Aubin Aubin NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 321 41 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 321 42 J. J. NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 321 43 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-9307 321 44 Holt Holt NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 321 45 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 321 46 P.M. P.M. NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 321 47 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-9307 321 48 Kelidar Kelidar NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 321 49 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 321 50 A. a. NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 321 51 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-9307 321 52 Blanc Blanc NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 321 53 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 321 54 H. H. NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 321 55 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-9307 321 56 MacKenzie MacKenzie NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 321 57 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 321 58 D.N. D.N. NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 322 1 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-9307 322 2 Pellat Pellat NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 322 3 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 322 4 Ch Ch NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 322 5 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9307 323 1 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 323 2 2011 2011 CD en-wikipedia-org-9307 323 3 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 323 4 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 323 5 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-9307 323 6 ʿIrāḳ ʿIrāḳ NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 323 7 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-9307 323 8 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 323 9 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 323 10 Bearman Bearman NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 323 11 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 323 12 P. P. NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 323 13 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-9307 323 14 Bianquis Bianquis NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 323 15 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 323 16 Th Th NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 323 17 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9307 324 1 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-9307 324 2 Bosworth Bosworth NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 324 3 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 324 4 C.E. C.E. NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 325 1 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-9307 325 2 van van NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 325 3 Donzel Donzel NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 325 4 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 325 5 E. E. NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 325 6 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-9307 325 7 Heinrichs Heinrichs NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 325 8 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 325 9 W.P. W.P. NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 326 1 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 326 2 eds eds PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-9307 326 3 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9307 327 1 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 327 2 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 327 3 Encyclopaedia Encyclopaedia NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 327 4 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 327 5 Islam Islam NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 327 6 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 327 7 Second Second NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 327 8 Edition Edition NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 327 9 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 327 10 Leiden Leiden NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 327 11 : : : en-wikipedia-org-9307 327 12 Brill Brill NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 327 13 Online Online NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 327 14 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 327 15 OCLC oclc NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 327 16   _SP en-wikipedia-org-9307 327 17 624382576 624382576 CD en-wikipedia-org-9307 327 18 ^ ^ NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 327 19 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 327 20 b b NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 327 21 Bahrani Bahrani NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 327 22 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 327 23 Z. Z. NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 328 1 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 328 2 1998 1998 CD en-wikipedia-org-9307 328 3 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 328 4 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 328 5 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-9307 328 6 Conjuring Conjuring NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 328 7 Mesopotamia Mesopotamia NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 328 8 : : : en-wikipedia-org-9307 328 9 imaginative imaginative JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 328 10 geography geography NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 328 11 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 328 12 world world NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 328 13 past past IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 328 14 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-9307 328 15 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 328 16 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 328 17 Meskell Meskell NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 328 18 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 328 19 L. L. NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 329 1 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 329 2 ed ed NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 329 3 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9307 330 1 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 330 2 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 330 3 Archaeology archaeology NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 330 4 under under IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 330 5 fire fire NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 330 6 : : : en-wikipedia-org-9307 330 7 Nationalism nationalism NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 330 8 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 330 9 politics politics NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 330 10 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9307 330 11 heritage heritage NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 330 12 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 330 13 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 330 14 Eastern Eastern NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 330 15 Mediterranean Mediterranean NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 330 16 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9307 330 17 Middle Middle NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 330 18 East East NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 330 19 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 330 20 London London NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 330 21 : : : en-wikipedia-org-9307 330 22 Routledge Routledge NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 330 23 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 330 24 pp pp NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 330 25 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9307 331 1 159–174 159–174 CD en-wikipedia-org-9307 331 2 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 331 3 ISBN ISBN NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 331 4   _SP en-wikipedia-org-9307 331 5 978 978 CD en-wikipedia-org-9307 331 6 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-9307 331 7 0 0 CD en-wikipedia-org-9307 331 8 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-9307 331 9 415 415 CD en-wikipedia-org-9307 331 10 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-9307 331 11 19655 19655 CD en-wikipedia-org-9307 331 12 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-9307 331 13 0 0 CD en-wikipedia-org-9307 331 14 ^ ^ . en-wikipedia-org-9307 331 15 Scheffler Scheffler NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 331 16 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 331 17 Thomas Thomas NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 331 18 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-9307 331 19 2003 2003 CD en-wikipedia-org-9307 331 20 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9307 332 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-9307 332 2 ' ' `` en-wikipedia-org-9307 332 3 Fertile fertile JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 332 4 crescent crescent NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 332 5 ' ' '' en-wikipedia-org-9307 332 6 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 332 7 ' ' `` en-wikipedia-org-9307 332 8 Orient Orient NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 332 9 ' ' '' en-wikipedia-org-9307 332 10 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 332 11 ' ' '' en-wikipedia-org-9307 332 12 Middle Middle NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 332 13 East East NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 332 14 ' ' '' en-wikipedia-org-9307 332 15 : : : en-wikipedia-org-9307 332 16 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 332 17 changing change VBG en-wikipedia-org-9307 332 18 mental mental JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 332 19 maps map NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 332 20 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 332 21 Southeast Southeast NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 332 22 Asia Asia NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 332 23 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 332 24 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-9307 332 25 European European NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 332 26 Review Review NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 332 27 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 332 28 History History NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 332 29 10/2 10/2 CD en-wikipedia-org-9307 332 30 : : : en-wikipedia-org-9307 332 31 253–272 253–272 CD en-wikipedia-org-9307 332 32 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9307 333 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 333 2 Thompson Thompson NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 333 3 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 333 4 William William NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 333 5 R. R. NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 333 6 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 333 7 2004 2004 CD en-wikipedia-org-9307 333 8 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 333 9 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-9307 333 10 Complexity complexity NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 333 11 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 333 12 Diminishing diminish VBG en-wikipedia-org-9307 333 13 Marginal marginal JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 333 14 Returns return NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 333 15 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 333 16 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9307 333 17 Serial Serial NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 333 18 Mesopotamian Mesopotamian NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 333 19 Fragmentation Fragmentation NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 333 20 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-9307 333 21 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 333 22 Vol Vol NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 333 23 3 3 CD en-wikipedia-org-9307 333 24 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 333 25 Journal Journal NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 333 26 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 333 27 World World NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 333 28 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-9307 333 29 Systems Systems NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 333 30 Research Research NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 333 31 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 333 32 ^ ^ NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 333 33 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-9307 333 34 Migrants migrant NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 333 35 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 333 36 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 333 37 Near Near NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 333 38 East East NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 333 39 ' ' '' en-wikipedia-org-9307 333 40 brought bring VBD en-wikipedia-org-9307 333 41 farming farming NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 333 42 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 333 43 Europe Europe NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 333 44 ' ' POS en-wikipedia-org-9307 333 45 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-9307 333 46 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9307 334 1 BBC BBC NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 334 2 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9307 335 1 10 10 CD en-wikipedia-org-9307 335 2 November November NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 335 3 2010 2010 CD en-wikipedia-org-9307 335 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9307 336 1 Retrieved retrieve VBN en-wikipedia-org-9307 336 2 10 10 CD en-wikipedia-org-9307 336 3 December December NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 336 4 2010 2010 CD en-wikipedia-org-9307 336 5 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9307 337 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 337 2 Pollock Pollock NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 337 3 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 337 4 Susan Susan NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 337 5 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 337 6 1999 1999 CD en-wikipedia-org-9307 337 7 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 337 8 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 337 9 Ancient Ancient NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 337 10 Mesopotamia Mesopotamia NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 337 11 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9307 338 1 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 338 2 Eden Eden NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 338 3 that that WDT en-wikipedia-org-9307 338 4 never never RB en-wikipedia-org-9307 338 5 was be VBD en-wikipedia-org-9307 338 6 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 338 7 Case Case NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 338 8 Studies Studies NNPS en-wikipedia-org-9307 338 9 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 338 10 Early Early NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 338 11 Societies Societies NNPS en-wikipedia-org-9307 338 12 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 338 13 Cambridge Cambridge NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 338 14 : : : en-wikipedia-org-9307 338 15 Cambridge Cambridge NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 338 16 University University NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 338 17 Press Press NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 338 18 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 338 19 p. p. NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 338 20   _SP en-wikipedia-org-9307 338 21 2 2 CD en-wikipedia-org-9307 338 22 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 338 23 ISBN ISBN NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 338 24   _SP en-wikipedia-org-9307 338 25 978 978 CD en-wikipedia-org-9307 338 26 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-9307 338 27 0 0 CD en-wikipedia-org-9307 338 28 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-9307 338 29 521 521 CD en-wikipedia-org-9307 338 30 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-9307 338 31 57568 57568 CD en-wikipedia-org-9307 338 32 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-9307 338 33 3 3 CD en-wikipedia-org-9307 338 34 ^ ^ NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 338 35 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-9307 338 36 Ancient ancient JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 338 37 History history NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 338 38 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 338 39 depth depth NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 338 40 : : : en-wikipedia-org-9307 338 41 Mesopotamia Mesopotamia NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 338 42 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-9307 338 43 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9307 339 1 BBC BBC NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 339 2 History History NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 339 3 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9307 340 1 Retrieved retrieve VBN en-wikipedia-org-9307 340 2 21 21 CD en-wikipedia-org-9307 340 3 July July NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 340 4 2017 2017 CD en-wikipedia-org-9307 340 5 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9307 341 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 341 2 Finkelstein Finkelstein NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 341 3 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 341 4 J.J. J.J. NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 341 5 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 341 6 1955 1955 CD en-wikipedia-org-9307 341 7 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 341 8 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 341 9 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-9307 341 10 Subartu Subartu NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 341 11 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9307 341 12 Subarian Subarian NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 341 13 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 341 14 Old Old NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 341 15 Babylonian Babylonian NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 341 16 Sources Sources NNPS en-wikipedia-org-9307 341 17 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-9307 341 18 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 341 19 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 341 20 Journal Journal NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 341 21 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 341 22 Cuneiform Cuneiform NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 341 23 Studies Studies NNPS en-wikipedia-org-9307 341 24 Vol Vol NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 341 25 9 9 CD en-wikipedia-org-9307 341 26 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 341 27 No no UH en-wikipedia-org-9307 341 28 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9307 342 1 1 1 LS en-wikipedia-org-9307 342 2 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 342 3 ^ ^ NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 342 4 Guo Guo NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 342 5 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 342 6 Rongxing rongxing NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 342 7 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 342 8 2017 2017 CD en-wikipedia-org-9307 342 9 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 342 10 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9307 343 1 An an DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 343 2 Economic economic JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 343 3 Inquiry Inquiry NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 343 4 into into IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 343 5 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 343 6 Nonlinear Nonlinear NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 343 7 Behaviors Behaviors NNPS en-wikipedia-org-9307 343 8 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 343 9 Nations Nations NNPS en-wikipedia-org-9307 343 10 : : : en-wikipedia-org-9307 343 11 Dynamic dynamic JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 343 12 Developments development NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 343 13 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9307 343 14 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 343 15 Origins Origins NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 343 16 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 343 17 Civilizations Civilizations NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 343 18 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9307 344 1 Palgrave Palgrave NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 344 2 Macmillan Macmillan NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 344 3 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9307 345 1 p. p. NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 345 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-9307 345 3 23 23 CD en-wikipedia-org-9307 345 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9307 346 1 ISBN ISBN NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 346 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-9307 346 3 9783319487724 9783319487724 CD en-wikipedia-org-9307 346 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9307 347 1 Retrieved retrieve VBN en-wikipedia-org-9307 347 2 8 8 CD en-wikipedia-org-9307 347 3 July July NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 347 4 2019 2019 CD en-wikipedia-org-9307 347 5 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9307 348 1 It -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-9307 348 2 was be VBD en-wikipedia-org-9307 348 3 not not RB en-wikipedia-org-9307 348 4 until until IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 348 5 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 348 6 widespread widespread JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 348 7 use use NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 348 8 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 348 9 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 348 10 syllabic syllabic JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 348 11 script script NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 348 12 was be VBD en-wikipedia-org-9307 348 13 adopted adopt VBN en-wikipedia-org-9307 348 14 under under IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 348 15 Sargon Sargon NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 348 16 's 's POS en-wikipedia-org-9307 348 17 rule rule NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 348 18 that that IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 348 19 significant significant JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 348 20 portions portion NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 348 21 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 348 22 Sumerian sumerian JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 348 23 population population NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 348 24 became become VBD en-wikipedia-org-9307 348 25 literate literate JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 348 26 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9307 349 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 349 2 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 349 3 b b NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 349 4 c c NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 349 5 Deutscher Deutscher NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 349 6 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 349 7 Guy Guy NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 349 8 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 349 9 2007 2007 CD en-wikipedia-org-9307 349 10 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 349 11 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 349 12 Syntactic syntactic JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 349 13 Change Change NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 349 14 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 349 15 Akkadian Akkadian NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 349 16 : : : en-wikipedia-org-9307 349 17 The The NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 349 18 Evolution Evolution NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 349 19 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 349 20 Sentential Sentential NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 349 21 Complementation Complementation NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 349 22 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 349 23 Oxford Oxford NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 349 24 University University NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 349 25 Press Press NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 349 26 US US NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 349 27 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 349 28 pp pp NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 349 29 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9307 350 1 20–21 20–21 NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 350 2 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 350 3 ISBN ISBN NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 350 4   _SP en-wikipedia-org-9307 350 5 978 978 CD en-wikipedia-org-9307 350 6 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-9307 350 7 0 0 CD en-wikipedia-org-9307 350 8 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-9307 350 9 19 19 CD en-wikipedia-org-9307 350 10 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-9307 350 11 953222 953222 CD en-wikipedia-org-9307 350 12 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-9307 350 13 3 3 CD en-wikipedia-org-9307 350 14 ^ ^ . en-wikipedia-org-9307 350 15 Woods Woods NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 350 16 C. C. NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 350 17 2006 2006 CD en-wikipedia-org-9307 350 18 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-9307 350 19 Bilingualism Bilingualism NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 350 20 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 350 21 Scribal Scribal NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 350 22 Learning Learning NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 350 23 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 350 24 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9307 350 25 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 350 26 Death Death NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 350 27 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 350 28 Sumerian Sumerian NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 350 29 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-9307 350 30 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9307 351 1 In in IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 351 2 S.L. S.L. NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 352 1 Sanders Sanders NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 352 2 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 352 3 ed ed NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 352 4 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 352 5 Margins Margins NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 352 6 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 352 7 Writing Writing NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 352 8 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 352 9 Origins Origins NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 352 10 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 352 11 Culture Culture NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 352 12 : : : en-wikipedia-org-9307 352 13 91–120 91–120 CD en-wikipedia-org-9307 352 14 Chicago Chicago NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 352 15 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 352 16 1 1 CD en-wikipedia-org-9307 352 17 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 352 18 ^ ^ NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 352 19 Tetlow Tetlow NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 352 20 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 352 21 Elisabeth Elisabeth NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 352 22 Meier Meier NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 352 23 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 352 24 28 28 CD en-wikipedia-org-9307 352 25 December December NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 352 26 2004 2004 CD en-wikipedia-org-9307 352 27 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 352 28 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9307 353 1 Women Women NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 353 2 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 353 3 Crime Crime NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 353 4 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9307 353 5 Punishment Punishment NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 353 6 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 353 7 Ancient Ancient NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 353 8 Law Law NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 353 9 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9307 353 10 Society Society NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 353 11 : : : en-wikipedia-org-9307 353 12 Volume volume NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 353 13 1 1 CD en-wikipedia-org-9307 353 14 : : : en-wikipedia-org-9307 353 15 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 353 16 Ancient Ancient NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 353 17 Near Near NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 353 18 East East NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 353 19 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9307 354 1 p. p. NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 354 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-9307 354 3 75 75 CD en-wikipedia-org-9307 354 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9307 355 1 ISBN ISBN NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 355 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-9307 355 3 9780826416285 9780826416285 CD en-wikipedia-org-9307 355 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9307 356 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 356 2 Eves Eves NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 356 3 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 356 4 Howard Howard NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 356 5 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 356 6 1969 1969 CD en-wikipedia-org-9307 356 7 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 356 8 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9307 357 1 An an DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 357 2 Introduction introduction NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 357 3 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 357 4 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 357 5 History History NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 357 6 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 357 7 Mathematics Mathematics NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 357 8 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9307 358 1 Holt Holt NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 358 2 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 358 3 Rinehart Rinehart NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 358 4 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9307 358 5 Winston Winston NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 358 6 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9307 359 1 p. p. NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 359 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-9307 359 3 31 31 CD en-wikipedia-org-9307 359 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9307 360 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 360 2 D. D. NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 360 3 Brown Brown NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 360 4 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 360 5 2000 2000 CD en-wikipedia-org-9307 360 6 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 360 7 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 360 8 Mesopotamian Mesopotamian NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 360 9 Planetary Planetary NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 360 10 Astronomy Astronomy NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 360 11 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-9307 360 12 Astrology Astrology NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 360 13 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 360 14 Styx Styx NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 360 15 Publications Publications NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 360 16 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 360 17 ISBN ISBN NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 360 18   _SP en-wikipedia-org-9307 360 19 90 90 CD en-wikipedia-org-9307 360 20 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-9307 360 21 5693 5693 CD en-wikipedia-org-9307 360 22 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-9307 360 23 036 036 CD en-wikipedia-org-9307 360 24 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-9307 360 25 2 2 CD en-wikipedia-org-9307 360 26 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9307 361 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 361 2 Otto Otto NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 361 3 E. E. NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 361 4 Neugebauer Neugebauer NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 361 5 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 361 6 1945 1945 CD en-wikipedia-org-9307 361 7 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 361 8 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9307 362 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-9307 362 2 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 362 3 History history NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 362 4 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 362 5 Ancient Ancient NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 362 6 Astronomy Astronomy NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 362 7 Problems Problems NNPS en-wikipedia-org-9307 362 8 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9307 362 9 Methods Methods NNPS en-wikipedia-org-9307 362 10 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-9307 362 11 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 362 12 Journal Journal NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 362 13 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 362 14 Near Near NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 362 15 Eastern Eastern NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 362 16 Studies Studies NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 362 17 4 4 CD en-wikipedia-org-9307 362 18 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 362 19 1 1 CD en-wikipedia-org-9307 362 20 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 362 21 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 362 22 p. p. NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 362 23 1–38 1–38 CD en-wikipedia-org-9307 362 24 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9307 363 1 ^ ^ NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 363 2 George George NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 363 3 Sarton Sarton NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 363 4 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 363 5 1955 1955 CD en-wikipedia-org-9307 363 6 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 363 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9307 364 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-9307 364 2 Chaldaean Chaldaean NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 364 3 Astronomy Astronomy NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 364 4 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 364 5 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 364 6 Last last JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 364 7 Three Three NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 364 8 Centuries Centuries NNPS en-wikipedia-org-9307 364 9 B.C. B.C. NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 365 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-9307 365 2 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 365 3 Journal Journal NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 365 4 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 365 5 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 365 6 American American NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 365 7 Oriental Oriental NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 365 8 Society Society NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 365 9 75 75 CD en-wikipedia-org-9307 365 10 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 365 11 3 3 CD en-wikipedia-org-9307 365 12 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 365 13 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 365 14 p. p. NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 365 15 166–173 166–173 CD en-wikipedia-org-9307 365 16 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 365 17 169 169 CD en-wikipedia-org-9307 365 18 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 365 19 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9307 366 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 366 2 William William NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 366 3 P.D. P.D. NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 367 1 Wightman Wightman NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 367 2 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 367 3 1951 1951 CD en-wikipedia-org-9307 367 4 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 367 5 1953 1953 CD en-wikipedia-org-9307 367 6 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 367 7 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 367 8 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 367 9 Growth growth NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 367 10 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 367 11 Scientific Scientific NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 367 12 Ideas Ideas NNPS en-wikipedia-org-9307 367 13 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 367 14 Yale Yale NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 367 15 University University NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 367 16 Press Press NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 367 17 p.38 p.38 NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 367 18 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9307 368 1 ^ ^ NFP en-wikipedia-org-9307 368 2 Pingree Pingree NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 368 3 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 368 4 1998 1998 CD en-wikipedia-org-9307 368 5 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 368 6 harvtxt harvtxt NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 368 7 error error NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 368 8 : : : en-wikipedia-org-9307 368 9 no no DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 368 10 target target NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 368 11 : : : en-wikipedia-org-9307 368 12 CITEREFPingree1998 citerefpingree1998 FW en-wikipedia-org-9307 368 13 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 368 14 help help NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 368 15 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 368 16 ^ ^ FW en-wikipedia-org-9307 368 17 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 368 18 b b NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 368 19 H.F.J. H.F.J. NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 369 1 Horstmanshoff Horstmanshoff NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 369 2 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 369 3 Marten Marten NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 369 4 Stol Stol NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 369 5 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 369 6 Cornelis Cornelis NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 369 7 Tilburg Tilburg NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 369 8 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 369 9 2004 2004 CD en-wikipedia-org-9307 369 10 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 369 11 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 369 12 Magic Magic NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 369 13 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9307 369 14 Rationality Rationality NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 369 15 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 369 16 Ancient Ancient NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 369 17 Near Near NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 369 18 Eastern Eastern NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 369 19 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9307 369 20 Graeco Graeco NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 369 21 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-9307 369 22 Roman Roman NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 369 23 Medicine Medicine NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 369 24 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 369 25 p. p. NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 369 26 99 99 CD en-wikipedia-org-9307 369 27 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 369 28 Brill Brill NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 369 29 Publishers Publishers NNPS en-wikipedia-org-9307 369 30 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 369 31 ISBN ISBN NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 369 32   _SP en-wikipedia-org-9307 369 33 90 90 CD en-wikipedia-org-9307 369 34 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-9307 369 35 04 04 CD en-wikipedia-org-9307 369 36 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-9307 369 37 13666 13666 CD en-wikipedia-org-9307 369 38 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-9307 369 39 5 5 CD en-wikipedia-org-9307 369 40 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9307 370 1 ^ ^ NFP en-wikipedia-org-9307 370 2 Marten Marten NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 370 3 Stol Stol NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 370 4 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 370 5 1993 1993 CD en-wikipedia-org-9307 370 6 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 370 7 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 370 8 Epilepsy Epilepsy NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 370 9 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 370 10 Babylonia Babylonia NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 370 11 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 370 12 p. p. NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 370 13 55 55 CD en-wikipedia-org-9307 370 14 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 370 15 Brill Brill NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 370 16 Publishers Publishers NNPS en-wikipedia-org-9307 370 17 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 370 18 ISBN ISBN NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 370 19   _SP en-wikipedia-org-9307 370 20 90 90 CD en-wikipedia-org-9307 370 21 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-9307 370 22 72371 72371 CD en-wikipedia-org-9307 370 23 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-9307 370 24 63 63 CD en-wikipedia-org-9307 370 25 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-9307 370 26 1 1 CD en-wikipedia-org-9307 370 27 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9307 371 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 371 2 Friedenwald Friedenwald NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 371 3 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 371 4 Julius Julius NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 371 5 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-9307 371 6 Morrison Morrison NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 371 7 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 371 8 Samuel Samuel NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 371 9 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 371 10 January January NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 371 11 1940 1940 CD en-wikipedia-org-9307 371 12 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 371 13 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9307 372 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-9307 372 2 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 372 3 History history NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 372 4 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 372 5 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 372 6 Enema Enema NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 372 7 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 372 8 Some some DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 372 9 Notes Notes NNPS en-wikipedia-org-9307 372 10 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 372 11 Related related JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 372 12 Procedures procedure NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 372 13 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 372 14 Part Part NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 372 15 I i NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 372 16 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 372 17 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-9307 372 18 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9307 373 1 Bulletin bulletin NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 373 2 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 373 3 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 373 4 History History NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 373 5 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 373 6 Medicine Medicine NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 373 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9307 374 1 Johns Johns NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 374 2 Hopkins Hopkins NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 374 3 University University NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 374 4 Press Press NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 374 5 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9307 375 1 8 8 CD en-wikipedia-org-9307 375 2 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 375 3 1 1 CD en-wikipedia-org-9307 375 4 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 375 5 : : : en-wikipedia-org-9307 375 6 77 77 CD en-wikipedia-org-9307 375 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9307 376 1 JSTOR JSTOR NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 376 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-9307 376 3 44442727 44442727 CD en-wikipedia-org-9307 376 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9307 377 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 377 2 H.F.J. H.F.J. NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 378 1 Horstmanshoff Horstmanshoff NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 378 2 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 378 3 Marten Marten NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 378 4 Stol Stol NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 378 5 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 378 6 Cornelis Cornelis NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 378 7 Tilburg Tilburg NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 378 8 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 378 9 2004 2004 CD en-wikipedia-org-9307 378 10 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 378 11 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 378 12 Magic Magic NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 378 13 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9307 378 14 Rationality Rationality NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 378 15 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 378 16 Ancient Ancient NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 378 17 Near Near NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 378 18 Eastern Eastern NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 378 19 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9307 378 20 Graeco Graeco NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 378 21 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-9307 378 22 Roman Roman NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 378 23 Medicine Medicine NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 378 24 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 378 25 pp pp NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 378 26 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9307 379 1 97–98 97–98 LS en-wikipedia-org-9307 379 2 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 379 3 Brill Brill NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 379 4 Publishers Publishers NNPS en-wikipedia-org-9307 379 5 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 379 6 ISBN ISBN NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 379 7   _SP en-wikipedia-org-9307 379 8 90 90 CD en-wikipedia-org-9307 379 9 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-9307 379 10 04 04 CD en-wikipedia-org-9307 379 11 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-9307 379 12 13666 13666 CD en-wikipedia-org-9307 379 13 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-9307 379 14 5 5 CD en-wikipedia-org-9307 379 15 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9307 380 1 ^ ^ NFP en-wikipedia-org-9307 380 2 Marten Marten NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 380 3 Stol Stol NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 380 4 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 380 5 1993 1993 CD en-wikipedia-org-9307 380 6 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 380 7 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 380 8 Epilepsy Epilepsy NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 380 9 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 380 10 Babylonia Babylonia NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 380 11 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 380 12 p. p. NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 380 13 5 5 CD en-wikipedia-org-9307 380 14 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 380 15 Brill Brill NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 380 16 Publishers Publishers NNPS en-wikipedia-org-9307 380 17 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 380 18 ISBN ISBN NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 380 19   _SP en-wikipedia-org-9307 380 20 90 90 CD en-wikipedia-org-9307 380 21 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-9307 380 22 72371 72371 CD en-wikipedia-org-9307 380 23 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-9307 380 24 63 63 CD en-wikipedia-org-9307 380 25 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-9307 380 26 1 1 CD en-wikipedia-org-9307 380 27 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9307 381 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 381 2 Stephanie Stephanie NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 381 3 Dalley Dalley NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 381 4 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9307 381 5 John John NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 381 6 Peter Peter NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 381 7 Oleson Oleson NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 381 8 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 381 9 January January NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 381 10 2003 2003 CD en-wikipedia-org-9307 381 11 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 381 12 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9307 382 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-9307 382 2 Sennacherib Sennacherib NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 382 3 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 382 4 Archimedes Archimedes NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 382 5 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 382 6 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9307 382 7 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 382 8 Water Water NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 382 9 Screw Screw NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 382 10 : : : en-wikipedia-org-9307 382 11 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 382 12 Context Context NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 382 13 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 382 14 Invention Invention NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 382 15 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 382 16 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 382 17 Ancient Ancient NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 382 18 World World NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 382 19 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-9307 382 20 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 382 21 Technology Technology NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 382 22 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9307 382 23 Culture Culture NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 382 24 44 44 CD en-wikipedia-org-9307 382 25 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 382 26 1 1 CD en-wikipedia-org-9307 382 27 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 382 28 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9307 383 1 ^ ^ NFP en-wikipedia-org-9307 383 2 Twist twist NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 383 3 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 383 4 Jo Jo NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 383 5 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 383 6 20 20 CD en-wikipedia-org-9307 383 7 November November NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 383 8 2005 2005 CD en-wikipedia-org-9307 383 9 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 383 10 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 383 11 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-9307 383 12 Open open JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 383 13 media medium NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 383 14 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-9307 383 15 connect connect VB en-wikipedia-org-9307 383 16 communities community NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 383 17 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-9307 383 18 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 383 19 BBC BBC NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 383 20 News News NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 383 21 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 383 22 retrieved retrieve VBD en-wikipedia-org-9307 383 23 6 6 CD en-wikipedia-org-9307 383 24 August August NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 383 25 2007 2007 CD en-wikipedia-org-9307 383 26 ^ ^ NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 383 27 Lambert Lambert NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 383 28 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 383 29 W.G. W.G. NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 384 1 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 384 2 2016 2016 CD en-wikipedia-org-9307 384 3 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 384 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9307 385 1 Ancient Ancient NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 385 2 Mesopotamian Mesopotamian NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 385 3 Religion Religion NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 385 4 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9307 385 5 Mythology Mythology NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 385 6 : : : en-wikipedia-org-9307 385 7 Selected Selected NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 385 8 Essays essay NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 385 9 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9307 386 1 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 386 2 Cosmology Cosmology NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 386 3 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 386 4 Sumer Sumer NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 386 5 & & CC en-wikipedia-org-9307 386 6 Babylon Babylon NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 386 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9307 387 1 Mohr Mohr NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 387 2 Siebeck Siebeck NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 387 3 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9307 388 1 p. p. NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 388 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-9307 388 3 111 111 CD en-wikipedia-org-9307 388 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9307 389 1 ISBN ISBN NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 389 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-9307 389 3 978 978 CD en-wikipedia-org-9307 389 4 - - SYM en-wikipedia-org-9307 389 5 3161536748 3161536748 CD en-wikipedia-org-9307 389 6 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9307 390 1 Retrieved retrieve VBN en-wikipedia-org-9307 390 2 8 8 CD en-wikipedia-org-9307 390 3 July July NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 390 4 2019 2019 CD en-wikipedia-org-9307 390 5 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9307 391 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 391 2 Bertman Bertman NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 391 3 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 391 4 Stephen Stephen NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 391 5 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 391 6 2005 2005 CD en-wikipedia-org-9307 391 7 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 391 8 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9307 392 1 Handbook Handbook VBN en-wikipedia-org-9307 392 2 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 392 3 life life NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 392 4 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 392 5 ancient ancient JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 392 6 Mesopotamia Mesopotamia NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 392 7 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 392 8 Paperback Paperback NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 392 9   _SP en-wikipedia-org-9307 392 10 ed ed NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 392 11 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9307 392 12 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 392 13 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9307 393 1 Oxford Oxford NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 393 2 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 393 3 u.a u.a NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 393 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9307 394 1 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 394 2 : : : en-wikipedia-org-9307 394 3 Oxford Oxford NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 394 4 Univ Univ NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 394 5 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9307 395 1 Press press NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 395 2 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9307 396 1 p. p. NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 396 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-9307 396 3 312 312 CD en-wikipedia-org-9307 396 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9307 397 1 ISBN ISBN NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 397 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-9307 397 3 978 978 CD en-wikipedia-org-9307 397 4 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-9307 397 5 0 0 CD en-wikipedia-org-9307 397 6 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-9307 397 7 19 19 CD en-wikipedia-org-9307 397 8 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-9307 397 9 518364 518364 CD en-wikipedia-org-9307 397 10 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-9307 397 11 1 1 CD en-wikipedia-org-9307 397 12 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9307 398 1 ^ ^ NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 398 2 Giorgio Giorgio NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 398 3 Buccellati Buccellati NNPS en-wikipedia-org-9307 398 4 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 398 5 1981 1981 CD en-wikipedia-org-9307 398 6 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 398 7 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 398 8 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-9307 398 9 Wisdom wisdom NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 398 10 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9307 398 11 Not not RB en-wikipedia-org-9307 398 12 : : : en-wikipedia-org-9307 398 13 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 398 14 Case Case NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 398 15 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 398 16 Mesopotamia Mesopotamia NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 398 17 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-9307 398 18 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 398 19 Journal Journal NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 398 20 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 398 21 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 398 22 American American NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 398 23 Oriental Oriental NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 398 24 Society Society NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 398 25 101 101 CD en-wikipedia-org-9307 398 26 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 398 27 1 1 CD en-wikipedia-org-9307 398 28 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 398 29 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 398 30 pp pp NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 398 31 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9307 399 1 35–47 35–47 NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 399 2 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9307 400 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 400 2 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 400 3 b b NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 400 4 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-9307 400 5 Axioms Axioms NNPS en-wikipedia-org-9307 400 6 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9307 400 7 Babylonian babylonian JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 400 8 thought thought NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 400 9 : : : en-wikipedia-org-9307 400 10 A a DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 400 11 reply reply NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 400 12 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-9307 400 13 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9307 401 1 Journal Journal NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 401 2 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 401 3 Post Post NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 401 4 Keynesian Keynesian NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 401 5 Economics Economics NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 401 6 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9307 402 1 27 27 CD en-wikipedia-org-9307 402 2 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 402 3 3 3 CD en-wikipedia-org-9307 402 4 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 402 5 : : : en-wikipedia-org-9307 402 6 385–391 385–391 CD en-wikipedia-org-9307 402 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9307 403 1 April April NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 403 2 2005 2005 CD en-wikipedia-org-9307 403 3 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9307 403 4 doi:10.1080/01603477.2005.11051453 doi:10.1080/01603477.2005.11051453 NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 403 5 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 403 6 inactive inactive JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 403 7 31 31 CD en-wikipedia-org-9307 403 8 May May NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 403 9 2021).CS1 2021).cs1 CD en-wikipedia-org-9307 403 10 maint maint NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 403 11 : : : en-wikipedia-org-9307 403 12 DOI doi NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 403 13 inactive inactive JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 403 14 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 403 15 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 403 16 May May NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 403 17 2021 2021 CD en-wikipedia-org-9307 403 18 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 403 19 link link NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 403 20 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 403 21 ^ ^ . en-wikipedia-org-9307 403 22 Giorgio Giorgio NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 403 23 Buccellati Buccellati NNPS en-wikipedia-org-9307 403 24 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 403 25 1981 1981 CD en-wikipedia-org-9307 403 26 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 403 27 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 403 28 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-9307 403 29 Wisdom wisdom NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 403 30 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9307 403 31 Not not RB en-wikipedia-org-9307 403 32 : : : en-wikipedia-org-9307 403 33 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 403 34 Case Case NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 403 35 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 403 36 Mesopotamia Mesopotamia NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 403 37 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-9307 403 38 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 403 39 Journal Journal NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 403 40 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 403 41 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 403 42 American American NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 403 43 Oriental Oriental NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 403 44 Society Society NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 403 45 101 101 CD en-wikipedia-org-9307 403 46 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 403 47 1 1 CD en-wikipedia-org-9307 403 48 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 403 49 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 403 50 pp pp NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 403 51 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9307 404 1 35–47 35–47 CD en-wikipedia-org-9307 404 2 43 43 CD en-wikipedia-org-9307 404 3 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9307 405 1 ^ ^ NFP en-wikipedia-org-9307 405 2 Karen Karen NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 405 3 Rhea Rhea NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 405 4 Nemet Nemet NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 405 5 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-9307 405 6 Nejat Nejat NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 405 7 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 405 8 1998 1998 CD en-wikipedia-org-9307 405 9 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 405 10 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 405 11 Daily Daily NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 405 12 Life Life NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 405 13 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 405 14 Ancient Ancient NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 405 15 Mesopotamia Mesopotamia NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 405 16 ^ ^ . en-wikipedia-org-9307 405 17 Rivkah Rivkah NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 405 18 Harris Harris NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 405 19 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 405 20 2000 2000 CD en-wikipedia-org-9307 405 21 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 405 22 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 405 23 Gender Gender NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 405 24 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9307 405 25 Aging age VBG en-wikipedia-org-9307 405 26 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 405 27 Mesopotamia Mesopotamia NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 405 28 ^ ^ . en-wikipedia-org-9307 405 29 Kramer Kramer NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 405 30 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 405 31 Samuel Samuel NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 405 32 Noah Noah NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 405 33 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 405 34 1963 1963 CD en-wikipedia-org-9307 405 35 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 405 36 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9307 406 1 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 406 2 Sumerians Sumerians NNPS en-wikipedia-org-9307 406 3 : : : en-wikipedia-org-9307 406 4 Their -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-9307 406 5 History history NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 406 6 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 406 7 Culture culture NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 406 8 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 406 9 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9307 406 10 Character Character NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 406 11 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9307 407 1 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 407 2 Univ Univ NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 407 3 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9307 408 1 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 408 2 Chicago Chicago NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 408 3 Press Press NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 408 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9307 409 1 ISBN ISBN NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 409 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-9307 409 3 978 978 CD en-wikipedia-org-9307 409 4 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-9307 409 5 0 0 CD en-wikipedia-org-9307 409 6 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-9307 409 7 226 226 CD en-wikipedia-org-9307 409 8 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-9307 409 9 45238 45238 CD en-wikipedia-org-9307 409 10 - - SYM en-wikipedia-org-9307 409 11 8 8 CD en-wikipedia-org-9307 409 12 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9307 410 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 410 2 Bibby Bibby NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 410 3 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 410 4 Geoffrey Geoffrey NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 410 5 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9307 410 6 Phillips Phillips NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 410 7 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 410 8 Carl Carl NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 410 9 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 410 10 1996 1996 CD en-wikipedia-org-9307 410 11 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 410 12 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 410 13 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-9307 410 14 Looking look VBG en-wikipedia-org-9307 410 15 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 410 16 Dilmun dilmun NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 410 17 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-9307 410 18 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 410 19 Interlink Interlink NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 410 20 Pub Pub NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 410 21 Group Group NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 410 22 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 410 23 ^ ^ : en-wikipedia-org-9307 410 24 Richard Richard NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 410 25 Bulliet Bulliet NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 410 26 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-9307 410 27 Pamela Pamela NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 410 28 Kyle Kyle NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 410 29 Crossley Crossley NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 410 30 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-9307 410 31 Daniel Daniel NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 410 32 Headrick Headrick NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 410 33 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-9307 410 34 Steven Steven NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 410 35 Hirsch Hirsch NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 410 36 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-9307 410 37 Lyman Lyman NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 410 38 Johnson Johnson NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 410 39 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-9307 410 40 David David NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 410 41 Northup Northup NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 410 42 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 410 43 1 1 CD en-wikipedia-org-9307 410 44 January January NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 410 45 2010 2010 CD en-wikipedia-org-9307 410 46 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 410 47 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9307 411 1 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 411 2 Earth Earth NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 411 3 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9307 411 4 Its -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-9307 411 5 Peoples Peoples NNPS en-wikipedia-org-9307 411 6 : : : en-wikipedia-org-9307 411 7 A A NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 411 8 Global Global NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 411 9 History history NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 411 10 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9307 412 1 Cengage cengage NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 412 2 Learning Learning NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 412 3 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9307 413 1 ISBN ISBN NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 413 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-9307 413 3 978 978 CD en-wikipedia-org-9307 413 4 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-9307 413 5 0 0 CD en-wikipedia-org-9307 413 6 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-9307 413 7 538 538 CD en-wikipedia-org-9307 413 8 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-9307 413 9 74438 74438 CD en-wikipedia-org-9307 413 10 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-9307 413 11 6 6 CD en-wikipedia-org-9307 413 12 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9307 414 1 Retrieved retrieve VBN en-wikipedia-org-9307 414 2 30 30 CD en-wikipedia-org-9307 414 3 May May NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 414 4 2012 2012 CD en-wikipedia-org-9307 414 5 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9307 415 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 415 2 H.W.F. H.W.F. NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 416 1 Saggs Saggs NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 416 2 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-9307 416 3 Professor professor NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 416 4 Emeritus Emeritus NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 416 5 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 416 6 Semitic Semitic NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 416 7 Languages Languages NNPS en-wikipedia-org-9307 416 8 at at IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 416 9 University University NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 416 10 College College NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 416 11 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 416 12 Cardiff Cardiff NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 416 13 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 416 14 2000 2000 CD en-wikipedia-org-9307 416 15 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 416 16 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9307 417 1 Babylonians Babylonians NNPS en-wikipedia-org-9307 417 2 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9307 418 1 University University NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 418 2 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 418 3 California California NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 418 4 Press Press NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 418 5 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9307 419 1 ISBN ISBN NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 419 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-9307 419 3 978 978 CD en-wikipedia-org-9307 419 4 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-9307 419 5 0 0 CD en-wikipedia-org-9307 419 6 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-9307 419 7 520 520 CD en-wikipedia-org-9307 419 8 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-9307 419 9 20222 20222 CD en-wikipedia-org-9307 419 10 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-9307 419 11 1 1 CD en-wikipedia-org-9307 419 12 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9307 420 1 Retrieved retrieve VBN en-wikipedia-org-9307 420 2 29 29 CD en-wikipedia-org-9307 420 3 May May NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 420 4 2012 2012 CD en-wikipedia-org-9307 420 5 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9307 421 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 421 2 Roux Roux NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 421 3 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 421 4 Georges Georges NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 421 5 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 421 6 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 421 7 1993 1993 CD en-wikipedia-org-9307 421 8 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 421 9 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-9307 421 10 Ancient Ancient NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 421 11 Iraq Iraq NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 421 12 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-9307 421 13 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 421 14 Penguin Penguin NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 421 15 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 421 16 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9307 422 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 422 2 Wheeler Wheeler NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 422 3 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 422 4 Mortimer Mortimer NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 422 5 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 422 6 1953 1953 CD en-wikipedia-org-9307 422 7 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 422 8 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9307 423 1 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 423 2 Indus Indus NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 423 3 Civilization Civilization NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 423 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9307 424 1 Cambridge Cambridge NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 424 2 history history NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 424 3 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 424 4 India India NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 424 5 : : : en-wikipedia-org-9307 424 6 Supplementary supplementary JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 424 7 volume volume NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 424 8 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 424 9 3 3 CD en-wikipedia-org-9307 424 10   _SP en-wikipedia-org-9307 424 11 ed ed NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 424 12 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9307 424 13 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 424 14 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9307 425 1 Cambridge Cambridge NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 425 2 : : : en-wikipedia-org-9307 425 3 Cambridge Cambridge NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 425 4 University University NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 425 5 Press Press NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 425 6 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 425 7 published publish VBN en-wikipedia-org-9307 425 8 1968 1968 CD en-wikipedia-org-9307 425 9 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 425 10 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9307 426 1 p. p. NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 426 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-9307 426 3 111 111 CD en-wikipedia-org-9307 426 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9307 427 1 ISBN ISBN NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 427 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-9307 427 3 9780521069588 9780521069588 CD en-wikipedia-org-9307 427 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9307 428 1 Retrieved retrieve VBN en-wikipedia-org-9307 428 2 10 10 CD en-wikipedia-org-9307 428 3 April April NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 428 4 2021 2021 CD en-wikipedia-org-9307 428 5 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9307 429 1 In in IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 429 2 calculating calculate VBG en-wikipedia-org-9307 429 3 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 429 4 significance significance NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 429 5 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 429 6 Indus Indus NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 429 7 contacts contact NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 429 8 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 429 9 Mesopotamia Mesopotamia NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 429 10 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 429 11 it -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-9307 429 12 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-9307 429 13 obvious obvious JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 429 14 that that IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 429 15 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 429 16 economic economic JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 429 17 vitality vitality NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 429 18 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 429 19 Mesopotamia Mesopotamia NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 429 20 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-9307 429 21 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 429 22 controlling control VBG en-wikipedia-org-9307 429 23 factor factor NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 429 24 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9307 430 1 Documentary documentary JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 430 2 evidence evidence NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 430 3 there there RB en-wikipedia-org-9307 430 4 vouches vouch VBZ en-wikipedia-org-9307 430 5 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 430 6 vigorous vigorous JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 430 7 commercial commercial JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 430 8 activity activity NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 430 9 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 430 10 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 430 11 Sarginid Sarginid NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 430 12 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9307 430 13 Larsa Larsa NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 430 14 phases phase NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 430 15 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 430 16 ... ... NFP en-wikipedia-org-9307 430 17 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 430 18 ^ ^ FW en-wikipedia-org-9307 430 19 Bryce Bryce NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 430 20 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 430 21 James James NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 430 22 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 430 23 1886 1886 CD en-wikipedia-org-9307 430 24 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 430 25 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9307 431 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-9307 431 2 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 431 3 Relations Relations NNPS en-wikipedia-org-9307 431 4 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 431 5 History History NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 431 6 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9307 431 7 Geography Geography NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 431 8 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-9307 431 9 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9307 432 1 Littell Littell NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 432 2 's 's POS en-wikipedia-org-9307 432 3 Living Living NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 432 4 Age Age NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 432 5 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9307 433 1 5 5 CD en-wikipedia-org-9307 433 2 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9307 434 1 Boston Boston NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 434 2 : : : en-wikipedia-org-9307 434 3 Littell Littell NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 434 4 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9307 434 5 Co. Co. NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 434 6 169 169 CD en-wikipedia-org-9307 434 7 : : : en-wikipedia-org-9307 434 8 70 70 CD en-wikipedia-org-9307 434 9 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9307 435 1 Retrieved retrieve VBN en-wikipedia-org-9307 435 2 10 10 CD en-wikipedia-org-9307 435 3 April April NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 435 4 2021 2021 CD en-wikipedia-org-9307 435 5 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9307 436 1 There there EX en-wikipedia-org-9307 436 2 was be VBD en-wikipedia-org-9307 436 3 also also RB en-wikipedia-org-9307 436 4 an an DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 436 5 important important JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 436 6 trade trade NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 436 7 route route NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 436 8 through through IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 436 9 central central JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 436 10 Asia Asia NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 436 11 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 436 12 which which WDT en-wikipedia-org-9307 436 13 coming come VBG en-wikipedia-org-9307 436 14 down down RP en-wikipedia-org-9307 436 15 through through IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 436 16 Persia Persia NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 436 17 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9307 436 18 Mesopotamia Mesopotamia NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 436 19 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 436 20 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 436 21 Levant Levant NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 436 22 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 436 23 reached reach VBD en-wikipedia-org-9307 436 24 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 436 25 sea sea NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 436 26 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 436 27 northern northern JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 436 28 Syria Syria NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 436 29 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 436 30 ... ... NFP en-wikipedia-org-9307 436 31 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 436 32 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9307 437 1 These these DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 437 2 trade trade NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 437 3 routes route NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 437 4 assumed assume VBD en-wikipedia-org-9307 437 5 enormous enormous JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 437 6 importance importance NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 437 7 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 437 8 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 437 9 earlier early JJR en-wikipedia-org-9307 437 10 Middle Middle NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 437 11 Ages Ages NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 437 12 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 437 13 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9307 437 14 upon upon IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 437 15 them -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-9307 437 16 great great JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 437 17 political political JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 437 18 issues issue NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 437 19 turned turn VBD en-wikipedia-org-9307 437 20 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9307 438 1 ^ ^ NFP en-wikipedia-org-9307 438 2 Bulliet Bulliet NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 438 3 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 438 4 Richard Richard NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 438 5 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-9307 438 6 Crossley Crossley NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 438 7 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 438 8 Pamela Pamela NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 438 9 Kyle Kyle NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 438 10 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-9307 438 11 Headrick Headrick NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 438 12 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 438 13 Daniel Daniel NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 438 14 R. R. NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 438 15 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-9307 438 16 Hirsch Hirsch NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 438 17 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 438 18 Steven Steven NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 438 19 W. W. NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 438 20 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-9307 438 21 Johnson Johnson NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 438 22 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 438 23 Lyman Lyman NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 438 24 L. L. NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 438 25 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-9307 438 26 Northrup Northrup NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 438 27 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 438 28 David David NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 438 29 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 438 30 2009 2009 CD en-wikipedia-org-9307 438 31 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 438 32 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9307 439 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-9307 439 2 Interregional Interregional NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 439 3 Patterns Patterns NNPS en-wikipedia-org-9307 439 4 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 439 5 Culture Culture NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 439 6 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9307 439 7 Contact Contact NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 439 8 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-9307 439 9 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9307 440 1 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 440 2 Earth Earth NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 440 3 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9307 440 4 Its -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-9307 440 5 Peoples Peoples NNPS en-wikipedia-org-9307 440 6 : : : en-wikipedia-org-9307 440 7 A A NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 440 8 Global Global NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 440 9 History history NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 440 10 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 440 11 6 6 CD en-wikipedia-org-9307 440 12   _SP en-wikipedia-org-9307 440 13 ed ed NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 440 14 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9307 440 15 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 440 16 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9307 441 1 Cengage cengage NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 441 2 Learning Learning NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 441 3 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 441 4 published publish VBN en-wikipedia-org-9307 441 5 2014 2014 CD en-wikipedia-org-9307 441 6 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 441 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9307 442 1 p. p. NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 442 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-9307 442 3 279 279 CD en-wikipedia-org-9307 442 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9307 443 1 ISBN ISBN NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 443 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-9307 443 3 9781305147096 9781305147096 CD en-wikipedia-org-9307 443 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9307 444 1 Retrieved retrieve VBN en-wikipedia-org-9307 444 2 10 10 CD en-wikipedia-org-9307 444 3 April April NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 444 4 2021 2021 CD en-wikipedia-org-9307 444 5 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9307 445 1 Eurasia Eurasia NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 445 2 's 's POS en-wikipedia-org-9307 445 3 overland overland NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 445 4 trade trade NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 445 5 faded fade VBD en-wikipedia-org-9307 445 6 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 445 7 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9307 445 8 merchants merchant NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 445 9 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 445 10 soldiers soldier NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 445 11 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 445 12 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9307 445 13 explorers explorer NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 445 14 took take VBD en-wikipedia-org-9307 445 15 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 445 16 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 445 17 seas sea NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 445 18 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9307 446 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 446 2 Brebbia Brebbia NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 446 3 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 446 4 Carlos Carlos NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 446 5 A. a. NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 446 6 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-9307 446 7 Martinez Martinez NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 446 8 Boquera Boquera NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 446 9 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 446 10 A. A. NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 446 11 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 446 12 eds eds NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 446 13 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9307 447 1 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 447 2 28 28 CD en-wikipedia-org-9307 447 3 December December NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 447 4 2016 2016 CD en-wikipedia-org-9307 447 5 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 447 6 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9307 448 1 Islamic Islamic NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 448 2 Heritage Heritage NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 448 3 Architecture Architecture NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 448 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9307 449 1 Volume volume NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 449 2 159 159 CD en-wikipedia-org-9307 449 3 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 449 4 WIT WIT NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 449 5 transactions transaction NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 449 6 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 449 7 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 449 8 built build VBN en-wikipedia-org-9307 449 9 environment environment NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 449 10 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9307 450 1 Southampton Southampton NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 450 2 : : : en-wikipedia-org-9307 450 3 WIT WIT NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 450 4 Press Press NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 450 5 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 450 6 published publish VBN en-wikipedia-org-9307 450 7 2016 2016 CD en-wikipedia-org-9307 450 8 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 450 9 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9307 451 1 p. p. NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 451 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-9307 451 3 111 111 CD en-wikipedia-org-9307 451 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9307 452 1 ISBN ISBN NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 452 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-9307 452 3 9781784662370 9781784662370 CD en-wikipedia-org-9307 452 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9307 453 1 Retrieved retrieve VBN en-wikipedia-org-9307 453 2 10 10 CD en-wikipedia-org-9307 453 3 April April NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 453 4 2021 2021 CD en-wikipedia-org-9307 453 5 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9307 454 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 454 2 ... ... NFP en-wikipedia-org-9307 454 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 454 4 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 454 5 Silk Silk NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 454 6 Road Road NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 454 7 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 454 8 ... ... NFP en-wikipedia-org-9307 454 9 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 454 10 passed pass VBN en-wikipedia-org-9307 454 11 through through IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 454 12 central central JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 454 13 Asia Asia NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 454 14 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9307 454 15 Mesopotamia Mesopotamia NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 454 16 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9307 455 1 When when WRB en-wikipedia-org-9307 455 2 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 455 3 Suez Suez NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 455 4 Canal Canal NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 455 5 was be VBD en-wikipedia-org-9307 455 6 inaugurated inaugurate VBN en-wikipedia-org-9307 455 7 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 455 8 1869 1869 CD en-wikipedia-org-9307 455 9 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 455 10 trade trade NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 455 11 was be VBD en-wikipedia-org-9307 455 12 diverted divert VBN en-wikipedia-org-9307 455 13 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 455 14 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 455 15 sea sea NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 455 16 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 455 17 ... ... NFP en-wikipedia-org-9307 455 18 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 455 19 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9307 456 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 456 2 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 456 3 b b NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 456 4 Robert Robert NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 456 5 Dalling Dalling NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 456 6 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 456 7 2004 2004 CD en-wikipedia-org-9307 456 8 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 456 9 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 456 10 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 456 11 Story Story NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 456 12 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 456 13 Us Us NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 456 14 Humans Humans NNPS en-wikipedia-org-9307 456 15 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 456 16 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 456 17 Atoms atom NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 456 18 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 456 19 Today today NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 456 20 's 's POS en-wikipedia-org-9307 456 21 Civilization Civilization NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 456 22 ^ ^ NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 456 23 Winter Winter NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 456 24 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 456 25 Irene Irene NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 456 26 J. J. NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 457 1 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 457 2 1985 1985 CD en-wikipedia-org-9307 457 3 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 457 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9307 458 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-9307 458 2 After after IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 458 3 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 458 4 Battle battle NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 458 5 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-9307 458 6 Over over IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 458 7 : : : en-wikipedia-org-9307 458 8 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 458 9 ' ' `` en-wikipedia-org-9307 458 10 Stele Stele NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 458 11 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 458 12 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 458 13 Vultures Vultures NNPS en-wikipedia-org-9307 458 14 ' ' '' en-wikipedia-org-9307 458 15 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9307 458 16 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 458 17 Beginning beginning NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 458 18 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 458 19 Historical historical JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 458 20 Narrative Narrative NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 458 21 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 458 22 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 458 23 Art art NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 458 24 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 458 25 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 458 26 Ancient Ancient NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 458 27 Near Near NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 458 28 East East NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 458 29 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-9307 458 30 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9307 459 1 In in IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 459 2 Kessler Kessler NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 459 3 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 459 4 Herbert Herbert NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 459 5 L. L. NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 459 6 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-9307 459 7 Simpson Simpson NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 459 8 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 459 9 Marianna Marianna NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 459 10 Shreve Shreve NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 459 11 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9307 460 1 Pictorial Pictorial NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 460 2 Narrative Narrative NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 460 3 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 460 4 Antiquity Antiquity NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 460 5 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9307 460 6 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 460 7 Middle Middle NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 460 8 Ages Ages NNPS en-wikipedia-org-9307 460 9 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9307 461 1 Center center NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 461 2 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 461 3 Advanced Advanced NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 461 4 Study Study NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 461 5 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 461 6 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 461 7 Visual visual JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 461 8 Arts art NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 461 9 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 461 10 Symposium Symposium NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 461 11 Series Series NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 461 12 IV IV NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 461 13 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9307 462 1 16 16 CD en-wikipedia-org-9307 462 2 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9307 463 1 Washington Washington NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 463 2 DC DC NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 463 3 : : : en-wikipedia-org-9307 463 4 National National NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 463 5 Gallery Gallery NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 463 6 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 463 7 Art Art NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 463 8 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9307 464 1 pp pp NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 464 2 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9307 465 1 11–32 11–32 CD en-wikipedia-org-9307 465 2 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9307 466 1 ISSN issn NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 466 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-9307 466 3 0091 0091 CD en-wikipedia-org-9307 466 4 - - SYM en-wikipedia-org-9307 466 5 7338 7338 CD en-wikipedia-org-9307 466 6 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9307 467 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 467 2 Fensham Fensham NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 467 3 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 467 4 F. F. NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 467 5 Charles Charles NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 467 6 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 467 7 19620 19620 CD en-wikipedia-org-9307 467 8 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 467 9 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-9307 467 10 Widow Widow NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 467 11 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 467 12 Orphan Orphan NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 467 13 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 467 14 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9307 467 15 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 467 16 Poor Poor NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 467 17 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 467 18 Ancient Ancient NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 467 19 near near IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 467 20 Eastern Eastern NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 467 21 Legal Legal NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 467 22 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9307 467 23 Wisdom Wisdom NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 467 24 Literature Literature NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 467 25 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-9307 467 26 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 467 27 Journal Journal NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 467 28 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 467 29 Near Near NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 467 30 Eastern Eastern NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 467 31 Studies Studies NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 467 32 Vol Vol NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 467 33 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9307 468 1 21 21 CD en-wikipedia-org-9307 468 2 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 468 3 No no UH en-wikipedia-org-9307 468 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9307 469 1 2 2 LS en-wikipedia-org-9307 469 2 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 469 3 Apr. April NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 470 1 1962 1962 CD en-wikipedia-org-9307 470 2 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 470 3 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 470 4 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 470 5 pp pp NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 470 6 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9307 471 1 129–139 129–139 CD en-wikipedia-org-9307 471 2 ^ ^ . en-wikipedia-org-9307 471 3 Frankfort Frankfort NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 471 4 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 471 5 24–37 24–37 CD en-wikipedia-org-9307 471 6 ^ ^ . en-wikipedia-org-9307 471 7 Frankfort Frankfort NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 471 8 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 471 9 45–59 45–59 CD en-wikipedia-org-9307 471 10 ^ ^ . en-wikipedia-org-9307 471 11 Frankfort Frankfort NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 471 12 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 471 13 61–66 61–66 CD en-wikipedia-org-9307 471 14 ^ ^ . en-wikipedia-org-9307 471 15 Frankfort Frankfort NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 471 16 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 471 17 Chapters chapter NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 471 18 2–5 2–5 CD en-wikipedia-org-9307 471 19 ^ ^ . en-wikipedia-org-9307 471 20 Frankfort Frankfort NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 471 21 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 471 22 110–112 110–112 CD en-wikipedia-org-9307 471 23 ^ ^ . en-wikipedia-org-9307 471 24 Frankfort Frankfort NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 471 25 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 471 26 66–74 66–74 JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 471 27 ^ ^ NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 471 28 Frankfort Frankfort NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 471 29 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 471 30 71–73 71–73 CD en-wikipedia-org-9307 471 31 ^ ^ NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 471 32 Frankfort Frankfort NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 471 33 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 471 34 66–74 66–74 NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 471 35 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-9307 471 36 167 167 CD en-wikipedia-org-9307 471 37 ^ ^ . en-wikipedia-org-9307 471 38 Frankfort Frankfort NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 471 39 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 471 40 141–193 141–193 CD en-wikipedia-org-9307 471 41 ^ ^ NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 471 42 Dunham Dunham NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 471 43 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 471 44 Sally Sally NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 471 45 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 471 46 2005 2005 CD en-wikipedia-org-9307 471 47 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 471 48 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 471 49 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-9307 471 50 Ancient Ancient NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 471 51 Near near IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 471 52 Eastern eastern JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 471 53 architecture architecture NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 471 54 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-9307 471 55 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 471 56 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 471 57 Daniel Daniel NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 471 58 Snell Snell NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 471 59 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 471 60 ed ed NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 471 61 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9307 472 1 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 472 2 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 472 3 A a DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 472 4 Companion Companion NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 472 5 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 472 6 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 472 7 Ancient Ancient NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 472 8 Near Near NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 472 9 East East NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 472 10 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 472 11 Oxford Oxford NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 472 12 : : : en-wikipedia-org-9307 472 13 Blackwell Blackwell NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 472 14 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 472 15 pp pp NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 472 16 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9307 473 1 266–280 266–280 CD en-wikipedia-org-9307 473 2 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 473 3 ISBN ISBN NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 473 4   _SP en-wikipedia-org-9307 473 5 978 978 CD en-wikipedia-org-9307 473 6 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-9307 473 7 0 0 CD en-wikipedia-org-9307 473 8 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-9307 473 9 631 631 CD en-wikipedia-org-9307 473 10 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-9307 473 11 23293 23293 CD en-wikipedia-org-9307 473 12 - - SYM en-wikipedia-org-9307 473 13 3 3 CD en-wikipedia-org-9307 473 14 ^ ^ NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 473 15 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-9307 473 16 Mesopotamia Mesopotamia NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 473 17 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-9307 473 18 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9307 474 1 World World NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 474 2 History History NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 474 3 Encyclopedia Encyclopedia NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 474 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9307 475 1 Retrieved retrieve VBN en-wikipedia-org-9307 475 2 21 21 CD en-wikipedia-org-9307 475 3 July July NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 475 4 2017 2017 CD en-wikipedia-org-9307 475 5 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9307 476 1 Further further JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 476 2 reading read VBG en-wikipedia-org-9307 476 3 Atlas Atlas NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 476 4 de de NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 476 5 la la NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 476 6 Mésopotamie Mésopotamie NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 476 7 et et NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 476 8 du du NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 476 9 Proche Proche NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 476 10 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-9307 476 11 Orient Orient NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 476 12 ancien ancien NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 476 13 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 476 14 Brepols Brepols NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 476 15 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 476 16 1996 1996 CD en-wikipedia-org-9307 476 17 ISBN ISBN NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 476 18   _SP en-wikipedia-org-9307 476 19 2 2 CD en-wikipedia-org-9307 476 20 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-9307 476 21 503 503 CD en-wikipedia-org-9307 476 22 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-9307 476 23 50046 50046 CD en-wikipedia-org-9307 476 24 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-9307 476 25 3 3 CD en-wikipedia-org-9307 476 26 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9307 477 1 Benoit Benoit NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 477 2 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 477 3 Agnès Agnès NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 477 4 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-9307 477 5 2003 2003 CD en-wikipedia-org-9307 477 6 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9307 478 1 Art art NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 478 2 et et NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 478 3 archéologie archéologie NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 478 4   _SP en-wikipedia-org-9307 478 5 : : : en-wikipedia-org-9307 478 6 les les NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 478 7 civilisations civilisation NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 478 8 du du NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 478 9 Proche Proche NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 478 10 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-9307 478 11 Orient Orient NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 478 12 ancien ancien NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 478 13 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 478 14 Manuels Manuels NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 478 15 de de NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 478 16 l'Ecole l'Ecole NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 478 17 du du NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 478 18 Louvre Louvre NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 478 19 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9307 479 1 Bottéro Bottéro NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 479 2 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 479 3 Jean Jean NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 479 4 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-9307 479 5 1987 1987 CD en-wikipedia-org-9307 479 6 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9307 480 1 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 480 2 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 480 3 French French NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 480 4 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 480 5 Mésopotamie Mésopotamie NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 480 6 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9307 481 1 L'écriture L'écriture NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 481 2 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 481 3 la la NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 481 4 raison raison NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 481 5 et et FW en-wikipedia-org-9307 481 6 les les NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 481 7 dieux dieux NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 481 8 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 481 9 Gallimard Gallimard NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 481 10 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 481 11 coll coll NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 481 12 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9307 482 1 « « `` en-wikipedia-org-9307 482 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-9307 482 3 Folio Folio NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 482 4 Histoire Histoire NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 482 5   _SP en-wikipedia-org-9307 482 6 » » NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 482 7 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 482 8 ISBN ISBN NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 482 9   _SP en-wikipedia-org-9307 482 10 2 2 CD en-wikipedia-org-9307 482 11 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-9307 482 12 07 07 CD en-wikipedia-org-9307 482 13 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-9307 482 14 040308 040308 CD en-wikipedia-org-9307 482 15 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-9307 482 16 4 4 CD en-wikipedia-org-9307 482 17 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9307 483 1 Bottéro Bottéro NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 483 2 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 483 3 Jean Jean NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 483 4 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 483 5 15 15 CD en-wikipedia-org-9307 483 6 June June NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 483 7 1995 1995 CD en-wikipedia-org-9307 483 8 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 483 9 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9307 484 1 Mesopotamia Mesopotamia NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 484 2 : : : en-wikipedia-org-9307 484 3 Writing writing NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 484 4 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 484 5 Reasoning Reasoning NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 484 6 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 484 7 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9307 484 8 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 484 9 Gods Gods NNPS en-wikipedia-org-9307 484 10 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9307 485 1 Translated translate VBN en-wikipedia-org-9307 485 2 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 485 3 Bahrani Bahrani NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 485 4 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 485 5 Zainab Zainab NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 485 6 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-9307 485 7 Van Van NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 485 8 de de NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 485 9 Mieroop Mieroop NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 485 10 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 485 11 Marc Marc NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 485 12 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9307 486 1 University University NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 486 2 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 486 3 Chicago Chicago NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 486 4 Press Press NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 486 5 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9307 487 1 ISBN ISBN NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 487 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-9307 487 3 978 978 CD en-wikipedia-org-9307 487 4 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-9307 487 5 0226067278 0226067278 CD en-wikipedia-org-9307 487 6 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9307 488 1 Edzard Edzard NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 488 2 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 488 3 Dietz Dietz NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 488 4 Otto Otto NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 488 5 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-9307 488 6 2004 2004 CD en-wikipedia-org-9307 488 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9307 489 1 Geschichte Geschichte NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 489 2 Mesopotamiens Mesopotamiens NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 489 3 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9307 490 1 Von Von NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 490 2 den den NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 490 3 Sumerern Sumerern NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 490 4 bis bis NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 490 5 zu zu NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 490 6 Alexander Alexander NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 490 7 dem dem JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 490 8 Großen Großen NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 490 9 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 490 10 München München NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 490 11 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 490 12 ISBN ISBN NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 490 13   _SP en-wikipedia-org-9307 490 14 3 3 CD en-wikipedia-org-9307 490 15 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-9307 490 16 406 406 CD en-wikipedia-org-9307 490 17 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-9307 490 18 51664 51664 CD en-wikipedia-org-9307 490 19 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-9307 490 20 5 5 CD en-wikipedia-org-9307 490 21 Frankfort Frankfort NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 490 22 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 490 23 Henri Henri NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 490 24 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 490 25 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 490 26 Art Art NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 490 27 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9307 490 28 Architecture Architecture NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 490 29 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 490 30 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 490 31 Ancient Ancient NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 490 32 Orient Orient NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 490 33 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 490 34 Pelican pelican JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 490 35 History history NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 490 36 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 490 37 Art art NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 490 38 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 490 39 4th 4th JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 490 40 ed ed NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 490 41 1970 1970 CD en-wikipedia-org-9307 490 42 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 490 43 Penguin Penguin NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 490 44 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 490 45 now now RB en-wikipedia-org-9307 490 46 Yale Yale NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 490 47 History history NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 490 48 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 490 49 Art Art NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 490 50 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 490 51 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 490 52 ISBN ISBN NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 490 53   _SP en-wikipedia-org-9307 490 54 0 0 CD en-wikipedia-org-9307 490 55 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-9307 490 56 14 14 CD en-wikipedia-org-9307 490 57 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-9307 490 58 056107 056107 CD en-wikipedia-org-9307 490 59 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-9307 490 60 2 2 CD en-wikipedia-org-9307 490 61 Hrouda Hrouda NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 490 62 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 490 63 Barthel Barthel NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 490 64 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9307 490 65 Rene Rene NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 490 66 Pfeilschifter Pfeilschifter NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 490 67 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-9307 490 68 2005 2005 CD en-wikipedia-org-9307 490 69 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9307 491 1 Mesopotamien Mesopotamien NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 491 2 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9307 492 1 Die Die NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 492 2 antiken antiken VBN en-wikipedia-org-9307 492 3 Kulturen Kulturen NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 492 4 zwischen zwischen . en-wikipedia-org-9307 492 5 Euphrat Euphrat NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 492 6 und und VBP en-wikipedia-org-9307 492 7 Tigris Tigris NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 492 8 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9307 493 1 München München NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 493 2 2005 2005 CD en-wikipedia-org-9307 493 3 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 493 4 4 4 CD en-wikipedia-org-9307 493 5 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9307 494 1 Aufl Aufl NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 494 2 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9307 495 1 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 495 2 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 495 3 ISBN ISBN NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 495 4   _SP en-wikipedia-org-9307 495 5 3 3 CD en-wikipedia-org-9307 495 6 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-9307 495 7 406 406 CD en-wikipedia-org-9307 495 8 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-9307 495 9 46530 46530 CD en-wikipedia-org-9307 495 10 - - SYM en-wikipedia-org-9307 495 11 7 7 CD en-wikipedia-org-9307 495 12 Joannès Joannès NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 495 13 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 495 14 Francis Francis NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 495 15 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-9307 495 16 2001 2001 CD en-wikipedia-org-9307 495 17 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9307 496 1 Dictionnaire Dictionnaire NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 496 2 de de FW en-wikipedia-org-9307 496 3 la la JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 496 4 civilisation civilisation NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 496 5 mésopotamienne mésopotamienne NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 496 6 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 496 7 Robert Robert NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 496 8 Laffont Laffont NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 496 9 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9307 497 1 Korn Korn NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 497 2 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 497 3 Wolfgang Wolfgang NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 497 4 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-9307 497 5 2004 2004 CD en-wikipedia-org-9307 497 6 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9307 498 1 Mesopotamien Mesopotamien NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 498 2 – – : en-wikipedia-org-9307 498 3 Wiege Wiege NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 498 4 der der VBD en-wikipedia-org-9307 498 5 Zivilisation Zivilisation NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 498 6 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9307 499 1 6000 6000 CD en-wikipedia-org-9307 499 2 Jahre Jahre NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 499 3 Hochkulturen Hochkulturen NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 499 4 an an DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 499 5 Euphrat Euphrat NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 499 6 und und NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 499 7 Tigris Tigris NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 499 8 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 499 9 Stuttgart Stuttgart NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 499 10 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 499 11 ISBN ISBN NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 499 12   _SP en-wikipedia-org-9307 499 13 3 3 CD en-wikipedia-org-9307 499 14 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-9307 499 15 8062 8062 CD en-wikipedia-org-9307 499 16 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-9307 499 17 1851-X 1851-x CD en-wikipedia-org-9307 499 18 Kuhrt Kuhrt NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 499 19 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 499 20 Amélie Amélie NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 499 21 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-9307 499 22 1995 1995 CD en-wikipedia-org-9307 499 23 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9307 500 1 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 500 2 Ancient Ancient NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 500 3 Near Near NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 500 4 East East NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 500 5 : : : en-wikipedia-org-9307 500 6 c. c. NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 500 7 3000–330 3000–330 CD en-wikipedia-org-9307 500 8 B.C. B.C. NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 501 1 2 2 CD en-wikipedia-org-9307 501 2 Vols Vols NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 501 3 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9307 502 1 Routledge Routledge NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 502 2 : : : en-wikipedia-org-9307 502 3 London London NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 502 4 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9307 502 5 New New NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 502 6 York York NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 502 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9307 503 1 Liverani Liverani NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 503 2 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 503 3 Mario Mario NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 503 4 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-9307 503 5 1991 1991 CD en-wikipedia-org-9307 503 6 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9307 504 1 Antico Antico NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 504 2 Oriente Oriente NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 504 3 : : : en-wikipedia-org-9307 504 4 storia storia NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 504 5 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 504 6 società società NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 504 7 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 504 8 economia economia NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 504 9 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9307 505 1 Editori Editori NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 505 2 Laterza Laterza NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 505 3 : : : en-wikipedia-org-9307 505 4 Roma Roma NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 505 5 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9307 506 1 Matthews Matthews NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 506 2 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 506 3 Roger Roger NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 506 4 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-9307 506 5 2005 2005 CD en-wikipedia-org-9307 506 6 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9307 507 1 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 507 2 early early JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 507 3 prehistory prehistory NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 507 4 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 507 5 Mesopotamia Mesopotamia NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 507 6 – – : en-wikipedia-org-9307 507 7 500,000 500,000 CD en-wikipedia-org-9307 507 8 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-9307 507 9 4,500 4,500 CD en-wikipedia-org-9307 507 10 BC BC NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 507 11 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 507 12 Turnhout Turnhout NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 507 13 2005 2005 CD en-wikipedia-org-9307 507 14 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 507 15 ISBN ISBN NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 507 16   _SP en-wikipedia-org-9307 507 17 2 2 CD en-wikipedia-org-9307 507 18 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-9307 507 19 503 503 CD en-wikipedia-org-9307 507 20 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-9307 507 21 50729 50729 CD en-wikipedia-org-9307 507 22 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-9307 507 23 8 8 CD en-wikipedia-org-9307 507 24 Oppenheim Oppenheim NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 507 25 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 507 26 A. A. NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 507 27 Leo Leo NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 507 28 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-9307 507 29 1964 1964 CD en-wikipedia-org-9307 507 30 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9307 508 1 Ancient ancient JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 508 2 Mesopotamia Mesopotamia NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 508 3 : : : en-wikipedia-org-9307 508 4 Portrait portrait NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 508 5 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 508 6 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 508 7 dead dead JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 508 8 civilization civilization NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 508 9 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9307 509 1 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 509 2 University University NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 509 3 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 509 4 Chicago Chicago NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 509 5 Press Press NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 509 6 : : : en-wikipedia-org-9307 509 7 Chicago Chicago NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 509 8 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9307 509 9 London London NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 509 10 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9307 510 1 Revised revise VBN en-wikipedia-org-9307 510 2 edition edition NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 510 3 completed complete VBN en-wikipedia-org-9307 510 4 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 510 5 Erica Erica NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 510 6 Reiner Reiner NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 510 7 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 510 8 1977 1977 CD en-wikipedia-org-9307 510 9 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9307 511 1 Pollock Pollock NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 511 2 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 511 3 Susan Susan NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 511 4 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-9307 511 5 1999 1999 CD en-wikipedia-org-9307 511 6 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9307 512 1 Ancient Ancient NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 512 2 Mesopotamia Mesopotamia NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 512 3 : : : en-wikipedia-org-9307 512 4 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 512 5 Eden Eden NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 512 6 that that WDT en-wikipedia-org-9307 512 7 never never RB en-wikipedia-org-9307 512 8 was be VBD en-wikipedia-org-9307 512 9 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9307 513 1 Cambridge Cambridge NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 513 2 University University NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 513 3 Press Press NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 513 4 : : : en-wikipedia-org-9307 513 5 Cambridge Cambridge NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 513 6 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9307 514 1 Postgate postgate NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 514 2 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 514 3 J. J. NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 514 4 Nicholas Nicholas NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 514 5 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-9307 514 6 1992 1992 CD en-wikipedia-org-9307 514 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9307 515 1 Early early JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 515 2 Mesopotamia Mesopotamia NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 515 3 : : : en-wikipedia-org-9307 515 4 Society society NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 515 5 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9307 515 6 Economy Economy NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 515 7 at at IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 515 8 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 515 9 dawn dawn NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 515 10 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 515 11 history history NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 515 12 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9307 516 1 Routledge Routledge NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 516 2 : : : en-wikipedia-org-9307 516 3 London London NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 516 4 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9307 516 5 New New NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 516 6 York York NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 516 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9307 517 1 Roux roux VB en-wikipedia-org-9307 517 2 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 517 3 Georges Georges NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 517 4 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-9307 517 5 1964 1964 CD en-wikipedia-org-9307 517 6 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9307 518 1 Ancient Ancient NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 518 2 Iraq Iraq NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 518 3 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 518 4 Penguin Penguin NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 518 5 Books Books NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 518 6 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9307 519 1 Silver Silver NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 519 2 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 519 3 Morris Morris NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 519 4 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-9307 519 5 2007 2007 CD en-wikipedia-org-9307 519 6 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9307 520 1 Redistribution redistribution NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 520 2 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9307 520 3 Markets Markets NNPS en-wikipedia-org-9307 520 4 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 520 5 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 520 6 Economy Economy NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 520 7 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 520 8 Ancient Ancient NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 520 9 Mesopotamia Mesopotamia NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 520 10 : : : en-wikipedia-org-9307 520 11 Updating update VBG en-wikipedia-org-9307 520 12 Polanyi Polanyi NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 520 13 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 520 14 Antiguo Antiguo NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 520 15 Oriente Oriente NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 520 16 5 5 CD en-wikipedia-org-9307 520 17 : : : en-wikipedia-org-9307 520 18 89–112 89–112 NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 520 19 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9307 521 1 Snell Snell NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 521 2 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 521 3 Daniel Daniel NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 521 4 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 521 5 ed ed NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 521 6 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9307 522 1 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 522 2 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-9307 522 3 2005 2005 CD en-wikipedia-org-9307 522 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9307 523 1 A a DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 523 2 Companion companion NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 523 3 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 523 4 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 523 5 Ancient Ancient NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 523 6 Near Near NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 523 7 East East NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 523 8 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9307 524 1 Malden Malden NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 524 2 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 524 3 MA MA NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 524 4   _SP en-wikipedia-org-9307 524 5 : : : en-wikipedia-org-9307 524 6 Blackwell Blackwell NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 524 7 Pub Pub NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 524 8 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 524 9 2005 2005 CD en-wikipedia-org-9307 524 10 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9307 525 1 Van Van NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 525 2 de de NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 525 3 Mieroop Mieroop NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 525 4 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 525 5 Marc Marc NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 525 6 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-9307 525 7 2004 2004 CD en-wikipedia-org-9307 525 8 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9307 526 1 A a DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 526 2 history history NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 526 3 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 526 4 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 526 5 ancient ancient JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 526 6 Near Near NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 526 7 East East NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 526 8 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9307 527 1 ca ca MD en-wikipedia-org-9307 527 2 3000–323 3000–323 CD en-wikipedia-org-9307 527 3 BC BC NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 527 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9307 528 1 Oxford Oxford NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 528 2 : : : en-wikipedia-org-9307 528 3 Blackwell Blackwell NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 528 4 Publishing Publishing NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 528 5 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9307 529 1 External external JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 529 2 links link NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 529 3 Wikimedia Wikimedia NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 529 4 Commons Commons NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 529 5 has have VBZ en-wikipedia-org-9307 529 6 media medium NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 529 7 related relate VBN en-wikipedia-org-9307 529 8 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 529 9 Mesopotamia Mesopotamia NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 529 10 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9307 530 1 Wikivoyage wikivoyage NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 530 2 has have VBZ en-wikipedia-org-9307 530 3 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 530 4 travel travel NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 530 5 guide guide NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 530 6 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 530 7 Ancient Ancient NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 530 8 Mesopotamia Mesopotamia NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 530 9 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9307 531 1 Wikivoyage wikivoyage NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 531 2 has have VBZ en-wikipedia-org-9307 531 3 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 531 4 travel travel NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 531 5 guide guide NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 531 6 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 531 7 Mesopotamia Mesopotamia NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 531 8 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 531 9 Region Region NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 531 10 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 531 11 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9307 532 1 Ancient Ancient NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 532 2 Mesopotamia Mesopotamia NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 532 3 – – : en-wikipedia-org-9307 532 4 timeline timeline NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 532 5 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 532 6 definition definition NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 532 7 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 532 8 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9307 532 9 articles article NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 532 10 at at IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 532 11 World World NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 532 12 History History NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 532 13 Encyclopedia Encyclopedia NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 532 14 Mesopotamia Mesopotamia NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 532 15   _SP en-wikipedia-org-9307 532 16 – – : en-wikipedia-org-9307 532 17 introduction introduction NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 532 18 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 532 19 Mesopotamia Mesopotamia NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 532 20 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 532 21 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 532 22 British British NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 532 23 Museum Museum NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 532 24 By by IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 532 25 Nile Nile NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 532 26 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9307 532 27 Tigris Tigris NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 532 28 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 532 29 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 532 30 narrative narrative NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 532 31 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 532 32 journeys journey NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 532 33 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 532 34 Egypt Egypt NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 532 35 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9307 532 36 Mesopotamia Mesopotamia NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 532 37 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 532 38 behalf behalf NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 532 39 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 532 40 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 532 41 British british JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 532 42 museum museum NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 532 43 between between IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 532 44 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 532 45 years year NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 532 46 1886 1886 CD en-wikipedia-org-9307 532 47 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9307 532 48 1913 1913 CD en-wikipedia-org-9307 532 49 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 532 50 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 532 51 Sir Sir NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 532 52 E.A. E.A. 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Babylonia NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 537 98 Parthian Parthian NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 537 99 Babylonia Babylonia NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 537 100 Sassanid Sassanid NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 537 101 Asorestan Asorestan NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 537 102 638–1958 638–1958 NNPS en-wikipedia-org-9307 537 103 Muslim Muslim NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 537 104 conquest conquest NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 537 105 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 537 106 Persia Persia NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 537 107 Abbasid Abbasid NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 537 108 Caliphate Caliphate NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 537 109 Buyid Buyid NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 537 110 dynasty dynasty NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 537 111 Kara Kara NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 537 112 Koyunlu Koyunlu NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 537 113 Aq Aq NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 537 114 Qoyunlu Qoyunlu NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 537 115 Safavids Safavids NNPS en-wikipedia-org-9307 537 116 Ottoman Ottoman NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 537 117 Iraq Iraq NNP 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of IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 537 288 religion religion NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 537 289 Women Women NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 537 290 Law Law NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 537 291 Military Military NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 537 292 Police Police NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 537 293 Political political JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 537 294 parties party NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 537 295 Judiciary Judiciary NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 537 296 Wars Wars NNPS en-wikipedia-org-9307 537 297 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9307 537 298 conflicts conflict VBZ en-wikipedia-org-9307 537 299 Economy Economy NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 537 300 Central Central NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 537 301 Bank Bank NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 537 302 Dinar Dinar NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 537 303 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 537 304 currency currency NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 537 305 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 537 306 Infrastructure infrastructure NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 537 307 Oil Oil NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 537 308 Industry Industry NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 537 309 Oil Oil NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 537 310 reserves reserve VBZ en-wikipedia-org-9307 537 311 Reconstruction Reconstruction NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 537 312 Stock Stock NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 537 313 Exchange Exchange NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 537 314 Telecommunications Telecommunications NNPS en-wikipedia-org-9307 537 315 Transportation Transportation NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 537 316 Society Society NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 537 317 Cinema Cinema NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 537 318 Cuisine Cuisine NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 537 319 Culture Culture NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 537 320 Education Education NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 537 321 Health Health NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 537 322 Media Media NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 537 323 Music Music NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 537 324 Smoking Smoking NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 537 325 Sports Sports NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 537 326 Demographics Demographics NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 537 327 Iraqis Iraqis NNPS en-wikipedia-org-9307 537 328 diaspora diaspora NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 537 329 refugees refugee NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 537 330 Languages Languages NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 537 331 Arabic Arabic NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 537 332 Aramaic aramaic JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 537 333 Kurdish kurdish JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 537 334 Persian persian JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 537 335 Iraqi iraqi JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 537 336 Turkmen Turkmen NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 537 337 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-9307 537 338 Turkoman Turkoman NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 537 339 dialects dialect VBZ en-wikipedia-org-9307 537 340 Minorities minority NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 537 341 Armenians Armenians NNPS en-wikipedia-org-9307 537 342 Assyrians Assyrians NNPS en-wikipedia-org-9307 537 343 Circassians circassian NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 537 344 Kurds Kurds NNPS en-wikipedia-org-9307 537 345 Mandaeans Mandaeans NNPS en-wikipedia-org-9307 537 346 Marsh Marsh NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 537 347 Arabs Arabs NNPS en-wikipedia-org-9307 537 348 Persians Persians NNPS en-wikipedia-org-9307 537 349 Solluba Solluba NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 537 350 Iraqi iraqi JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 537 351 Turkmen Turkmen NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 537 352 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-9307 537 353 Turkoman Turkoman NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 537 354 Jews Jews NNPS en-wikipedia-org-9307 537 355 Religion Religion NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 537 356 Islam Islam NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 537 357 Christianity Christianity NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 537 358 Mandaeism Mandaeism NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 537 359 Yazidis Yazidis NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 537 360 Outline Outline NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 537 361 Index Index NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 537 362 Category Category NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 537 363 Portal Portal NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 537 364 v v NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 537 365 t t NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 537 366 e e NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 537 367 Ancient Ancient NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 537 368 Mesopotamia Mesopotamia NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 537 369 Geography Geography NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 537 370 Modern Modern NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 537 371 Euphrates Euphrates NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 537 372 Upper Upper NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 537 373 Mesopotamia Mesopotamia NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 537 374 Mesopotamian mesopotamian JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 537 375 Marshes marshe VBZ en-wikipedia-org-9307 537 376 Persian Persian NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 537 377 Gulf Gulf NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 537 378 Syrian Syrian NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 537 379 Desert Desert NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 537 380 Taurus Taurus NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 537 381 Mountains Mountains NNPS en-wikipedia-org-9307 537 382 Tigris Tigris NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 537 383 Zagros Zagros NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 537 384 Mountains Mountains NNPS en-wikipedia-org-9307 537 385 Ancient Ancient NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 537 386 Fertile Fertile NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 537 387 Crescent Crescent NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 537 388 Akkad Akkad NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 537 389 Assyria Assyria NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 537 390 Babylonia Babylonia NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 537 391 Chaldea Chaldea NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 537 392 Elam Elam NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 537 393 Hittites Hittites NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 537 394 Media Media NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 537 395 Mitanni Mitanni NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 537 396 Sumer Sumer NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 537 397 Urartu Urartu NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 537 398 Cities Cities NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 537 399 History History NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 537 400 Pre- Pre- NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 537 401 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-9307 537 402 Protohistory Protohistory NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 537 403 Acheulean Acheulean NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 537 404 Mousterian Mousterian NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 537 405 Trialetian trialetian JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 537 406 Zarzian zarzian JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 537 407 Natufian Natufian NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 537 408 Nemrikian Nemrikian NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 537 409 Khiamian Khiamian NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 537 410 Pre Pre NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 537 411 - - NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 537 412 Pottery Pottery NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 537 413 Neolithic neolithic JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 537 414 A a NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 537 415 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 537 416 PPNA PPNA NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 537 417 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 537 418 Pre pre JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 537 419 - - JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 537 420 Pottery pottery JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 537 421 Neolithic neolithic JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 537 422 B b NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 537 423 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 537 424 PPNB PPNB NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 537 425 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 537 426 Hassuna Hassuna NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 537 427 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-9307 537 428 Samarra Samarra NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 537 429 Halaf Halaf NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 537 430 Ubaid Ubaid NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 537 431 Uruk Uruk NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 537 432 Jemdet Jemdet NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 537 433 Nasr Nasr NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 537 434 Kish kish JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 537 435 civilization civilization NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 537 436 History history NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 537 437 Early Early NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 537 438 Dynastic dynastic JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 537 439 Akkadian Akkadian NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 537 440 Gutians Gutians NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 537 441 Simurrum Simurrum NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 537 442 Ur Ur NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 537 443 III III NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 537 444 Isin Isin NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 537 445 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-9307 537 446 Larsa Larsa NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 537 447 Old Old NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 537 448 Babylonian babylonian JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 537 449 Hammurabi Hammurabi NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 537 450 Kassite Kassite NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 537 451 Middle middle JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 537 452 Babylonian Babylonian NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 537 453 Neo Neo NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 537 454 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-9307 537 455 Assyrian Assyrian NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 537 456 Neo Neo NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 537 457 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-9307 537 458 Babylonian babylonian JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 537 459 Achaemenid Achaemenid NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 537 460 Seleucid Seleucid NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 537 461 Parthian parthian JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 537 462 Roman roman JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 537 463 Sasanian Sasanian NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 537 464 Muslim Muslim NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 537 465 conquest conquest VBD en-wikipedia-org-9307 537 466 Timeline Timeline NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 537 467 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 537 468 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 537 469 Assyrian Assyrian NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 537 470 Empire Empire NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 537 471 Hakkari Hakkari NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 537 472 Languages Languages NNPS en-wikipedia-org-9307 537 473 Akkadian Akkadian NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 537 474 Amorite Amorite NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 537 475 Aramaic Aramaic NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 537 476 Eblaite Eblaite NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 537 477 Elamite Elamite NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 537 478 Gutian Gutian NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 537 479 Hittite Hittite NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 537 480 Hurrian Hurrian NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 537 481 Luwian Luwian NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 537 482 Middle Middle NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 537 483 Persian Persian NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 537 484 Old Old NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 537 485 Persian persian JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 537 486 Parthian Parthian NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 537 487 Proto Proto NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 537 488 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-9307 537 489 Armenian armenian JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 537 490 Sumerian Sumerian NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 537 491 Urartian Urartian NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 537 492 Culture Culture NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 537 493 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-9307 537 494 Society Society NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 537 495 Architecture Architecture NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 537 496 Art Art NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 537 497 Cuneiform cuneiform NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 537 498 Akkadian akkadian JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 537 499 literature literature NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 537 500 Sumerian sumerian JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 537 501 literature literature NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 537 502 Music Music NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 537 503 Indus Indus NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 537 504 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-9307 537 505 Mesopotamia Mesopotamia NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 537 506 relations relation NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 537 507 Egypt Egypt NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 537 508 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-9307 537 509 Mesopotamia Mesopotamia NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 537 510 relations relation NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 537 511 Royal Royal NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 537 512 titles title NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 537 513 Archaeology Archaeology NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 537 514 Looting Looting NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 537 515 Destruction destruction NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 537 516 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 537 517 ISIL ISIL NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 537 518 Tell Tell NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 537 519 Religion Religion NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 537 520 Ancient ancient JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 537 521 Mesopotamian mesopotamian JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 537 522 religion religion NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 537 523 Sumerian sumerian JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 537 524 religion religion NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 537 525 List list NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 537 526 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 537 527 Deities Deities NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 537 528 Mesopotamian mesopotamian JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 537 529 myths myth NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 537 530 Divination Divination NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 537 531 Prayers Prayers NNPS en-wikipedia-org-9307 537 532 Ziggurat Ziggurat NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 537 533 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 537 534 Temple Temple NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 537 535 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 537 536 v v NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 537 537 t t NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 537 538 e e NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 537 539 People People NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 537 540 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9307 537 541 things thing NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 537 542 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 537 543 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 537 544 Quran Quran NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 537 545 Characters Characters NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 537 546 Non Non NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 537 547 - - NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 537 548 humans human NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 537 549 Allāh Allāh NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 537 550 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 537 551 ' ' `` en-wikipedia-org-9307 537 552 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 537 553 God God NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 537 554 ' ' POS en-wikipedia-org-9307 537 555 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 537 556 Names name NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 537 557 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 537 558 Allah Allah NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 537 559 found find VBD en-wikipedia-org-9307 537 560 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 537 561 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 537 562 Quran Quran NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 537 563 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 537 564 such such JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 537 565 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 537 566 Karīm Karīm NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 537 567 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 537 568 Generous Generous NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 537 569 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 537 570 Animals animal NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 537 571 Related Related NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 537 572 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 537 573 baqarah baqarah NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 537 574 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 537 575 cow cow NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 537 576 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 537 577 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 537 578 Israelites Israelites NNPS en-wikipedia-org-9307 537 579 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 537 580 dhiʾb dhiʾb JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 537 581 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 537 582 wolf wolf NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 537 583 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 537 584 that that IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 537 585 Jacob Jacob NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 537 586 feared fear VBD en-wikipedia-org-9307 537 587 could could MD en-wikipedia-org-9307 537 588 attack attack VB en-wikipedia-org-9307 537 589 Joseph Joseph NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 537 590 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 537 591 fīl fīl NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 537 592 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 537 593 elephant elephant NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 537 594 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 537 595 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 537 596 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 537 597 Abyssinians Abyssinians NNPS en-wikipedia-org-9307 537 598 Ḥimār Ḥimār NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 537 599 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 537 600 Domesticated domesticate VBN en-wikipedia-org-9307 537 601 donkey donkey NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 537 602 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 537 603 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 537 604 hud hud NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 537 605 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-9307 537 606 hud hud NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 537 607 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 537 608 hoopoe hoopoe NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 537 609 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 537 610 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 537 611 Solomon Solomon NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 537 612 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 537 613 kalb kalb NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 537 614 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 537 615 dog dog NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 537 616 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 537 617 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 537 618 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 537 619 sleepers sleeper NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 537 620 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 537 621 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 537 622 cave cave NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 537 623 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 537 624 namlah namlah JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 537 625 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 537 626 female female JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 537 627 ant ant JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 537 628 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 537 629 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 537 630 Solomon Solomon NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 537 631 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 537 632 nūn nūn NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 537 633 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 537 634 fish fish NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 537 635 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-9307 537 636 whale whale NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 537 637 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 537 638 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 537 639 Jonah Jonah NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 537 640 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 537 641 nāqat nāqat NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 537 642 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 537 643 she -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-9307 537 644 - - : en-wikipedia-org-9307 537 645 camel camel NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 537 646 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 537 647 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 537 648 Saleh Saleh NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 537 649 Non Non NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 537 650 - - JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 537 651 related relate VBN en-wikipedia-org-9307 537 652 ʿAnkabūt ʿAnkabūt NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 537 653 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 537 654 Female female JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 537 655 spider spider NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 537 656 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 537 657 Dābbat Dābbat NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 537 658 al al NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 537 659 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-9307 537 660 Arḍ Arḍ NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 537 661 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 537 662 Beast Beast NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 537 663 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 537 664 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 537 665 Earth Earth NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 537 666 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 537 667 Ḥimār Ḥimār NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 537 668 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 537 669 Wild wild JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 537 670 ass as NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 537 671 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 537 672 Naḥl Naḥl NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 537 673 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 537 674 Honey Honey NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 537 675 bee bee NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 537 676 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 537 677 Qaswarah Qaswarah NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 537 678 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 537 679 ' ' `` en-wikipedia-org-9307 537 680 Lion lion NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 537 681 ' ' '' en-wikipedia-org-9307 537 682 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 537 683 ' ' '' en-wikipedia-org-9307 537 684 beast beast NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 537 685 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 537 686 prey prey NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 537 687 ' ' '' en-wikipedia-org-9307 537 688 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-9307 537 689 ' ' `` en-wikipedia-org-9307 537 690 hunter hunter NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 537 691 ' ' '' en-wikipedia-org-9307 537 692 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 537 693 Malāʾikah Malāʾikah NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 537 694 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 537 695 Angels Angels NNPS en-wikipedia-org-9307 537 696 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 537 697 Angels Angels NNPS en-wikipedia-org-9307 537 698 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 537 699 Hell Hell NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 537 700 Mālik Mālik NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 537 701 Zabāniyah Zabāniyah NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 537 702 Bearers Bearers NNPS en-wikipedia-org-9307 537 703 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 537 704 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 537 705 Throne Throne NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 537 706 Harut Harut NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 537 707 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9307 537 708 Marut Marut NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 537 709 Kirāman Kirāman NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 537 710 Kātibīn Kātibīn NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 537 711 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 537 712 Honourable Honourable NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 537 713 Scribes scribe NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 537 714 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 537 715 Raqib Raqib 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en-wikipedia-org-9307 537 739 Rūḥ Rūḥ NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 537 740 al al NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 537 741 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-9307 537 742 Amīn Amīn NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 537 743 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 537 744 ' ' `` en-wikipedia-org-9307 537 745 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 537 746 Trustworthy Trustworthy NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 537 747 Spirit Spirit NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 537 748 ' ' '' en-wikipedia-org-9307 537 749 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 537 750 Ar Ar NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 537 751 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-9307 537 752 Rūḥ Rūḥ NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 537 753 al al NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 537 754 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-9307 537 755 Qudus Qudus NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 537 756 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 537 757 ' ' `` en-wikipedia-org-9307 537 758 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 537 759 Holy Holy NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 537 760 Spirit Spirit NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 537 761 ' ' '' en-wikipedia-org-9307 537 762 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 537 763 Angel angel NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 537 764 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 537 765 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 537 766 Trumpet Trumpet NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 537 767 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 537 768 Isrāfīl Isrāfīl NNPS en-wikipedia-org-9307 537 769 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-9307 537 770 Raphael Raphael NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 537 771 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 537 772 Malakul Malakul NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 537 773 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-9307 537 774 Mawt Mawt NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 537 775 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 537 776 Angel Angel NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 537 777 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 537 778 Death Death NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 537 779 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 537 780 Azrael Azrael NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 537 781 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 537 782 Mīkāil Mīkāil NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 537 783 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 537 784 Michael Michael NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 537 785 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 537 786 Jinn Jinn NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 537 787 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 537 788 Genies Genies NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 537 789 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 537 790 Jann Jann NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 537 791 ʿIfrīt ʿIfrīt NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 537 792 Qarīn Qarīn NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 537 793 Shayāṭīn Shayāṭīn NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 537 794 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 537 795 Demons demon NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 537 796 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 537 797 Iblīs Iblīs NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 537 798 ash ash NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 537 799 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-9307 537 800 Shayṭān Shayṭān NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 537 801 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 537 802 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 537 803 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 537 804 chief chief JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 537 805 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 537 806 Devil Devil NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 537 807 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 537 808 Mārid Mārid NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 537 809 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 537 810 ' ' `` en-wikipedia-org-9307 537 811 Rebellious rebellious JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 537 812 one one NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 537 813 ' ' '' en-wikipedia-org-9307 537 814 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 537 815 Others other NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 537 816 Ghilmān Ghilmān NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 537 817 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-9307 537 818 Wildān Wildān NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 537 819 Ḥūr Ḥūr NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 537 820 Prophets prophet NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 537 821 Mentioned mention VBD en-wikipedia-org-9307 537 822 Ādam Ādam NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 537 823 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 537 824 Adam Adam NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 537 825 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 537 826 Al Al NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 537 827 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-9307 537 828 Yasaʿ Yasaʿ NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 537 829 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 537 830 Elisha Elisha NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 537 831 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 537 832 Ayyūb Ayyūb NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 537 833 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 537 834 Job Job NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 537 835 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 537 836 Dāwūd Dāwūd NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 537 837 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 537 838 David David NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 537 839 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 537 840 Dhūl Dhūl NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 537 841 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-9307 537 842 Kifl kifl NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 537 843 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 537 844 Ezekiel Ezekiel NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 537 845 ? ? . en-wikipedia-org-9307 537 846 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 538 1 Hārūn Hārūn NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 538 2 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 538 3 Aaron Aaron NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 538 4 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 538 5 Hūd Hūd NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 538 6 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 538 7 Eber Eber NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 538 8 ? ? . en-wikipedia-org-9307 538 9 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 539 1 Idrīs Idrīs NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 539 2 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 539 3 Enoch Enoch NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 539 4 ? ? . en-wikipedia-org-9307 539 5 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 540 1 Ilyās Ilyās NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 540 2 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 540 3 Elijah Elijah NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 540 4 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 540 5 ʿImrān ʿImrān NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 540 6 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 540 7 Joachim Joachim NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 540 8 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 540 9 father father NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 540 10 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 540 11 Maryam Maryam NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 540 12 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 540 13 Isḥāq Isḥāq NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 540 14 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 540 15 Isaac Isaac NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 540 16 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 540 17 Ismāʿīl Ismāʿīl NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 540 18 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 540 19 Ishmael Ishmael NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 540 20 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 540 21 Dhabih Dhabih NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 540 22 Ullah Ullah NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 540 23 Lūṭ Lūṭ NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 540 24 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 540 25 Lot Lot NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 540 26 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 540 27 Ṣāliḥ Ṣāliḥ NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 540 28 Shuʿayb Shuʿayb NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 540 29 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 540 30 Jethro Jethro NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 540 31 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 540 32 Reuel Reuel NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 540 33 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-9307 540 34 Hobab Hobab NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 540 35 ? ? . en-wikipedia-org-9307 540 36 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 541 1 Sulaymān Sulaymān NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 541 2 ibn ibn NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 541 3 Dāwūd Dāwūd NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 541 4 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 541 5 Solomon Solomon NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 541 6 son son NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 541 7 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 541 8 David David NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 541 9 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 541 10 ʿUzair ʿUzair NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 541 11 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 541 12 Ezra Ezra NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 541 13 ? ? . en-wikipedia-org-9307 541 14 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 542 1 Yaḥyā Yaḥyā NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 542 2 ibn ibn NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 542 3 Zakariyyā Zakariyyā NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 542 4 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 542 5 John John NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 542 6 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 542 7 Baptist Baptist NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 542 8 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 542 9 son son NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 542 10 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 542 11 Zechariah Zechariah NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 542 12 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 542 13 Yaʿqūb Yaʿqūb NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 542 14 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 542 15 Jacob Jacob NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 542 16 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 542 17 Isrāʾīl Isrāʾīl NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 542 18 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 542 19 Israel Israel NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 542 20 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 542 21 Yūnus Yūnus NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 542 22 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 542 23 Jonah Jonah NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 542 24 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 542 25 Dhūn Dhūn NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 542 26 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-9307 542 27 Nūn Nūn NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 542 28 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 542 29 ' ' '' en-wikipedia-org-9307 542 30 He -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-9307 542 31 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 542 32 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 542 33 Fish fish NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 542 34 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 542 35 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-9307 542 36 Whale Whale NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 542 37 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 542 38 ' ' '' en-wikipedia-org-9307 542 39 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-9307 542 40 ' ' '' en-wikipedia-org-9307 542 41 Owner Owner NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 542 42 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 542 43 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 542 44 Fish fish NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 542 45 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 542 46 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-9307 542 47 Whale Whale NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 542 48 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 542 49 ' ' '' en-wikipedia-org-9307 542 50 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 542 51 Ṣāḥib Ṣāḥib NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 542 52 al al NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 542 53 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-9307 542 54 Ḥūt Ḥūt NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 542 55 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 542 56 ' ' `` en-wikipedia-org-9307 542 57 Companion Companion NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 542 58 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 542 59 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 542 60 Whale Whale NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 542 61 ' ' '' en-wikipedia-org-9307 542 62 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 542 63 Yūsuf Yūsuf NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 542 64 ibn ibn NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 542 65 Ya‘qūb Ya‘qūb NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 542 66 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 542 67 Joseph Joseph NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 542 68 son son NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 542 69 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 542 70 Jacob Jacob NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 542 71 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 542 72 Zakariyyā Zakariyyā NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 542 73 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 542 74 Zechariah Zechariah NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 542 75 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 542 76 Ulul-ʿAzm Ulul-ʿAzm NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 542 77 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 542 78 ' ' `` en-wikipedia-org-9307 542 79 Those those DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 542 80 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 542 81 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 542 82 Perseverance Perseverance NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 542 83 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9307 542 84 Strong Strong NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 542 85 Will Will NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 542 86 ' ' '' en-wikipedia-org-9307 542 87 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 542 88 Muḥammad Muḥammad NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 542 89 Aḥmad Aḥmad NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 542 90 Other other JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 542 91 names name NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 542 92 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9307 542 93 titles title NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 542 94 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 542 95 Muhammad Muhammad NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 542 96 ʿĪsā ʿĪsā NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 542 97 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 542 98 Jesus Jesus NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 542 99 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 542 100 Al Al NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 542 101 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-9307 542 102 Masīḥ Masīḥ NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 542 103 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 542 104 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 542 105 Messiah Messiah NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 542 106 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 542 107 Ibn Ibn NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 542 108 Maryam Maryam NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 542 109 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 542 110 Son Son NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 542 111 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 542 112 Mary Mary NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 542 113 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 542 114 Mūsā Mūsā NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 542 115 Kalīmullāh Kalīmullāh NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 542 116 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 542 117 Moses Moses NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 542 118 He He NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 542 119 who who WP en-wikipedia-org-9307 542 120 spoke speak VBD en-wikipedia-org-9307 542 121 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 542 122 God God NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 542 123 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 542 124 Ibrāhīm Ibrāhīm NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 542 125 Khalīlullāh Khalīlullāh NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 542 126 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 542 127 Abraham Abraham NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 542 128 Friend friend NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 542 129 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 542 130 God God NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 542 131 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 542 132 Nūḥ Nūḥ NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 542 133 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 542 134 Noah Noah NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 542 135 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 542 136 Debatable debatable JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 542 137 ones one NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 542 138 Dhūl dhūl JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 542 139 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-9307 542 140 Qarnain Qarnain NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 542 141 Luqmān Luqmān NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 542 142 Maryam Maryam NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 542 143 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 542 144 Mary Mary NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 542 145 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 542 146 Ṭālūt Ṭālūt NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 542 147 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 542 148 Saul Saul NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 542 149 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-9307 542 150 Gideon Gideon NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 542 151 ? ? . en-wikipedia-org-9307 542 152 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 543 1 Implied Implied NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 543 2 Irmiyā Irmiyā NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 543 3 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 543 4 Jeremiah Jeremiah NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 543 5 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 543 6 Ṣamūʾīl Ṣamūʾīl NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 543 7 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 543 8 Samuel Samuel NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 543 9 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 543 10 Yūshaʿ Yūshaʿ NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 543 11 ibn ibn NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 543 12 Nūn Nūn NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 543 13 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 543 14 Joshua Joshua NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 543 15 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 543 16 companion companion NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 543 17 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9307 543 18 successor successor NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 543 19 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 543 20 Moses Moses NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 543 21 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 543 22 People People NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 543 23 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 543 24 Prophets prophet NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 543 25 Good Good NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 543 26 ones one NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 543 27 Adam Adam NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 543 28 's 's POS en-wikipedia-org-9307 543 29 immediate immediate JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 543 30 relatives relative NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 543 31 Martyred martyr VBN en-wikipedia-org-9307 543 32 son son NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 543 33 Wife Wife NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 543 34 Believer Believer NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 543 35 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 543 36 Ya Ya NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 543 37 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-9307 543 38 Sin Sin NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 543 39 Family Family NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 543 40 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 543 41 Noah Noah NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 543 42 Father Father NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 543 43 Lamech Lamech NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 543 44 Mother Mother NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 543 45 Shamkhah Shamkhah NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 543 46 bint bint NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 543 47 Anush Anush NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 543 48 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-9307 543 49 Betenos Betenos NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 543 50 Luqman Luqman NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 543 51 's 's POS en-wikipedia-org-9307 543 52 son son NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 543 53 People People NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 543 54 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 543 55 Abraham Abraham NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 543 56 Mother Mother NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 543 57 Abiona Abiona NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 543 58 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-9307 543 59 Amtelai Amtelai NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 543 60 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 543 61 daughter daughter NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 543 62 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 543 63 Karnebo Karnebo NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 543 64 Ishmael Ishmael NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 543 65 's 's POS en-wikipedia-org-9307 543 66 mother mother NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 543 67 Isaac Isaac NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 543 68 's 's POS en-wikipedia-org-9307 543 69 mother mother NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 543 70 People People NNPS en-wikipedia-org-9307 543 71 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 543 72 Jesus Jesus NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 543 73 Disciples Disciples NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 543 74 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 543 75 including include VBG en-wikipedia-org-9307 543 76 Peter Peter NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 543 77 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 543 78 Mary Mary NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 543 79 's 's POS en-wikipedia-org-9307 543 80 mother mother NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 543 81 Zechariah Zechariah NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 543 82 's 's POS en-wikipedia-org-9307 543 83 wife wife NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 543 84 People People NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 543 85 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 543 86 Solomon Solomon NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 543 87 Mother Mother NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 543 88 Queen Queen NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 543 89 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 543 90 Sheba Sheba NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 543 91 Vizier Vizier NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 543 92 Zayd Zayd NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 543 93 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 543 94 Muhammad Muhammad NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 543 95 's 's POS en-wikipedia-org-9307 543 96 adopted adopted JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 543 97 son son NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 543 98 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 543 99 People People NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 543 100 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 543 101 Joseph Joseph NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 543 102 Brothers Brothers NNPS en-wikipedia-org-9307 543 103 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 543 104 including include VBG en-wikipedia-org-9307 543 105 Binyāmin Binyāmin NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 543 106 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 543 107 Benjamin Benjamin NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 543 108 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 543 109 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9307 543 110 Simeon Simeon NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 543 111 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 543 112 Egyptians Egyptians NNPS en-wikipedia-org-9307 543 113 ʿAzīz ʿAzīz NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 543 114 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 543 115 Potiphar potiphar NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 543 116 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 543 117 Qatafir Qatafir NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 543 118 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-9307 543 119 Qittin Qittin NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 543 120 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 543 121 Malik Malik NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 543 122 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 543 123 King King NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 543 124 Ar Ar NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 543 125 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-9307 543 126 Rayyān Rayyān NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 543 127 ibn ibn NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 543 128 Al Al NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 543 129 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-9307 543 130 Walīd Walīd NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 543 131 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 543 132 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 543 133 Wife Wife NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 543 134 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 543 135 ʿAzīz ʿAzīz NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 543 136 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 543 137 Zulaykhah Zulaykhah NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 543 138 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 543 139 Mother Mother NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 543 140 People People NNPS en-wikipedia-org-9307 543 141 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 543 142 Aaron Aaron NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 543 143 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9307 543 144 Moses Moses NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 543 145 Egyptians Egyptians NNPS en-wikipedia-org-9307 543 146 Believer Believer NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 543 147 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 543 148 Hizbil Hizbil NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 543 149 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-9307 543 150 Hizqil Hizqil NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 543 151 ibn ibn NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 543 152 Sabura Sabura NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 543 153 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 543 154 Imraʾat Imraʾat NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 543 155 Firʿawn Firʿawn NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 543 156 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 543 157 Āsiyá Āsiyá NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 543 158 bint bint VBP en-wikipedia-org-9307 543 159 Muzāḥim Muzāḥim NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 543 160 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 543 161 Wife Wife NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 543 162 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 543 163 Pharaoh Pharaoh NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 543 164 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 543 165 who who WP en-wikipedia-org-9307 543 166 adopted adopt VBD en-wikipedia-org-9307 543 167 Moses Moses NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 543 168 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 543 169 Magicians Magicians NNPS en-wikipedia-org-9307 543 170 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 543 171 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 543 172 Pharaoh Pharaoh NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 543 173 Wise Wise NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 543 174 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 543 175 pious pious JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 543 176 man man NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 543 177 Moses Moses NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 543 178 ' ' POS en-wikipedia-org-9307 543 179 wife wife NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 543 180 Moses Moses NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 543 181 ' ' POS en-wikipedia-org-9307 543 182 sister sister NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 543 183 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-9307 543 184 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 543 185 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-9307 543 186 law law NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 543 187 Mother Mother NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 543 188 Sister Sister NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 543 189 Evil Evil NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 543 190 ones one NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 543 191 Āzar Āzar NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 543 192 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 543 193 possibly possibly RB en-wikipedia-org-9307 543 194 Terah Terah NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 543 195 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 543 196 Firʿawn Firʿawn NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 543 197 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 543 198 Pharaoh Pharaoh NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 543 199 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 543 200 Moses Moses NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 543 201 ' ' POS en-wikipedia-org-9307 543 202 time time NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 543 203 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 543 204 Hāmān Hāmān NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 543 205 Jālūt Jālūt NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 543 206 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 543 207 Goliath Goliath NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 543 208 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 543 209 Qārūn Qārūn NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 543 210 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 543 211 Korah Korah NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 543 212 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 543 213 cousin cousin NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 543 214 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 543 215 Moses Moses NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 543 216 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 543 217 As as IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 543 218 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-9307 543 219 Sāmirī Sāmirī NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 543 220 Abū Abū NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 543 221 Lahab Lahab NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 543 222 Slayers Slayers NNPS en-wikipedia-org-9307 543 223 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 543 224 Saleh Saleh NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 543 225 's 's POS en-wikipedia-org-9307 543 226 she she NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 543 227 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-9307 543 228 camel camel NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 543 229 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 543 230 Qaddar Qaddar NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 543 231 ibn ibn NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 543 232 Salif Salif NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 543 233 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9307 543 234 Musda Musda NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 543 235 ' ' '' en-wikipedia-org-9307 543 236 ibn ibn NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 543 237 Dahr Dahr NNPS en-wikipedia-org-9307 543 238 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 543 239 Implied imply VBN en-wikipedia-org-9307 543 240 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-9307 543 241 not not RB en-wikipedia-org-9307 543 242 specified specify VBN en-wikipedia-org-9307 543 243 Abraha Abraha NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 543 244 Abu Abu NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 543 245 Bakr Bakr NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 543 246 Bal'am Bal'am NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 543 247 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-9307 543 248 Balaam Balaam NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 543 249 Barṣīṣā Barṣīṣā NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 543 250 Caleb Caleb NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 543 251 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-9307 543 252 Kaleb Kaleb NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 543 253 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 543 254 companion companion NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 543 255 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 543 256 Joshua Joshua NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 543 257 Luqman Luqman NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 543 258 's 's POS en-wikipedia-org-9307 543 259 son son NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 543 260 Nebuchadnezzar Nebuchadnezzar NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 543 261 II II NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 543 262 Nimrod Nimrod NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 543 263 Rahmah Rahmah NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 543 264 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 543 265 wife wife NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 543 266 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 543 267 Ayyub Ayyub NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 543 268 Shaddad Shaddad NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 543 269 Groups Groups NNPS en-wikipedia-org-9307 543 270 Mentioned mention VBD en-wikipedia-org-9307 543 271 Aṣḥāb Aṣḥāb NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 543 272 al al NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 543 273 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-9307 543 274 Jannah Jannah NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 543 275 People People NNPS en-wikipedia-org-9307 543 276 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 543 277 Paradise Paradise NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 543 278 People People NNPS en-wikipedia-org-9307 543 279 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 543 280 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 543 281 Burnt Burnt NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 543 282 Garden Garden NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 543 283 Aṣḥāb Aṣḥāb NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 543 284 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 543 285 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-9307 543 286 Sabt Sabt NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 543 287 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 543 288 Companions Companions NNPS en-wikipedia-org-9307 543 289 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 543 290 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 543 291 Sabbath Sabbath NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 543 292 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 543 293 Christian christian JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 543 294 apostles apostle NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 543 295 Ḥawāriyyūn Ḥawāriyyūn NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 543 296 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 543 297 Disciples Disciples NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 543 298 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 543 299 Jesus Jesus NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 543 300 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 543 301 Companions Companions NNPS en-wikipedia-org-9307 543 302 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 543 303 Noah Noah NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 543 304 's 's POS en-wikipedia-org-9307 543 305 Ark Ark NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 543 306 Aṣḥāb Aṣḥāb NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 543 307 al al NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 543 308 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-9307 543 309 Kahf Kahf NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 543 310 war war NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 543 311 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-9307 543 312 Raqīm raqīm NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 543 313 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 543 314 Companions Companions NNPS en-wikipedia-org-9307 543 315 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 543 316 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 543 317 Cave Cave NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 543 318 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9307 543 319 Al Al NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 543 320 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-9307 543 321 Raqaim Raqaim NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 543 322 ? ? . en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 1 Companions companion NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 2 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 3 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 4 Elephant Elephant NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 5 People People NNPS en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 6 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 7 al al NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 8 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 9 Ukhdūd Ukhdūd NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 10 People People NNPS en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 11 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 12 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 13 township township NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 14 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 15 Surah Surah NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 16 Ya Ya NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 17 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 18 Sin Sin NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 19 People People NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 20 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 21 Yathrib Yathrib NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 22 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 23 Medina Medina NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 24 Qawm Qawm NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 25 Lūṭ Lūṭ NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 26 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 27 People People NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 28 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 29 Sodom Sodom NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 30 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 31 Gomorrah Gomorrah NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 32 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 33 Nation Nation NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 34 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 35 Noah Noah NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 36 Tribes Tribes NNPS en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 37 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 38 ethnicities ethnicity NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 39 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 40 families family NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 41 ‘ ' `` en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 42 Ajam Ajam NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 43 Ar Ar NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 44 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 45 Rūm Rūm NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 46 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 47 literally literally RB en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 48 ' ' '' en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 49 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 50 Romans Romans NNPS en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 51 ' ' POS en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 52 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 53 Banī Banī NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 54 Isrāʾīl Isrāʾīl NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 55 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 56 Children Children NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 57 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 58 Israel Israel NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 59 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 60 Muʾtafikāt Muʾtafikāt NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 61 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 62 Sodom Sodom NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 63 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 64 Gomorrah Gomorrah NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 65 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 66 People People NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 67 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 68 Ibrahim Ibrahim NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 69 People People NNPS en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 70 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 71 Ilyas ilyas JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 72 People People NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 73 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 74 Nuh Nuh NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 75 People People NNPS en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 76 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 77 Shuaib Shuaib NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 78 Ahl Ahl NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 79 Madyan Madyan NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 80 People People NNPS en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 81 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 82 Madyan Madyan NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 83 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 84 Aṣḥāb Aṣḥāb NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 85 al al NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 86 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 87 Aykah Aykah NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 88 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 89 ' ' '' en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 90 Companions Companions NNPS en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 91 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 92 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 93 Wood Wood NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 94 ' ' '' en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 95 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 96 Qawm Qawm NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 97 Yūnus Yūnus NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 98 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 99 People People NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 100 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 101 Jonah Jonah NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 102 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 103 Ya'juj Ya'juj NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 104 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 105 Ma'juj Ma'juj NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 106 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 107 Gog Gog NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 108 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 109 Magog Magog NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 110 People People NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 111 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 112 Fir'aun Fir'aun NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 113 Current Current NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 114 Ummah Ummah NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 115 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 116 Islam Islam NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 117 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 118 Ummah Ummah NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 119 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 120 Muhammad Muhammad NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 121 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 122 Aṣḥāb Aṣḥāb NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 123 Muḥammad Muḥammad NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 124 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 125 Companions Companions NNPS en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 126 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 127 Muhammad Muhammad NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 128 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 129 Anṣār Anṣār NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 130 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 131 literally literally RB en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 132 ' ' `` en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 133 Helpers helper NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 134 ' ' POS en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 135 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 136 Muhajirun muhajirun NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 137 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 138 Emigrants emigrant NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 139 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 140 Mecca Mecca NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 141 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 142 Medina Medina NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 143 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 144 People People NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 145 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 146 Mecca Mecca NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 147 Wife Wife NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 148 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 149 Abu Abu NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 150 Lahab Lahab NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 151 Children Children NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 152 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 153 Ayyub Ayyub NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 154 Sons Sons NNPS en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 155 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 156 Adam Adam NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 157 Wife Wife NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 158 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 159 Nuh Nuh NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 160 Wife Wife NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 161 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 162 Lut Lut NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 163 Yaʾjūj Yaʾjūj NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 164 wa wa NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 165 Maʾjūj Maʾjūj NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 166 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 167 Gog Gog NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 168 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 169 Magog Magog NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 170 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 171 Son Son NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 172 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 173 Nuh Nuh NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 174 Aʿrāb Aʿrāb NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 175 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 176 Arabs Arabs NNPS en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 177 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 178 Bedouins Bedouins NNPS en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 179 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 180 ʿĀd ʿĀd -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 181 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 182 people people NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 183 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 184 Hud Hud NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 185 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 186 Companions Companions NNPS en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 187 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 188 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 189 Rass Rass NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 190 Qawm Qawm NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 191 Tubbaʿ Tubbaʿ NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 192 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 193 People People NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 194 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 195 Tubba Tubba NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 196 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 197 People People NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 198 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 199 Sabaʾ Sabaʾ NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 200 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 201 Sheba Sheba NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 202 Quraysh Quraysh NNPS en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 203 Thamūd Thamūd NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 204 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 205 people people NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 206 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 207 Saleh Saleh NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 208 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 209 Aṣḥāb Aṣḥāb NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 210 al al NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 211 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 212 Ḥijr Ḥijr NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 213 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 214 ' ' `` en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 215 Companions Companions NNPS en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 216 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 217 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 218 Stoneland Stoneland NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 219 ' ' '' en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 220 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 221 Ahl Ahl NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 222 al al NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 223 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 224 Bayt Bayt NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 225 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 226 ' ' `` en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 227 People People NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 228 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 229 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 230 Household Household NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 231 ' ' POS en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 232 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 233 Household Household NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 234 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 235 Abraham Abraham NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 236 Brothers Brothers NNPS en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 237 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 238 Yūsuf Yūsuf NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 239 Lot Lot NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 240 's 's POS en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 241 daughters daughter NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 242 Progeny Progeny NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 243 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 244 Imran Imran NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 245 Household Household NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 246 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 247 Moses Moses NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 248 Household Household NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 249 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 250 Muhammad Muhammad NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 251 ibn ibn NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 252 Abdullah Abdullah NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 253 ibn ibn NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 254 Abdul Abdul NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 255 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 256 Muttalib Muttalib NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 257 ibn ibn NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 258 Hashim Hashim NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 259 Daughters Daughters NNPS en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 260 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 261 Muhammad Muhammad NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 262 Muhammad Muhammad NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 263 's 's POS en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 264 wives wife NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 265 Household Household NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 266 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 267 Salih Salih NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 268 Implicitly implicitly RB en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 269 mentioned mention VBD en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 270 Amalek Amalek NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 271 Ahl Ahl NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 272 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 273 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 274 Suffa Suffa NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 275 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 276 People People NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 277 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 278 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 279 Verandah Verandah NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 280 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 281 Banu Banu NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 282 Nadir Nadir NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 283 Banu Banu NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 284 Qaynuqa Qaynuqa NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 285 Banu Banu NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 286 Qurayza Qurayza NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 287 Iranian iranian JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 288 people people NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 289 Umayyad Umayyad NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 290 Dynasty Dynasty NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 291 Aus Aus NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 292 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 293 Khazraj Khazraj NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 294 People People NNPS en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 295 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 296 Quba Quba NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 297 Religious religious JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 298 groups group NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 299 Ahl ahl VBP en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 300 al al NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 301 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 302 Dhimmah Dhimmah NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 303 Kāfirūn Kāfirūn NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 304 disbelievers disbeliever NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 305 Majūs Majūs NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 306 Zoroastrians Zoroastrians NNPS en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 307 Munāfiqūn Munāfiqūn NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 308 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 309 Hypocrites hypocrite NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 310 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 311 Muslims Muslims NNPS en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 312 Believers believer NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 313 Ahl Ahl NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 314 al al NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 315 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 316 Kitāb Kitāb NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 317 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 318 People People NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 319 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 320 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 321 Book Book NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 322 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 323 Naṣārā Naṣārā NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 324 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 325 Christian(s christian(s NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 326 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 327 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 328 People People NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 329 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 330 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 331 Injil Injil NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 332 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 333 Ruhban Ruhban NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 334 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 335 Christian christian JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 336 monks monk NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 337 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 338 Qissis Qissis NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 339 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 340 Christian christian JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 341 priest priest NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 342 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 343 Yahūd Yahūd NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 344 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 345 Jews Jews NNPS en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 346 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 347 Ahbār Ahbār NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 348 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 349 Jewish jewish JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 350 scholars scholar NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 351 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 352 Rabbani Rabbani NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 353 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 354 Rabbi Rabbi NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 355 Sabians Sabians NNPS en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 356 Polytheists polytheist NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 357 Meccan meccan JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 358 polytheists polytheist NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 359 at at IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 360 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 361 time time NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 362 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 363 Muhammad Muhammad NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 364 Mesopotamian Mesopotamian NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 365 polytheists polytheist NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 366 at at IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 367 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 368 time time NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 369 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 370 Abraham Abraham NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 371 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 372 Lot Lot NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 373 Locations Locations NNPS en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 374 Mentioned mention VBD en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 375 Al Al NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 376 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 377 Arḍ Arḍ NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 378 Al Al NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 379 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 380 Muqaddasah Muqaddasah NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 381 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 382 ' ' `` en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 383 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 384 Holy Holy NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 385 Land Land NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 386 ' ' '' en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 387 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 388 ' ' `` en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 389 Blessed bless VBN en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 390 ' ' '' en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 391 Land Land NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 392 ' ' '' en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 393 Al Al NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 394 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 395 Jannah Jannah NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 396 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 397 Paradise Paradise NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 398 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 399 literally literally RB en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 400 ' ' '' en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 401 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 402 Garden Garden NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 403 ' ' '' en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 404 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 405 Jahannam Jahannam NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 406 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 407 Hell Hell NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 408 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 409 Door Door NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 410 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 411 Hittah Hittah NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 412 Madyan Madyan NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 413 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 414 Midian Midian NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 415 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 416 Majmaʿ Majmaʿ NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 417 al al NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 418 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 419 Baḥrayn Baḥrayn NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 420 Miṣr Miṣr NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 421 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 422 Mainland Mainland NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 423 Egypt Egypt NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 424 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 425 Salsabīl Salsabīl NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 426 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 427 A a DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 428 river river NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 429 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 430 Paradise Paradise NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 431 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 432 In in IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 433 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 434 Arabian Arabian NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 435 Peninsula Peninsula NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 436 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 437 excluding exclude VBG en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 438 Madyan Madyan NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 439 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 440 Al Al NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 441 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 442 Aḥqāf Aḥqāf NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 443 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 444 ' ' `` en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 445 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 446 Sandy Sandy NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 447 Plains Plains NNPS en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 448 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 449 ' ' '' en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 450 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 451 ' ' `` en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 452 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 453 Wind wind NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 454 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 455 curved curved JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 456 Sand Sand NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 457 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 458 hills hills NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 459 ' ' '' en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 460 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 461 Iram Iram NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 462 dhāt dhāt NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 463 al-ʿImād al-ʿImād NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 464 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 465 Iram Iram NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 466 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 467 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 468 Pillars Pillars NNPS en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 469 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 470 Al Al NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 471 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 472 Madīnah Madīnah NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 473 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 474 formerly formerly RB en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 475 Yathrib Yathrib NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 476 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 477 ʿArafāt ʿArafāt NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 478 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 479 Al Al NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 480 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 481 Mashʿar Mashʿar NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 482 Al Al NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 483 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 484 Ḥarām Ḥarām NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 485 Al Al NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 486 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 487 Ḥijr Ḥijr NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 488 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 489 Hegra Hegra NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 490 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 491 Badr Badr NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 492 Ḥunayn Ḥunayn NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 493 Makkah Makkah NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 494 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 495 Mecca Mecca NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 496 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 497 Bakkah Bakkah NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 498 Ḥaraman Ḥaraman NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 499 Āminan Āminan NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 500 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 501 ' ' `` en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 502 Sanctuary Sanctuary NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 503 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 504 which which WDT en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 505 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 506 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 507 Secure secure JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 508 ' ' '' en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 509 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 510 Kaʿbah Kaʿbah NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 511 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 512 Kaaba Kaaba NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 513 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 514 Maqām Maqām NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 515 Ibrāhīm Ibrāhīm NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 516 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 517 Station Station NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 518 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 519 Abraham Abraham NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 520 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 521 Safa Safa NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 522 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 523 Marwa Marwa NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 524 Sabaʾ Sabaʾ NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 525 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 526 Sheba Sheba NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 527 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 528 ʿArim ʿArim NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 529 Sabaʾ Sabaʾ NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 530 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 531 Dam Dam NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 532 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 533 Sheba Sheba NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 534 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 535 Rass Rass NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 536 Sinai Sinai NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 537 Region Region NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 538 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 539 Tīh Tīh NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 540 Desert Desert NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 541 Al Al NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 542 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 543 Wād Wād NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 544 Al Al NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 545 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 546 Muqaddas Muqaddas NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 547 Ṭuwan Ṭuwan NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 548 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 549 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 550 Holy Holy NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 551 Valley Valley NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 552 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 553 Tuwa Tuwa NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 554 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 555 Al Al NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 556 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 557 Wādil Wādil NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 558 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 559 Ayman Ayman NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 560 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 561 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 562 valley valley NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 563 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 564 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 565 ' ' `` en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 566 righthand righthand NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 567 ' ' '' en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 568 side side NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 569 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 570 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 571 Valley Valley NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 572 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 573 Tuwa Tuwa NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 574 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 575 Mount Mount NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 576 Sinai Sinai NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 577 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 578 Al Al NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 579 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 580 Buqʿah Buqʿah NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 581 Al Al NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 582 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 583 Mubārakah Mubārakah NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 584 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 585 ' ' `` en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 586 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 587 Blessed Blessed NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 588 Place Place NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 589 ' ' '' en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 590 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 591 Mount Mount NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 592 Sinai Sinai NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 593 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 594 Mount Mount NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 595 Tabor Tabor NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 596 In in IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 597 Mesopotamia Mesopotamia NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 598 Al Al NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 599 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 600 Jūdiyy Jūdiyy NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 601 Munzalanm Munzalanm NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 602 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 603 Mubārakan Mubārakan NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 604 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 605 ' ' `` en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 606 Place place NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 607 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 608 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 609 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 610 Landing landing NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 611 Blessed Blessed NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 612 ' ' '' en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 613 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 614 Bābil Bābil NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 615 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 616 Babylon Babylon NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 617 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 618 Qaryat Qaryat NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 619 Yūnus Yūnus NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 620 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 621 ' ' `` en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 622 Township Township NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 623 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 624 Jonah Jonah NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 625 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 626 ' ' '' en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 627 that that DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 628 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 629 Nineveh Nineveh NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 630 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 631 Religious religious JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 632 locations location NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 633 Bayʿa Bayʿa NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 634 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 635 Church Church NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 636 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 637 Miḥrāb Miḥrāb NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 638 Monastery Monastery NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 639 Masjid Masjid NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 640 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 641 Mosque Mosque NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 642 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 643 literally literally RB en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 644 ' ' '' en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 645 Place Place NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 646 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 647 Prostration Prostration NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 648 ' ' '' en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 649 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 650 Al Al NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 651 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 652 Mashʿar Mashʿar NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 653 Al Al NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 654 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 655 Ḥarām Ḥarām NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 656 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 657 ' ' `` en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 658 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 659 Sacred Sacred NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 660 Grove Grove NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 661 ' ' '' en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 662 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 663 Al Al NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 664 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 665 Masjid Masjid NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 666 Al Al NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 667 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 668 Aqṣā Aqṣā NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 669 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 670 Al Al NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 671 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 672 Aqsa Aqsa NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 673 Mosque Mosque NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 674 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 675 literally literally RB en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 676 ' ' '' en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 677 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 678 Farthest Farthest NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 679 Place Place NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 680 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 681 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 682 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 683 Prostration prostration NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 684 ' ' '' en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 685 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 686 Al Al NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 687 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 688 Masjid Masjid NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 689 Al Al NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 690 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 691 Ḥarām Ḥarām NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 692 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 693 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 694 Sacred sacred JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 695 Mosque Mosque NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 696 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 697 Mecca Mecca NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 698 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 699 Masjid Masjid NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 700 al al NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 701 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 702 Dirar Dirar NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 703 A A NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 704 Mosque Mosque NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 705 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 706 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 707 area area NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 708 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 709 Medina Medina NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 710 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 711 possibly possibly RB en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 712 : : : en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 713 Masjid Masjid NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 714 Qubāʾ Qubāʾ NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 715 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 716 Quba Quba NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 717 Mosque Mosque NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 718 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 719 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 720 Prophet Prophet NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 721 's 's POS en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 722 Mosque Mosque NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 723 Salat Salat NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 724 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 725 Synagogue Synagogue NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 726 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 727 Implied Implied NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 728 Antioch Antioch NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 729 Antakya Antakya NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 730 Arabia Arabia NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 731 Al Al NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 732 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 733 Ḥijāz Ḥijāz NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 734 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 735 literally literally RB en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 736 ' ' `` en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 737 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 738 Barrier Barrier NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 739 ' ' '' en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 740 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 741 Al Al NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 742 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 743 Ḥajar Ḥajar NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 744 al al NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 745 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 746 Aswad Aswad NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 747 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 748 Black Black NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 749 Stone Stone NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 750 ) ) 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en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 774 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 775 Dhul Dhul NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 776 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 777 Qarnayn Qarnayn NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 778 Bayt Bayt NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 779 al al NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 780 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 781 Muqaddas Muqaddas NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 782 & & CC en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 783 ' ' '' en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 784 Ariha Ariha NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 785 Bilād Bilād NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 786 ar ar NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 787 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 788 Rāfidayn Rāfidayn NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 789 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 790 Mesopotamia Mesopotamia NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 791 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 792 Canaan Canaan NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 793 Cave Cave NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 794 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 795 Seven Seven NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 796 Sleepers 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Confederates NNPS en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 864 ' ' POS en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 865 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 866 Battle battle NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 867 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 868 Badr Badr NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 869 Battle Battle NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 870 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 871 Hunayn Hunayn NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 872 Battle Battle NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 873 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 874 Khaybar Khaybar NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 875 Battle Battle NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 876 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 877 Uhud Uhud NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 878 Expedition Expedition NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 879 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 880 Tabuk Tabuk NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 881 Conquest Conquest NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 882 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 883 Mecca Mecca NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 884 Days Days NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 885 Al Al NNP 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1023 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 1024 Al Al NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 1025 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 1026 Layl Layl NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 1027 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 1028 ' ' `` en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 1029 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 1030 Night Night NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 1031 ' ' '' en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 1032 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 1033 Al-ʿIshāʾ Al-ʿIshāʾ , en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 1034 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 1035 ' ' `` en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 1036 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 1037 Late late JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 1038 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 1039 Night Night NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 1040 ' ' '' en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 1041 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 1042 Aẓ Aẓ NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 1043 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 1044 Ẓuhr Ẓuhr NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 1045 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 1046 ' ' `` en-wikipedia-org-9307 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en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 1253 Jibt Jibt NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 1254 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 1255 Ṭāghūt Ṭāghūt NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 1256 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 1257 False false JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 1258 god god NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 1259 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 1260 Of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 1261 Israelites Israelites NNPS en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 1262 Baʿal Baʿal NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 1263 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 1264 ʿijl ʿijl NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 1265 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 1266 golden golden JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 1267 calf calf NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 1268 statue statue NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 1269 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 1270 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 1271 Israelites Israelites NNPS en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 1272 Of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 1273 Noah Noah NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 1274 's 's POS 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en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 1433 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 1434 Scented scented JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 1435 plant plant NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 1436 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 1437 Sidrat Sidrat NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 1438 al al NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 1439 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 1440 Muntahā Muntahā NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 1441 Zaqqūm Zaqqūm NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 1442 Liquids Liquids NNPS en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 1443 Māʾ Māʾ NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 1444 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 1445 Water water NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 1446 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 1447 fluid fluid NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 1448 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 1449 Nahr Nahr NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 1450 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 1451 River River NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 1452 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 1453 Yamm Yamm NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 1454 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 1455 River River NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 1456 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 1457 sea sea NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 1458 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 1459 Sharāb Sharāb NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 1460 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 1461 Drink Drink NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 1462 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 1463 Note note NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 1464 : : : en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 1465 Names name NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 1466 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 1467 sorted sort VBN en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 1468 alphabetically alphabetically RB en-wikipedia-org-9307 544 1469 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9307 545 1 Standard standard JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 545 2 form form NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 545 3 : : : en-wikipedia-org-9307 545 4 Islamic islamic JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 545 5 name name NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 545 6 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-9307 545 7 Biblical biblical JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 545 8 name name NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 545 9 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 545 10 title title NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 545 11 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-9307 545 12 relationship relationship NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 545 13 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 545 14 Authority authority NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 545 15 control control NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 545 16 General General NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 545 17 Integrated Integrated NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 545 18 Authority Authority NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 545 19 File File NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 545 20 VIAF viaf NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 545 21 1 1 CD en-wikipedia-org-9307 545 22 WorldCat WorldCat NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 545 23 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 545 24 via via IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 545 25 VIAF VIAF NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 545 26 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 545 27 National national JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 545 28 libraries library NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 545 29 United United NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 545 30 States States NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 545 31 Latvia Latvia NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 545 32 Czech Czech NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 545 33 Republic Republic NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 545 34 Sweden Sweden NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 545 35 Other Other NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 545 36 Microsoft Microsoft NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 545 37 Academic Academic NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 545 38 National National NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 545 39 Archives Archives NNPS en-wikipedia-org-9307 545 40 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 545 41 US US NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 545 42 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 545 43 Retrieved retrieve VBN en-wikipedia-org-9307 545 44 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 545 45 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-9307 545 46 https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mesopotamia&oldid=1026805370 https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=mesopotamia&oldid=1026805370 NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 545 47 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-9307 545 48 Categories category NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 545 49 : : : en-wikipedia-org-9307 545 50 Mesopotamia Mesopotamia NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 545 51 Ancient ancient JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 545 52 history history NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 545 53 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 545 54 Iraq Iraq NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 545 55 Ancient Ancient NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 545 56 Near Near NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 545 57 East East NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 545 58 Ancient Ancient NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 545 59 Syria Syria NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 545 60 Civilizations Civilizations NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 545 61 Eastern Eastern NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 545 62 Mediterranean Mediterranean NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 545 63 Geography Geography NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 545 64 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 545 65 Iraq Iraq NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 545 66 Geography Geography NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 545 67 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 545 68 Syria Syria NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 545 69 Geography Geography NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 545 70 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 545 71 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 545 72 Middle Middle NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 545 73 East East NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 545 74 Geography Geography NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 545 75 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 545 76 Western Western NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 545 77 Asia Asia NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 545 78 Historical historical JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 545 79 regions region NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 545 80 Historical historical JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 545 81 regions region NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 545 82 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 545 83 Saudi Saudi NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 545 84 Arabia Arabia NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 545 85 History history NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 545 86 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 545 87 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 545 88 Middle Middle NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 545 89 East East NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 545 90 History History NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 545 91 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 545 92 Western western JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 545 93 Asia Asia NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 545 94 Iraq Iraq NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 545 95 Levant Levant NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 545 96 Near Near NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 545 97 East East NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 545 98 Hidden hide VBN en-wikipedia-org-9307 545 99 categories category NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 545 100 : : : en-wikipedia-org-9307 545 101 Harv Harv NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 545 102 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9307 545 103 Sfn Sfn NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 545 104 no no DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 545 105 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-9307 545 106 target target NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 545 107 errors error NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 545 108 CS1 cs1 NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 545 109 maint maint NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 545 110 : : : en-wikipedia-org-9307 545 111 DOI doi NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 545 112 inactive inactive JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 545 113 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 545 114 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 545 115 May May NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 545 116 2021 2021 CD en-wikipedia-org-9307 545 117 Articles Articles NNPS en-wikipedia-org-9307 545 118 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 545 119 short short JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 545 120 description description NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 545 121 Short short JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 545 122 description description NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 545 123 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-9307 545 124 different different JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 545 125 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 545 126 Wikidata Wikidata NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 545 127 Wikipedia Wikipedia NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 545 128 indefinitely indefinitely RB en-wikipedia-org-9307 545 129 move move VB en-wikipedia-org-9307 545 130 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-9307 545 131 protected protect VBN en-wikipedia-org-9307 545 132 pages page NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 545 133 Wikipedia Wikipedia NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 545 134 indefinitely indefinitely RB en-wikipedia-org-9307 545 135 semi semi RB en-wikipedia-org-9307 545 136 - - JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 545 137 protected protect VBN en-wikipedia-org-9307 545 138 pages page NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 545 139 Articles article NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 545 140 needing need VBG en-wikipedia-org-9307 545 141 additional additional JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 545 142 references reference NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 545 143 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 545 144 July July NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 545 145 2018 2018 CD en-wikipedia-org-9307 545 146 All all DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 545 147 articles article NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 545 148 needing need VBG en-wikipedia-org-9307 545 149 additional additional JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 545 150 references reference NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 545 151 Use Use NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 545 152 dmy dmy NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 545 153 dates date NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 545 154 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 545 155 January January NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 545 156 2020 2020 CD en-wikipedia-org-9307 545 157 Pages Pages NNPS en-wikipedia-org-9307 545 158 using use VBG en-wikipedia-org-9307 545 159 multiple multiple JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 545 160 image image NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 545 161 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 545 162 auto auto NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 545 163 scaled scale VBN en-wikipedia-org-9307 545 164 images image NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 545 165 Articles Articles NNPS en-wikipedia-org-9307 545 166 containing contain VBG en-wikipedia-org-9307 545 167 Arabic arabic JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 545 168 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-9307 545 169 language language NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 545 170 text text NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 545 171 Articles article NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 545 172 containing contain VBG en-wikipedia-org-9307 545 173 Ancient Ancient NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 545 174 Greek Greek NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 545 175 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 545 176 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-9307 545 177 1453)-language 1453)-language VB en-wikipedia-org-9307 545 178 text text NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 545 179 Articles article NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 545 180 containing contain VBG en-wikipedia-org-9307 545 181 Persian persian JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 545 182 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-9307 545 183 language language NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 545 184 text text NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 545 185 Articles article NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 545 186 containing contain VBG en-wikipedia-org-9307 545 187 Syriac Syriac NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 545 188 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-9307 545 189 language language NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 545 190 text text NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 545 191 Articles article NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 545 192 containing contain VBG en-wikipedia-org-9307 545 193 Aramaic Aramaic NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 545 194 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-9307 545 195 language language NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 545 196 text text NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 545 197 All all DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 545 198 articles article NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 545 199 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 545 200 unsourced unsourced JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 545 201 statements statement NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 545 202 Articles article NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 545 203 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 545 204 unsourced unsourced JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 545 205 statements statement NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 545 206 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 545 207 January January NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 545 208 2013 2013 CD en-wikipedia-org-9307 545 209 Articles Articles NNPS en-wikipedia-org-9307 545 210 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 545 211 specifically specifically RB en-wikipedia-org-9307 545 212 marked mark VBN en-wikipedia-org-9307 545 213 weasel weasel NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 545 214 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-9307 545 215 worded word VBN en-wikipedia-org-9307 545 216 phrases phrase NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 545 217 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 545 218 April April NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 545 219 2021 2021 CD en-wikipedia-org-9307 545 220 Articles Articles NNPS en-wikipedia-org-9307 545 221 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-9307 545 222 be be VB en-wikipedia-org-9307 545 223 expanded expand VBN en-wikipedia-org-9307 545 224 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 545 225 April April NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 545 226 2021 2021 CD en-wikipedia-org-9307 545 227 All all DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 545 228 articles article NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 545 229 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-9307 545 230 be be VB en-wikipedia-org-9307 545 231 expanded expand VBN en-wikipedia-org-9307 545 232 Articles article NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 545 233 using use VBG en-wikipedia-org-9307 545 234 small small JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 545 235 message message NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 545 236 boxes box NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 545 237 Articles article NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 545 238 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 545 239 French french JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 545 240 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-9307 545 241 language language NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 545 242 sources source NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 545 243 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 545 244 fr fr NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 545 245 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 545 246 Commons Commons NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 545 247 category category NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 545 248 link link NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 545 249 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-9307 545 250 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 545 251 Wikidata Wikidata NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 545 252 Coordinates coordinate NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 545 253 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 545 254 Wikidata Wikidata NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 545 255 Wikipedia Wikipedia NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 545 256 articles article NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 545 257 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 545 258 GND GND NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 545 259 identifiers identifier NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 545 260 Wikipedia Wikipedia NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 545 261 articles article NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 545 262 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 545 263 VIAF VIAF NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 545 264 identifiers identifier NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 545 265 Wikipedia Wikipedia NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 545 266 articles article NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 545 267 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 545 268 LCCN LCCN NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 545 269 identifiers identifier NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 545 270 Wikipedia Wikipedia NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 545 271 articles article NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 545 272 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 545 273 LNB LNB NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 545 274 identifiers identifier NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 545 275 Wikipedia Wikipedia NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 545 276 articles article NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 545 277 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 545 278 NKC NKC NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 545 279 identifiers identifier NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 545 280 Wikipedia Wikipedia NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 545 281 articles article NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 545 282 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 545 283 SELIBR selibr NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 545 284 identifiers identifier NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 545 285 Wikipedia Wikipedia NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 545 286 articles article NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 545 287 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 545 288 MA MA NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 545 289 identifiers identifier NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 545 290 Wikipedia Wikipedia NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 545 291 articles article NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 545 292 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 545 293 NARA NARA NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 545 294 identifiers identifier NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 545 295 Wikipedia Wikipedia NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 545 296 articles article NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 545 297 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 545 298 WorldCat WorldCat NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 545 299 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-9307 545 300 VIAF VIAF NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 545 301 identifiers identifier NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 545 302 Navigation Navigation NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 545 303 menu menu NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 545 304 Personal personal JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 545 305 tools tool NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 545 306 Not not RB en-wikipedia-org-9307 545 307 logged log VBN en-wikipedia-org-9307 545 308 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 545 309 Talk Talk NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 545 310 Contributions Contributions NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 545 311 Create Create NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 545 312 account account NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 545 313 Log Log NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 545 314 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 545 315 Namespaces Namespaces NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 545 316 Article Article NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 545 317 Talk talk NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 545 318 Variants variant VBZ en-wikipedia-org-9307 545 319 Views view NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 545 320 Read read VB en-wikipedia-org-9307 545 321 View View NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 545 322 source source NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 545 323 View View NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 545 324 history history NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 545 325 More More JJR en-wikipedia-org-9307 545 326 Search Search NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 545 327 Navigation Navigation NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 545 328 Main Main NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 545 329 page page NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 545 330 Contents content VBZ en-wikipedia-org-9307 545 331 Current current JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 545 332 events event NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 545 333 Random random JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 545 334 article article NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 545 335 About about IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 545 336 Wikipedia Wikipedia NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 545 337 Contact Contact NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 545 338 us -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-9307 545 339 Donate Donate NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 545 340 Contribute contribute NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 545 341 Help help NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 545 342 Learn learn VB en-wikipedia-org-9307 545 343 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-9307 545 344 edit edit VB en-wikipedia-org-9307 545 345 Community community NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 545 346 portal portal JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 545 347 Recent recent JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 545 348 changes change NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 545 349 Upload upload JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 545 350 file file NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 545 351 Tools tool NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 545 352 What what WP en-wikipedia-org-9307 545 353 links link NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 545 354 here here RB en-wikipedia-org-9307 545 355 Related relate VBN en-wikipedia-org-9307 545 356 changes change VBZ en-wikipedia-org-9307 545 357 Upload upload JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 545 358 file file VBP en-wikipedia-org-9307 545 359 Special special JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 545 360 pages page NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 545 361 Permanent permanent JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 545 362 link link NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 545 363 Page Page NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 545 364 information information NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 545 365 Cite cite VB en-wikipedia-org-9307 545 366 this this DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 545 367 page page NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 545 368 Wikidata wikidata NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 545 369 item item NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 545 370 Print print NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 545 371 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-9307 545 372 export export NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 545 373 Download Download NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 545 374 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 545 375 PDF PDF NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 545 376 Printable Printable NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 545 377 version version NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 545 378 In in IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 545 379 other other JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 545 380 projects project NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 545 381 Wikimedia Wikimedia NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 545 382 Commons Commons NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 545 383 Wikivoyage Wikivoyage NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 545 384 Languages Languages NNPS en-wikipedia-org-9307 545 385 Afrikaans Afrikaans NNPS en-wikipedia-org-9307 545 386 Alemannisch Alemannisch NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 545 387 አማርኛ አማርኛ NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 545 388 Аҧсшәа Аҧсшәа NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 545 389 العربية العربية NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 545 390 Aragonés aragonés JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 545 391 ܐܪܡܝܐ ܐܪܡܝܐ NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 545 392 Արեւմտահայերէն Արեւմտահայերէն NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 545 393 অসমীয়া অসমীয়া . en-wikipedia-org-9307 545 394 Asturianu Asturianu NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 545 395 Azərbaycanca Azərbaycanca NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 545 396 تۆرکجه تۆرکجه NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 545 397 বাংলা বাংলা NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 545 398 Bân Bân NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 545 399 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-9307 545 400 lâm lâm NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 545 401 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-9307 545 402 gú gú NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 545 403 Башҡортса Башҡортса NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 545 404 Беларуская Беларуская NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 545 405 Беларуская Беларуская NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 545 406 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 545 407 тарашкевіца тарашкевіца NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 545 408 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 545 409 Български Български NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 545 410 Bosanski Bosanski NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 545 411 Brezhoneg Brezhoneg NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 545 412 Буряад Буряад NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 545 413 Català Català NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 545 414 Чӑвашла Чӑвашла NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 545 415 Cebuano Cebuano NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 545 416 Čeština Čeština NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 545 417 Cymraeg Cymraeg NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 545 418 Dansk Dansk NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 545 419 Deutsch Deutsch NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 545 420 ދިވެހިބަސް ދިވެހިބަސް NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 545 421 Eesti Eesti NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 545 422 Ελληνικά Ελληνικά NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 545 423 Español Español NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 545 424 Esperanto Esperanto NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 545 425 Euskara Euskara NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 545 426 فارسی فارسی JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 545 427 Fiji Fiji NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 545 428 Hindi Hindi NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 545 429 Français Français NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 545 430 Frysk Frysk NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 545 431 Gaeilge Gaeilge NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 545 432 Galego Galego NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 545 433 ГӀалгӀай ГӀалгӀай NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 545 434 贛語 贛語 NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 545 435 ગુજરાતી ગુજરાતી NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 545 436 客家語 客家語 NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 545 437 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-9307 545 438 Hak Hak NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 545 439 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-9307 545 440 kâ kâ NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 545 441 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-9307 545 442 ngî ngî NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 545 443 한국어 한국어 NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 545 444 Հայերեն Հայերեն NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 545 445 हिन्दी हिन्दी NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 545 446 Hornjoserbsce Hornjoserbsce NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 545 447 Hrvatski Hrvatski NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 545 448 Ido Ido NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 545 449 Ilokano Ilokano NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 545 450 Bahasa Bahasa NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 545 451 Indonesia Indonesia NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 545 452 Íslenska Íslenska NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 545 453 Italiano Italiano NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 545 454 עברית עברית NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 545 455 Jawa Jawa NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 545 456 Kabɩyɛ Kabɩyɛ NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 545 457 ಕನ್ನಡ ಕನ್ನಡ XX en-wikipedia-org-9307 545 458 ქართული ქართული NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 545 459 Қазақша Қазақша NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 545 460 Kiswahili Kiswahili NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 545 461 Kriyòl Kriyòl NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 545 462 gwiyannen gwiyannen FW en-wikipedia-org-9307 545 463 Kurdî Kurdî NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 545 464 Кыргызча Кыргызча NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 545 465 Ladin Ladin NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 545 466 Latina Latina NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 545 467 Latviešu Latviešu NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 545 468 Lëtzebuergesch Lëtzebuergesch NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 545 469 Lietuvių Lietuvių NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 545 470 Limburgs Limburgs NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 545 471 Lingála Lingála NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 545 472 Lingua Lingua NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 545 473 Franca Franca NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 545 474 Nova Nova NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 545 475 Magyar Magyar NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 545 476 Македонски Македонски NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 545 477 Malagasy Malagasy NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 545 478 മലയാളം മലയാളം IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 545 479 मराठी मराठी NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 545 480 მარგალური მარგალური NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 545 481 مصرى مصرى NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 545 482 مازِرونی مازِرونی NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 545 483 Bahasa Bahasa NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 545 484 Melayu Melayu NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 545 485 Minangkabau Minangkabau NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 545 486 Mìng Mìng NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 545 487 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-9307 545 488 dĕ̤ng dĕ̤ng NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 545 489 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-9307 545 490 ngṳ̄ ngṳ̄ NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 545 491 Монгол Монгол NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 545 492 Nederlands nederland NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 545 493 नेपाली नेपाली NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 545 494 日本語 日本語 NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 545 495 Нохчийн Нохчийн NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 545 496 Nordfriisk Nordfriisk NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 545 497 Norsk Norsk NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 545 498 bokmål bokmål NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 545 499 Norsk Norsk NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 545 500 nynorsk nynorsk NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 545 501 Nouormand Nouormand NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 545 502 Occitan Occitan NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 545 503 Oʻzbekcha/ўзбекча Oʻzbekcha/ўзбекча NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 545 504 ਪੰਜਾਬੀ ਪੰਜਾਬੀ DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 545 505 پنجابی پنجابی JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 545 506 پښتو پښتو NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 545 507 Patois Patois NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 545 508 Перем Перем NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 545 509 коми коми VBZ en-wikipedia-org-9307 545 510 Polski Polski NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 545 511 Português Português NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 545 512 Română Română NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 545 513 Русиньскый Русиньскый NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 545 514 Русский Русский NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 545 515 Саха Саха NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 545 516 тыла тыла NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 545 517 ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 545 518 Sardu Sardu NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 545 519 Shqip Shqip NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 545 520 Sicilianu Sicilianu NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 545 521 සිංහල සිංහල NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 545 522 Simple Simple NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 545 523 English English NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 545 524 سنڌي سنڌي NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 545 525 Slovenčina Slovenčina NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 545 526 Slovenščina Slovenščina NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 545 527 Soomaaliga Soomaaliga NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 545 528 کوردی کوردی IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 545 529 Српски Српски NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 545 530 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-9307 545 531 srpski srpski JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 545 532 Srpskohrvatski Srpskohrvatski NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 545 533 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-9307 545 534 српскохрватски српскохрватски JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 545 535 Sunda Sunda NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 545 536 Suomi Suomi NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 545 537 Svenska Svenska NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 545 538 Tagalog Tagalog NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 545 539 தமிழ் தமிழ் , en-wikipedia-org-9307 545 540 Татарча Татарча NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 545 541 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-9307 545 542 tatarça tatarça NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 545 543 తెలుగు తెలుగు NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 545 544 ไทย ไทย NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 545 545 Тоҷикӣ Тоҷикӣ NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 545 546 Türkçe Türkçe NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 545 547 Türkmençe Türkmençe NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 545 548 Українська Українська NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 545 549 اردو اردو NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 545 550 Vahcuengh Vahcuengh NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 545 551 Vèneto Vèneto NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 545 552 Tiếng Tiếng NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 545 553 Việt Việt NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 545 554 Volapük Volapük NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 545 555 文言 文言 NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 545 556 Winaray Winaray NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 545 557 Wolof Wolof NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 545 558 吴语 吴语 NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 545 559 ייִדיש ייִדיש NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 545 560 粵語 粵語 NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 545 561 Zazaki Zazaki NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 545 562 Žemaitėška Žemaitėška NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 545 563 中文 中文 NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 545 564 Edit Edit NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 545 565 links link NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 545 566 This this DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 545 567 page page NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 545 568 was be VBD en-wikipedia-org-9307 545 569 last last RB en-wikipedia-org-9307 545 570 edited edit VBN en-wikipedia-org-9307 545 571 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 545 572 4 4 CD en-wikipedia-org-9307 545 573 June June NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 545 574 2021 2021 CD en-wikipedia-org-9307 545 575 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 545 576 at at IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 545 577 10:20 10:20 CD en-wikipedia-org-9307 545 578   _SP en-wikipedia-org-9307 545 579 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 545 580 UTC UTC NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 545 581 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9307 545 582 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9307 546 1 Text text NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 546 2 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-9307 546 3 available available JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 546 4 under under IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 546 5 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 546 6 Creative Creative NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 546 7 Commons Commons NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 546 8 Attribution Attribution NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 546 9 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-9307 546 10 ShareAlike ShareAlike NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 546 11 License License NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 546 12 ; ; , en-wikipedia-org-9307 546 13 additional additional JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 546 14 terms term NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 546 15 may may MD en-wikipedia-org-9307 546 16 apply apply VB en-wikipedia-org-9307 546 17 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9307 547 1 By by IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 547 2 using use VBG en-wikipedia-org-9307 547 3 this this DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 547 4 site site NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 547 5 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 547 6 you -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-9307 547 7 agree agree VBP en-wikipedia-org-9307 547 8 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 547 9 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 547 10 Terms term NNS en-wikipedia-org-9307 547 11 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 547 12 Use Use NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 547 13 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9307 547 14 Privacy Privacy NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 547 15 Policy Policy NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 547 16 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9307 548 1 Wikipedia Wikipedia NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 548 2 ® ® NNPS en-wikipedia-org-9307 548 3 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-9307 548 4 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 548 5 registered registered JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 548 6 trademark trademark NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 548 7 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 548 8 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 548 9 Wikimedia Wikimedia NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 548 10 Foundation Foundation NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 548 11 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 548 12 Inc. Inc. NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 548 13 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9307 548 14 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-9307 548 15 non non JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 548 16 - - JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 548 17 profit profit JJ en-wikipedia-org-9307 548 18 organization organization NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 548 19 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9307 549 1 Privacy privacy NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 549 2 policy policy NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 549 3 About about IN en-wikipedia-org-9307 549 4 Wikipedia Wikipedia NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 549 5 Disclaimers Disclaimers NNPS en-wikipedia-org-9307 549 6 Contact Contact NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 549 7 Wikipedia Wikipedia NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 549 8 Mobile Mobile NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 549 9 view view NN en-wikipedia-org-9307 549 10 Developers Developers NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 549 11 Statistics Statistics NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 549 12 Cookie Cookie NNP en-wikipedia-org-9307 549 13 statement statement NN