id sid tid token lemma pos en-wikipedia-org-1622 1 1 Chinese chinese JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 1 2 language language NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 1 3 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-1622 1 4 Wikipedia wikipedia JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 1 5 Chinese chinese JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 1 6 language language NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 1 7 From from IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 1 8 Wikipedia Wikipedia NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 1 9 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 1 10 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 1 11 free free JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 1 12 encyclopedia encyclopedia NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 1 13 Jump Jump NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 1 14 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 1 15 navigation navigation NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 1 16 Jump Jump NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 1 17 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-1622 1 18 search search VB en-wikipedia-org-1622 1 19 Sinitic sinitic JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 1 20 branch branch NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 1 21 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 1 22 Sino sino JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 1 23 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-1622 1 24 Tibetan Tibetan NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 1 25 This this DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 1 26 article article NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 1 27 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-1622 1 28 about about IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 1 29 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 1 30 group group NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 1 31 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 1 32 Sinitic sinitic JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 1 33 language language NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 1 34 varieties variety NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 1 35 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1622 2 1 For for IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 2 2 other other JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 2 3 languages language NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 2 4 spoken speak VBN en-wikipedia-org-1622 2 5 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 2 6 China China NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 2 7 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 2 8 see see VB en-wikipedia-org-1622 2 9 Languages Languages NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 2 10 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 2 11 China China NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 2 12 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1622 3 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-1622 3 2 Han Han NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 3 3 language language NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 3 4 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-1622 3 5 redirects redirect VBZ en-wikipedia-org-1622 3 6 here here RB en-wikipedia-org-1622 3 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1622 4 1 For for IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 4 2 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 4 3 Athabaskan Athabaskan NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 4 4 language language NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 4 5 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 4 6 see see VB en-wikipedia-org-1622 4 7 Hän Hän NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 4 8 language language NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 4 9 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1622 5 1 For for IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 5 2 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 5 3 ancient ancient JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 5 4 languages language NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 5 5 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 5 6 Korea Korea NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 5 7 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 5 8 see see VB en-wikipedia-org-1622 5 9 Han Han NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 5 10 languages language NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 5 11 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1622 6 1 Unless unless IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 6 2 otherwise otherwise RB en-wikipedia-org-1622 6 3 specified specify VBN en-wikipedia-org-1622 6 4 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 6 5 Chinese Chinese NNPS en-wikipedia-org-1622 6 6 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 6 7 this this DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 6 8 article article NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 6 9 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-1622 6 10 written write VBN en-wikipedia-org-1622 6 11 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 6 12 simplified simplify VBN en-wikipedia-org-1622 6 13 Chinese chinese JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 6 14 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-1622 6 15 traditional traditional JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 6 16 Chinese Chinese NNPS en-wikipedia-org-1622 6 17 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-1622 6 18 pinyin pinyin NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 6 19 order order NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 6 20 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1622 7 1 If if IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 7 2 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 7 3 simplified simplified JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 7 4 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1622 7 5 traditional traditional JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 7 6 characters character NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 7 7 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-1622 7 8 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 7 9 same same JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 7 10 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 7 11 they -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-1622 7 12 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-1622 7 13 written write VBN en-wikipedia-org-1622 7 14 only only RB en-wikipedia-org-1622 7 15 once once RB en-wikipedia-org-1622 7 16 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1622 8 1 Chinese Chinese NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 8 2 汉语 汉语 NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 8 3 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-1622 8 4 漢語 漢語 NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 8 5 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 8 6 Hànyǔ Hànyǔ NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 8 7 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-1622 8 8 中文 中文 NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 8 9 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 8 10 Zhōngwén Zhōngwén NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 8 11 Hànyǔ Hànyǔ NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 8 12 written write VBN en-wikipedia-org-1622 8 13 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 8 14 traditional traditional JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 8 15 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 8 16 top top NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 8 17 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 8 18 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1622 8 19 simplified simplify VBN en-wikipedia-org-1622 8 20 characters character NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 8 21 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 8 22 middle middle JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 8 23 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 8 24 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-1622 8 25 Zhōngwén Zhōngwén NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 8 26 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 8 27 bottom bottom NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 8 28 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 8 29 Native native JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 8 30   _SP en-wikipedia-org-1622 8 31 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 8 32 Chinese Chinese NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 8 33 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-1622 8 34 speaking speak VBG en-wikipedia-org-1622 8 35 world world NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 8 36 Native Native NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 8 37 speakers speaker NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 8 38 1.2 1.2 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 8 39 billion billion CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 8 40   _SP en-wikipedia-org-1622 8 41 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 8 42 2004)[1 2004)[1 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 8 43 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 8 44 Language language NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 8 45 family family NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 8 46 Sino sino JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 8 47 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-1622 8 48 Tibetan tibetan JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 8 49 Chinese chinese JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 8 50 Early early JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 8 51 forms form NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 8 52 Old old JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 8 53 Chinese chinese JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 8 54 Middle middle JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 8 55 Chinese chinese JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 8 56 Standard standard JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 8 57 forms form NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 8 58 Standard Standard NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 8 59 Mandarin Mandarin NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 8 60 Standard Standard NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 8 61 Cantonese Cantonese NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 8 62 Dialects dialect VBZ en-wikipedia-org-1622 8 63 Mandarin Mandarin NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 8 64 Jin Jin NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 8 65 Wu Wu NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 8 66 Gan Gan NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 8 67 Xiang Xiang NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 8 68 Min Min NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 8 69 Hakka Hakka NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 8 70 Yue Yue NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 8 71 Ping Ping NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 8 72 Huizhou Huizhou NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 8 73 Writing Writing NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 8 74 system system NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 8 75 Chinese chinese JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 8 76 characters character NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 8 77 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 8 78 Traditional Traditional NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 8 79 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-1622 8 80 Simplified simplified JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 8 81 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 8 82 Transcriptions transcription NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 8 83 : : : en-wikipedia-org-1622 8 84 Zhuyin Zhuyin NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 8 85 Pinyin Pinyin NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 8 86 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 8 87 Latin Latin NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 8 88 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 8 89 Xiao'erjing Xiao'erjing NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 8 90 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 8 91 Arabic Arabic NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 8 92 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 8 93 Dungan Dungan NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 8 94 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 8 95 Cyrillic Cyrillic NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 8 96 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 8 97 Chinese Chinese NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 8 98 Braille Braille NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 8 99 ʼPhags ʼPhags NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 8 100 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-1622 8 101 pa pa NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 8 102 script script NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 8 103 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 8 104 Historical historical JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 8 105 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 8 106 Official official JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 8 107 status status NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 8 108 Official official JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 8 109 language language NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 8 110   _SP en-wikipedia-org-1622 8 111 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 8 112 Mandarin Mandarin NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 8 113 : : : en-wikipedia-org-1622 8 114   _SP en-wikipedia-org-1622 8 115 China China NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 8 116   _SP en-wikipedia-org-1622 8 117 Singapore Singapore NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 8 118   _SP en-wikipedia-org-1622 8 119 Taiwan Taiwan NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 8 120 Cantonese:[a cantonese:[a CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 8 121 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 8 122   _SP en-wikipedia-org-1622 8 123 Hong Hong NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 8 124 Kong Kong NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 8 125   _SP en-wikipedia-org-1622 8 126 Macau Macau NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 8 127 Regulated regulate VBD en-wikipedia-org-1622 8 128   _SP en-wikipedia-org-1622 8 129 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 8 130 National National NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 8 131 Commission Commission NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 8 132 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 8 133 Language Language NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 8 134 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1622 8 135 Script Script NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 8 136 Work Work NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 8 137 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 8 138 Mainland mainland NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 8 139 China)[2 China)[2 NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 8 140 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 8 141 National National NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 8 142 Languages Languages NNPS en-wikipedia-org-1622 8 143 Committee Committee NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 8 144 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 8 145 Taiwan Taiwan NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 8 146 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 8 147 Civil Civil NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 8 148 Service Service NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 8 149 Bureau Bureau NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 8 150 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 8 151 Hong Hong NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 8 152 Kong Kong NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 8 153 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 8 154 Education Education NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 8 155 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1622 8 156 Youth Youth NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 8 157 Affairs Affairs NNPS en-wikipedia-org-1622 8 158 Bureau Bureau NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 8 159 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 8 160 Macau Macau NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 8 161 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 8 162 Chinese Chinese NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 8 163 Language Language NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 8 164 Standardisation Standardisation NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 8 165 Council Council NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 8 166 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 8 167 Malaysia Malaysia NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 8 168 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 8 169 Promote Promote NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 8 170 Mandarin Mandarin NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 8 171 Council Council NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 8 172 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 8 173 Singapore Singapore NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 8 174 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 8 175 Language language NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 8 176 codes code VBZ en-wikipedia-org-1622 8 177 ISO ISO NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 8 178 639 639 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 8 179 - - SYM en-wikipedia-org-1622 8 180 1 1 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 8 181 zh zh CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 8 182 ISO ISO NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 8 183 639 639 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 8 184 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-1622 8 185 2 2 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 8 186 chi chi NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 8 187   _SP en-wikipedia-org-1622 8 188 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 8 189 B b NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 8 190 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 8 191 zho zho ADD en-wikipedia-org-1622 8 192   _SP en-wikipedia-org-1622 8 193 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 8 194 T T NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 8 195 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 8 196 ISO ISO NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 8 197 639 639 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 8 198 - - SYM en-wikipedia-org-1622 8 199 3 3 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 8 200 zho zho CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 8 201 – – : en-wikipedia-org-1622 8 202 inclusive inclusive JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 8 203 code code NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 8 204 Individual Individual NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 8 205 codes code NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 8 206 : : : en-wikipedia-org-1622 8 207 cdo cdo NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 8 208   _SP en-wikipedia-org-1622 8 209 – – : en-wikipedia-org-1622 8 210   _SP en-wikipedia-org-1622 8 211 Min Min NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 8 212 Dong Dong NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 8 213 cjy cjy NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 8 214   _SP en-wikipedia-org-1622 8 215 – – : en-wikipedia-org-1622 8 216   _SP en-wikipedia-org-1622 8 217 Jinyu Jinyu NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 8 218 cmn cmn NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 8 219   _SP en-wikipedia-org-1622 8 220 – – : en-wikipedia-org-1622 8 221   _SP en-wikipedia-org-1622 8 222 Mandarin Mandarin NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 8 223 cpx cpx NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 8 224   _SP en-wikipedia-org-1622 8 225 – – : en-wikipedia-org-1622 8 226   _SP en-wikipedia-org-1622 8 227 Pu Pu NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 8 228 Xian Xian NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 8 229 czh czh NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 8 230   _SP en-wikipedia-org-1622 8 231 – – : en-wikipedia-org-1622 8 232   _SP en-wikipedia-org-1622 8 233 Huizhou Huizhou NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 8 234 czo czo NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 8 235   _SP en-wikipedia-org-1622 8 236 – – : en-wikipedia-org-1622 8 237   _SP en-wikipedia-org-1622 8 238 Min Min NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 8 239 Zhong Zhong NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 8 240 gan gan NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 8 241   _SP en-wikipedia-org-1622 8 242 – – : en-wikipedia-org-1622 8 243   _SP en-wikipedia-org-1622 8 244 Gan Gan NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 8 245 hak hak NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 8 246   _SP en-wikipedia-org-1622 8 247 – – : en-wikipedia-org-1622 8 248   _SP en-wikipedia-org-1622 8 249 Hakka Hakka NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 8 250 hsn hsn NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 8 251   _SP en-wikipedia-org-1622 8 252 – – : en-wikipedia-org-1622 8 253   _SP en-wikipedia-org-1622 8 254 Xiang Xiang NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 8 255 mnp mnp NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 8 256   _SP en-wikipedia-org-1622 8 257 – – : en-wikipedia-org-1622 8 258   _SP en-wikipedia-org-1622 8 259 Min Min NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 8 260 Bei Bei NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 8 261 nan nan NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 8 262   _SP en-wikipedia-org-1622 8 263 – – : en-wikipedia-org-1622 8 264   _SP en-wikipedia-org-1622 8 265 Min Min NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 8 266 Nan Nan NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 8 267 wuu wuu IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 8 268   _SP en-wikipedia-org-1622 8 269 – – : en-wikipedia-org-1622 8 270   _SP en-wikipedia-org-1622 8 271 Wu Wu NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 8 272 yue yue NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 8 273   _SP en-wikipedia-org-1622 8 274 – – : en-wikipedia-org-1622 8 275   _SP en-wikipedia-org-1622 8 276 Yue Yue NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 8 277 csp csp NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 8 278   _SP en-wikipedia-org-1622 8 279 – – : en-wikipedia-org-1622 8 280   _SP en-wikipedia-org-1622 8 281 Southern Southern NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 8 282 Pinghua Pinghua NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 8 283 cnp cnp NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 8 284   _SP en-wikipedia-org-1622 8 285 – – : en-wikipedia-org-1622 8 286   _SP en-wikipedia-org-1622 8 287 Northern Northern NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 8 288 Pinghua Pinghua NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 8 289 och och NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 8 290   _SP en-wikipedia-org-1622 8 291 – – : en-wikipedia-org-1622 8 292   _SP en-wikipedia-org-1622 8 293 Old old JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 8 294 Chinese chinese JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 8 295 ltc ltc NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 8 296   _SP en-wikipedia-org-1622 8 297 – – : en-wikipedia-org-1622 8 298   _SP en-wikipedia-org-1622 8 299 Late late JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 8 300 Middle Middle NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 8 301 Chinese Chinese NNPS en-wikipedia-org-1622 8 302 lzh lzh NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 8 303   _SP en-wikipedia-org-1622 8 304 – – : en-wikipedia-org-1622 8 305   _SP en-wikipedia-org-1622 8 306 Classical Classical NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 8 307 Chinese Chinese NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 8 308 Glottolog Glottolog NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 8 309 sini1245 sini1245 NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 8 310 Linguasphere linguasphere RB en-wikipedia-org-1622 8 311 79-AAA 79-aaa CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 8 312 Map Map NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 8 313 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 8 314 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 8 315 Chinese Chinese NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 8 316 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-1622 8 317 speaking speak VBG en-wikipedia-org-1622 8 318 world world NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 8 319 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1622 9 1 Countries country NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 9 2 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1622 9 3 regions region NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 9 4 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 9 5 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 9 6 native native JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 9 7 Chinese Chinese NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 9 8 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-1622 9 9 speaking speak VBG en-wikipedia-org-1622 9 10 majority majority NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 9 11 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1622 10 1 Countries country NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 10 2 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1622 10 3 regions region NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 10 4 where where WRB en-wikipedia-org-1622 10 5 Chinese chinese JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 10 6 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-1622 10 7 not not RB en-wikipedia-org-1622 10 8 native native JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 10 9 but but CC en-wikipedia-org-1622 10 10 an an DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 10 11 official official JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 10 12 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-1622 10 13 educational educational JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 10 14 language language NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 10 15 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1622 11 1 Countries country NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 11 2 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 11 3 significant significant JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 11 4 Chinese Chinese NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 11 5 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-1622 11 6 speaking speak VBG en-wikipedia-org-1622 11 7 minorities minority NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 11 8 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1622 12 1 This this DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 12 2 article article NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 12 3 contains contain VBZ en-wikipedia-org-1622 12 4 IPA ipa JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 12 5 phonetic phonetic JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 12 6 symbols symbol NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 12 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1622 13 1 Without without IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 13 2 proper proper JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 13 3 rendering rendering JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 13 4 support support NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 13 5 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 13 6 you -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-1622 13 7 may may MD en-wikipedia-org-1622 13 8 see see VB en-wikipedia-org-1622 13 9 question question NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 13 10 marks mark NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 13 11 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 13 12 boxes box NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 13 13 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 13 14 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-1622 13 15 other other JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 13 16 symbols symbol NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 13 17 instead instead RB en-wikipedia-org-1622 13 18 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 13 19 Unicode Unicode NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 13 20 characters character NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 13 21 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1622 14 1 For for IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 14 2 an an DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 14 3 introductory introductory JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 14 4 guide guide NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 14 5 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 14 6 IPA ipa JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 14 7 symbols symbol NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 14 8 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 14 9 see see VB en-wikipedia-org-1622 14 10 Help help NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 14 11 : : : en-wikipedia-org-1622 14 12 IPA IPA NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 14 13 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1622 15 1 Chinese chinese JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 15 2 language(s language(s . en-wikipedia-org-1622 15 3 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 15 4 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 15 5 general general NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 15 6 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-1622 15 7 spoken spoken JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 15 8 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 15 9 Simplified simplify VBN en-wikipedia-org-1622 15 10 Chinese Chinese NNPS en-wikipedia-org-1622 15 11 汉语 汉语 VBP en-wikipedia-org-1622 15 12 Traditional traditional JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 15 13   _SP en-wikipedia-org-1622 15 14 Chinese chinese JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 15 15 漢語 漢語 . en-wikipedia-org-1622 15 16 Literal literal JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 15 17 meaning mean VBG en-wikipedia-org-1622 15 18 Han Han NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 15 19 language language NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 15 20 Transcriptions Transcriptions NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 15 21 Standard Standard NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 15 22 Mandarin Mandarin NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 15 23 Hanyu Hanyu NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 15 24 Pinyin Pinyin NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 15 25 Hànyǔ Hànyǔ NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 15 26 Wade Wade NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 15 27 – – : en-wikipedia-org-1622 15 28 Giles Giles NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 15 29 Han4-yu3 Han4-yu3 NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 15 30 Tongyong Tongyong NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 15 31 Pinyin Pinyin NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 15 32 Hàn Hàn NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 15 33 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-1622 15 34 yǔ yǔ NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 15 35 Yale Yale NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 15 36 Romanization Romanization NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 15 37 Hàn Hàn NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 15 38 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-1622 15 39 yǔ yǔ NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 15 40 IPA IPA NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 15 41 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 15 42 xân.ỳ xân.ỳ NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 15 43 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 15 44 Wu Wu NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 15 45 Romanization Romanization NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 15 46 hoe3 hoe3 NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 15 47 nyiu2 nyiu2 NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 15 48 Hakka Hakka NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 15 49 Romanization Romanization NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 15 50 Hon Hon NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 15 51 Ngi Ngi NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 15 52 Yue Yue NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 15 53 : : : en-wikipedia-org-1622 15 54 Cantonese Cantonese NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 15 55 Yale Yale NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 15 56 Romanization Romanization NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 15 57 hon hon VBZ en-wikipedia-org-1622 15 58 yúh yúh NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 15 59 Jyutping Jyutping NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 15 60 Hon3 Hon3 NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 15 61 jyu5 jyu5 VB en-wikipedia-org-1622 15 62 Canton Canton NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 15 63 Romanization Romanization NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 15 64 hon3 hon3 NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 15 65 yü5 yü5 VBD en-wikipedia-org-1622 15 66 IPA IPA NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 15 67 Cantonese cantonese JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 15 68 pronunciation pronunciation NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 15 69 : : : en-wikipedia-org-1622 15 70   _SP en-wikipedia-org-1622 15 71 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 15 72 hɔ̄ːn.jy̬ː hɔ̄ːn.jy̬ː NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 15 73 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 15 74 Southern Southern NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 15 75 Min Min NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 15 76 Hokkien Hokkien NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 15 77 POJ POJ NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 15 78 Hàn Hàn NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 15 79 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-1622 15 80 gí gí NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 15 81 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 15 82 Hàn Hàn NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 15 83 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-1622 15 84 gú gú NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 15 85 Eastern Eastern NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 15 86 Min Min NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 15 87 Fuzhou Fuzhou NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 15 88 BUC BUC NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 15 89 Háng Háng NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 15 90 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-1622 15 91 ngṳ̄ ngṳ̄ NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 15 92 Chinese chinese JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 15 93 language language NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 15 94 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 15 95 written write VBN en-wikipedia-org-1622 15 96 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 15 97 Chinese chinese JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 15 98 中文 中文 NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 15 99 Literal literal JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 15 100 meaning meaning NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 15 101 Middle middle NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 15 102 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-1622 15 103 Central central JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 15 104 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-1622 15 105 Chinese chinese JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 15 106 text text NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 15 107 Transcriptions Transcriptions NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 15 108 Standard Standard NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 15 109 Mandarin Mandarin NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 15 110 Hanyu Hanyu NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 15 111 Pinyin Pinyin NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 15 112 Zhōngwén Zhōngwén NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 15 113 Wade Wade NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 15 114 – – : en-wikipedia-org-1622 15 115 Giles Giles NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 15 116 Chung1-wên2 Chung1-wên2 NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 15 117 Tongyong Tongyong NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 15 118 Pinyin Pinyin NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 15 119 jhong jhong NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 15 120 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-1622 15 121 wún wún NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 15 122 Yale Yale NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 15 123 Romanization Romanization NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 15 124 jūng jūng NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 15 125 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-1622 15 126 wén wén NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 15 127 IPA IPA NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 15 128 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 15 129 ʈʂʊ́ŋ.wə̌n ʈʂʊ́ŋ.wə̌n NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 15 130 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 15 131 Wu Wu NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 15 132 Romanization Romanization NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 15 133 tson1 tson1 NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 15 134 ven1 ven1 IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 15 135 Hakka Hakka NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 15 136 Romanization Romanization NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 15 137 Chung Chung NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 15 138 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-1622 15 139 Vun Vun NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 15 140 Yue Yue NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 15 141 : : : en-wikipedia-org-1622 15 142 Cantonese Cantonese NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 15 143 Yale Yale NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 15 144 Romanization Romanization NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 15 145 Jūng Jūng NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 15 146 mán mán NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 15 147 Jyutping Jyutping NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 15 148 Zung1 zung1 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 15 149 man4 man4 NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 15 150 * * NFP en-wikipedia-org-1622 15 151 2 2 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 15 152 Canton Canton NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 15 153 Romanization Romanization NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 15 154 Zung1 zung1 NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 15 155 men4 men4 NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 15 156 * * NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 15 157 2 2 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 15 158 Southern Southern NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 15 159 Min Min NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 15 160 Hokkien Hokkien NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 15 161 POJ POJ NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 15 162 Tiong Tiong NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 15 163 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-1622 15 164 bûn bûn NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 15 165 Eastern Eastern NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 15 166 Min Min NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 15 167 Fuzhou Fuzhou NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 15 168 BUC BUC NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 15 169 Dṳng Dṳng NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 15 170 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-1622 15 171 ùng ùng NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 15 172 Chinese Chinese NNPS en-wikipedia-org-1622 15 173 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 15 174 simplified simplify VBN en-wikipedia-org-1622 15 175 Chinese Chinese NNPS en-wikipedia-org-1622 15 176 : : : en-wikipedia-org-1622 15 177 汉语 汉语 VB en-wikipedia-org-1622 15 178 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-1622 15 179 traditional traditional JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 15 180 Chinese Chinese NNPS en-wikipedia-org-1622 15 181 : : : en-wikipedia-org-1622 15 182 漢語 漢語 NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 15 183 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-1622 15 184 pinyin pinyin NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 15 185 : : : en-wikipedia-org-1622 15 186 Hànyǔ[b Hànyǔ[b NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 15 187 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 15 188 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-1622 15 189 also also RB en-wikipedia-org-1622 15 190 中文 中文 XX en-wikipedia-org-1622 15 191 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-1622 15 192 Zhōngwén,[c Zhōngwén,[c NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 15 193 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 15 194 especially especially RB en-wikipedia-org-1622 15 195 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 15 196 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 15 197 written write VBN en-wikipedia-org-1622 15 198 language language NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 15 199 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 15 200 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-1622 15 201 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 15 202 group group NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 15 203 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 15 204 language language NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 15 205 varieties variety NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 15 206 that that WDT en-wikipedia-org-1622 15 207 form form VBP en-wikipedia-org-1622 15 208 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 15 209 Sinitic sinitic JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 15 210 branch branch NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 15 211 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 15 212 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 15 213 Sino sino JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 15 214 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-1622 15 215 Tibetan tibetan JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 15 216 languages language NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 15 217 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 15 218 spoken speak VBN en-wikipedia-org-1622 15 219 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 15 220 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 15 221 ethnic ethnic JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 15 222 Han Han NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 15 223 Chinese chinese JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 15 224 majority majority NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 15 225 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1622 15 226 many many JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 15 227 minority minority NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 15 228 ethnic ethnic JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 15 229 groups group NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 15 230 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 15 231 Greater Greater NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 15 232 China China NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 15 233 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1622 16 1 About about RB en-wikipedia-org-1622 16 2 1.3 1.3 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 16 3 billion billion CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 16 4 people people NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 16 5 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 16 6 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-1622 16 7 approximately approximately RB en-wikipedia-org-1622 16 8 16 16 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 16 9 % % NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 16 10 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 16 11 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 16 12 world world NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 16 13 's 's POS en-wikipedia-org-1622 16 14 population population NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 16 15 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 16 16 speak speak VBP en-wikipedia-org-1622 16 17 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 16 18 variety variety NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 16 19 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 16 20 Chinese Chinese NNPS en-wikipedia-org-1622 16 21 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 16 22 their -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-1622 16 23 first first JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 16 24 language language NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 16 25 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1622 17 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 17 2 3 3 LS en-wikipedia-org-1622 17 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 17 4 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 17 5 spoken spoken JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 17 6 varieties variety NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 17 7 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 17 8 Chinese Chinese NNPS en-wikipedia-org-1622 17 9 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-1622 17 10 usually usually RB en-wikipedia-org-1622 17 11 considered consider VBN en-wikipedia-org-1622 17 12 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 17 13 native native JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 17 14 speakers speaker NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 17 15 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-1622 17 16 be be VB en-wikipedia-org-1622 17 17 variants variant NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 17 18 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 17 19 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 17 20 single single JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 17 21 language language NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 17 22 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1622 18 1 Due due IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 18 2 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 18 3 their -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-1622 18 4 lack lack NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 18 5 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 18 6 mutual mutual JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 18 7 intelligibility intelligibility NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 18 8 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 18 9 however however RB en-wikipedia-org-1622 18 10 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 18 11 they -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-1622 18 12 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-1622 18 13 classified classify VBN en-wikipedia-org-1622 18 14 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 18 15 separate separate JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 18 16 languages language NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 18 17 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 18 18 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 18 19 family family NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 18 20 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 18 21 some some DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 18 22 linguists linguist NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 18 23 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 18 24 who who WP en-wikipedia-org-1622 18 25 note note VBP en-wikipedia-org-1622 18 26 that that IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 18 27 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 18 28 varieties variety NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 18 29 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-1622 18 30 as as RB en-wikipedia-org-1622 18 31 divergent divergent JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 18 32 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 18 33 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 18 34 Romance Romance NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 18 35 languages language NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 18 36 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1622 19 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 19 2 d d NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 19 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 19 4 Investigation Investigation NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 19 5 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 19 6 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 19 7 historical historical JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 19 8 relationships relationship NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 19 9 among among IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 19 10 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 19 11 varieties variety NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 19 12 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 19 13 Chinese Chinese NNPS en-wikipedia-org-1622 19 14 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-1622 19 15 just just RB en-wikipedia-org-1622 19 16 starting start VBG en-wikipedia-org-1622 19 17 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1622 20 1 Currently currently RB en-wikipedia-org-1622 20 2 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 20 3 most most JJS en-wikipedia-org-1622 20 4 classifications classification NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 20 5 posit posit VBP en-wikipedia-org-1622 20 6 7 7 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 20 7 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-1622 20 8 13 13 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 20 9 main main JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 20 10 regional regional JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 20 11 groups group NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 20 12 based base VBN en-wikipedia-org-1622 20 13 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 20 14 phonetic phonetic JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 20 15 developments development NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 20 16 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 20 17 Middle Middle NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 20 18 Chinese Chinese NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 20 19 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 20 20 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 20 21 which which WDT en-wikipedia-org-1622 20 22 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 20 23 most most RBS en-wikipedia-org-1622 20 24 spoken speak VBN en-wikipedia-org-1622 20 25 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 20 26 far far RB en-wikipedia-org-1622 20 27 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-1622 20 28 Mandarin Mandarin NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 20 29 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 20 30 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 20 31 about about RB en-wikipedia-org-1622 20 32 800 800 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 20 33 million million CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 20 34 speakers speaker NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 20 35 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 20 36 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-1622 20 37 66 66 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 20 38 % % NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 20 39 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 20 40 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 20 41 followed follow VBN en-wikipedia-org-1622 20 42 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 20 43 Min Min NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 20 44 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 20 45 75 75 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 20 46 million million CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 20 47 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 20 48 e.g. e.g. RB en-wikipedia-org-1622 21 1 Southern Southern NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 21 2 Min Min NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 21 3 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 21 4 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 21 5 Wu Wu NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 21 6 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 21 7 74 74 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 21 8 million million CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 21 9 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 21 10 e.g. e.g. RB en-wikipedia-org-1622 22 1 Shanghainese Shanghainese NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 22 2 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 22 3 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 22 4 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1622 22 5 Yue Yue NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 22 6 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 22 7 68 68 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 22 8 million million CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 22 9 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 22 10 e.g. e.g. RB en-wikipedia-org-1622 23 1 Cantonese Cantonese NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 23 2 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 23 3 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1622 24 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 24 2 5 5 LS en-wikipedia-org-1622 24 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 24 4 These these DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 24 5 branches branch NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 24 6 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-1622 24 7 unintelligible unintelligible JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 24 8 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 24 9 each each DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 24 10 other other JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 24 11 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 24 12 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1622 24 13 many many JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 24 14 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 24 15 their -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-1622 24 16 subgroups subgroup NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 24 17 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-1622 24 18 unintelligible unintelligible JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 24 19 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 24 20 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 24 21 other other JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 24 22 varieties variety NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 24 23 within within IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 24 24 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 24 25 same same JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 24 26 branch branch NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 24 27 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 24 28 e.g. e.g. RB en-wikipedia-org-1622 25 1 Southern Southern NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 25 2 Min Min NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 25 3 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 25 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1622 26 1 There there EX en-wikipedia-org-1622 26 2 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-1622 26 3 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 26 4 however however RB en-wikipedia-org-1622 26 5 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 26 6 transitional transitional JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 26 7 areas area NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 26 8 where where WRB en-wikipedia-org-1622 26 9 varieties variety NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 26 10 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 26 11 different different JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 26 12 branches branch NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 26 13 share share VBP en-wikipedia-org-1622 26 14 enough enough JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 26 15 features feature NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 26 16 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 26 17 some some DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 26 18 limited limited JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 26 19 intelligibility intelligibility NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 26 20 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 26 21 including include VBG en-wikipedia-org-1622 26 22 New New NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 26 23 Xiang Xiang NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 26 24 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 26 25 Southwest Southwest NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 26 26 Mandarin Mandarin NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 26 27 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 26 28 Xuanzhou Xuanzhou NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 26 29 Wu Wu NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 26 30 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 26 31 Lower low JJR en-wikipedia-org-1622 26 32 Yangtze Yangtze NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 26 33 Mandarin Mandarin NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 26 34 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 26 35 Jin Jin NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 26 36 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 26 37 Central Central NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 26 38 Plains Plains NNPS en-wikipedia-org-1622 26 39 Mandarin Mandarin NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 26 40 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1622 26 41 certain certain JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 26 42 divergent divergent JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 26 43 dialects dialect NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 26 44 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 26 45 Hakka Hakka NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 26 46 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 26 47 Gan Gan NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 26 48 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 26 49 though though IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 26 50 these these DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 26 51 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-1622 26 52 unintelligible unintelligible JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 26 53 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 26 54 mainstream mainstream JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 26 55 Hakka Hakka NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 26 56 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 26 57 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1622 27 1 All all DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 27 2 varieties variety NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 27 3 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 27 4 Chinese Chinese NNPS en-wikipedia-org-1622 27 5 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-1622 27 6 tonal tonal JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 27 7 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 27 8 at at IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 27 9 least least JJS en-wikipedia-org-1622 27 10 some some DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 27 11 degree degree NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 27 12 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 27 13 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1622 27 14 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-1622 27 15 largely largely RB en-wikipedia-org-1622 27 16 analytic analytic JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 27 17 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1622 28 1 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 28 2 earliest early JJS en-wikipedia-org-1622 28 3 Chinese chinese JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 28 4 written write VBN en-wikipedia-org-1622 28 5 records record NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 28 6 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-1622 28 7 Shang Shang NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 28 8 dynasty dynasty NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 28 9 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-1622 28 10 era era NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 28 11 oracle oracle NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 28 12 bone bone NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 28 13 inscriptions inscription NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 28 14 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 28 15 which which WDT en-wikipedia-org-1622 28 16 can can MD en-wikipedia-org-1622 28 17 be be VB en-wikipedia-org-1622 28 18 dated date VBN en-wikipedia-org-1622 28 19 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 28 20 1250 1250 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 28 21 BCE BCE NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 28 22 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1622 29 1 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 29 2 phonetic phonetic JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 29 3 categories category NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 29 4 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 29 5 Old old JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 29 6 Chinese Chinese NNPS en-wikipedia-org-1622 29 7 can can MD en-wikipedia-org-1622 29 8 be be VB en-wikipedia-org-1622 29 9 reconstructed reconstruct VBN en-wikipedia-org-1622 29 10 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 29 11 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 29 12 rhymes rhyme NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 29 13 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 29 14 ancient ancient JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 29 15 poetry poetry NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 29 16 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1622 30 1 During during IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 30 2 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 30 3 Northern northern JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 30 4 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1622 30 5 Southern southern JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 30 6 dynasties dynasty NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 30 7 period period VBP en-wikipedia-org-1622 30 8 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 30 9 Middle Middle NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 30 10 Chinese Chinese NNPS en-wikipedia-org-1622 30 11 went go VBD en-wikipedia-org-1622 30 12 through through IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 30 13 several several JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 30 14 sound sound JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 30 15 changes change NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 30 16 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1622 30 17 split split VBD en-wikipedia-org-1622 30 18 into into IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 30 19 several several JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 30 20 varieties variety NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 30 21 following follow VBG en-wikipedia-org-1622 30 22 prolonged prolong VBD en-wikipedia-org-1622 30 23 geographic geographic JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 30 24 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1622 30 25 political political JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 30 26 separation separation NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 30 27 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1622 31 1 Qieyun Qieyun NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 31 2 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 31 3 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 31 4 rime rime NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 31 5 dictionary dictionary NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 31 6 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 31 7 recorded record VBD en-wikipedia-org-1622 31 8 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 31 9 compromise compromise NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 31 10 between between IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 31 11 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 31 12 pronunciations pronunciation NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 31 13 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 31 14 different different JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 31 15 regions region NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 31 16 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1622 32 1 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 32 2 royal royal JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 32 3 courts court NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 32 4 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 32 5 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 32 6 Ming Ming NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 32 7 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1622 32 8 early early JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 32 9 Qing Qing NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 32 10 dynasties dynasty NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 32 11 operated operate VBD en-wikipedia-org-1622 32 12 using use VBG en-wikipedia-org-1622 32 13 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 32 14 koiné koiné JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 32 15 language language NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 32 16 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 32 17 Guanhua Guanhua NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 32 18 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 32 19 based base VBN en-wikipedia-org-1622 32 20 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 32 21 Nanjing Nanjing NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 32 22 dialect dialect NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 32 23 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 32 24 Lower low JJR en-wikipedia-org-1622 32 25 Yangtze Yangtze NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 32 26 Mandarin Mandarin NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 32 27 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1622 33 1 Standard standard JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 33 2 Chinese Chinese NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 33 3 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 33 4 Standard Standard NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 33 5 Mandarin Mandarin NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 33 6 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 33 7 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 33 8 based base VBN en-wikipedia-org-1622 33 9 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 33 10 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 33 11 Beijing Beijing NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 33 12 dialect dialect NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 33 13 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 33 14 Mandarin Mandarin NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 33 15 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 33 16 was be VBD en-wikipedia-org-1622 33 17 adopted adopt VBN en-wikipedia-org-1622 33 18 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 33 19 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 33 20 1930s 1930 NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 33 21 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1622 33 22 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-1622 33 23 now now RB en-wikipedia-org-1622 33 24 an an DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 33 25 official official JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 33 26 language language NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 33 27 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 33 28 both both PDT en-wikipedia-org-1622 33 29 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 33 30 People People NNPS en-wikipedia-org-1622 33 31 's 's POS en-wikipedia-org-1622 33 32 Republic Republic NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 33 33 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 33 34 China China NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 33 35 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1622 33 36 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 33 37 Republic Republic NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 33 38 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 33 39 China China NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 33 40 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 33 41 Taiwan Taiwan NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 33 42 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 33 43 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 33 44 one one CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 33 45 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 33 46 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 33 47 four four CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 33 48 official official JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 33 49 languages language NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 33 50 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 33 51 Singapore Singapore NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 33 52 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 33 53 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1622 33 54 one one CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 33 55 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 33 56 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 33 57 six six CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 33 58 official official JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 33 59 languages language NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 33 60 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 33 61 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 33 62 United United NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 33 63 Nations Nations NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 33 64 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1622 34 1 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 34 2 written write VBN en-wikipedia-org-1622 34 3 form form NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 34 4 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 34 5 using use VBG en-wikipedia-org-1622 34 6 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 34 7 logograms logogram NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 34 8 known know VBN en-wikipedia-org-1622 34 9 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 34 10 Chinese chinese JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 34 11 characters character NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 34 12 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 34 13 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-1622 34 14 shared share VBN en-wikipedia-org-1622 34 15 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 34 16 literate literate JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 34 17 speakers speaker NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 34 18 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 34 19 mutually mutually RB en-wikipedia-org-1622 34 20 unintelligible unintelligible JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 34 21 dialects dialect NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 34 22 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1622 35 1 Since since IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 35 2 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 35 3 1950s 1950 NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 35 4 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 35 5 simplified simplify VBN en-wikipedia-org-1622 35 6 Chinese chinese JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 35 7 characters character NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 35 8 have have VBP en-wikipedia-org-1622 35 9 been be VBN en-wikipedia-org-1622 35 10 promoted promote VBN en-wikipedia-org-1622 35 11 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 35 12 use use NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 35 13 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 35 14 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 35 15 government government NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 35 16 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 35 17 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 35 18 People People NNPS en-wikipedia-org-1622 35 19 's 's POS en-wikipedia-org-1622 35 20 Republic Republic NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 35 21 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 35 22 China China NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 35 23 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 35 24 while while IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 35 25 Singapore Singapore NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 35 26 officially officially RB en-wikipedia-org-1622 35 27 adopted adopt VBD en-wikipedia-org-1622 35 28 simplified simplify VBN en-wikipedia-org-1622 35 29 characters character NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 35 30 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 35 31 1976 1976 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 35 32 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1622 36 1 Traditional traditional JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 36 2 characters character NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 36 3 remain remain VBP en-wikipedia-org-1622 36 4 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 36 5 use use NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 36 6 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 36 7 Taiwan Taiwan NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 36 8 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 36 9 Hong Hong NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 36 10 Kong Kong NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 36 11 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 36 12 Macau Macau NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 36 13 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 36 14 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1622 36 15 other other JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 36 16 countries country NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 36 17 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 36 18 significant significant JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 36 19 overseas overseas JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 36 20 Chinese chinese JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 36 21 speaking speak VBG en-wikipedia-org-1622 36 22 communities community NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 36 23 such such JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 36 24 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 36 25 Malaysia Malaysia NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 36 26 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 36 27 which which WDT en-wikipedia-org-1622 36 28 although although IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 36 29 adopted adopt VBD en-wikipedia-org-1622 36 30 simplified simplify VBN en-wikipedia-org-1622 36 31 characters character NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 36 32 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 36 33 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 36 34 de de FW en-wikipedia-org-1622 36 35 facto facto FW en-wikipedia-org-1622 36 36 standard standard NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 36 37 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 36 38 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 36 39 1980s 1980 NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 36 40 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 36 41 traditional traditional JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 36 42 characters character NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 36 43 still still RB en-wikipedia-org-1622 36 44 remain remain VBP en-wikipedia-org-1622 36 45 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 36 46 widespread widespread JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 36 47 use use NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 36 48 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 36 49 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1622 37 1 Contents content NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 37 2 1 1 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 37 3 Classification classification NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 37 4 2 2 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 37 5 History history NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 37 6 2.1 2.1 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 37 7 Old old JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 37 8 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1622 37 9 Middle middle JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 37 10 Chinese Chinese NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 37 11 2.2 2.2 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 37 12 Classical classical JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 37 13 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1622 37 14 literary literary JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 37 15 forms form NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 37 16 2.3 2.3 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 37 17 Rise rise NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 37 18 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 37 19 northern northern JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 37 20 dialects dialect VBZ en-wikipedia-org-1622 37 21 2.4 2.4 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 37 22 Influence Influence NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 37 23 3 3 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 37 24 Varieties Varieties NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 37 25 3.1 3.1 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 37 26 Grouping group VBG en-wikipedia-org-1622 37 27 3.2 3.2 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 37 28 Standard standard JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 37 29 Chinese chinese JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 37 30 3.3 3.3 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 37 31 Nomenclature nomenclature NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 37 32 4 4 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 37 33 Phonology phonology NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 37 34 4.1 4.1 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 37 35 Tones tone NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 37 36 5 5 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 37 37 Grammar Grammar NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 37 38 6 6 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 37 39 Vocabulary Vocabulary NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 37 40 6.1 6.1 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 37 41 Loanwords Loanwords NNPS en-wikipedia-org-1622 37 42 6.2 6.2 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 37 43 Modern modern JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 37 44 borrowings borrowing NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 37 45 7 7 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 37 46 Writing writing NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 37 47 system system NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 37 48 7.1 7.1 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 37 49 Chinese chinese JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 37 50 characters character NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 37 51 7.2 7.2 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 37 52 Romanization romanization NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 37 53 7.3 7.3 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 37 54 Other other JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 37 55 phonetic phonetic JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 37 56 transcriptions transcription NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 37 57 8 8 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 37 58 As as IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 37 59 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 37 60 foreign foreign JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 37 61 language language NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 37 62 9 9 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 37 63 See see VBP en-wikipedia-org-1622 37 64 also also RB en-wikipedia-org-1622 37 65 10 10 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 37 66 Notes note NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 37 67 11 11 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 37 68 References reference NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 37 69 11.1 11.1 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 37 70 Citations citation NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 37 71 11.2 11.2 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 37 72 Sources source NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 37 73 12 12 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 37 74 Further further JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 37 75 reading read VBG en-wikipedia-org-1622 37 76 13 13 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 37 77 External external JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 37 78 links link NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 37 79 Classification[edit classification[edit NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 37 80 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 37 81 Linguists linguist NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 37 82 classify classify VBP en-wikipedia-org-1622 37 83 all all DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 37 84 varieties variety NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 37 85 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 37 86 Chinese Chinese NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 37 87 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 37 88 part part NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 37 89 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 37 90 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 37 91 Sino sino JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 37 92 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-1622 37 93 Tibetan tibetan JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 37 94 language language NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 37 95 family family NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 37 96 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 37 97 together together RB en-wikipedia-org-1622 37 98 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 37 99 Burmese burmese JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 37 100 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 37 101 Tibetan tibetan JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 37 102 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1622 37 103 many many JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 37 104 other other JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 37 105 languages language NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 37 106 spoken speak VBN en-wikipedia-org-1622 37 107 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 37 108 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 37 109 Himalayas Himalayas NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 37 110 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1622 37 111 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 37 112 Southeast Southeast NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 37 113 Asian Asian NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 37 114 Massif Massif NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 37 115 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1622 38 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 38 2 6 6 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 38 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 38 4 Although although IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 38 5 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 38 6 relationship relationship NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 38 7 was be VBD en-wikipedia-org-1622 38 8 first first RB en-wikipedia-org-1622 38 9 proposed propose VBN en-wikipedia-org-1622 38 10 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 38 11 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 38 12 early early JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 38 13 19th 19th JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 38 14 century century NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 38 15 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1622 38 16 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-1622 38 17 now now RB en-wikipedia-org-1622 38 18 broadly broadly RB en-wikipedia-org-1622 38 19 accepted accept VBN en-wikipedia-org-1622 38 20 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 38 21 reconstruction reconstruction NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 38 22 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 38 23 Sino sino JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 38 24 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-1622 38 25 Tibetan Tibetan NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 38 26 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-1622 38 27 much much RB en-wikipedia-org-1622 38 28 less less RBR en-wikipedia-org-1622 38 29 developed developed JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 38 30 than than IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 38 31 that that DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 38 32 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 38 33 families family NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 38 34 such such JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 38 35 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 38 36 Indo Indo NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 38 37 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-1622 38 38 European european JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 38 39 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-1622 38 40 Austroasiatic austroasiatic JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 38 41 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1622 39 1 Difficulties difficulty NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 39 2 have have VBP en-wikipedia-org-1622 39 3 included include VBN en-wikipedia-org-1622 39 4 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 39 5 great great JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 39 6 diversity diversity NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 39 7 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 39 8 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 39 9 languages language NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 39 10 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 39 11 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 39 12 lack lack NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 39 13 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 39 14 inflection inflection NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 39 15 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 39 16 many many JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 39 17 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 39 18 them -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-1622 39 19 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 39 20 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1622 39 21 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 39 22 effects effect NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 39 23 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 39 24 language language NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 39 25 contact contact NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 39 26 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1622 40 1 In in IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 40 2 addition addition NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 40 3 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 40 4 many many JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 40 5 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 40 6 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 40 7 smaller small JJR en-wikipedia-org-1622 40 8 languages language NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 40 9 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-1622 40 10 spoken speak VBN en-wikipedia-org-1622 40 11 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 40 12 mountainous mountainous JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 40 13 areas area NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 40 14 that that WDT en-wikipedia-org-1622 40 15 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-1622 40 16 difficult difficult JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 40 17 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-1622 40 18 reach reach VB en-wikipedia-org-1622 40 19 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1622 40 20 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-1622 40 21 often often RB en-wikipedia-org-1622 40 22 also also RB en-wikipedia-org-1622 40 23 sensitive sensitive JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 40 24 border border NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 40 25 zones zone NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 40 26 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1622 41 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 41 2 7 7 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 41 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 41 4 Without without IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 41 5 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 41 6 secure secure JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 41 7 reconstruction reconstruction NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 41 8 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 41 9 proto proto JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 41 10 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-1622 41 11 Sino sino JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 41 12 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-1622 41 13 Tibetan Tibetan NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 41 14 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 41 15 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 41 16 higher high JJR en-wikipedia-org-1622 41 17 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-1622 41 18 level level NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 41 19 structure structure NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 41 20 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 41 21 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 41 22 family family NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 41 23 remains remain VBZ en-wikipedia-org-1622 41 24 unclear unclear JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 41 25 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1622 42 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 42 2 8 8 LS en-wikipedia-org-1622 42 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 42 4 A a DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 42 5 top top JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 42 6 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-1622 42 7 level level NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 42 8 branching branching NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 42 9 into into IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 42 10 Chinese chinese JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 42 11 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1622 42 12 Tibeto Tibeto NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 42 13 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-1622 42 14 Burman Burman NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 42 15 languages language NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 42 16 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-1622 42 17 often often RB en-wikipedia-org-1622 42 18 assumed assume VBN en-wikipedia-org-1622 42 19 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 42 20 but but CC en-wikipedia-org-1622 42 21 has have VBZ en-wikipedia-org-1622 42 22 not not RB en-wikipedia-org-1622 42 23 been be VBN en-wikipedia-org-1622 42 24 convincingly convincingly RB en-wikipedia-org-1622 42 25 demonstrated demonstrate VBN en-wikipedia-org-1622 42 26 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1622 43 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 43 2 9 9 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 43 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 43 4 History[edit History[edit VBN en-wikipedia-org-1622 43 5 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 43 6 Main main JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 43 7 article article NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 43 8 : : : en-wikipedia-org-1622 43 9 History history NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 43 10 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 43 11 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 43 12 Chinese chinese JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 43 13 language language NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 43 14 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 43 15 first first JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 43 16 written write VBN en-wikipedia-org-1622 43 17 records record NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 43 18 appeared appear VBD en-wikipedia-org-1622 43 19 over over IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 43 20 3,000 3,000 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 43 21 years year NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 43 22 ago ago RB en-wikipedia-org-1622 43 23 during during IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 43 24 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 43 25 Shang Shang NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 43 26 dynasty dynasty NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 43 27 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1622 44 1 As as IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 44 2 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 44 3 language language NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 44 4 evolved evolve VBD en-wikipedia-org-1622 44 5 over over IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 44 6 this this DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 44 7 period period NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 44 8 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 44 9 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 44 10 various various JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 44 11 local local JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 44 12 varieties variety NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 44 13 became become VBD en-wikipedia-org-1622 44 14 mutually mutually RB en-wikipedia-org-1622 44 15 unintelligible unintelligible JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 44 16 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1622 45 1 In in IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 45 2 reaction reaction NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 45 3 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 45 4 central central JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 45 5 governments government NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 45 6 have have VBP en-wikipedia-org-1622 45 7 repeatedly repeatedly RB en-wikipedia-org-1622 45 8 sought seek VBN en-wikipedia-org-1622 45 9 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-1622 45 10 promulgate promulgate VB en-wikipedia-org-1622 45 11 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 45 12 unified unified JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 45 13 standard standard NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 45 14 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1622 46 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 46 2 10 10 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 46 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 46 4 Old Old NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 46 5 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1622 46 6 Middle middle JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 46 7 Chinese[edit chinese[edit NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 46 8 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 46 9 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 46 10 earliest early JJS en-wikipedia-org-1622 46 11 examples example NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 46 12 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 46 13 Chinese Chinese NNPS en-wikipedia-org-1622 46 14 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-1622 46 15 divinatory divinatory JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 46 16 inscriptions inscription NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 46 17 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 46 18 oracle oracle JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 46 19 bones bone NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 46 20 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 46 21 around around IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 46 22 1250 1250 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 46 23 BCE BCE NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 46 24 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 46 25 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 46 26 late late JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 46 27 Shang Shang NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 46 28 dynasty dynasty NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 46 29 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1622 47 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 47 2 11 11 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 47 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 47 4 Old Old NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 47 5 Chinese Chinese NNPS en-wikipedia-org-1622 47 6 was be VBD en-wikipedia-org-1622 47 7 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 47 8 language language NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 47 9 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 47 10 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 47 11 Western Western NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 47 12 Zhou Zhou NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 47 13 period period NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 47 14 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 47 15 1046–771 1046–771 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 47 16 BCE BCE NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 47 17 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 47 18 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 47 19 recorded record VBN en-wikipedia-org-1622 47 20 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 47 21 inscriptions inscription NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 47 22 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 47 23 bronze bronze NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 47 24 artifacts artifact NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 47 25 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 47 26 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 47 27 Classic Classic NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 47 28 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 47 29 Poetry Poetry NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 47 30 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1622 47 31 portions portion NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 47 32 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 47 33 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 47 34 Book Book NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 47 35 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 47 36 Documents Documents NNPS en-wikipedia-org-1622 47 37 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1622 47 38 I I NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 47 39 Ching Ching NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 47 40 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1622 48 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 48 2 12 12 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 48 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 48 4 Scholars scholar NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 48 5 have have VBP en-wikipedia-org-1622 48 6 attempted attempt VBN en-wikipedia-org-1622 48 7 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-1622 48 8 reconstruct reconstruct VB en-wikipedia-org-1622 48 9 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 48 10 phonology phonology NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 48 11 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 48 12 Old Old NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 48 13 Chinese Chinese NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 48 14 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 48 15 comparing compare VBG en-wikipedia-org-1622 48 16 later later JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 48 17 varieties variety NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 48 18 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 48 19 Chinese Chinese NNPS en-wikipedia-org-1622 48 20 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 48 21 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 48 22 rhyming rhyme VBG en-wikipedia-org-1622 48 23 practice practice NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 48 24 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 48 25 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 48 26 Classic Classic NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 48 27 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 48 28 Poetry Poetry NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 48 29 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1622 48 30 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 48 31 phonetic phonetic JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 48 32 elements element NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 48 33 found find VBN en-wikipedia-org-1622 48 34 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 48 35 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 48 36 majority majority NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 48 37 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 48 38 Chinese chinese JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 48 39 characters character NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 48 40 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1622 49 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 49 2 13 13 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 49 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 49 4 Although although IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 49 5 many many JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 49 6 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 49 7 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 49 8 finer finer NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 49 9 details detail NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 49 10 remain remain VBP en-wikipedia-org-1622 49 11 unclear unclear JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 49 12 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 49 13 most most JJS en-wikipedia-org-1622 49 14 scholars scholar NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 49 15 agree agree VBP en-wikipedia-org-1622 49 16 that that IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 49 17 Old old JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 49 18 Chinese chinese JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 49 19 differs differ NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 49 20 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 49 21 Middle Middle NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 49 22 Chinese Chinese NNPS en-wikipedia-org-1622 49 23 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 49 24 lacking lack VBG en-wikipedia-org-1622 49 25 retroflex retroflex NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 49 26 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1622 49 27 palatal palatal JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 49 28 obstruents obstruent NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 49 29 but but CC en-wikipedia-org-1622 49 30 having have VBG en-wikipedia-org-1622 49 31 initial initial JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 49 32 consonant consonant NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 49 33 clusters cluster NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 49 34 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 49 35 some some DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 49 36 sort sort NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 49 37 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 49 38 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1622 49 39 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 49 40 having have VBG en-wikipedia-org-1622 49 41 voiceless voiceless JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 49 42 nasals nasal NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 49 43 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1622 49 44 liquids liquid NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 49 45 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1622 50 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 50 2 14 14 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 50 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 50 4 Most most RBS en-wikipedia-org-1622 50 5 recent recent JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 50 6 reconstructions reconstruction NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 50 7 also also RB en-wikipedia-org-1622 50 8 describe describe VBP en-wikipedia-org-1622 50 9 an an DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 50 10 atonal atonal JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 50 11 language language NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 50 12 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 50 13 consonant consonant NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 50 14 clusters cluster NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 50 15 at at IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 50 16 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 50 17 end end NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 50 18 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 50 19 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 50 20 syllable syllable NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 50 21 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 50 22 developing develop VBG en-wikipedia-org-1622 50 23 into into IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 50 24 tone tone NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 50 25 distinctions distinction NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 50 26 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 50 27 Middle Middle NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 50 28 Chinese Chinese NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 50 29 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1622 51 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 51 2 15 15 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 51 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 51 4 Several several JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 51 5 derivational derivational JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 51 6 affixes affix NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 51 7 have have VBP en-wikipedia-org-1622 51 8 also also RB en-wikipedia-org-1622 51 9 been be VBN en-wikipedia-org-1622 51 10 identified identify VBN en-wikipedia-org-1622 51 11 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 51 12 but but CC en-wikipedia-org-1622 51 13 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 51 14 language language NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 51 15 lacks lack VBZ en-wikipedia-org-1622 51 16 inflection inflection NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 51 17 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 51 18 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1622 51 19 indicated indicate VBD en-wikipedia-org-1622 51 20 grammatical grammatical JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 51 21 relationships relationship NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 51 22 using use VBG en-wikipedia-org-1622 51 23 word word NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 51 24 order order NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 51 25 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1622 51 26 grammatical grammatical JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 51 27 particles particle NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 51 28 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1622 52 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 52 2 16 16 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 52 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 52 4 Middle Middle NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 52 5 Chinese Chinese NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 52 6 was be VBD en-wikipedia-org-1622 52 7 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 52 8 language language NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 52 9 used use VBN en-wikipedia-org-1622 52 10 during during IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 52 11 Northern northern JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 52 12 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1622 52 13 Southern southern JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 52 14 dynasties dynasty NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 52 15 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1622 52 16 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 52 17 Sui Sui NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 52 18 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 52 19 Tang Tang NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 52 20 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 52 21 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1622 52 22 Song Song NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 52 23 dynasties dynasty NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 52 24 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 52 25 6th 6th NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 52 26 through through IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 52 27 10th 10th JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 52 28 centuries century NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 52 29 CE CE NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 52 30 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 52 31 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1622 53 1 It -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-1622 53 2 can can MD en-wikipedia-org-1622 53 3 be be VB en-wikipedia-org-1622 53 4 divided divide VBN en-wikipedia-org-1622 53 5 into into IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 53 6 an an DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 53 7 early early JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 53 8 period period NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 53 9 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 53 10 reflected reflect VBN en-wikipedia-org-1622 53 11 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 53 12 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 53 13 Qieyun Qieyun NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 53 14 rime rime NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 53 15 book book NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 53 16 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 53 17 601 601 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 53 18 CE CE NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 53 19 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 53 20 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 53 21 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1622 53 22 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 53 23 late late JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 53 24 period period NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 53 25 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 53 26 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 53 27 10th 10th JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 53 28 century century NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 53 29 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 53 30 reflected reflect VBN en-wikipedia-org-1622 53 31 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 53 32 rhyme rhyme NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 53 33 tables table NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 53 34 such such JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 53 35 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 53 36 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 53 37 Yunjing yunjing NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 53 38 constructed construct VBN en-wikipedia-org-1622 53 39 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 53 40 ancient ancient JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 53 41 Chinese chinese JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 53 42 philologists philologist NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 53 43 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 53 44 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 53 45 guide guide NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 53 46 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 53 47 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 53 48 Qieyun Qieyun NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 53 49 system system NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 53 50 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1622 54 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 54 2 17 17 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 54 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 54 4 These these DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 54 5 works work NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 54 6 define define VBP en-wikipedia-org-1622 54 7 phonological phonological JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 54 8 categories category NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 54 9 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 54 10 but but CC en-wikipedia-org-1622 54 11 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 54 12 little little JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 54 13 hint hint NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 54 14 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 54 15 what what WP en-wikipedia-org-1622 54 16 sounds sound VBZ en-wikipedia-org-1622 54 17 they -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-1622 54 18 represent represent VBP en-wikipedia-org-1622 54 19 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1622 55 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 55 2 18 18 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 55 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 55 4 Linguists linguist NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 55 5 have have VBP en-wikipedia-org-1622 55 6 identified identify VBN en-wikipedia-org-1622 55 7 these these DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 55 8 sounds sound NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 55 9 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 55 10 comparing compare VBG en-wikipedia-org-1622 55 11 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 55 12 categories category NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 55 13 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 55 14 pronunciations pronunciation NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 55 15 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 55 16 modern modern JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 55 17 varieties variety NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 55 18 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 55 19 Chinese Chinese NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 55 20 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 55 21 borrowed borrow VBN en-wikipedia-org-1622 55 22 Chinese chinese JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 55 23 words word NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 55 24 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 55 25 Japanese japanese JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 55 26 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 55 27 Vietnamese vietnamese JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 55 28 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 55 29 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1622 55 30 Korean korean JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 55 31 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 55 32 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1622 55 33 transcription transcription NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 55 34 evidence evidence NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 55 35 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1622 56 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 56 2 19 19 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 56 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 56 4 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 56 5 resulting result VBG en-wikipedia-org-1622 56 6 system system NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 56 7 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-1622 56 8 very very RB en-wikipedia-org-1622 56 9 complex complex JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 56 10 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 56 11 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 56 12 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 56 13 large large JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 56 14 number number NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 56 15 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 56 16 consonants consonant NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 56 17 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1622 56 18 vowels vowel NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 56 19 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 56 20 but but CC en-wikipedia-org-1622 56 21 they -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-1622 56 22 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-1622 56 23 probably probably RB en-wikipedia-org-1622 56 24 not not RB en-wikipedia-org-1622 56 25 all all RB en-wikipedia-org-1622 56 26 distinguished distinguish VBN en-wikipedia-org-1622 56 27 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 56 28 any any DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 56 29 single single JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 56 30 dialect dialect NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 56 31 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1622 57 1 Most Most JJS en-wikipedia-org-1622 57 2 linguists linguist NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 57 3 now now RB en-wikipedia-org-1622 57 4 believe believe VBP en-wikipedia-org-1622 57 5 it -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-1622 57 6 represents represent VBZ en-wikipedia-org-1622 57 7 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 57 8 diasystem diasystem NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 57 9 encompassing encompass VBG en-wikipedia-org-1622 57 10 6th 6th JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 57 11 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-1622 57 12 century century NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 57 13 northern northern JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 57 14 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1622 57 15 southern southern JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 57 16 standards standard NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 57 17 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 57 18 reading read VBG en-wikipedia-org-1622 57 19 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 57 20 classics classic NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 57 21 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1622 58 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 58 2 20 20 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 58 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 58 4 Classical classical JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 58 5 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1622 58 6 literary literary JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 58 7 forms[edit forms[edit NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 58 8 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 58 9 Main main JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 58 10 article article NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 58 11 : : : en-wikipedia-org-1622 58 12 Classical classical JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 58 13 Chinese Chinese NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 58 14 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 58 15 relationship relationship NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 58 16 between between IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 58 17 spoken speak VBN en-wikipedia-org-1622 58 18 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1622 58 19 written write VBN en-wikipedia-org-1622 58 20 Chinese Chinese NNPS en-wikipedia-org-1622 58 21 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-1622 58 22 rather rather RB en-wikipedia-org-1622 58 23 complex complex JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 58 24 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 58 25 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-1622 58 26 diglossia diglossia NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 58 27 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-1622 58 28 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 58 29 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1622 59 1 Its -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-1622 59 2 spoken spoken JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 59 3 varieties variety NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 59 4 have have VBP en-wikipedia-org-1622 59 5 evolved evolve VBN en-wikipedia-org-1622 59 6 at at IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 59 7 different different JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 59 8 rates rate NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 59 9 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 59 10 while while IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 59 11 written write VBN en-wikipedia-org-1622 59 12 Chinese Chinese NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 59 13 itself -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-1622 59 14 has have VBZ en-wikipedia-org-1622 59 15 changed change VBN en-wikipedia-org-1622 59 16 much much RB en-wikipedia-org-1622 59 17 less less RBR en-wikipedia-org-1622 59 18 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1622 60 1 Classical classical JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 60 2 Chinese chinese JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 60 3 literature literature NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 60 4 began begin VBD en-wikipedia-org-1622 60 5 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 60 6 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 60 7 Spring Spring NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 60 8 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1622 60 9 Autumn Autumn NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 60 10 period period NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 60 11 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1622 61 1 Rise rise NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 61 2 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 61 3 northern northern JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 61 4 dialects[edit dialects[edit , en-wikipedia-org-1622 61 5 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 61 6 After after IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 61 7 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 61 8 fall fall NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 61 9 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 61 10 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 61 11 Northern Northern NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 61 12 Song Song NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 61 13 dynasty dynasty NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 61 14 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1622 61 15 subsequent subsequent JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 61 16 reign reign NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 61 17 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 61 18 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 61 19 Jin Jin NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 61 20 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 61 21 Jurchen Jurchen NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 61 22 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 61 23 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1622 61 24 Yuan Yuan NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 61 25 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 61 26 Mongol Mongol NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 61 27 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 61 28 dynasties dynasty NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 61 29 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 61 30 northern northern JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 61 31 China China NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 61 32 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 61 33 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 61 34 common common JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 61 35 speech speech NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 61 36 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 61 37 now now RB en-wikipedia-org-1622 61 38 called call VBN en-wikipedia-org-1622 61 39 Old Old NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 61 40 Mandarin Mandarin NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 61 41 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 61 42 developed develop VBD en-wikipedia-org-1622 61 43 based base VBN en-wikipedia-org-1622 61 44 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 61 45 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 61 46 dialects dialect NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 61 47 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 61 48 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 61 49 North North NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 61 50 China China NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 61 51 Plain Plain NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 61 52 around around IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 61 53 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 61 54 capital capital NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 61 55 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1622 62 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 62 2 21 21 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 62 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 62 4 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 62 5 Zhongyuan Zhongyuan NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 62 6 Yinyun Yinyun NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 62 7 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 62 8 1324 1324 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 62 9 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 62 10 was be VBD en-wikipedia-org-1622 62 11 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 62 12 dictionary dictionary NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 62 13 that that WDT en-wikipedia-org-1622 62 14 codified codify VBD en-wikipedia-org-1622 62 15 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 62 16 rhyming rhyme VBG en-wikipedia-org-1622 62 17 conventions convention NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 62 18 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 62 19 new new JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 62 20 sanqu sanqu NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 62 21 verse verse NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 62 22 form form NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 62 23 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 62 24 this this DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 62 25 language language NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 62 26 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1622 63 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 63 2 22 22 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 63 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 63 4 Together together RB en-wikipedia-org-1622 63 5 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 63 6 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 63 7 slightly slightly RB en-wikipedia-org-1622 63 8 later later RBR en-wikipedia-org-1622 63 9 Menggu Menggu NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 63 10 Ziyun Ziyun NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 63 11 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 63 12 this this DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 63 13 dictionary dictionary NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 63 14 describes describe VBZ en-wikipedia-org-1622 63 15 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 63 16 language language NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 63 17 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 63 18 many many JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 63 19 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 63 20 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 63 21 features feature NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 63 22 characteristic characteristic JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 63 23 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 63 24 modern modern JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 63 25 Mandarin Mandarin NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 63 26 dialects dialect NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 63 27 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1622 64 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 64 2 23 23 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 64 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 64 4 Up up IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 64 5 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 64 6 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 64 7 early early JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 64 8 20th 20th JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 64 9 century century NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 64 10 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 64 11 most most JJS en-wikipedia-org-1622 64 12 Chinese chinese JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 64 13 people people NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 64 14 only only RB en-wikipedia-org-1622 64 15 spoke speak VBD en-wikipedia-org-1622 64 16 their -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-1622 64 17 local local JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 64 18 variety variety NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 64 19 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1622 65 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 65 2 24 24 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 65 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 65 4 Thus thus RB en-wikipedia-org-1622 65 5 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 65 6 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 65 7 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 65 8 practical practical JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 65 9 measure measure NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 65 10 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 65 11 officials official NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 65 12 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 65 13 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 65 14 Ming Ming NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 65 15 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1622 65 16 Qing Qing NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 65 17 dynasties dynasty NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 65 18 carried carry VBD en-wikipedia-org-1622 65 19 out out RP en-wikipedia-org-1622 65 20 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 65 21 administration administration NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 65 22 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 65 23 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 65 24 empire empire NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 65 25 using use VBG en-wikipedia-org-1622 65 26 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 65 27 common common JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 65 28 language language NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 65 29 based base VBN en-wikipedia-org-1622 65 30 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 65 31 Mandarin Mandarin NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 65 32 varieties variety NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 65 33 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 65 34 known know VBN en-wikipedia-org-1622 65 35 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 65 36 Guānhuà Guānhuà NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 65 37 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 65 38 官话 官话 NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 65 39 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-1622 65 40 官話 官話 NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 65 41 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 65 42 literally literally RB en-wikipedia-org-1622 65 43 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-1622 65 44 language language NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 65 45 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 65 46 officials official NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 65 47 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-1622 65 48 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 65 49 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1622 66 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 66 2 25 25 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 66 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 66 4 For for IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 66 5 most most JJS en-wikipedia-org-1622 66 6 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 66 7 this this DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 66 8 period period NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 66 9 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 66 10 this this DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 66 11 language language NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 66 12 was be VBD en-wikipedia-org-1622 66 13 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 66 14 koiné koiné NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 66 15 based base VBN en-wikipedia-org-1622 66 16 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 66 17 dialects dialect NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 66 18 spoken speak VBN en-wikipedia-org-1622 66 19 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 66 20 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 66 21 Nanjing Nanjing NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 66 22 area area NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 66 23 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 66 24 though though IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 66 25 not not RB en-wikipedia-org-1622 66 26 identical identical JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 66 27 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 66 28 any any DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 66 29 single single JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 66 30 dialect dialect NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 66 31 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1622 67 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 67 2 26 26 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 67 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 67 4 By by IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 67 5 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 67 6 middle middle NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 67 7 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 67 8 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 67 9 19th 19th JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 67 10 century century NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 67 11 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 67 12 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 67 13 Beijing Beijing NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 67 14 dialect dialect NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 67 15 had have VBD en-wikipedia-org-1622 67 16 become become VBN en-wikipedia-org-1622 67 17 dominant dominant JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 67 18 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1622 67 19 was be VBD en-wikipedia-org-1622 67 20 essential essential JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 67 21 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 67 22 any any DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 67 23 business business NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 67 24 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 67 25 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 67 26 imperial imperial JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 67 27 court court NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 67 28 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1622 68 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 68 2 27 27 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 68 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 68 4 In in IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 68 5 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 68 6 1930s 1930 NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 68 7 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 68 8 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 68 9 standard standard JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 68 10 national national JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 68 11 language language NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 68 12 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 68 13 Guóyǔ Guóyǔ NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 68 14 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 68 15 国语 国语 NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 68 16 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-1622 68 17 國語 國語 NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 68 18   _SP en-wikipedia-org-1622 68 19 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-1622 68 20 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-1622 68 21 national national JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 68 22 language language NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 68 23 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-1622 68 24 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 68 25 was be VBD en-wikipedia-org-1622 68 26 adopted adopt VBN en-wikipedia-org-1622 68 27 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1622 69 1 After after IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 69 2 much much JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 69 3 dispute dispute NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 69 4 between between IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 69 5 proponents proponent NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 69 6 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 69 7 northern northern JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 69 8 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1622 69 9 southern southern JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 69 10 dialects dialect NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 69 11 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1622 69 12 an an DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 69 13 abortive abortive JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 69 14 attempt attempt NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 69 15 at at IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 69 16 an an DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 69 17 artificial artificial JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 69 18 pronunciation pronunciation NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 69 19 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 69 20 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 69 21 National National NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 69 22 Language Language NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 69 23 Unification Unification NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 69 24 Commission Commission NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 69 25 finally finally RB en-wikipedia-org-1622 69 26 settled settle VBD en-wikipedia-org-1622 69 27 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 69 28 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 69 29 Beijing Beijing NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 69 30 dialect dialect NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 69 31 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 69 32 1932 1932 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 69 33 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1622 70 1 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 70 2 People People NNPS en-wikipedia-org-1622 70 3 's 's POS en-wikipedia-org-1622 70 4 Republic Republic NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 70 5 founded found VBD en-wikipedia-org-1622 70 6 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 70 7 1949 1949 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 70 8 retained retain VBD en-wikipedia-org-1622 70 9 this this DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 70 10 standard standard NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 70 11 but but CC en-wikipedia-org-1622 70 12 renamed rename VBD en-wikipedia-org-1622 70 13 it -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-1622 70 14 pǔtōnghuà pǔtōnghuà NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 70 15 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 70 16 普通话 普通话 NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 70 17 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-1622 70 18 普通話 普通話 NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 70 19 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-1622 70 20 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-1622 70 21 common common JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 70 22 speech speech NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 70 23 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-1622 70 24 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 70 25 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1622 71 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 71 2 28 28 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 71 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 71 4 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 71 5 national national JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 71 6 language language NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 71 7 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-1622 71 8 now now RB en-wikipedia-org-1622 71 9 used use VBN en-wikipedia-org-1622 71 10 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 71 11 education education NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 71 12 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 71 13 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 71 14 media medium NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 71 15 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 71 16 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1622 71 17 formal formal JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 71 18 situations situation NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 71 19 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 71 20 both both DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 71 21 Mainland Mainland NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 71 22 China China NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 71 23 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1622 71 24 Taiwan Taiwan NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 71 25 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1622 72 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 72 2 29 29 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 72 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 72 4 Because because IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 72 5 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 72 6 their -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-1622 72 7 colonial colonial JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 72 8 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1622 72 9 linguistic linguistic JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 72 10 history history NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 72 11 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 72 12 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 72 13 language language NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 72 14 used use VBN en-wikipedia-org-1622 72 15 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 72 16 education education NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 72 17 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 72 18 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 72 19 media medium NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 72 20 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 72 21 formal formal JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 72 22 speech speech NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 72 23 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 72 24 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1622 72 25 everyday everyday JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 72 26 life life NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 72 27 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 72 28 Hong Hong NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 72 29 Kong Kong NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 72 30 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1622 72 31 Macau Macau NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 72 32 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-1622 72 33 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 72 34 local local JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 72 35 Cantonese Cantonese NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 72 36 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 72 37 although although IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 72 38 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 72 39 standard standard JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 72 40 language language NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 72 41 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 72 42 Mandarin Mandarin NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 72 43 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 72 44 has have VBZ en-wikipedia-org-1622 72 45 become become VBN en-wikipedia-org-1622 72 46 very very RB en-wikipedia-org-1622 72 47 influential influential JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 72 48 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1622 72 49 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-1622 72 50 being be VBG en-wikipedia-org-1622 72 51 taught teach VBN en-wikipedia-org-1622 72 52 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 72 53 schools school NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 72 54 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1622 73 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 73 2 30 30 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 73 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 73 4 Influence[edit Influence[edit NFP en-wikipedia-org-1622 73 5 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 73 6 See see VB en-wikipedia-org-1622 73 7 also also RB en-wikipedia-org-1622 73 8 : : : en-wikipedia-org-1622 73 9 Adoption adoption NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 73 10 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 73 11 Chinese chinese JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 73 12 literary literary JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 73 13 culture culture NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 73 14 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1622 73 15 Sino sino JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 73 16 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-1622 73 17 Xenic xenic JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 73 18 vocabularies vocabulary NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 73 19 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 73 20 Tripitaka Tripitaka NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 73 21 Koreana Koreana NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 73 22 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 73 23 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 73 24 Korean korean JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 73 25 collection collection NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 73 26 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 73 27 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 73 28 Chinese chinese JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 73 29 Buddhist Buddhist NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 73 30 canon canon NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 73 31 Historically Historically NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 73 32 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 73 33 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 73 34 Chinese chinese JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 73 35 language language NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 73 36 has have VBZ en-wikipedia-org-1622 73 37 spread spread VBN en-wikipedia-org-1622 73 38 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 73 39 its -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-1622 73 40 neighbors neighbor NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 73 41 through through IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 73 42 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 73 43 variety variety NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 73 44 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 73 45 means mean NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 73 46 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1622 74 1 Northern Northern NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 74 2 Vietnam Vietnam NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 74 3 was be VBD en-wikipedia-org-1622 74 4 incorporated incorporate VBN en-wikipedia-org-1622 74 5 into into IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 74 6 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 74 7 Han Han NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 74 8 empire empire NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 74 9 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 74 10 111 111 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 74 11 BCE BCE NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 74 12 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 74 13 marking mark VBG en-wikipedia-org-1622 74 14 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 74 15 beginning beginning NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 74 16 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 74 17 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 74 18 period period NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 74 19 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 74 20 Chinese chinese JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 74 21 control control NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 74 22 that that WDT en-wikipedia-org-1622 74 23 ran run VBD en-wikipedia-org-1622 74 24 almost almost RB en-wikipedia-org-1622 74 25 continuously continuously RB en-wikipedia-org-1622 74 26 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 74 27 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 74 28 millennium millennium NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 74 29 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1622 75 1 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 75 2 Four Four NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 75 3 Commanderies Commanderies NNPS en-wikipedia-org-1622 75 4 were be VBD en-wikipedia-org-1622 75 5 established establish VBN en-wikipedia-org-1622 75 6 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 75 7 northern northern JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 75 8 Korea Korea NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 75 9 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 75 10 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 75 11 first first JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 75 12 century century NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 75 13 BCE BCE NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 75 14 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 75 15 but but CC en-wikipedia-org-1622 75 16 disintegrated disintegrate VBN en-wikipedia-org-1622 75 17 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 75 18 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 75 19 following follow VBG en-wikipedia-org-1622 75 20 centuries century NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 75 21 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1622 76 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 76 2 31 31 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 76 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 76 4 Chinese Chinese NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 76 5 Buddhism Buddhism NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 76 6 spread spread VBD en-wikipedia-org-1622 76 7 over over IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 76 8 East East NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 76 9 Asia Asia NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 76 10 between between IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 76 11 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 76 12 2nd 2nd JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 76 13 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1622 76 14 5th 5th JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 76 15 centuries century NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 76 16 CE CE NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 76 17 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 76 18 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1622 76 19 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 76 20 it -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-1622 76 21 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 76 22 study study NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 76 23 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 76 24 scriptures scripture NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 76 25 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1622 76 26 literature literature NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 76 27 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 76 28 Literary Literary NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 76 29 Chinese Chinese NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 76 30 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1622 77 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 77 2 32 32 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 77 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 77 4 Later Later NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 77 5 Korea Korea NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 77 6 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 77 7 Japan Japan NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 77 8 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 77 9 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1622 77 10 Vietnam Vietnam NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 77 11 developed develop VBD en-wikipedia-org-1622 77 12 strong strong JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 77 13 central central JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 77 14 governments government NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 77 15 modeled model VBN en-wikipedia-org-1622 77 16 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 77 17 Chinese chinese JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 77 18 institutions institution NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 77 19 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 77 20 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 77 21 Literary Literary NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 77 22 Chinese Chinese NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 77 23 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 77 24 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 77 25 language language NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 77 26 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 77 27 administration administration NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 77 28 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1622 77 29 scholarship scholarship NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 77 30 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 77 31 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 77 32 position position NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 77 33 it -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-1622 77 34 would would MD en-wikipedia-org-1622 77 35 retain retain VB en-wikipedia-org-1622 77 36 until until IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 77 37 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 77 38 late late JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 77 39 19th 19th JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 77 40 century century NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 77 41 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 77 42 Korea Korea NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 77 43 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1622 77 44 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 77 45 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 77 46 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 77 47 lesser less JJR en-wikipedia-org-1622 77 48 extent extent NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 77 49 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 77 50 Japan Japan NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 77 51 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 77 52 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1622 77 53 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 77 54 early early JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 77 55 20th 20th JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 77 56 century century NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 77 57 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 77 58 Vietnam Vietnam NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 77 59 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1622 78 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 78 2 33 33 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 78 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 78 4 Scholars scholar NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 78 5 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 78 6 different different JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 78 7 lands land NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 78 8 could could MD en-wikipedia-org-1622 78 9 communicate communicate VB en-wikipedia-org-1622 78 10 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 78 11 albeit albeit IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 78 12 only only RB en-wikipedia-org-1622 78 13 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 78 14 writing writing NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 78 15 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 78 16 using use VBG en-wikipedia-org-1622 78 17 Literary Literary NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 78 18 Chinese Chinese NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 78 19 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1622 79 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 79 2 34 34 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 79 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 79 4 Although although IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 79 5 they -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-1622 79 6 used use VBD en-wikipedia-org-1622 79 7 Chinese Chinese NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 79 8 solely solely RB en-wikipedia-org-1622 79 9 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 79 10 written write VBN en-wikipedia-org-1622 79 11 communication communication NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 79 12 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 79 13 each each DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 79 14 country country NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 79 15 had have VBD en-wikipedia-org-1622 79 16 its -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-1622 79 17 own own JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 79 18 tradition tradition NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 79 19 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 79 20 reading read VBG en-wikipedia-org-1622 79 21 texts text NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 79 22 aloud aloud RB en-wikipedia-org-1622 79 23 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 79 24 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 79 25 so so RB en-wikipedia-org-1622 79 26 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-1622 79 27 called call VBN en-wikipedia-org-1622 79 28 Sino sino JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 79 29 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-1622 79 30 Xenic xenic JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 79 31 pronunciations pronunciation NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 79 32 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1622 80 1 Chinese chinese JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 80 2 words word NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 80 3 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 80 4 these these DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 80 5 pronunciations pronunciation NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 80 6 were be VBD en-wikipedia-org-1622 80 7 also also RB en-wikipedia-org-1622 80 8 extensively extensively RB en-wikipedia-org-1622 80 9 imported import VBN en-wikipedia-org-1622 80 10 into into IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 80 11 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 80 12 Korean korean JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 80 13 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 80 14 Japanese japanese JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 80 15 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1622 80 16 Vietnamese vietnamese JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 80 17 languages language NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 80 18 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 80 19 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1622 80 20 today today NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 80 21 comprise comprise VBP en-wikipedia-org-1622 80 22 over over IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 80 23 half half NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 80 24 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 80 25 their -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-1622 80 26 vocabularies vocabulary NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 80 27 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1622 81 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 81 2 35 35 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 81 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 81 4 This this DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 81 5 massive massive JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 81 6 influx influx NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 81 7 led lead VBD en-wikipedia-org-1622 81 8 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 81 9 changes change NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 81 10 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 81 11 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 81 12 phonological phonological JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 81 13 structure structure NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 81 14 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 81 15 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 81 16 languages language NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 81 17 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 81 18 contributing contribute VBG en-wikipedia-org-1622 81 19 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 81 20 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 81 21 development development NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 81 22 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 81 23 moraic moraic NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 81 24 structure structure NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 81 25 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 81 26 Japanese[36 Japanese[36 NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 81 27 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 81 28 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1622 81 29 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 81 30 disruption disruption NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 81 31 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 81 32 vowel vowel NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 81 33 harmony harmony NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 81 34 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 81 35 Korean Korean NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 81 36 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1622 82 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 82 2 37 37 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 82 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 82 4 Borrowed borrow VBN en-wikipedia-org-1622 82 5 Chinese chinese JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 82 6 morphemes morpheme NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 82 7 have have VBP en-wikipedia-org-1622 82 8 been be VBN en-wikipedia-org-1622 82 9 used use VBN en-wikipedia-org-1622 82 10 extensively extensively RB en-wikipedia-org-1622 82 11 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 82 12 all all PDT en-wikipedia-org-1622 82 13 these these DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 82 14 languages language NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 82 15 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-1622 82 16 coin coin VB en-wikipedia-org-1622 82 17 compound compound NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 82 18 words word NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 82 19 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 82 20 new new JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 82 21 concepts concept NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 82 22 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 82 23 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 82 24 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 82 25 similar similar JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 82 26 way way NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 82 27 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 82 28 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 82 29 use use NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 82 30 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 82 31 Latin Latin NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 82 32 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1622 82 33 Ancient ancient JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 82 34 Greek greek JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 82 35 roots root NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 82 36 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 82 37 European european JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 82 38 languages language NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 82 39 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1622 83 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 83 2 38 38 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 83 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 83 4 Many many JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 83 5 new new JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 83 6 compounds compound NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 83 7 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 83 8 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-1622 83 9 new new JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 83 10 meanings meaning NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 83 11 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 83 12 old old JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 83 13 phrases phrase NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 83 14 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 83 15 were be VBD en-wikipedia-org-1622 83 16 created create VBN en-wikipedia-org-1622 83 17 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 83 18 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 83 19 late late JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 83 20 19th 19th JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 83 21 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1622 83 22 early early JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 83 23 20th 20th JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 83 24 centuries century NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 83 25 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-1622 83 26 name name VB en-wikipedia-org-1622 83 27 Western western JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 83 28 concepts concept NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 83 29 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1622 83 30 artifacts artifact NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 83 31 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1622 84 1 These these DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 84 2 coinages coinage NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 84 3 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 84 4 written write VBN en-wikipedia-org-1622 84 5 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 84 6 shared share VBN en-wikipedia-org-1622 84 7 Chinese chinese JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 84 8 characters character NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 84 9 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 84 10 have have VBP en-wikipedia-org-1622 84 11 then then RB en-wikipedia-org-1622 84 12 been be VBN en-wikipedia-org-1622 84 13 borrowed borrow VBN en-wikipedia-org-1622 84 14 freely freely RB en-wikipedia-org-1622 84 15 between between IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 84 16 languages language NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 84 17 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1622 85 1 They -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-1622 85 2 have have VBP en-wikipedia-org-1622 85 3 even even RB en-wikipedia-org-1622 85 4 been be VBN en-wikipedia-org-1622 85 5 accepted accept VBN en-wikipedia-org-1622 85 6 into into IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 85 7 Chinese Chinese NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 85 8 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 85 9 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 85 10 language language NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 85 11 usually usually RB en-wikipedia-org-1622 85 12 resistant resistant JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 85 13 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 85 14 loanwords loanword NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 85 15 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 85 16 because because IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 85 17 their -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-1622 85 18 foreign foreign JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 85 19 origin origin NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 85 20 was be VBD en-wikipedia-org-1622 85 21 hidden hide VBN en-wikipedia-org-1622 85 22 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 85 23 their -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-1622 85 24 written write VBN en-wikipedia-org-1622 85 25 form form NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 85 26 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1622 86 1 Often often RB en-wikipedia-org-1622 86 2 different different JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 86 3 compounds compound NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 86 4 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 86 5 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 86 6 same same JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 86 7 concept concept NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 86 8 were be VBD en-wikipedia-org-1622 86 9 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 86 10 circulation circulation NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 86 11 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 86 12 some some DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 86 13 time time NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 86 14 before before IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 86 15 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 86 16 winner winner NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 86 17 emerged emerge VBD en-wikipedia-org-1622 86 18 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 86 19 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1622 86 20 sometimes sometimes RB en-wikipedia-org-1622 86 21 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 86 22 final final JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 86 23 choice choice NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 86 24 differed differ VBN en-wikipedia-org-1622 86 25 between between IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 86 26 countries country NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 86 27 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1622 87 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 87 2 39 39 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 87 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 87 4 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 87 5 proportion proportion NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 87 6 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 87 7 vocabulary vocabulary NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 87 8 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 87 9 Chinese chinese JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 87 10 origin origin NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 87 11 thus thus RB en-wikipedia-org-1622 87 12 tends tend VBZ en-wikipedia-org-1622 87 13 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-1622 87 14 be be VB en-wikipedia-org-1622 87 15 greater great JJR en-wikipedia-org-1622 87 16 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 87 17 technical technical JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 87 18 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 87 19 abstract abstract JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 87 20 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 87 21 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-1622 87 22 formal formal JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 87 23 language language NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 87 24 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1622 88 1 For for IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 88 2 example example NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 88 3 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 88 4 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 88 5 Japan Japan NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 88 6 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 88 7 Sino sino JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 88 8 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-1622 88 9 Japanese japanese JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 88 10 words word NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 88 11 account account VBP en-wikipedia-org-1622 88 12 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 88 13 about about RB en-wikipedia-org-1622 88 14 35 35 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 88 15 % % NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 88 16 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 88 17 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 88 18 words word NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 88 19 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 88 20 entertainment entertainment NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 88 21 magazines magazine NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 88 22 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 88 23 over over IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 88 24 half half PDT en-wikipedia-org-1622 88 25 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 88 26 words word NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 88 27 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 88 28 newspapers newspaper NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 88 29 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 88 30 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1622 88 31 60 60 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 88 32 % % NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 88 33 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 88 34 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 88 35 words word NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 88 36 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 88 37 science science NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 88 38 magazines magazine NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 88 39 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1622 89 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 89 2 40 40 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 89 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 89 4 Vietnam Vietnam NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 89 5 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 89 6 Korea Korea NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 89 7 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 89 8 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1622 89 9 Japan Japan NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 89 10 each each DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 89 11 developed develop VBD en-wikipedia-org-1622 89 12 writing writing NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 89 13 systems system NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 89 14 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 89 15 their -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-1622 89 16 own own JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 89 17 languages language NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 89 18 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 89 19 initially initially RB en-wikipedia-org-1622 89 20 based base VBN en-wikipedia-org-1622 89 21 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 89 22 Chinese chinese JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 89 23 characters character NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 89 24 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 89 25 but but CC en-wikipedia-org-1622 89 26 later later RB en-wikipedia-org-1622 89 27 replaced replace VBN en-wikipedia-org-1622 89 28 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 89 29 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 89 30 Hangul Hangul NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 89 31 alphabet alphabet NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 89 32 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 89 33 Korean korean JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 89 34 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1622 89 35 supplemented supplement VBN en-wikipedia-org-1622 89 36 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 89 37 kana kana NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 89 38 syllabaries syllabary NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 89 39 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 89 40 Japanese Japanese NNPS en-wikipedia-org-1622 89 41 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 89 42 while while IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 89 43 Vietnamese Vietnamese NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 89 44 continued continue VBD en-wikipedia-org-1622 89 45 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-1622 89 46 be be VB en-wikipedia-org-1622 89 47 written write VBN en-wikipedia-org-1622 89 48 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 89 49 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 89 50 complex complex JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 89 51 Chữ Chữ NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 89 52 nôm nôm NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 89 53 script script NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 89 54 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1622 90 1 However however RB en-wikipedia-org-1622 90 2 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 90 3 these these DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 90 4 were be VBD en-wikipedia-org-1622 90 5 limited limit VBN en-wikipedia-org-1622 90 6 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 90 7 popular popular JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 90 8 literature literature NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 90 9 until until IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 90 10 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 90 11 late late JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 90 12 19th 19th JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 90 13 century century NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 90 14 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1622 91 1 Today today NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 91 2 Japanese Japanese NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 91 3 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-1622 91 4 written write VBN en-wikipedia-org-1622 91 5 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 91 6 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 91 7 composite composite JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 91 8 script script NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 91 9 using use VBG en-wikipedia-org-1622 91 10 both both CC en-wikipedia-org-1622 91 11 Chinese chinese JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 91 12 characters character NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 91 13 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 91 14 Kanji Kanji NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 91 15 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 91 16 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1622 91 17 kana kana NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 91 18 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1622 92 1 Korean Korean NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 92 2 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-1622 92 3 written write VBN en-wikipedia-org-1622 92 4 exclusively exclusively RB en-wikipedia-org-1622 92 5 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 92 6 Hangul Hangul NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 92 7 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 92 8 North North NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 92 9 Korea Korea NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 92 10 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 92 11 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1622 92 12 supplementary supplementary JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 92 13 Chinese chinese JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 92 14 characters character NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 92 15 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 92 16 Hanja Hanja NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 92 17 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 92 18 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-1622 92 19 increasingly increasingly RB en-wikipedia-org-1622 92 20 rarely rarely RB en-wikipedia-org-1622 92 21 used use VBN en-wikipedia-org-1622 92 22 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 92 23 South South NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 92 24 Korea Korea NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 92 25 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1622 93 1 As as IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 93 2 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 93 3 result result NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 93 4 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 93 5 former former JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 93 6 French french JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 93 7 colonization colonization NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 93 8 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 93 9 Vietnamese Vietnamese NNPS en-wikipedia-org-1622 93 10 switched switch VBD en-wikipedia-org-1622 93 11 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 93 12 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 93 13 Latin Latin NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 93 14 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-1622 93 15 based base VBN en-wikipedia-org-1622 93 16 alphabet alphabet NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 93 17 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1622 94 1 Examples example NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 94 2 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 94 3 loan loan NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 94 4 words word NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 94 5 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 94 6 English English NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 94 7 include include VBP en-wikipedia-org-1622 94 8 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-1622 94 9 tea tea NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 94 10 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-1622 94 11 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 94 12 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 94 13 Hokkien Hokkien NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 94 14 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 94 15 Min Min NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 94 16 Nan Nan NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 94 17 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 94 18 tê tê NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 94 19 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 94 20 茶 茶 NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 94 21 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 94 22 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 94 23 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-1622 94 24 dim dim NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 94 25 sum sum NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 94 26 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-1622 94 27 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 94 28 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 94 29 Cantonese cantonese JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 94 30 dim2 dim2 NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 94 31 sam1 sam1 NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 94 32 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 94 33 點心 點心 NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 94 34 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 94 35 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1622 94 36 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-1622 94 37 kumquat kumquat NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 94 38 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-1622 94 39 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 94 40 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 94 41 Cantonese cantonese JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 94 42 gam1gwat1 gam1gwat1 NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 94 43 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 94 44 金橘 金橘 NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 94 45 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 94 46 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1622 95 1 Varieties[edit varieties[edit LS en-wikipedia-org-1622 95 2 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 95 3 Main main JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 95 4 article article NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 95 5 : : : en-wikipedia-org-1622 95 6 Varieties variety NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 95 7 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 95 8 Chinese Chinese NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 95 9 Range Range NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 95 10 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 95 11 Chinese chinese JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 95 12 dialect dialect VBP en-wikipedia-org-1622 95 13 groups group NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 95 14 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 95 15 China China NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 95 16 Mainland Mainland NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 95 17 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1622 95 18 Taiwan Taiwan NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 95 19 according accord VBG en-wikipedia-org-1622 95 20 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 95 21 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 95 22 Language Language NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 95 23 Atlas Atlas NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 95 24 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 95 25 China[41 china[41 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 95 26 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 95 27 Jerry Jerry NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 95 28 Norman Norman NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 95 29 estimated estimate VBD en-wikipedia-org-1622 95 30 that that IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 95 31 there there EX en-wikipedia-org-1622 95 32 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-1622 95 33 hundreds hundred NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 95 34 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 95 35 mutually mutually RB en-wikipedia-org-1622 95 36 unintelligible unintelligible JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 95 37 varieties variety NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 95 38 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 95 39 Chinese Chinese NNPS en-wikipedia-org-1622 95 40 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1622 96 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 96 2 42 42 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 96 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 96 4 These these DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 96 5 varieties variety NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 96 6 form form VBP en-wikipedia-org-1622 96 7 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 96 8 dialect dialect NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 96 9 continuum continuum NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 96 10 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 96 11 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 96 12 which which WDT en-wikipedia-org-1622 96 13 differences difference NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 96 14 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 96 15 speech speech NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 96 16 generally generally RB en-wikipedia-org-1622 96 17 become become VBN en-wikipedia-org-1622 96 18 more more RBR en-wikipedia-org-1622 96 19 pronounced pronounced JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 96 20 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 96 21 distances distance NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 96 22 increase increase VBP en-wikipedia-org-1622 96 23 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 96 24 though though IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 96 25 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 96 26 rate rate NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 96 27 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 96 28 change change NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 96 29 varies vary VBZ en-wikipedia-org-1622 96 30 immensely immensely RB en-wikipedia-org-1622 96 31 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1622 97 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 97 2 43 43 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 97 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 97 4 Generally generally RB en-wikipedia-org-1622 97 5 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 97 6 mountainous mountainous JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 97 7 South South NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 97 8 China China NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 97 9 exhibits exhibit VBZ en-wikipedia-org-1622 97 10 more more RBR en-wikipedia-org-1622 97 11 linguistic linguistic JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 97 12 diversity diversity NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 97 13 than than IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 97 14 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 97 15 North North NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 97 16 China China NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 97 17 Plain Plain NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 97 18 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1622 98 1 In in IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 98 2 parts part NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 98 3 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 98 4 South South NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 98 5 China China NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 98 6 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 98 7 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 98 8 major major JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 98 9 city city NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 98 10 's 's POS en-wikipedia-org-1622 98 11 dialect dialect NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 98 12 may may MD en-wikipedia-org-1622 98 13 only only RB en-wikipedia-org-1622 98 14 be be VB en-wikipedia-org-1622 98 15 marginally marginally RB en-wikipedia-org-1622 98 16 intelligible intelligible JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 98 17 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-1622 98 18 close close VB en-wikipedia-org-1622 98 19 neighbors neighbor NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 98 20 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1622 99 1 For for IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 99 2 instance instance NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 99 3 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 99 4 Wuzhou Wuzhou NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 99 5 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-1622 99 6 about about RB en-wikipedia-org-1622 99 7 190 190 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 99 8 kilometres kilometre NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 99 9 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 99 10 120 120 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 99 11   _SP en-wikipedia-org-1622 99 12 mi mi JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 99 13 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 99 14 upstream upstream RB en-wikipedia-org-1622 99 15 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 99 16 Guangzhou Guangzhou NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 99 17 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 99 18 but but CC en-wikipedia-org-1622 99 19 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 99 20 Yue Yue NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 99 21 variety variety NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 99 22 spoken speak VBN en-wikipedia-org-1622 99 23 there there EX en-wikipedia-org-1622 99 24 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-1622 99 25 more more JJR en-wikipedia-org-1622 99 26 like like IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 99 27 that that DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 99 28 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 99 29 Guangzhou Guangzhou NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 99 30 than than IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 99 31 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-1622 99 32 that that DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 99 33 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 99 34 Taishan Taishan NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 99 35 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 99 36 95 95 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 99 37 kilometres kilometre NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 99 38 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 99 39 60 60 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 99 40   _SP en-wikipedia-org-1622 99 41 mi mi JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 99 42 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 99 43 southwest southwest NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 99 44 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 99 45 Guangzhou Guangzhou NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 99 46 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1622 99 47 separated separate VBD en-wikipedia-org-1622 99 48 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 99 49 it -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-1622 99 50 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 99 51 several several JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 99 52 rivers river NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 99 53 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1622 100 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 100 2 44 44 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 100 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 100 4 In in IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 100 5 parts part NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 100 6 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 100 7 Fujian Fujian NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 100 8 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 100 9 speech speech NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 100 10 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 100 11 neighboring neighboring NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 100 12 counties county NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 100 13 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-1622 100 14 even even RB en-wikipedia-org-1622 100 15 villages village NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 100 16 may may MD en-wikipedia-org-1622 100 17 be be VB en-wikipedia-org-1622 100 18 mutually mutually RB en-wikipedia-org-1622 100 19 unintelligible unintelligible JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 100 20 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1622 101 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 101 2 45 45 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 101 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 101 4 Until until IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 101 5 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 101 6 late late JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 101 7 20th 20th JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 101 8 century century NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 101 9 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 101 10 Chinese chinese JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 101 11 emigrants emigrant NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 101 12 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 101 13 Southeast Southeast NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 101 14 Asia Asia NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 101 15 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1622 101 16 North North NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 101 17 America America NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 101 18 came come VBD en-wikipedia-org-1622 101 19 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 101 20 southeast southeast JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 101 21 coastal coastal JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 101 22 areas area NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 101 23 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 101 24 where where WRB en-wikipedia-org-1622 101 25 Min Min NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 101 26 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 101 27 Hakka Hakka NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 101 28 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 101 29 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1622 101 30 Yue Yue NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 101 31 dialects dialect NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 101 32 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-1622 101 33 spoken speak VBN en-wikipedia-org-1622 101 34 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1622 102 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 102 2 46 46 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 102 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 102 4 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 102 5 vast vast JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 102 6 majority majority NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 102 7 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 102 8 Chinese chinese JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 102 9 immigrants immigrant NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 102 10 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 102 11 North North NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 102 12 America America NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 102 13 up up IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 102 14 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 102 15 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 102 16 mid-20th mid-20th JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 102 17 century century NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 102 18 spoke speak VBD en-wikipedia-org-1622 102 19 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 102 20 Taishan Taishan NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 102 21 dialect dialect NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 102 22 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 102 23 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 102 24 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 102 25 small small JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 102 26 coastal coastal JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 102 27 area area NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 102 28 southwest southwest NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 102 29 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 102 30 Guangzhou Guangzhou NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 102 31 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1622 103 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 103 2 47 47 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 103 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 103 4 Grouping[edit grouping[edit NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 103 5 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 103 6 Proportions Proportions NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 103 7 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 103 8 first first JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 103 9 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-1622 103 10 language language NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 103 11 speakers[5 speakers[5 NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 103 12 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 103 13       _SP en-wikipedia-org-1622 103 14 Mandarin Mandarin NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 103 15 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 103 16 65.7 65.7 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 103 17 % % NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 103 18 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 103 19       _SP en-wikipedia-org-1622 103 20 Min Min NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 103 21 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 103 22 6.2 6.2 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 103 23 % % NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 103 24 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 103 25       _SP en-wikipedia-org-1622 103 26 Wu Wu NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 103 27 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 103 28 6.1 6.1 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 103 29 % % NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 103 30 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 103 31       _SP en-wikipedia-org-1622 103 32 Yue Yue NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 103 33 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 103 34 5.6 5.6 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 103 35 % % NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 103 36 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 103 37       _SP en-wikipedia-org-1622 103 38 Jin Jin NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 103 39 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 103 40 5.2 5.2 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 103 41 % % NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 103 42 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 103 43       _SP en-wikipedia-org-1622 103 44 Gan Gan NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 103 45 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 103 46 3.9 3.9 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 103 47 % % NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 103 48 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 103 49       _SP en-wikipedia-org-1622 103 50 Hakka Hakka NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 103 51 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 103 52 3.5 3.5 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 103 53 % % NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 103 54 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 103 55       _SP en-wikipedia-org-1622 103 56 Xiang Xiang NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 103 57 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 103 58 3.0 3.0 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 103 59 % % NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 103 60 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 103 61       _SP en-wikipedia-org-1622 103 62 Huizhou Huizhou NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 103 63 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 103 64 0.3 0.3 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 103 65 % % NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 103 66 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 103 67       _SP en-wikipedia-org-1622 103 68 Pinghua Pinghua NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 103 69 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 103 70 others other NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 103 71 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 103 72 0.6 0.6 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 103 73 % % NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 103 74 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 103 75 Local local JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 103 76 varieties variety NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 103 77 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 103 78 Chinese Chinese NNPS en-wikipedia-org-1622 103 79 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-1622 103 80 conventionally conventionally RB en-wikipedia-org-1622 103 81 classified classify VBN en-wikipedia-org-1622 103 82 into into IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 103 83 seven seven CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 103 84 dialect dialect JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 103 85 groups group NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 103 86 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 103 87 largely largely RB en-wikipedia-org-1622 103 88 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 103 89 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 103 90 basis basis NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 103 91 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 103 92 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 103 93 different different JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 103 94 evolution evolution NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 103 95 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 103 96 Middle middle JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 103 97 Chinese Chinese NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 103 98 voiced voice VBN en-wikipedia-org-1622 103 99 initials:[48][49 initials:[48][49 . en-wikipedia-org-1622 103 100 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 103 101 Mandarin Mandarin NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 103 102 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 103 103 including include VBG en-wikipedia-org-1622 103 104 Standard Standard NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 103 105 Chinese Chinese NNPS en-wikipedia-org-1622 103 106 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 103 107 Pekingese Pekingese NNPS en-wikipedia-org-1622 103 108 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 103 109 Sichuanese Sichuanese NNPS en-wikipedia-org-1622 103 110 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 103 111 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1622 103 112 also also RB en-wikipedia-org-1622 103 113 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 103 114 Dungan Dungan NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 103 115 language language NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 103 116 spoken speak VBN en-wikipedia-org-1622 103 117 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 103 118 Central Central NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 103 119 Asia Asia NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 103 120 Wu Wu NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 103 121 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 103 122 including include VBG en-wikipedia-org-1622 103 123 Shanghainese shanghainese JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 103 124 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 103 125 Suzhounese suzhounese JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 103 126 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 103 127 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1622 103 128 Wenzhounese wenzhounese JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 103 129 Gan Gan NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 103 130 Xiang Xiang NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 103 131 Min Min NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 103 132 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 103 133 including include VBG en-wikipedia-org-1622 103 134 Fuzhounese fuzhounese JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 103 135 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 103 136 Hainanese Hainanese NNPS en-wikipedia-org-1622 103 137 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 103 138 Hokkien Hokkien NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 103 139 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1622 103 140 Teochew Teochew NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 103 141 Hakka Hakka NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 103 142 Yue Yue NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 103 143 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 103 144 including include VBG en-wikipedia-org-1622 103 145 Cantonese cantonese JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 103 146 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1622 103 147 Taishanese taishanese VBP en-wikipedia-org-1622 103 148 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 103 149 classification classification NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 103 150 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 103 151 Li Li NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 103 152 Rong Rong NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 103 153 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 103 154 which which WDT en-wikipedia-org-1622 103 155 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-1622 103 156 used use VBN en-wikipedia-org-1622 103 157 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 103 158 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 103 159 Language Language NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 103 160 Atlas Atlas NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 103 161 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 103 162 China China NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 103 163 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 103 164 1987 1987 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 103 165 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 103 166 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 103 167 distinguishes distinguish VBZ en-wikipedia-org-1622 103 168 three three CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 103 169 further further JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 103 170 groups:[41][50 groups:[41][50 NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 103 171 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 103 172 Jin Jin NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 103 173 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 103 174 previously previously RB en-wikipedia-org-1622 103 175 included include VBN en-wikipedia-org-1622 103 176 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 103 177 Mandarin Mandarin NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 103 178 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1622 104 1 Huizhou Huizhou NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 104 2 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 104 3 previously previously RB en-wikipedia-org-1622 104 4 included include VBN en-wikipedia-org-1622 104 5 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 104 6 Wu Wu NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 104 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1622 105 1 Pinghua Pinghua NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 105 2 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 105 3 previously previously RB en-wikipedia-org-1622 105 4 included include VBN en-wikipedia-org-1622 105 5 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 105 6 Yue Yue NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 105 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1622 106 1 Some some DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 106 2 varieties variety NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 106 3 remain remain VBP en-wikipedia-org-1622 106 4 unclassified unclassified JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 106 5 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 106 6 including include VBG en-wikipedia-org-1622 106 7 Danzhou Danzhou NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 106 8 dialect dialect NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 106 9 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 106 10 spoken speak VBN en-wikipedia-org-1622 106 11 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 106 12 Danzhou Danzhou NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 106 13 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 106 14 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 106 15 Hainan Hainan NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 106 16 Island Island NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 106 17 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 106 18 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 106 19 Waxianghua Waxianghua NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 106 20 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 106 21 spoken speak VBN en-wikipedia-org-1622 106 22 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 106 23 western western JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 106 24 Hunan Hunan NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 106 25 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 106 26 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1622 106 27 Shaozhou Shaozhou NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 106 28 Tuhua Tuhua NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 106 29 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 106 30 spoken speak VBN en-wikipedia-org-1622 106 31 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 106 32 northern northern JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 106 33 Guangdong Guangdong NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 106 34 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 106 35 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1622 107 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 107 2 51 51 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 107 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 107 4 Standard standard JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 107 5 Chinese[edit chinese[edit NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 107 6 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 107 7 Main main JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 107 8 article article NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 107 9 : : : en-wikipedia-org-1622 107 10 Standard standard JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 107 11 Chinese Chinese NNPS en-wikipedia-org-1622 107 12 See see VB en-wikipedia-org-1622 107 13 also also RB en-wikipedia-org-1622 107 14 : : : en-wikipedia-org-1622 107 15 List list NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 107 16 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 107 17 countries country NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 107 18 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1622 107 19 territories territory NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 107 20 where where WRB en-wikipedia-org-1622 107 21 Chinese Chinese NNPS en-wikipedia-org-1622 107 22 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-1622 107 23 an an DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 107 24 official official JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 107 25 language language NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 107 26 Standard Standard NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 107 27 Chinese Chinese NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 107 28 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 107 29 often often RB en-wikipedia-org-1622 107 30 called call VBN en-wikipedia-org-1622 107 31 Mandarin Mandarin NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 107 32 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 107 33 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-1622 107 34 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 107 35 official official JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 107 36 standard standard JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 107 37 language language NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 107 38 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 107 39 China China NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 107 40 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1622 107 41 Taiwan Taiwan NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 107 42 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 107 43 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1622 107 44 one one CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 107 45 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 107 46 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 107 47 four four CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 107 48 official official JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 107 49 languages language NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 107 50 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 107 51 Singapore Singapore NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 107 52 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 107 53 where where WRB en-wikipedia-org-1622 107 54 it -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-1622 107 55 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-1622 107 56 called call VBN en-wikipedia-org-1622 107 57 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-1622 107 58 Huáyŭ Huáyŭ NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 107 59 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-1622 107 60 华语 华语 NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 107 61 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-1622 107 62 華語 華語 NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 107 63 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-1622 107 64 simply simply RB en-wikipedia-org-1622 107 65 Chinese chinese JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 107 66 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 107 67 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1622 108 1 Standard standard JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 108 2 Chinese Chinese NNPS en-wikipedia-org-1622 108 3 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-1622 108 4 based base VBN en-wikipedia-org-1622 108 5 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 108 6 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 108 7 Beijing Beijing NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 108 8 dialect dialect NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 108 9 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 108 10 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 108 11 dialect dialect NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 108 12 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 108 13 Mandarin Mandarin NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 108 14 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 108 15 spoken speak VBN en-wikipedia-org-1622 108 16 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 108 17 Beijing Beijing NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 108 18 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1622 109 1 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 109 2 governments government NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 109 3 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 109 4 both both CC en-wikipedia-org-1622 109 5 China China NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 109 6 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1622 109 7 Taiwan Taiwan NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 109 8 intend intend VBP en-wikipedia-org-1622 109 9 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 109 10 speakers speaker NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 109 11 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 109 12 all all DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 109 13 Chinese chinese JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 109 14 speech speech NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 109 15 varieties variety NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 109 16 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-1622 109 17 use use VB en-wikipedia-org-1622 109 18 it -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-1622 109 19 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 109 20 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 109 21 common common JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 109 22 language language NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 109 23 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 109 24 communication communication NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 109 25 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1622 110 1 Therefore therefore RB en-wikipedia-org-1622 110 2 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 110 3 it -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-1622 110 4 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-1622 110 5 used use VBN en-wikipedia-org-1622 110 6 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 110 7 government government NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 110 8 agencies agency NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 110 9 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 110 10 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 110 11 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 110 12 media medium NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 110 13 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 110 14 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1622 110 15 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 110 16 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 110 17 language language NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 110 18 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 110 19 instruction instruction NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 110 20 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 110 21 schools school NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 110 22 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1622 111 1 In in IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 111 2 China China NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 111 3 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1622 111 4 Taiwan Taiwan NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 111 5 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 111 6 diglossia diglossia NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 111 7 has have VBZ en-wikipedia-org-1622 111 8 been be VBN en-wikipedia-org-1622 111 9 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 111 10 common common JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 111 11 feature feature NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 111 12 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1622 112 1 For for IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 112 2 example example NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 112 3 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 112 4 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 112 5 addition addition NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 112 6 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 112 7 Standard Standard NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 112 8 Chinese Chinese NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 112 9 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 112 10 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 112 11 resident resident NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 112 12 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 112 13 Shanghai Shanghai NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 112 14 might may MD en-wikipedia-org-1622 112 15 speak speak VB en-wikipedia-org-1622 112 16 Shanghainese Shanghainese NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 112 17 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-1622 112 18 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1622 112 19 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 112 20 if if IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 112 21 they -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-1622 112 22 grew grow VBD en-wikipedia-org-1622 112 23 up up RP en-wikipedia-org-1622 112 24 elsewhere elsewhere RB en-wikipedia-org-1622 112 25 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 112 26 then then RB en-wikipedia-org-1622 112 27 they -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-1622 112 28 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-1622 112 29 also also RB en-wikipedia-org-1622 112 30 likely likely JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 112 31 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-1622 112 32 be be VB en-wikipedia-org-1622 112 33 fluent fluent JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 112 34 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 112 35 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 112 36 particular particular JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 112 37 dialect dialect NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 112 38 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 112 39 that that DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 112 40 local local JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 112 41 area area NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 112 42 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1622 113 1 A a DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 113 2 native native NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 113 3 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 113 4 Guangzhou Guangzhou NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 113 5 may may MD en-wikipedia-org-1622 113 6 speak speak VB en-wikipedia-org-1622 113 7 both both CC en-wikipedia-org-1622 113 8 Cantonese cantonese JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 113 9 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1622 113 10 Standard Standard NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 113 11 Chinese Chinese NNPS en-wikipedia-org-1622 113 12 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1622 114 1 In in IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 114 2 addition addition NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 114 3 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 114 4 Mandarin Mandarin NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 114 5 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 114 6 most most JJS en-wikipedia-org-1622 114 7 Taiwanese Taiwanese NNPS en-wikipedia-org-1622 114 8 also also RB en-wikipedia-org-1622 114 9 speak speak VBP en-wikipedia-org-1622 114 10 Minnan Minnan NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 114 11 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 114 12 Hakka Hakka NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 114 13 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 114 14 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-1622 114 15 an an DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 114 16 Austronesian austronesian JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 114 17 language language NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 114 18 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1622 115 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 115 2 52 52 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 115 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 115 4 A a DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 115 5 Taiwanese Taiwanese NNPS en-wikipedia-org-1622 115 6 may may MD en-wikipedia-org-1622 115 7 commonly commonly RB en-wikipedia-org-1622 115 8 mix mix VB en-wikipedia-org-1622 115 9 pronunciations pronunciation NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 115 10 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 115 11 phrases phrase NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 115 12 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 115 13 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1622 115 14 words word NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 115 15 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 115 16 Mandarin Mandarin NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 115 17 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1622 115 18 other other JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 115 19 Taiwanese taiwanese JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 115 20 languages language NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 115 21 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 115 22 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1622 115 23 this this DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 115 24 mixture mixture NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 115 25 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-1622 115 26 considered consider VBN en-wikipedia-org-1622 115 27 normal normal JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 115 28 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 115 29 daily daily JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 115 30 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-1622 115 31 informal informal JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 115 32 speech speech NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 115 33 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1622 116 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 116 2 53 53 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 116 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 116 4 Due due IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 116 5 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 116 6 their -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-1622 116 7 traditional traditional JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 116 8 cultural cultural JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 116 9 ties tie NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 116 10 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 116 11 Guangdong Guangdong NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 116 12 province province NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 116 13 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1622 116 14 colonial colonial JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 116 15 histories history NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 116 16 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 116 17 Cantonese Cantonese NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 116 18 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-1622 116 19 used use VBN en-wikipedia-org-1622 116 20 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 116 21 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 116 22 standard standard JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 116 23 variant variant NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 116 24 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 116 25 Chinese Chinese NNPS en-wikipedia-org-1622 116 26 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 116 27 Hong Hong NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 116 28 Kong Kong NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 116 29 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1622 116 30 Macau Macau NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 116 31 instead instead RB en-wikipedia-org-1622 116 32 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1622 117 1 Nomenclature[edit nomenclature[edit LS en-wikipedia-org-1622 117 2 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 117 3 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 117 4 official official JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 117 5 Chinese chinese JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 117 6 designation designation NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 117 7 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 117 8 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 117 9 major major JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 117 10 branches branch NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 117 11 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 117 12 Chinese Chinese NNPS en-wikipedia-org-1622 117 13 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-1622 117 14 fāngyán fāngyán NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 117 15 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 117 16 方言 方言 UH en-wikipedia-org-1622 117 17 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 117 18 literally literally RB en-wikipedia-org-1622 117 19 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-1622 117 20 regional regional JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 117 21 speech speech NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 117 22 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-1622 117 23 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 117 24 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 117 25 whereas whereas IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 117 26 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 117 27 more more RBR en-wikipedia-org-1622 117 28 closely closely RB en-wikipedia-org-1622 117 29 related relate VBN en-wikipedia-org-1622 117 30 varieties variety NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 117 31 within within IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 117 32 these these DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 117 33 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-1622 117 34 called call VBN en-wikipedia-org-1622 117 35 dìdiǎn dìdiǎn NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 117 36 fāngyán fāngyán NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 117 37 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 117 38 地点方言 地点方言 NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 117 39 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-1622 117 40 地點方言 地點方言 JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 117 41 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-1622 117 42 local local JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 117 43 speech speech NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 117 44 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-1622 117 45 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 117 46 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1622 118 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 118 2 54 54 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 118 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 118 4 Conventional conventional JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 118 5 English english JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 118 6 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-1622 118 7 language language NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 118 8 usage usage NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 118 9 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 118 10 Chinese chinese JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 118 11 linguistics linguistic NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 118 12 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-1622 118 13 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-1622 118 14 use use VB en-wikipedia-org-1622 118 15 dialect dialect NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 118 16 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 118 17 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 118 18 speech speech NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 118 19 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 118 20 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 118 21 particular particular JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 118 22 place place NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 118 23 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 118 24 regardless regardless RB en-wikipedia-org-1622 118 25 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 118 26 status status NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 118 27 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 118 28 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1622 118 29 dialect dialect VB en-wikipedia-org-1622 118 30 group group NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 118 31 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 118 32 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 118 33 regional regional JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 118 34 grouping grouping NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 118 35 such such JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 118 36 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 118 37 Mandarin Mandarin NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 118 38 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-1622 118 39 Wu Wu NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 118 40 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1622 119 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 119 2 42 42 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 119 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 119 4 Because because IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 119 5 varieties variety NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 119 6 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 119 7 different different JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 119 8 groups group NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 119 9 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-1622 119 10 not not RB en-wikipedia-org-1622 119 11 mutually mutually RB en-wikipedia-org-1622 119 12 intelligible intelligible JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 119 13 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 119 14 some some DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 119 15 scholars scholar NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 119 16 prefer prefer VBP en-wikipedia-org-1622 119 17 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-1622 119 18 describe describe VB en-wikipedia-org-1622 119 19 Wu Wu NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 119 20 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1622 119 21 others other NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 119 22 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 119 23 separate separate JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 119 24 languages language NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 119 25 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1622 120 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 120 2 55][better 55][better CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 120 3   _SP en-wikipedia-org-1622 120 4 source source NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 120 5   _SP en-wikipedia-org-1622 120 6 needed need VBN en-wikipedia-org-1622 120 7 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 120 8 Jerry Jerry NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 120 9 Norman Norman NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 120 10 called call VBD en-wikipedia-org-1622 120 11 this this DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 120 12 practice practice NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 120 13 misleading mislead VBG en-wikipedia-org-1622 120 14 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 120 15 pointing point VBG en-wikipedia-org-1622 120 16 out out RP en-wikipedia-org-1622 120 17 that that IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 120 18 Wu Wu NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 120 19 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 120 20 which which WDT en-wikipedia-org-1622 120 21 itself -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-1622 120 22 contains contain VBZ en-wikipedia-org-1622 120 23 many many JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 120 24 mutually mutually RB en-wikipedia-org-1622 120 25 unintelligible unintelligible JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 120 26 varieties variety NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 120 27 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 120 28 could could MD en-wikipedia-org-1622 120 29 not not RB en-wikipedia-org-1622 120 30 be be VB en-wikipedia-org-1622 120 31 properly properly RB en-wikipedia-org-1622 120 32 called call VBN en-wikipedia-org-1622 120 33 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 120 34 single single JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 120 35 language language NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 120 36 under under IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 120 37 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 120 38 same same JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 120 39 criterion criterion NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 120 40 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 120 41 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1622 120 42 that that IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 120 43 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 120 44 same same JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 120 45 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-1622 120 46 true true JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 120 47 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 120 48 each each DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 120 49 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 120 50 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 120 51 other other JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 120 52 groups group NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 120 53 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1622 121 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 121 2 42 42 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 121 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 121 4 Mutual mutual JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 121 5 intelligibility intelligibility NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 121 6 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-1622 121 7 considered consider VBN en-wikipedia-org-1622 121 8 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 121 9 some some DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 121 10 linguists linguist NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 121 11 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-1622 121 12 be be VB en-wikipedia-org-1622 121 13 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 121 14 main main JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 121 15 criterion criterion NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 121 16 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 121 17 determining determine VBG en-wikipedia-org-1622 121 18 whether whether IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 121 19 varieties variety NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 121 20 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-1622 121 21 separate separate JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 121 22 languages language NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 121 23 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-1622 121 24 dialects dialect NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 121 25 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 121 26 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 121 27 single single JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 121 28 language,[56 language,[56 NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 121 29 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 121 30 although although IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 121 31 others other NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 121 32 do do VBP en-wikipedia-org-1622 121 33 not not RB en-wikipedia-org-1622 121 34 regard regard VB en-wikipedia-org-1622 121 35 it -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-1622 121 36 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 121 37 decisive,[57][58][59][60][61 decisive,[57][58][59][60][61 NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 121 38 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 121 39 particularly particularly RB en-wikipedia-org-1622 121 40 when when WRB en-wikipedia-org-1622 121 41 cultural cultural JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 121 42 factors factor NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 121 43 interfere interfere VBP en-wikipedia-org-1622 121 44 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 121 45 they -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-1622 121 46 do do VBP en-wikipedia-org-1622 121 47 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 121 48 Chinese Chinese NNPS en-wikipedia-org-1622 121 49 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1622 122 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 122 2 62 62 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 122 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 122 4 As as IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 122 5 Campbell Campbell NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 122 6 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 122 7 2008 2008 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 122 8 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 122 9 explains explain VBZ en-wikipedia-org-1622 122 10 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 122 11 linguists linguist NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 122 12 often often RB en-wikipedia-org-1622 122 13 ignore ignore VBP en-wikipedia-org-1622 122 14 mutual mutual JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 122 15 intelligibility intelligibility NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 122 16 when when WRB en-wikipedia-org-1622 122 17 varieties variety NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 122 18 share share VBP en-wikipedia-org-1622 122 19 intelligibility intelligibility NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 122 20 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 122 21 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 122 22 central central JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 122 23 variety variety NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 122 24 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 122 25 i.e. i.e. FW en-wikipedia-org-1622 123 1 prestige prestige NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 123 2 variety variety NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 123 3 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 123 4 such such JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 123 5 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 123 6 Standard Standard NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 123 7 Mandarin Mandarin NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 123 8 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 123 9 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 123 10 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 123 11 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 123 12 issue issue NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 123 13 requires require VBZ en-wikipedia-org-1622 123 14 some some DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 123 15 careful careful JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 123 16 handling handling NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 123 17 when when WRB en-wikipedia-org-1622 123 18 mutual mutual JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 123 19 intelligibility intelligibility NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 123 20 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-1622 123 21 inconsistent inconsistent JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 123 22 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 123 23 language language NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 123 24 identity identity NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 123 25 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1622 124 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 124 2 63 63 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 124 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 124 4 John John NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 124 5 DeFrancis DeFrancis NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 124 6 argues argue VBZ en-wikipedia-org-1622 124 7 that that IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 124 8 it -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-1622 124 9 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-1622 124 10 inappropriate inappropriate JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 124 11 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-1622 124 12 refer refer VB en-wikipedia-org-1622 124 13 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 124 14 Mandarin Mandarin NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 124 15 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 124 16 Wu Wu NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 124 17 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1622 124 18 so so RB en-wikipedia-org-1622 124 19 on on RB en-wikipedia-org-1622 124 20 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 124 21 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-1622 124 22 dialects dialect NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 124 23 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-1622 124 24 because because IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 124 25 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 124 26 mutual mutual JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 124 27 unintelligibility unintelligibility NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 124 28 between between IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 124 29 them -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-1622 124 30 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-1622 124 31 too too RB en-wikipedia-org-1622 124 32 great great JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 124 33 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1622 125 1 On on IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 125 2 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 125 3 other other JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 125 4 hand hand NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 125 5 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 125 6 he -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-1622 125 7 also also RB en-wikipedia-org-1622 125 8 objects object VBZ en-wikipedia-org-1622 125 9 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 125 10 considering consider VBG en-wikipedia-org-1622 125 11 them -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-1622 125 12 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 125 13 separate separate JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 125 14 languages language NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 125 15 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 125 16 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 125 17 it -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-1622 125 18 incorrectly incorrectly RB en-wikipedia-org-1622 125 19 implies imply VBZ en-wikipedia-org-1622 125 20 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 125 21 set set NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 125 22 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 125 23 disruptive disruptive JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 125 24 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-1622 125 25 religious religious JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 125 26 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 125 27 economic economic JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 125 28 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 125 29 political political JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 125 30 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 125 31 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1622 125 32 other other JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 125 33 differences difference NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 125 34 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-1622 125 35 between between IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 125 36 speakers speaker NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 125 37 that that WDT en-wikipedia-org-1622 125 38 exist exist VBP en-wikipedia-org-1622 125 39 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 125 40 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 125 41 example example NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 125 42 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 125 43 between between IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 125 44 French French NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 125 45 Catholics Catholics NNPS en-wikipedia-org-1622 125 46 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1622 125 47 English English NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 125 48 Protestants Protestants NNPS en-wikipedia-org-1622 125 49 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 125 50 Canada Canada NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 125 51 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 125 52 but but CC en-wikipedia-org-1622 125 53 not not RB en-wikipedia-org-1622 125 54 between between IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 125 55 speakers speaker NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 125 56 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 125 57 Cantonese Cantonese NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 125 58 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1622 125 59 Mandarin Mandarin NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 125 60 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 125 61 China China NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 125 62 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 125 63 owing owe VBG en-wikipedia-org-1622 125 64 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 125 65 China China NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 125 66 's 's POS en-wikipedia-org-1622 125 67 near near RB en-wikipedia-org-1622 125 68 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-1622 125 69 uninterrupted uninterrupted JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 125 70 history history NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 125 71 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 125 72 centralized centralized JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 125 73 government government NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 125 74 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1622 126 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 126 2 64 64 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 126 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 126 4 Because because IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 126 5 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 126 6 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 126 7 difficulties difficulty NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 126 8 involved involve VBN en-wikipedia-org-1622 126 9 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 126 10 determining determine VBG en-wikipedia-org-1622 126 11 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 126 12 difference difference NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 126 13 between between IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 126 14 language language NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 126 15 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1622 126 16 dialect dialect VB en-wikipedia-org-1622 126 17 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 126 18 other other JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 126 19 terms term NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 126 20 have have VBP en-wikipedia-org-1622 126 21 been be VBN en-wikipedia-org-1622 126 22 proposed propose VBN en-wikipedia-org-1622 126 23 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1622 127 1 These these DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 127 2 include include VBP en-wikipedia-org-1622 127 3 vernacular,[65 vernacular,[65 NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 127 4 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 127 5 lect,[66 lect,[66 NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 127 6 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 127 7 regionalect,[54 regionalect,[54 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 127 8 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 127 9 topolect,[67 topolect,[67 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 127 10 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 127 11 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1622 127 12 variety variety NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 127 13 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1622 128 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 128 2 68 68 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 128 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 128 4 Most Most JJS en-wikipedia-org-1622 128 5 Chinese chinese JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 128 6 people people NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 128 7 consider consider VBP en-wikipedia-org-1622 128 8 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 128 9 spoken spoken JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 128 10 varieties variety NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 128 11 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 128 12 one one CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 128 13 single single JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 128 14 language language NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 128 15 because because IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 128 16 speakers speaker NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 128 17 share share VBP en-wikipedia-org-1622 128 18 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 128 19 common common JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 128 20 culture culture NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 128 21 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1622 128 22 history history NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 128 23 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 128 24 as as RB en-wikipedia-org-1622 128 25 well well RB en-wikipedia-org-1622 128 26 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 128 27 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 128 28 shared share VBN en-wikipedia-org-1622 128 29 national national JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 128 30 identity identity NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 128 31 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1622 128 32 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 128 33 common common JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 128 34 written write VBN en-wikipedia-org-1622 128 35 form form NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 128 36 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1622 129 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 129 2 69 69 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 129 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 129 4 Phonology[edit phonology[edit NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 129 5 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 129 6 Further further JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 129 7 information information NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 129 8 : : : en-wikipedia-org-1622 129 9 Standard standard JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 129 10 Chinese chinese JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 129 11 phonology phonology NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 129 12 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 129 13 Historical historical JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 129 14 Chinese chinese JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 129 15 phonology phonology NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 129 16 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 129 17 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1622 129 18 Varieties Varieties NNPS en-wikipedia-org-1622 129 19 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 129 20 Chinese Chinese NNPS en-wikipedia-org-1622 129 21 § § -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 129 22   _SP en-wikipedia-org-1622 129 23 Phonology Phonology NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 129 24 Spoken Spoken NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 129 25 Mandarin Mandarin NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 129 26 Chinese Chinese NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 129 27 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 129 28 phonological phonological JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 129 29 structure structure NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 129 30 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 129 31 each each DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 129 32 syllable syllable JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 129 33 consists consist VBZ en-wikipedia-org-1622 129 34 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 129 35 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 129 36 nucleus nucleus NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 129 37 that that WDT en-wikipedia-org-1622 129 38 has have VBZ en-wikipedia-org-1622 129 39 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 129 40 vowel vowel NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 129 41 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 129 42 which which WDT en-wikipedia-org-1622 129 43 can can MD en-wikipedia-org-1622 129 44 be be VB en-wikipedia-org-1622 129 45 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 129 46 monophthong monophthong NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 129 47 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 129 48 diphthong diphthong NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 129 49 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 129 50 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-1622 129 51 even even RB en-wikipedia-org-1622 129 52 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 129 53 triphthong triphthong NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 129 54 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 129 55 certain certain JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 129 56 varieties variety NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 129 57 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 129 58 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 129 59 preceded precede VBN en-wikipedia-org-1622 129 60 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 129 61 an an DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 129 62 onset onset NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 129 63 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 129 64 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 129 65 single single JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 129 66 consonant consonant NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 129 67 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 129 68 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-1622 129 69 consonant+glide consonant+glide NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 129 70 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-1622 129 71 zero zero CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 129 72 onset onset NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 129 73 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-1622 129 74 also also RB en-wikipedia-org-1622 129 75 possible possible JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 129 76 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 129 77 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 129 78 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1622 129 79 followed follow VBN en-wikipedia-org-1622 129 80 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 129 81 optionally optionally RB en-wikipedia-org-1622 129 82 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 129 83 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 129 84 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 129 85 coda coda NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 129 86 consonant consonant NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 129 87 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-1622 129 88 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 129 89 syllable syllable NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 129 90 also also RB en-wikipedia-org-1622 129 91 carries carry VBZ en-wikipedia-org-1622 129 92 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 129 93 tone tone NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 129 94 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1622 130 1 There there EX en-wikipedia-org-1622 130 2 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-1622 130 3 some some DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 130 4 instances instance NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 130 5 where where WRB en-wikipedia-org-1622 130 6 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 130 7 vowel vowel NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 130 8 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-1622 130 9 not not RB en-wikipedia-org-1622 130 10 used use VBN en-wikipedia-org-1622 130 11 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 130 12 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 130 13 nucleus nucleus NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 130 14 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1622 131 1 An an DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 131 2 example example NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 131 3 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 131 4 this this DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 131 5 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-1622 131 6 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 131 7 Cantonese Cantonese NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 131 8 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 131 9 where where WRB en-wikipedia-org-1622 131 10 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 131 11 nasal nasal NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 131 12 sonorant sonorant JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 131 13 consonants consonant NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 131 14 /m/ /m/ . en-wikipedia-org-1622 131 15 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1622 131 16 /ŋ/ /ŋ/ . en-wikipedia-org-1622 131 17 can can MD en-wikipedia-org-1622 131 18 stand stand VB en-wikipedia-org-1622 131 19 alone alone RB en-wikipedia-org-1622 131 20 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 131 21 their -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-1622 131 22 own own JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 131 23 syllable syllable NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 131 24 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1622 132 1 In in IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 132 2 Mandarin Mandarin NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 132 3 much much RB en-wikipedia-org-1622 132 4 more more JJR en-wikipedia-org-1622 132 5 than than IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 132 6 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 132 7 other other JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 132 8 spoken spoken JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 132 9 varieties variety NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 132 10 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 132 11 most most JJS en-wikipedia-org-1622 132 12 syllables syllable NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 132 13 tend tend VBP en-wikipedia-org-1622 132 14 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-1622 132 15 be be VB en-wikipedia-org-1622 132 16 open open JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 132 17 syllables syllable NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 132 18 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 132 19 meaning mean VBG en-wikipedia-org-1622 132 20 they -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-1622 132 21 have have VBP en-wikipedia-org-1622 132 22 no no DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 132 23 coda coda NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 132 24 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 132 25 assuming assume VBG en-wikipedia-org-1622 132 26 that that IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 132 27 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 132 28 final final JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 132 29 glide glide NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 132 30 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-1622 132 31 not not RB en-wikipedia-org-1622 132 32 analyzed analyze VBN en-wikipedia-org-1622 132 33 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 132 34 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 132 35 coda coda NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 132 36 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 132 37 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 132 38 but but CC en-wikipedia-org-1622 132 39 syllables syllable NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 132 40 that that WDT en-wikipedia-org-1622 132 41 do do VBP en-wikipedia-org-1622 132 42 have have VB en-wikipedia-org-1622 132 43 codas coda NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 132 44 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-1622 132 45 restricted restrict VBN en-wikipedia-org-1622 132 46 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 132 47 nasals nasal NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 132 48 /m/ /m/ . en-wikipedia-org-1622 132 49 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 132 50 /n/ /n/ . en-wikipedia-org-1622 132 51 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 132 52 /ŋ/ /ŋ/ . en-wikipedia-org-1622 132 53 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 132 54 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 132 55 retroflex retroflex NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 132 56 approximant approximant JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 132 57 /ɻ /ɻ NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 132 58     _SP en-wikipedia-org-1622 132 59 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-1622 132 60 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 132 61 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1622 132 62 voiceless voiceless JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 132 63 stops stop VBZ en-wikipedia-org-1622 132 64 /p/ /p/ . en-wikipedia-org-1622 132 65 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 132 66 /t/ /t/ . en-wikipedia-org-1622 132 67 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 132 68 /k/ /k/ . en-wikipedia-org-1622 132 69 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 132 70 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-1622 132 71 /ʔ/. /ʔ/. . en-wikipedia-org-1622 133 1 Some some DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 133 2 varieties variety NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 133 3 allow allow VBP en-wikipedia-org-1622 133 4 most most JJS en-wikipedia-org-1622 133 5 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 133 6 these these DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 133 7 codas coda NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 133 8 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 133 9 whereas whereas IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 133 10 others other NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 133 11 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 133 12 such such JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 133 13 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 133 14 Standard Standard NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 133 15 Chinese Chinese NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 133 16 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 133 17 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-1622 133 18 limited limit VBN en-wikipedia-org-1622 133 19 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 133 20 only only RB en-wikipedia-org-1622 133 21 /n/ /n/ . en-wikipedia-org-1622 133 22 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 133 23 /ŋ/ /ŋ/ . en-wikipedia-org-1622 133 24 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1622 133 25 /ɻ /ɻ NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 133 26     _SP en-wikipedia-org-1622 133 27 /. /. . en-wikipedia-org-1622 134 1 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 134 2 number number NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 134 3 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 134 4 sounds sound NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 134 5 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 134 6 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 134 7 different different JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 134 8 spoken spoken JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 134 9 dialects dialect NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 134 10 varies vary VBZ en-wikipedia-org-1622 134 11 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 134 12 but but CC en-wikipedia-org-1622 134 13 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 134 14 general general JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 134 15 there there EX en-wikipedia-org-1622 134 16 has have VBZ en-wikipedia-org-1622 134 17 been be VBN en-wikipedia-org-1622 134 18 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 134 19 tendency tendency NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 134 20 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 134 21 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 134 22 reduction reduction NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 134 23 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 134 24 sounds sound NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 134 25 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 134 26 Middle Middle NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 134 27 Chinese Chinese NNPS en-wikipedia-org-1622 134 28 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1622 135 1 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 135 2 Mandarin Mandarin NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 135 3 dialects dialect VBZ en-wikipedia-org-1622 135 4 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 135 5 particular particular JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 135 6 have have VBP en-wikipedia-org-1622 135 7 experienced experience VBN en-wikipedia-org-1622 135 8 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 135 9 dramatic dramatic JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 135 10 decrease decrease NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 135 11 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 135 12 sounds sound NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 135 13 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1622 135 14 so so RB en-wikipedia-org-1622 135 15 have have VB en-wikipedia-org-1622 135 16 far far RB en-wikipedia-org-1622 135 17 more more RBR en-wikipedia-org-1622 135 18 multisyllabic multisyllabic JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 135 19 words word NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 135 20 than than IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 135 21 most most JJS en-wikipedia-org-1622 135 22 other other JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 135 23 spoken spoken JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 135 24 varieties variety NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 135 25 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1622 136 1 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 136 2 total total JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 136 3 number number NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 136 4 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 136 5 syllables syllable NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 136 6 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 136 7 some some DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 136 8 varieties variety NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 136 9 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-1622 136 10 therefore therefore RB en-wikipedia-org-1622 136 11 only only RB en-wikipedia-org-1622 136 12 about about RB en-wikipedia-org-1622 136 13 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 136 14 thousand thousand CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 136 15 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 136 16 including include VBG en-wikipedia-org-1622 136 17 tonal tonal JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 136 18 variation variation NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 136 19 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 136 20 which which WDT en-wikipedia-org-1622 136 21 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-1622 136 22 only only RB en-wikipedia-org-1622 136 23 about about RB en-wikipedia-org-1622 136 24 an an DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 136 25 eighth eighth JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 136 26 as as RB en-wikipedia-org-1622 136 27 many many JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 136 28 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 136 29 English English NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 136 30 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1622 137 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 137 2 e e NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 137 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 137 4 Tones[edit Tones[edit `` en-wikipedia-org-1622 137 5 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 137 6 All all DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 137 7 varieties variety NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 137 8 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 137 9 spoken speak VBN en-wikipedia-org-1622 137 10 Chinese chinese JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 137 11 use use NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 137 12 tones tone NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 137 13 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-1622 137 14 distinguish distinguish VB en-wikipedia-org-1622 137 15 words word NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 137 16 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1622 138 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 138 2 70 70 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 138 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 138 4 A a DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 138 5 few few JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 138 6 dialects dialect NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 138 7 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 138 8 north north NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 138 9 China China NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 138 10 may may MD en-wikipedia-org-1622 138 11 have have VB en-wikipedia-org-1622 138 12 as as RB en-wikipedia-org-1622 138 13 few few JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 138 14 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 138 15 three three CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 138 16 tones tone NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 138 17 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 138 18 while while IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 138 19 some some DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 138 20 dialects dialect NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 138 21 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 138 22 south south JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 138 23 China China NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 138 24 have have VBP en-wikipedia-org-1622 138 25 up up IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 138 26 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-1622 138 27 6 6 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 138 28 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-1622 138 29 12 12 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 138 30 tones tone NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 138 31 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 138 32 depending depend VBG en-wikipedia-org-1622 138 33 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 138 34 how how WRB en-wikipedia-org-1622 138 35 one one CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 138 36 counts count VBZ en-wikipedia-org-1622 138 37 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1622 139 1 One one CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 139 2 exception exception NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 139 3 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 139 4 this this DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 139 5 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-1622 139 6 Shanghainese shanghainese JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 139 7 which which WDT en-wikipedia-org-1622 139 8 has have VBZ en-wikipedia-org-1622 139 9 reduced reduce VBN en-wikipedia-org-1622 139 10 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 139 11 set set NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 139 12 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 139 13 tones tone NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 139 14 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 139 15 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 139 16 two two CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 139 17 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-1622 139 18 toned toned JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 139 19 pitch pitch NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 139 20 accent accent NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 139 21 system system NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 139 22 much much JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 139 23 like like IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 139 24 modern modern JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 139 25 Japanese Japanese NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 139 26 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1622 140 1 A a DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 140 2 very very RB en-wikipedia-org-1622 140 3 common common JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 140 4 example example NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 140 5 used use VBD en-wikipedia-org-1622 140 6 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-1622 140 7 illustrate illustrate VB en-wikipedia-org-1622 140 8 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 140 9 use use NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 140 10 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 140 11 tones tone NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 140 12 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 140 13 Chinese Chinese NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 140 14 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-1622 140 15 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 140 16 application application NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 140 17 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 140 18 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 140 19 four four CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 140 20 tones tone NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 140 21 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 140 22 Standard standard JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 140 23 Chinese Chinese NNPS en-wikipedia-org-1622 140 24 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 140 25 along along IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 140 26 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 140 27 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 140 28 neutral neutral JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 140 29 tone tone NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 140 30 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 140 31 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 140 32 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 140 33 syllable syllable JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 140 34 ma ma NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 140 35 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1622 141 1 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 141 2 tones tone NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 141 3 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-1622 141 4 exemplified exemplify VBN en-wikipedia-org-1622 141 5 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 141 6 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 141 7 following follow VBG en-wikipedia-org-1622 141 8 five five CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 141 9 Chinese chinese JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 141 10 words word NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 141 11 : : : en-wikipedia-org-1622 141 12 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 141 13 four four CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 141 14 main main JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 141 15 tones tone NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 141 16 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 141 17 Standard Standard NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 141 18 Mandarin Mandarin NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 141 19 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 141 20 pronounced pronounce VBN en-wikipedia-org-1622 141 21 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 141 22 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 141 23 syllable syllable JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 141 24 ma ma NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 141 25 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1622 142 1 Examples example NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 142 2 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 142 3 Standard Standard NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 142 4 Mandarin Mandarin NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 142 5 tones tone VBZ en-wikipedia-org-1622 142 6 Characters Characters NNPS en-wikipedia-org-1622 142 7 Pinyin Pinyin NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 142 8 Pitch Pitch NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 142 9 contour contour NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 142 10 Meaning Meaning NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 142 11 妈 妈 NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 142 12 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-1622 142 13 媽 媽 NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 142 14 mā mā NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 142 15 high high JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 142 16 level level NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 142 17 ' ' POS en-wikipedia-org-1622 142 18 mother mother NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 142 19 ' ' '' en-wikipedia-org-1622 142 20 麻 麻 NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 142 21 má má CC en-wikipedia-org-1622 142 22 high high JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 142 23 rising rise VBG en-wikipedia-org-1622 142 24 ' ' `` en-wikipedia-org-1622 142 25 hemp hemp NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 142 26 ' ' '' en-wikipedia-org-1622 142 27 马 马 NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 142 28 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-1622 142 29 馬 馬 NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 142 30 mǎ mǎ NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 142 31 low low JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 142 32 falling fall VBG en-wikipedia-org-1622 142 33 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-1622 142 34 rising rise VBG en-wikipedia-org-1622 142 35 ' ' `` en-wikipedia-org-1622 142 36 horse horse NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 142 37 ' ' '' en-wikipedia-org-1622 142 38 骂 骂 NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 142 39 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-1622 142 40 罵 罵 NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 142 41 mà mà CC en-wikipedia-org-1622 142 42 high high JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 142 43 falling fall VBG en-wikipedia-org-1622 142 44 ' ' `` en-wikipedia-org-1622 142 45 scold scold NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 142 46 ' ' '' en-wikipedia-org-1622 142 47 吗 吗 NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 142 48 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-1622 142 49 嗎 嗎 NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 142 50 ma ma NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 142 51 neutral neutral JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 142 52 question question NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 142 53 particle particle NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 142 54 Standard Standard NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 142 55 Cantonese Cantonese NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 142 56 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 142 57 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 142 58 contrast contrast NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 142 59 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 142 60 has have VBZ en-wikipedia-org-1622 142 61 six six CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 142 62 tones tone NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 142 63 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1622 143 1 Historically historically RB en-wikipedia-org-1622 143 2 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 143 3 finals final NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 143 4 that that WDT en-wikipedia-org-1622 143 5 end end VBP en-wikipedia-org-1622 143 6 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 143 7 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 143 8 stop stop NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 143 9 consonant consonant NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 143 10 were be VBD en-wikipedia-org-1622 143 11 considered consider VBN en-wikipedia-org-1622 143 12 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-1622 143 13 be be VB en-wikipedia-org-1622 143 14 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-1622 143 15 checked check VBN en-wikipedia-org-1622 143 16 tones tone NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 143 17 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-1622 143 18 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1622 143 19 thus thus RB en-wikipedia-org-1622 143 20 counted count VBN en-wikipedia-org-1622 143 21 separately separately RB en-wikipedia-org-1622 143 22 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 143 23 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 143 24 total total NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 143 25 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 143 26 nine nine CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 143 27 tones tone NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 143 28 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1622 144 1 However however RB en-wikipedia-org-1622 144 2 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 144 3 they -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-1622 144 4 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-1622 144 5 considered consider VBN en-wikipedia-org-1622 144 6 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-1622 144 7 be be VB en-wikipedia-org-1622 144 8 duplicates duplicate NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 144 9 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 144 10 modern modern JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 144 11 linguistics linguistic NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 144 12 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1622 144 13 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-1622 144 14 no no RB en-wikipedia-org-1622 144 15 longer long RBR en-wikipedia-org-1622 144 16 counted count VBN en-wikipedia-org-1622 144 17 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 144 18 such:[71 such:[71 ADD en-wikipedia-org-1622 144 19 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 144 20 Examples Examples NNPS en-wikipedia-org-1622 144 21 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 144 22 Standard standard JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 144 23 Cantonese cantonese JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 144 24 tones tone VBZ en-wikipedia-org-1622 144 25 Characters character NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 144 26 Jyutping Jyutping NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 144 27 Yale Yale NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 144 28 Pitch Pitch NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 144 29 contour contour NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 144 30 Meaning Meaning NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 144 31 诗 诗 NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 144 32 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-1622 144 33 詩 詩 NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 144 34 si1 si1 JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 144 35 sī sī NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 144 36 high high JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 144 37 level level NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 144 38 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 144 39 high high JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 144 40 falling fall VBG en-wikipedia-org-1622 144 41 ' ' `` en-wikipedia-org-1622 144 42 poem poem NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 144 43 ' ' '' en-wikipedia-org-1622 144 44 史 史 DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 144 45 si2 si2 NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 144 46 sí sí RB en-wikipedia-org-1622 144 47 high high RB en-wikipedia-org-1622 144 48 rising rise VBG en-wikipedia-org-1622 144 49 ' ' `` en-wikipedia-org-1622 144 50 history history NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 144 51 ' ' '' en-wikipedia-org-1622 144 52 弒 弒 NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 144 53 si3 si3 NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 144 54 si si VBP en-wikipedia-org-1622 144 55 mid mid JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 144 56 level level NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 144 57 ' ' '' en-wikipedia-org-1622 144 58 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-1622 144 59 assassinate assassinate VB en-wikipedia-org-1622 144 60 ' ' '' en-wikipedia-org-1622 144 61 时 时 NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 144 62 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-1622 144 63 時 時 NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 144 64 si4 si4 NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 144 65 sìh sìh NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 144 66 low low JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 144 67 falling fall VBG en-wikipedia-org-1622 144 68 ' ' '' en-wikipedia-org-1622 144 69 time time NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 144 70 ' ' '' en-wikipedia-org-1622 144 71 市 市 NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 144 72 si5 si5 NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 144 73 síh síh NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 144 74 low low RB en-wikipedia-org-1622 144 75 rising rise VBG en-wikipedia-org-1622 144 76 ' ' '' en-wikipedia-org-1622 144 77 market market NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 144 78 ' ' '' en-wikipedia-org-1622 144 79 是 是 IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 144 80 si6 si6 NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 144 81 sih sih NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 144 82 low low JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 144 83 level level NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 144 84 ' ' `` en-wikipedia-org-1622 144 85 yes yes UH en-wikipedia-org-1622 144 86 ' ' '' en-wikipedia-org-1622 144 87 Grammar[edit grammar[edit NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 144 88 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 144 89 Main main JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 144 90 article article NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 144 91 : : : en-wikipedia-org-1622 144 92 Chinese chinese JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 144 93 grammar grammar VBP en-wikipedia-org-1622 144 94 See see VB en-wikipedia-org-1622 144 95 also also RB en-wikipedia-org-1622 144 96 : : : en-wikipedia-org-1622 144 97 Chinese chinese JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 144 98 classifiers classifier NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 144 99 Chinese Chinese NNPS en-wikipedia-org-1622 144 100 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-1622 144 101 often often RB en-wikipedia-org-1622 144 102 described describe VBN en-wikipedia-org-1622 144 103 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 144 104 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 144 105 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-1622 144 106 monosyllabic monosyllabic JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 144 107 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-1622 144 108 language language NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 144 109 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1622 145 1 However however RB en-wikipedia-org-1622 145 2 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 145 3 this this DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 145 4 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-1622 145 5 only only RB en-wikipedia-org-1622 145 6 partially partially RB en-wikipedia-org-1622 145 7 correct correct JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 145 8 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1622 146 1 It -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-1622 146 2 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-1622 146 3 largely largely RB en-wikipedia-org-1622 146 4 accurate accurate JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 146 5 when when WRB en-wikipedia-org-1622 146 6 describing describe VBG en-wikipedia-org-1622 146 7 Classical classical JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 146 8 Chinese Chinese NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 146 9 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1622 146 10 Middle middle JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 146 11 Chinese Chinese NNPS en-wikipedia-org-1622 146 12 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-1622 146 13 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 146 14 Classical Classical NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 146 15 Chinese Chinese NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 146 16 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 146 17 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 146 18 example example NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 146 19 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 146 20 perhaps perhaps RB en-wikipedia-org-1622 146 21 90 90 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 146 22 % % NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 146 23 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 146 24 words word NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 146 25 correspond correspond VBP en-wikipedia-org-1622 146 26 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 146 27 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 146 28 single single JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 146 29 syllable syllable NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 146 30 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1622 146 31 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 146 32 single single JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 146 33 character character NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 146 34 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1622 147 1 In in IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 147 2 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 147 3 modern modern JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 147 4 varieties variety NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 147 5 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 147 6 it -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-1622 147 7 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-1622 147 8 usually usually RB en-wikipedia-org-1622 147 9 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 147 10 case case NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 147 11 that that WDT en-wikipedia-org-1622 147 12 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 147 13 morpheme morpheme NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 147 14 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 147 15 unit unit NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 147 16 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 147 17 meaning meaning NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 147 18 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 147 19 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-1622 147 20 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 147 21 single single JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 147 22 syllable syllable NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 147 23 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-1622 147 24 In in IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 147 25 contrast contrast NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 147 26 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 147 27 English English NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 147 28 has have VBZ en-wikipedia-org-1622 147 29 many many JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 147 30 multi multi JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 147 31 - - JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 147 32 syllable syllable JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 147 33 morphemes morpheme NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 147 34 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 147 35 both both DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 147 36 bound bound JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 147 37 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1622 147 38 free free JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 147 39 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 147 40 such such JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 147 41 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 147 42 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-1622 147 43 seven seven CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 147 44 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-1622 147 45 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 147 46 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-1622 147 47 elephant elephant NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 147 48 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-1622 147 49 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 147 50 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-1622 147 51 para- para- JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 147 52 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-1622 147 53 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1622 147 54 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-1622 147 55 -able -able NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 147 56 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-1622 147 57 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1622 148 1 Some some DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 148 2 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 148 3 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 148 4 conservative conservative JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 148 5 southern southern JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 148 6 varieties variety NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 148 7 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 148 8 modern modern JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 148 9 Chinese Chinese NNPS en-wikipedia-org-1622 148 10 have have VBP en-wikipedia-org-1622 148 11 largely largely RB en-wikipedia-org-1622 148 12 monosyllabic monosyllabic JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 148 13 words word NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 148 14 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 148 15 especially especially RB en-wikipedia-org-1622 148 16 among among IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 148 17 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 148 18 more more RBR en-wikipedia-org-1622 148 19 basic basic JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 148 20 vocabulary vocabulary NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 148 21 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1622 149 1 In in IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 149 2 modern modern JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 149 3 Mandarin Mandarin NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 149 4 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 149 5 however however RB en-wikipedia-org-1622 149 6 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 149 7 most most JJS en-wikipedia-org-1622 149 8 nouns noun NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 149 9 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 149 10 adjectives adjective NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 149 11 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1622 149 12 verbs verb NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 149 13 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-1622 149 14 largely largely RB en-wikipedia-org-1622 149 15 disyllabic disyllabic JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 149 16 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1622 150 1 A a DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 150 2 significant significant JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 150 3 cause cause NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 150 4 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 150 5 this this DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 150 6 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-1622 150 7 phonological phonological JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 150 8 attrition attrition NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 150 9 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1622 151 1 Sound sound JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 151 2 change change NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 151 3 over over IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 151 4 time time NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 151 5 has have VBZ en-wikipedia-org-1622 151 6 steadily steadily RB en-wikipedia-org-1622 151 7 reduced reduce VBN en-wikipedia-org-1622 151 8 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 151 9 number number NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 151 10 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 151 11 possible possible JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 151 12 syllables syllable NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 151 13 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1622 152 1 In in IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 152 2 modern modern JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 152 3 Mandarin Mandarin NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 152 4 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 152 5 there there EX en-wikipedia-org-1622 152 6 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-1622 152 7 now now RB en-wikipedia-org-1622 152 8 only only RB en-wikipedia-org-1622 152 9 about about IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 152 10 1,200 1,200 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 152 11 possible possible JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 152 12 syllables syllable NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 152 13 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 152 14 including include VBG en-wikipedia-org-1622 152 15 tonal tonal JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 152 16 distinctions distinction NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 152 17 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 152 18 compared compare VBN en-wikipedia-org-1622 152 19 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 152 20 about about RB en-wikipedia-org-1622 152 21 5,000 5,000 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 152 22 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 152 23 Vietnamese Vietnamese NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 152 24 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 152 25 still still RB en-wikipedia-org-1622 152 26 largely largely RB en-wikipedia-org-1622 152 27 monosyllabic monosyllabic JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 152 28 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 152 29 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1622 152 30 over over IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 152 31 8,000 8,000 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 152 32 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 152 33 English English NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 152 34 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1622 153 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 153 2 e e LS en-wikipedia-org-1622 153 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 153 4 This this DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 153 5 phonological phonological JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 153 6 collapse collapse NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 153 7 has have VBZ en-wikipedia-org-1622 153 8 led lead VBN en-wikipedia-org-1622 153 9 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 153 10 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 153 11 corresponding corresponding JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 153 12 increase increase NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 153 13 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 153 14 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 153 15 number number NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 153 16 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 153 17 homophones homophone NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 153 18 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1622 154 1 As as IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 154 2 an an DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 154 3 example example NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 154 4 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 154 5 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 154 6 small small JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 154 7 Langenscheidt Langenscheidt NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 154 8 Pocket Pocket NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 154 9 Chinese Chinese NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 154 10 Dictionary[72 Dictionary[72 . en-wikipedia-org-1622 154 11 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 154 12 lists list VBZ en-wikipedia-org-1622 154 13 six six CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 154 14 words word NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 154 15 that that WDT en-wikipedia-org-1622 154 16 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-1622 154 17 commonly commonly RB en-wikipedia-org-1622 154 18 pronounced pronounce VBN en-wikipedia-org-1622 154 19 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 154 20 shí shí NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 154 21 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 154 22 tone tone NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 154 23 2 2 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 154 24 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 154 25 : : : en-wikipedia-org-1622 154 26 十 十 LS en-wikipedia-org-1622 154 27 ' ' `` en-wikipedia-org-1622 154 28 ten ten CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 154 29 ' ' '' en-wikipedia-org-1622 154 30 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-1622 154 31 实 实 NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 154 32 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-1622 154 33 實 實 NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 154 34 ' ' `` en-wikipedia-org-1622 154 35 real real JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 154 36 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 154 37 actual actual JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 154 38 ' ' '' en-wikipedia-org-1622 154 39 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-1622 154 40 识 识 LS en-wikipedia-org-1622 154 41 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-1622 154 42 識 識 NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 154 43 ' ' '' en-wikipedia-org-1622 154 44 know know NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 154 45 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 154 46 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 154 47 person person NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 154 48 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 154 49 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 154 50 recognize recognize VB en-wikipedia-org-1622 154 51 ' ' '' en-wikipedia-org-1622 154 52 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-1622 154 53 石 石 LS en-wikipedia-org-1622 154 54 ' ' `` en-wikipedia-org-1622 154 55 stone stone NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 154 56 ' ' '' en-wikipedia-org-1622 154 57 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-1622 154 58 时 时 LS en-wikipedia-org-1622 154 59 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-1622 154 60 時 時 NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 154 61 ' ' `` en-wikipedia-org-1622 154 62 time time NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 154 63 ' ' '' en-wikipedia-org-1622 154 64 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-1622 154 65 食 食 NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 154 66 ' ' `` en-wikipedia-org-1622 154 67 food food NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 154 68 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 154 69 eat eat VB en-wikipedia-org-1622 154 70 ' ' '' en-wikipedia-org-1622 154 71 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1622 155 1 These these DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 155 2 were be VBD en-wikipedia-org-1622 155 3 all all DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 155 4 pronounced pronounce VBN en-wikipedia-org-1622 155 5 differently differently RB en-wikipedia-org-1622 155 6 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 155 7 Early early JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 155 8 Middle middle JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 155 9 Chinese Chinese NNPS en-wikipedia-org-1622 155 10 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-1622 155 11 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 155 12 William William NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 155 13 H. H. NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 155 14 Baxter Baxter NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 155 15 's 's POS en-wikipedia-org-1622 155 16 transcription transcription NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 155 17 they -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-1622 155 18 were be VBD en-wikipedia-org-1622 155 19 dzyip dzyip NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 155 20 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 155 21 zyit zyit NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 155 22 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 155 23 syik syik NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 155 24 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 155 25 dzyek dzyek NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 155 26 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 155 27 dzyi dzyi NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 155 28 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1622 155 29 zyik zyik NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 155 30 respectively respectively RB en-wikipedia-org-1622 155 31 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1622 156 1 They -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-1622 156 2 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-1622 156 3 still still RB en-wikipedia-org-1622 156 4 pronounced pronounce VBN en-wikipedia-org-1622 156 5 differently differently RB en-wikipedia-org-1622 156 6 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 156 7 today today NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 156 8 's 's POS en-wikipedia-org-1622 156 9 Cantonese Cantonese NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 156 10 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-1622 156 11 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 156 12 Jyutping Jyutping NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 156 13 they -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-1622 156 14 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-1622 156 15 sap9 sap9 NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 156 16 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 156 17 sat9 sat9 NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 156 18 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 156 19 sik7 sik7 NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 156 20 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 156 21 sek9 sek9 NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 156 22 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 156 23 si4 si4 NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 156 24 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 156 25 sik9 sik9 NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 156 26 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1622 157 1 In in IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 157 2 modern modern JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 157 3 spoken speak VBN en-wikipedia-org-1622 157 4 Mandarin Mandarin NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 157 5 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 157 6 however however RB en-wikipedia-org-1622 157 7 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 157 8 tremendous tremendous JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 157 9 ambiguity ambiguity NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 157 10 would would MD en-wikipedia-org-1622 157 11 result result VB en-wikipedia-org-1622 157 12 if if IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 157 13 all all DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 157 14 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 157 15 these these DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 157 16 words word NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 157 17 could could MD en-wikipedia-org-1622 157 18 be be VB en-wikipedia-org-1622 157 19 used use VBN en-wikipedia-org-1622 157 20 as as RB en-wikipedia-org-1622 157 21 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-1622 157 22 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-1622 157 23 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-1622 157 24 Yuen Yuen NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 157 25 Ren Ren NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 157 26 Chao Chao NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 157 27 's 's POS en-wikipedia-org-1622 157 28 modern modern JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 157 29 poem poem NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 157 30 Lion lion NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 157 31 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-1622 157 32 Eating Eating NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 157 33 Poet Poet NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 157 34 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 157 35 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 157 36 Stone Stone NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 157 37 Den Den NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 157 38 exploits exploit VBZ en-wikipedia-org-1622 157 39 this this DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 157 40 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 157 41 consisting consist VBG en-wikipedia-org-1622 157 42 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 157 43 92 92 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 157 44 characters character NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 157 45 all all DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 157 46 pronounced pronounce VBD en-wikipedia-org-1622 157 47 shi shi NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 157 48 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1622 158 1 As as IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 158 2 such such JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 158 3 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 158 4 most most JJS en-wikipedia-org-1622 158 5 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 158 6 these these DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 158 7 words word NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 158 8 have have VBP en-wikipedia-org-1622 158 9 been be VBN en-wikipedia-org-1622 158 10 replaced replace VBN en-wikipedia-org-1622 158 11 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 158 12 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 158 13 speech speech NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 158 14 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 158 15 if if IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 158 16 not not RB en-wikipedia-org-1622 158 17 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 158 18 writing writing NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 158 19 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 158 20 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 158 21 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 158 22 longer long JJR en-wikipedia-org-1622 158 23 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 158 24 less less RBR en-wikipedia-org-1622 158 25 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-1622 158 26 ambiguous ambiguous JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 158 27 compound compound NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 158 28 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1622 159 1 Only only RB en-wikipedia-org-1622 159 2 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 159 3 first first JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 159 4 one one CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 159 5 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 159 6 十 十 NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 159 7 ' ' `` en-wikipedia-org-1622 159 8 ten ten CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 159 9 ' ' '' en-wikipedia-org-1622 159 10 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 159 11 normally normally RB en-wikipedia-org-1622 159 12 appears appear VBZ en-wikipedia-org-1622 159 13 as as RB en-wikipedia-org-1622 159 14 such such JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 159 15 when when WRB en-wikipedia-org-1622 159 16 spoken speak VBN en-wikipedia-org-1622 159 17 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-1622 159 18 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 159 19 rest rest NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 159 20 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-1622 159 21 normally normally RB en-wikipedia-org-1622 159 22 replaced replace VBN en-wikipedia-org-1622 159 23 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 159 24 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 159 25 respectively respectively RB en-wikipedia-org-1622 159 26 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 159 27 shíjì shíjì RB en-wikipedia-org-1622 159 28 实际 实际 RB en-wikipedia-org-1622 159 29 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-1622 159 30 實際 實際 CC en-wikipedia-org-1622 159 31 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 159 32 lit light VBN en-wikipedia-org-1622 159 33 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1622 160 1 ' ' `` en-wikipedia-org-1622 160 2 actual actual JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 160 3 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-1622 160 4 connection connection NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 160 5 ' ' '' en-wikipedia-org-1622 160 6 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 160 7 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-1622 160 8 rènshi rènshi NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 160 9 认识 认识 NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 160 10 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-1622 160 11 認識 認識 NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 160 12 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 160 13 lit lit NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 160 14 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1622 161 1 ' ' `` en-wikipedia-org-1622 161 2 recognize recognize VB en-wikipedia-org-1622 161 3 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-1622 161 4 know know NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 161 5 ' ' '' en-wikipedia-org-1622 161 6 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 161 7 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-1622 161 8 shítou shítou NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 161 9 石头 石头 NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 161 10 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-1622 161 11 石頭 石頭 NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 161 12 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 161 13 lit light VBN en-wikipedia-org-1622 161 14 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1622 162 1 ' ' `` en-wikipedia-org-1622 162 2 stone stone NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 162 3 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-1622 162 4 head head NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 162 5 ' ' '' en-wikipedia-org-1622 162 6 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 162 7 ; ; , en-wikipedia-org-1622 162 8 shíjiān shíjiān VB en-wikipedia-org-1622 162 9 时间 时间 NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 162 10 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-1622 162 11 時間 時間 NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 162 12 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 162 13 lit lit NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 162 14 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1622 163 1 ' ' `` en-wikipedia-org-1622 163 2 time time NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 163 3 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-1622 163 4 interval interval NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 163 5 ' ' '' en-wikipedia-org-1622 163 6 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 163 7 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-1622 163 8 shíwù shíwù JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 163 9 食物 食物 NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 163 10 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 163 11 lit light VBN en-wikipedia-org-1622 163 12 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1622 164 1 ' ' `` en-wikipedia-org-1622 164 2 foodstuff foodstuff NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 164 3 ' ' '' en-wikipedia-org-1622 164 4 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 164 5 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1622 165 1 In in IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 165 2 each each DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 165 3 case case NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 165 4 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 165 5 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 165 6 homophone homophone NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 165 7 was be VBD en-wikipedia-org-1622 165 8 disambiguated disambiguate VBN en-wikipedia-org-1622 165 9 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 165 10 adding add VBG en-wikipedia-org-1622 165 11 another another DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 165 12 morpheme morpheme NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 165 13 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 165 14 typically typically RB en-wikipedia-org-1622 165 15 either either CC en-wikipedia-org-1622 165 16 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 165 17 synonym synonym NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 165 18 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-1622 165 19 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 165 20 generic generic JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 165 21 word word NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 165 22 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 165 23 some some DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 165 24 sort sort NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 165 25 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 165 26 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 165 27 example example NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 165 28 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 165 29 ' ' `` en-wikipedia-org-1622 165 30 head head NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 165 31 ' ' '' en-wikipedia-org-1622 165 32 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 165 33 ' ' `` en-wikipedia-org-1622 165 34 thing thing NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 165 35 ' ' '' en-wikipedia-org-1622 165 36 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 165 37 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 165 38 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 165 39 purpose purpose NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 165 40 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 165 41 which which WDT en-wikipedia-org-1622 165 42 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-1622 165 43 simply simply RB en-wikipedia-org-1622 165 44 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-1622 165 45 indicate indicate VB en-wikipedia-org-1622 165 46 which which WDT en-wikipedia-org-1622 165 47 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 165 48 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 165 49 possible possible JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 165 50 meanings meaning NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 165 51 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 165 52 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 165 53 other other JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 165 54 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 165 55 homophonic homophonic JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 165 56 syllable syllable NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 165 57 should should MD en-wikipedia-org-1622 165 58 be be VB en-wikipedia-org-1622 165 59 selected select VBN en-wikipedia-org-1622 165 60 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1622 166 1 However however RB en-wikipedia-org-1622 166 2 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 166 3 when when WRB en-wikipedia-org-1622 166 4 one one CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 166 5 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 166 6 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 166 7 above above JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 166 8 words word NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 166 9 forms form VBZ en-wikipedia-org-1622 166 10 part part NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 166 11 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 166 12 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 166 13 compound compound NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 166 14 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 166 15 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 166 16 disambiguating disambiguating NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 166 17 syllable syllable NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 166 18 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-1622 166 19 generally generally RB en-wikipedia-org-1622 166 20 dropped drop VBN en-wikipedia-org-1622 166 21 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1622 166 22 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 166 23 resulting result VBG en-wikipedia-org-1622 166 24 word word NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 166 25 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-1622 166 26 still still RB en-wikipedia-org-1622 166 27 disyllabic disyllabic JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 166 28 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1622 167 1 For for IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 167 2 example example NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 167 3 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 167 4 shí shí NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 167 5 石 石 NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 167 6 alone alone RB en-wikipedia-org-1622 167 7 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 167 8 not not RB en-wikipedia-org-1622 167 9 shítou shítou NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 167 10 石头 石头 NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 167 11 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-1622 167 12 石頭 石頭 NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 167 13 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 167 14 appears appear VBZ en-wikipedia-org-1622 167 15 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 167 16 compounds compound NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 167 17 meaning mean VBG en-wikipedia-org-1622 167 18 ' ' `` en-wikipedia-org-1622 167 19 stone- stone- NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 167 20 ' ' '' en-wikipedia-org-1622 167 21 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 167 22 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 167 23 example example NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 167 24 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 167 25 shígāo shígāo NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 167 26 石膏 石膏 NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 167 27 ' ' `` en-wikipedia-org-1622 167 28 plaster plaster NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 167 29 ' ' '' en-wikipedia-org-1622 167 30 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 167 31 lit lit NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 167 32 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1622 168 1 ' ' `` en-wikipedia-org-1622 168 2 stone stone NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 168 3 cream cream NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 168 4 ' ' '' en-wikipedia-org-1622 168 5 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 168 6 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 168 7 shíhuī shíhuī NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 168 8 石灰 石灰 NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 168 9 ' ' `` en-wikipedia-org-1622 168 10 lime lime NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 168 11 ' ' '' en-wikipedia-org-1622 168 12 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 168 13 lit light VBN en-wikipedia-org-1622 168 14 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1622 169 1 ' ' `` en-wikipedia-org-1622 169 2 stone stone NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 169 3 dust dust NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 169 4 ' ' '' en-wikipedia-org-1622 169 5 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 169 6 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 169 7 shíkū shíkū NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 169 8 石窟 石窟 NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 169 9 ' ' `` en-wikipedia-org-1622 169 10 grotto grotto NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 169 11 ' ' '' en-wikipedia-org-1622 169 12 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 169 13 lit light VBN en-wikipedia-org-1622 169 14 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1622 170 1 ' ' `` en-wikipedia-org-1622 170 2 stone stone NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 170 3 cave cave NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 170 4 ' ' '' en-wikipedia-org-1622 170 5 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 170 6 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 170 7 shíyīng shíyīng VBD en-wikipedia-org-1622 170 8 石英 石英 NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 170 9 ' ' `` en-wikipedia-org-1622 170 10 quartz quartz NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 170 11 ' ' '' en-wikipedia-org-1622 170 12 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 170 13 lit light VBN en-wikipedia-org-1622 170 14 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1622 171 1 ' ' `` en-wikipedia-org-1622 171 2 stone stone NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 171 3 flower flower NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 171 4 ' ' '' en-wikipedia-org-1622 171 5 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 171 6 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 171 7 shíyóu shíyóu VBD en-wikipedia-org-1622 171 8 石油 石油 NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 171 9 ' ' POS en-wikipedia-org-1622 171 10 petroleum petroleum NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 171 11 ' ' '' en-wikipedia-org-1622 171 12 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 171 13 lit lit NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 171 14 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1622 172 1 ' ' `` en-wikipedia-org-1622 172 2 stone stone NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 172 3 oil oil NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 172 4 ' ' '' en-wikipedia-org-1622 172 5 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 172 6 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1622 173 1 Most Most JJS en-wikipedia-org-1622 173 2 modern modern JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 173 3 varieties variety NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 173 4 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 173 5 Chinese Chinese NNPS en-wikipedia-org-1622 173 6 have have VBP en-wikipedia-org-1622 173 7 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 173 8 tendency tendency NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 173 9 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-1622 173 10 form form VB en-wikipedia-org-1622 173 11 new new JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 173 12 words word NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 173 13 through through IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 173 14 disyllabic disyllabic NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 173 15 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 173 16 trisyllabic trisyllabic JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 173 17 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1622 173 18 tetra tetra JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 173 19 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-1622 173 20 character character NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 173 21 compounds compound NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 173 22 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1622 174 1 In in IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 174 2 some some DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 174 3 cases case NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 174 4 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 174 5 monosyllabic monosyllabic JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 174 6 words word NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 174 7 have have VBP en-wikipedia-org-1622 174 8 become become VBN en-wikipedia-org-1622 174 9 disyllabic disyllabic JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 174 10 without without IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 174 11 compounding compound VBG en-wikipedia-org-1622 174 12 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 174 13 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 174 14 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 174 15 kūlong kūlong NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 174 16 窟窿 窟窿 NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 174 17 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 174 18 kǒng kǒng NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 174 19 孔 孔 NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 174 20 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-1622 174 21 this this DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 174 22 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-1622 174 23 especially especially RB en-wikipedia-org-1622 174 24 common common JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 174 25 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 174 26 Jin Jin NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 174 27 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1622 175 1 Chinese chinese JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 175 2 morphology morphology NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 175 3 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-1622 175 4 strictly strictly RB en-wikipedia-org-1622 175 5 bound bind VBN en-wikipedia-org-1622 175 6 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 175 7 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 175 8 set set VBN en-wikipedia-org-1622 175 9 number number NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 175 10 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 175 11 syllables syllable NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 175 12 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 175 13 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 175 14 fairly fairly RB en-wikipedia-org-1622 175 15 rigid rigid JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 175 16 construction construction NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 175 17 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1622 176 1 Although although IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 176 2 many many JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 176 3 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 176 4 these these DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 176 5 single single JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 176 6 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-1622 176 7 syllable syllable NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 176 8 morphemes morpheme NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 176 9 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 176 10 zì zì NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 176 11 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 176 12 字 字 LS en-wikipedia-org-1622 176 13 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 176 14 can can MD en-wikipedia-org-1622 176 15 stand stand VB en-wikipedia-org-1622 176 16 alone alone RB en-wikipedia-org-1622 176 17 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 176 18 individual individual JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 176 19 words word NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 176 20 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 176 21 they -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-1622 176 22 more more RBR en-wikipedia-org-1622 176 23 often often RB en-wikipedia-org-1622 176 24 than than IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 176 25 not not RB en-wikipedia-org-1622 176 26 form form VB en-wikipedia-org-1622 176 27 multi multi JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 176 28 - - JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 176 29 syllabic syllabic JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 176 30 compounds compound NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 176 31 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 176 32 known know VBN en-wikipedia-org-1622 176 33 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 176 34 cí cí NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 176 35 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 176 36 词 词 NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 176 37 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-1622 176 38 詞 詞 NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 176 39 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 176 40 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 176 41 which which WDT en-wikipedia-org-1622 176 42 more more RBR en-wikipedia-org-1622 176 43 closely closely RB en-wikipedia-org-1622 176 44 resembles resemble VBZ en-wikipedia-org-1622 176 45 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 176 46 traditional traditional JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 176 47 Western western JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 176 48 notion notion NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 176 49 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 176 50 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 176 51 word word NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 176 52 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1622 177 1 A a DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 177 2 Chinese Chinese NNPS en-wikipedia-org-1622 177 3 cí cí . en-wikipedia-org-1622 177 4 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 177 5 ' ' `` en-wikipedia-org-1622 177 6 word word NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 177 7 ' ' '' en-wikipedia-org-1622 177 8 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 177 9 can can MD en-wikipedia-org-1622 177 10 consist consist VB en-wikipedia-org-1622 177 11 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 177 12 more more JJR en-wikipedia-org-1622 177 13 than than IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 177 14 one one CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 177 15 character character NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 177 16 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-1622 177 17 morpheme morpheme NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 177 18 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 177 19 usually usually RB en-wikipedia-org-1622 177 20 two two CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 177 21 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 177 22 but but CC en-wikipedia-org-1622 177 23 there there EX en-wikipedia-org-1622 177 24 can can MD en-wikipedia-org-1622 177 25 be be VB en-wikipedia-org-1622 177 26 three three CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 177 27 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-1622 177 28 more more JJR en-wikipedia-org-1622 177 29 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1622 178 1 For for IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 178 2 example example NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 178 3 : : : en-wikipedia-org-1622 178 4 yún yún NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 178 5 云 云 NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 178 6 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-1622 178 7 雲 雲 NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 178 8 ' ' `` en-wikipedia-org-1622 178 9 cloud cloud NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 178 10 ' ' '' en-wikipedia-org-1622 178 11 hànbǎobāo hànbǎobāo NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 178 12 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 178 13 hànbǎo hànbǎo VBZ en-wikipedia-org-1622 178 14 汉堡包 汉堡包 NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 178 15 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-1622 178 16 漢堡包 漢堡包 NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 178 17 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 178 18 汉堡 汉堡 NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 178 19 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-1622 178 20 漢堡 漢堡 IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 178 21 ' ' `` en-wikipedia-org-1622 178 22 hamburger hamburger NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 178 23 ' ' '' en-wikipedia-org-1622 178 24 wǒ wǒ NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 178 25 我 我 NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 178 26 ' ' '' en-wikipedia-org-1622 178 27 I -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-1622 178 28 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 178 29 me -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-1622 178 30 ' ' '' en-wikipedia-org-1622 178 31 rén rén NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 178 32 人 人 NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 178 33 ' ' '' en-wikipedia-org-1622 178 34 people people NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 178 35 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 178 36 human human NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 178 37 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 178 38 mankind mankind NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 178 39 ' ' '' en-wikipedia-org-1622 178 40 dìqiú dìqiú NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 178 41 地球 地球 FW en-wikipedia-org-1622 178 42 ' ' '' en-wikipedia-org-1622 178 43 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 178 44 Earth Earth NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 178 45 ' ' POS en-wikipedia-org-1622 178 46 shǎndiàn shǎndiàn JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 178 47 闪电 闪电 NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 178 48 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-1622 178 49 閃電 閃電 NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 178 50 ' ' `` en-wikipedia-org-1622 178 51 lightning lightning NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 178 52 ' ' '' en-wikipedia-org-1622 178 53 mèng mèng NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 178 54 梦 梦 NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 178 55 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-1622 178 56 夢 夢 NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 178 57 ' ' `` en-wikipedia-org-1622 178 58 dream dream NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 178 59 ' ' '' en-wikipedia-org-1622 178 60 All all DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 178 61 varieties variety NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 178 62 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 178 63 modern modern JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 178 64 Chinese Chinese NNPS en-wikipedia-org-1622 178 65 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-1622 178 66 analytic analytic JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 178 67 languages language NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 178 68 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 178 69 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 178 70 that that IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 178 71 they -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-1622 178 72 depend depend VBP en-wikipedia-org-1622 178 73 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 178 74 syntax syntax NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 178 75 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 178 76 word word NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 178 77 order order NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 178 78 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1622 178 79 sentence sentence NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 178 80 structure structure NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 178 81 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 178 82 rather rather RB en-wikipedia-org-1622 178 83 than than IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 178 84 morphology morphology NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 178 85 — — : en-wikipedia-org-1622 178 86 i.e i.e NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 178 87 . . NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 178 88 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 178 89 changes change NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 178 90 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 178 91 form form NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 178 92 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 178 93 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 178 94 word word NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 178 95 — — : en-wikipedia-org-1622 178 96 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-1622 178 97 indicate indicate VB en-wikipedia-org-1622 178 98 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 178 99 word word NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 178 100 's 's POS en-wikipedia-org-1622 178 101 function function NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 178 102 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 178 103 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 178 104 sentence sentence NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 178 105 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1622 179 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 179 2 73 73 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 179 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 179 4 In in IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 179 5 other other JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 179 6 words word NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 179 7 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 179 8 Chinese Chinese NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 179 9 has have VBZ en-wikipedia-org-1622 179 10 very very RB en-wikipedia-org-1622 179 11 few few JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 179 12 grammatical grammatical JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 179 13 inflections inflection NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 179 14 — — : en-wikipedia-org-1622 179 15 it -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-1622 179 16 possesses possess VBZ en-wikipedia-org-1622 179 17 no no DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 179 18 tenses tense NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 179 19 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 179 20 no no DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 179 21 voices voice NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 179 22 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 179 23 no no DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 179 24 numbers number NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 179 25 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 179 26 singular singular JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 179 27 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 179 28 plural plural JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 179 29 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-1622 179 30 though though IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 179 31 there there EX en-wikipedia-org-1622 179 32 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-1622 179 33 plural plural JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 179 34 markers marker NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 179 35 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 179 36 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 179 37 example example NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 179 38 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 179 39 personal personal JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 179 40 pronouns pronoun NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 179 41 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 179 42 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 179 43 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1622 179 44 only only RB en-wikipedia-org-1622 179 45 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 179 46 few few JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 179 47 articles article NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 179 48 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 179 49 i.e. i.e. FW en-wikipedia-org-1622 179 50 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 179 51 equivalents equivalent VBZ en-wikipedia-org-1622 179 52 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 179 53 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-1622 179 54 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 179 55 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 179 56 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 179 57 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 179 58 an an DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 179 59 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-1622 179 60 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 179 61 English English NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 179 62 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 179 63 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1622 180 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 180 2 f f LS en-wikipedia-org-1622 180 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 180 4 They -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-1622 180 5 make make VBP en-wikipedia-org-1622 180 6 heavy heavy JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 180 7 use use NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 180 8 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 180 9 grammatical grammatical JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 180 10 particles particle NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 180 11 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-1622 180 12 indicate indicate VB en-wikipedia-org-1622 180 13 aspect aspect NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 180 14 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1622 180 15 mood mood NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 180 16 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1622 181 1 In in IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 181 2 Mandarin Mandarin NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 181 3 Chinese Chinese NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 181 4 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 181 5 this this DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 181 6 involves involve VBZ en-wikipedia-org-1622 181 7 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 181 8 use use NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 181 9 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 181 10 particles particle NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 181 11 like like IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 181 12 le le NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 181 13 了 了 NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 181 14 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 181 15 perfective perfective JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 181 16 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 181 17 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 181 18 hái hái NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 181 19 还 还 NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 181 20 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-1622 181 21 還 還 NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 181 22 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 181 23 ' ' `` en-wikipedia-org-1622 181 24 still still RB en-wikipedia-org-1622 181 25 ' ' '' en-wikipedia-org-1622 181 26 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 181 27 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 181 28 yǐjīng yǐjīng NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 181 29 已经 已经 NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 181 30 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-1622 181 31 已經 已經 NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 181 32 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 181 33 ' ' `` en-wikipedia-org-1622 181 34 already already RB en-wikipedia-org-1622 181 35 ' ' '' en-wikipedia-org-1622 181 36 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 181 37 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 181 38 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1622 181 39 so so RB en-wikipedia-org-1622 181 40 on on RB en-wikipedia-org-1622 181 41 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1622 182 1 Chinese Chinese NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 182 2 has have VBZ en-wikipedia-org-1622 182 3 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 182 4 subject subject JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 182 5 – – : en-wikipedia-org-1622 182 6 verb verb NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 182 7 – – : en-wikipedia-org-1622 182 8 object object NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 182 9 word word NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 182 10 order order NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 182 11 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 182 12 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1622 182 13 like like IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 182 14 many many JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 182 15 other other JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 182 16 languages language NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 182 17 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 182 18 East East NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 182 19 Asia Asia NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 182 20 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 182 21 makes make VBZ en-wikipedia-org-1622 182 22 frequent frequent JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 182 23 use use NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 182 24 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 182 25 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 182 26 topic topic NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 182 27 – – : en-wikipedia-org-1622 182 28 comment comment NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 182 29 construction construction NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 182 30 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-1622 182 31 form form VB en-wikipedia-org-1622 182 32 sentences sentence NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 182 33 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1622 183 1 Chinese Chinese NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 183 2 also also RB en-wikipedia-org-1622 183 3 has have VBZ en-wikipedia-org-1622 183 4 an an DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 183 5 extensive extensive JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 183 6 system system NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 183 7 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 183 8 classifiers classifier NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 183 9 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1622 183 10 measure measure NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 183 11 words word NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 183 12 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 183 13 another another DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 183 14 trait trait NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 183 15 shared share VBD en-wikipedia-org-1622 183 16 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 183 17 neighboring neighboring JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 183 18 languages language NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 183 19 like like IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 183 20 Japanese japanese JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 183 21 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1622 183 22 Korean korean JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 183 23 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1622 184 1 Other other JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 184 2 notable notable JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 184 3 grammatical grammatical JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 184 4 features feature NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 184 5 common common JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 184 6 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 184 7 all all PDT en-wikipedia-org-1622 184 8 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 184 9 spoken speak VBN en-wikipedia-org-1622 184 10 varieties variety NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 184 11 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 184 12 Chinese Chinese NNPS en-wikipedia-org-1622 184 13 include include VBP en-wikipedia-org-1622 184 14 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 184 15 use use NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 184 16 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 184 17 serial serial JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 184 18 verb verb JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 184 19 construction construction NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 184 20 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 184 21 pronoun pronoun NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 184 22 dropping dropping NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 184 23 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1622 184 24 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 184 25 related related JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 184 26 subject subject JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 184 27 dropping dropping NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 184 28 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1622 185 1 Although although IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 185 2 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 185 3 grammars grammar NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 185 4 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 185 5 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 185 6 spoken speak VBN en-wikipedia-org-1622 185 7 varieties variety NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 185 8 share share VBP en-wikipedia-org-1622 185 9 many many JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 185 10 traits trait NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 185 11 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 185 12 they -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-1622 185 13 do do VBP en-wikipedia-org-1622 185 14 possess possess VB en-wikipedia-org-1622 185 15 differences difference NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 185 16 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1622 186 1 Vocabulary[edit vocabulary[edit VB en-wikipedia-org-1622 186 2 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 186 3 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 186 4 entire entire JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 186 5 Chinese chinese JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 186 6 character character NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 186 7 corpus corpus NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 186 8 since since IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 186 9 antiquity antiquity NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 186 10 comprises comprise VBZ en-wikipedia-org-1622 186 11 well well RB en-wikipedia-org-1622 186 12 over over IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 186 13 50,000 50,000 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 186 14 characters character NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 186 15 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 186 16 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 186 17 which which WDT en-wikipedia-org-1622 186 18 only only RB en-wikipedia-org-1622 186 19 roughly roughly RB en-wikipedia-org-1622 186 20 10,000 10,000 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 186 21 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-1622 186 22 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 186 23 use use NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 186 24 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1622 186 25 only only RB en-wikipedia-org-1622 186 26 about about RB en-wikipedia-org-1622 186 27 3,000 3,000 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 186 28 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-1622 186 29 frequently frequently RB en-wikipedia-org-1622 186 30 used use VBN en-wikipedia-org-1622 186 31 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 186 32 Chinese chinese JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 186 33 media medium NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 186 34 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1622 186 35 newspapers newspaper NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 186 36 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 186 37 74 74 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 186 38 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 186 39 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1622 187 1 However however RB en-wikipedia-org-1622 187 2 Chinese chinese JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 187 3 characters character NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 187 4 should should MD en-wikipedia-org-1622 187 5 not not RB en-wikipedia-org-1622 187 6 be be VB en-wikipedia-org-1622 187 7 confused confuse VBN en-wikipedia-org-1622 187 8 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 187 9 Chinese chinese JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 187 10 words word NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 187 11 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1622 188 1 Because because IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 188 2 most most JJS en-wikipedia-org-1622 188 3 Chinese chinese JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 188 4 words word NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 188 5 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-1622 188 6 made make VBN en-wikipedia-org-1622 188 7 up up RP en-wikipedia-org-1622 188 8 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 188 9 two two CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 188 10 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-1622 188 11 more more JJR en-wikipedia-org-1622 188 12 characters character NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 188 13 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 188 14 there there EX en-wikipedia-org-1622 188 15 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-1622 188 16 many many RB en-wikipedia-org-1622 188 17 more more JJR en-wikipedia-org-1622 188 18 Chinese chinese JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 188 19 words word NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 188 20 than than IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 188 21 characters character NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 188 22 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1622 189 1 A a DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 189 2 more more RBR en-wikipedia-org-1622 189 3 accurate accurate JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 189 4 equivalent equivalent NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 189 5 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 189 6 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 189 7 Chinese chinese JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 189 8 character character NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 189 9 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-1622 189 10 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 189 11 morpheme morpheme NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 189 12 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 189 13 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 189 14 characters character NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 189 15 represent represent VBP en-wikipedia-org-1622 189 16 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 189 17 smallest small JJS en-wikipedia-org-1622 189 18 grammatical grammatical JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 189 19 units unit NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 189 20 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 189 21 individual individual JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 189 22 meanings meaning NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 189 23 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 189 24 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 189 25 Chinese chinese JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 189 26 language language NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 189 27 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1622 190 1 Estimates estimate NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 190 2 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 190 3 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 190 4 total total JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 190 5 number number NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 190 6 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 190 7 Chinese chinese JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 190 8 words word NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 190 9 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1622 190 10 lexicalized lexicalized JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 190 11 phrases phrase NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 190 12 vary vary VBP en-wikipedia-org-1622 190 13 greatly greatly RB en-wikipedia-org-1622 190 14 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1622 191 1 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 191 2 Hanyu Hanyu NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 191 3 Da Da NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 191 4 Zidian Zidian NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 191 5 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 191 6 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 191 7 compendium compendium NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 191 8 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 191 9 Chinese chinese JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 191 10 characters character NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 191 11 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 191 12 includes include VBZ en-wikipedia-org-1622 191 13 54,678 54,678 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 191 14 head head NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 191 15 entries entry NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 191 16 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 191 17 characters character NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 191 18 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 191 19 including include VBG en-wikipedia-org-1622 191 20 bone bone NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 191 21 oracle oracle NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 191 22 versions version NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 191 23 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1622 192 1 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 192 2 Zhonghua Zhonghua NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 192 3 Zihai Zihai NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 192 4 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 192 5 1994 1994 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 192 6 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 192 7 contains contain VBZ en-wikipedia-org-1622 192 8 85,568 85,568 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 192 9 head head NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 192 10 entries entry NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 192 11 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 192 12 character character NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 192 13 definitions definition NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 192 14 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 192 15 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1622 192 16 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-1622 192 17 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 192 18 largest large JJS en-wikipedia-org-1622 192 19 reference reference NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 192 20 work work NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 192 21 based base VBN en-wikipedia-org-1622 192 22 purely purely RB en-wikipedia-org-1622 192 23 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 192 24 character character NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 192 25 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1622 192 26 its -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-1622 192 27 literary literary JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 192 28 variants variant NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 192 29 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1622 193 1 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 193 2 CC cc NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 193 3 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-1622 193 4 CEDICT cedict NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 193 5 project project NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 193 6 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 193 7 2010 2010 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 193 8 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 193 9 contains contain VBZ en-wikipedia-org-1622 193 10 97,404 97,404 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 193 11 contemporary contemporary JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 193 12 entries entry NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 193 13 including include VBG en-wikipedia-org-1622 193 14 idioms idiom NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 193 15 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 193 16 technology technology NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 193 17 terms term NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 193 18 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1622 193 19 names name NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 193 20 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 193 21 political political JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 193 22 figures figure NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 193 23 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 193 24 businesses business NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 193 25 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1622 193 26 products product NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 193 27 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1622 194 1 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 194 2 2009 2009 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 194 3 version version NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 194 4 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 194 5 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 194 6 Webster Webster NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 194 7 's 's POS en-wikipedia-org-1622 194 8 Digital Digital NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 194 9 Chinese Chinese NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 194 10 Dictionary Dictionary NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 194 11 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 194 12 WDCD),[75 WDCD),[75 NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 194 13 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 194 14 based base VBN en-wikipedia-org-1622 194 15 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 194 16 CC cc NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 194 17 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-1622 194 18 CEDICT CEDICT NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 194 19 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 194 20 contains contain VBZ en-wikipedia-org-1622 194 21 over over IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 194 22 84,000 84,000 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 194 23 entries entry NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 194 24 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1622 195 1 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 195 2 most most RBS en-wikipedia-org-1622 195 3 comprehensive comprehensive JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 195 4 pure pure JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 195 5 linguistic linguistic JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 195 6 Chinese chinese JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 195 7 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-1622 195 8 language language NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 195 9 dictionary dictionary NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 195 10 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 195 11 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 195 12 12-volume 12-volume CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 195 13 Hanyu Hanyu NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 195 14 Da Da NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 195 15 Cidian Cidian NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 195 16 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 195 17 records record VBZ en-wikipedia-org-1622 195 18 more more JJR en-wikipedia-org-1622 195 19 than than IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 195 20 23,000 23,000 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 195 21 head head NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 195 22 Chinese chinese JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 195 23 characters character NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 195 24 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1622 195 25 gives give VBZ en-wikipedia-org-1622 195 26 over over IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 195 27 370,000 370,000 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 195 28 definitions definition NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 195 29 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1622 196 1 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 196 2 1999 1999 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 196 3 revised revise VBD en-wikipedia-org-1622 196 4 Cihai Cihai NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 196 5 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 196 6 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 196 7 multi multi JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 196 8 - - JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 196 9 volume volume JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 196 10 encyclopedic encyclopedic JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 196 11 dictionary dictionary JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 196 12 reference reference NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 196 13 work work NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 196 14 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 196 15 gives give VBZ en-wikipedia-org-1622 196 16 122,836 122,836 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 196 17 vocabulary vocabulary NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 196 18 entry entry NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 196 19 definitions definition NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 196 20 under under IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 196 21 19,485 19,485 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 196 22 Chinese chinese JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 196 23 characters character NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 196 24 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 196 25 including include VBG en-wikipedia-org-1622 196 26 proper proper JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 196 27 names name NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 196 28 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 196 29 phrases phrase NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 196 30 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1622 196 31 common common JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 196 32 zoological zoological NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 196 33 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 196 34 geographical geographical JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 196 35 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 196 36 sociological sociological JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 196 37 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 196 38 scientific scientific JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 196 39 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1622 196 40 technical technical JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 196 41 terms term NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 196 42 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1622 197 1 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 197 2 7th 7th JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 197 3 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 197 4 2016 2016 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 197 5 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 197 6 edition edition NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 197 7 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 197 8 Xiandai Xiandai NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 197 9 Hanyu Hanyu NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 197 10 Cidian Cidian NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 197 11 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 197 12 an an DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 197 13 authoritative authoritative JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 197 14 one one CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 197 15 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-1622 197 16 volume volume NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 197 17 dictionary dictionary JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 197 18 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 197 19 modern modern JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 197 20 standard standard JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 197 21 Chinese chinese JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 197 22 language language NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 197 23 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 197 24 used use VBN en-wikipedia-org-1622 197 25 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 197 26 mainland mainland NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 197 27 China China NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 197 28 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 197 29 has have VBZ en-wikipedia-org-1622 197 30 13,000 13,000 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 197 31 head head NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 197 32 characters character NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 197 33 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1622 197 34 defines define NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 197 35 70,000 70,000 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 197 36 words word NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 197 37 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1622 198 1 Loanwords[edit loanwords[edit LS en-wikipedia-org-1622 198 2 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 198 3 Like like IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 198 4 any any DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 198 5 other other JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 198 6 language language NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 198 7 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 198 8 Chinese Chinese NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 198 9 has have VBZ en-wikipedia-org-1622 198 10 absorbed absorb VBN en-wikipedia-org-1622 198 11 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 198 12 sizable sizable JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 198 13 number number NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 198 14 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 198 15 loanwords loanword NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 198 16 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 198 17 other other JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 198 18 cultures culture NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 198 19 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1622 199 1 Most Most JJS en-wikipedia-org-1622 199 2 Chinese chinese JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 199 3 words word NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 199 4 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-1622 199 5 formed form VBN en-wikipedia-org-1622 199 6 out out IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 199 7 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 199 8 native native JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 199 9 Chinese chinese JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 199 10 morphemes morpheme NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 199 11 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 199 12 including include VBG en-wikipedia-org-1622 199 13 words word NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 199 14 describing describe VBG en-wikipedia-org-1622 199 15 imported import VBN en-wikipedia-org-1622 199 16 objects object NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 199 17 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1622 199 18 ideas idea NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 199 19 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1622 200 1 However however RB en-wikipedia-org-1622 200 2 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 200 3 direct direct JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 200 4 phonetic phonetic JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 200 5 borrowing borrowing NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 200 6 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 200 7 foreign foreign JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 200 8 words word NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 200 9 has have VBZ en-wikipedia-org-1622 200 10 gone go VBN en-wikipedia-org-1622 200 11 on on RP en-wikipedia-org-1622 200 12 since since IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 200 13 ancient ancient JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 200 14 times time NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 200 15 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1622 201 1 Some some DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 201 2 early early JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 201 3 Indo indo JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 201 4 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-1622 201 5 European european JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 201 6 loanwords loanword NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 201 7 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 201 8 Chinese Chinese NNPS en-wikipedia-org-1622 201 9 have have VBP en-wikipedia-org-1622 201 10 been be VBN en-wikipedia-org-1622 201 11 proposed propose VBN en-wikipedia-org-1622 201 12 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 201 13 notably notably RB en-wikipedia-org-1622 201 14 蜜 蜜 VBN en-wikipedia-org-1622 201 15 mì mì VBP en-wikipedia-org-1622 201 16 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-1622 201 17 honey honey NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 201 18 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-1622 201 19 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 201 20 狮 狮 NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 201 21 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-1622 201 22 獅 獅 NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 201 23 shī shī NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 201 24 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-1622 201 25 lion lion NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 201 26 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 201 27 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-1622 201 28 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1622 201 29 perhaps perhaps RB en-wikipedia-org-1622 201 30 also also RB en-wikipedia-org-1622 201 31 马 马 XX en-wikipedia-org-1622 201 32 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-1622 201 33 馬 馬 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 201 34 mǎ mǎ NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 201 35 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-1622 201 36 horse horse NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 201 37 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-1622 201 38 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 201 39 猪 猪 NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 201 40 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-1622 201 41 豬 豬 NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 201 42 zhū zhū NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 201 43 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-1622 201 44 pig pig NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 201 45 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-1622 201 46 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 201 47 犬 犬 NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 201 48 quǎn quǎn NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 201 49 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-1622 201 50 dog dog NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 201 51 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-1622 201 52 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 201 53 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1622 201 54 鹅 鹅 NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 201 55 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-1622 201 56 鵝 鵝 NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 201 57 é é NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 201 58 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-1622 201 59 goose goose NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 201 60 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-1622 201 61 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1622 202 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 202 2 g g NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 202 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 202 4 Ancient ancient JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 202 5 words word NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 202 6 borrowed borrow VBN en-wikipedia-org-1622 202 7 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 202 8 along along IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 202 9 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 202 10 Silk Silk NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 202 11 Road Road NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 202 12 since since IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 202 13 Old Old NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 202 14 Chinese Chinese NNPS en-wikipedia-org-1622 202 15 include include VBP en-wikipedia-org-1622 202 16 葡萄 葡萄 NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 202 17 pútáo pútáo JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 202 18 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-1622 202 19 grape grape NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 202 20 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-1622 202 21 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 202 22 石榴 石榴 NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 202 23 shíliu shíliu NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 202 24 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-1622 202 25 shíliú shíliú NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 202 26 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-1622 202 27 pomegranate pomegranate NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 202 28 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-1622 202 29 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1622 202 30 狮子 狮子 NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 202 31 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-1622 202 32 獅子 獅子 NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 202 33 shīzi shīzi NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 202 34 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-1622 202 35 lion lion NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 202 36 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-1622 202 37 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1622 203 1 Some some DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 203 2 words word NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 203 3 were be VBD en-wikipedia-org-1622 203 4 borrowed borrow VBN en-wikipedia-org-1622 203 5 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 203 6 Buddhist buddhist JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 203 7 scriptures scripture NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 203 8 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 203 9 including include VBG en-wikipedia-org-1622 203 10 佛 佛 PRP en-wikipedia-org-1622 203 11 Fó Fó NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 203 12 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-1622 203 13 Buddha Buddha NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 203 14 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-1622 203 15 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1622 203 16 菩萨 菩萨 NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 203 17 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-1622 203 18 菩薩 菩薩 NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 203 19 Púsà Púsà NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 203 20 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-1622 203 21 bodhisattva bodhisattva NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 203 22 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1622 203 23 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-1622 204 1 Other other JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 204 2 words word NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 204 3 came come VBD en-wikipedia-org-1622 204 4 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 204 5 nomadic nomadic JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 204 6 peoples people NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 204 7 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 204 8 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 204 9 north north NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 204 10 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 204 11 such such JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 204 12 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 204 13 胡同 胡同 NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 204 14 hútòng hútòng NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 204 15 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-1622 204 16 hutong hutong NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 204 17 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-1622 204 18 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1622 205 1 Words word NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 205 2 borrowed borrow VBN en-wikipedia-org-1622 205 3 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 205 4 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 205 5 peoples people NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 205 6 along along IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 205 7 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 205 8 Silk Silk NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 205 9 Road Road NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 205 10 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 205 11 such such JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 205 12 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 205 13 葡萄 葡萄 NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 205 14 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-1622 205 15 grape grape NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 205 16 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 205 17 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-1622 205 18 generally generally RB en-wikipedia-org-1622 205 19 have have VBP en-wikipedia-org-1622 205 20 Persian persian JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 205 21 etymologies etymology NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 205 22 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1622 206 1 Buddhist buddhist JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 206 2 terminology terminology NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 206 3 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-1622 206 4 generally generally RB en-wikipedia-org-1622 206 5 derived derive VBN en-wikipedia-org-1622 206 6 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 206 7 Sanskrit Sanskrit NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 206 8 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-1622 206 9 Pāli Pāli NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 206 10 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 206 11 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 206 12 liturgical liturgical JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 206 13 languages language NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 206 14 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 206 15 North North NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 206 16 India India NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 206 17 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1622 207 1 Words word NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 207 2 borrowed borrow VBN en-wikipedia-org-1622 207 3 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 207 4 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 207 5 nomadic nomadic JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 207 6 tribes tribe NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 207 7 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 207 8 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 207 9 Gobi Gobi NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 207 10 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 207 11 Mongolian Mongolian NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 207 12 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-1622 207 13 northeast northeast JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 207 14 regions region NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 207 15 generally generally RB en-wikipedia-org-1622 207 16 have have VBP en-wikipedia-org-1622 207 17 Altaic Altaic NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 207 18 etymologies etymology NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 207 19 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 207 20 such such JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 207 21 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 207 22 琵琶 琵琶 NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 207 23 pípá pípá NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 207 24 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 207 25 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 207 26 Chinese Chinese NNPS en-wikipedia-org-1622 207 27 lute lute NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 207 28 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 207 29 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-1622 207 30 酪 酪 NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 207 31 lào lào NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 207 32 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-1622 207 33 luò luò FW en-wikipedia-org-1622 207 34 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-1622 207 35 cheese cheese NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 207 36 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-1622 207 37 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-1622 207 38 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-1622 207 39 yogurt yogurt NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 207 40 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-1622 207 41 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 207 42 but but CC en-wikipedia-org-1622 207 43 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 207 44 exactly exactly RB en-wikipedia-org-1622 207 45 which which WDT en-wikipedia-org-1622 207 46 source source NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 207 47 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-1622 207 48 not not RB en-wikipedia-org-1622 207 49 always always RB en-wikipedia-org-1622 207 50 clear clear JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 207 51 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1622 208 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 208 2 76 76 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 208 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 208 4 Modern modern JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 208 5 borrowings[edit borrowings[edit NFP en-wikipedia-org-1622 208 6 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 208 7 See see VB en-wikipedia-org-1622 208 8 also also RB en-wikipedia-org-1622 208 9 : : : en-wikipedia-org-1622 208 10 Translation translation NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 208 11 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 208 12 neologisms neologism NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 208 13 into into IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 208 14 Chinese Chinese NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 208 15 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1622 208 16 Transcription Transcription NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 208 17 into into IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 208 18 Chinese chinese JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 208 19 characters character NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 208 20 Modern modern JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 208 21 neologisms neologism NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 208 22 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-1622 208 23 primarily primarily RB en-wikipedia-org-1622 208 24 translated translate VBN en-wikipedia-org-1622 208 25 into into IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 208 26 Chinese Chinese NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 208 27 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 208 28 one one CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 208 29 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 208 30 three three CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 208 31 ways way NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 208 32 : : : en-wikipedia-org-1622 208 33 free free JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 208 34 translation translation NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 208 35 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 208 36 calque calque NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 208 37 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 208 38 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-1622 208 39 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 208 40 meaning mean VBG en-wikipedia-org-1622 208 41 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 208 42 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 208 43 phonetic phonetic JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 208 44 translation translation NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 208 45 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 208 46 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 208 47 sound sound NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 208 48 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 208 49 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 208 50 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-1622 208 51 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 208 52 combination combination NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 208 53 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 208 54 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 208 55 two two CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 208 56 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1622 209 1 Today today NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 209 2 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 209 3 it -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-1622 209 4 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-1622 209 5 much much RB en-wikipedia-org-1622 209 6 more more RBR en-wikipedia-org-1622 209 7 common common JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 209 8 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-1622 209 9 use use VB en-wikipedia-org-1622 209 10 existing exist VBG en-wikipedia-org-1622 209 11 Chinese chinese JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 209 12 morphemes morpheme NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 209 13 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-1622 209 14 coin coin VB en-wikipedia-org-1622 209 15 new new JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 209 16 words word NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 209 17 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-1622 209 18 represent represent VB en-wikipedia-org-1622 209 19 imported import VBN en-wikipedia-org-1622 209 20 concepts concept NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 209 21 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 209 22 such such JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 209 23 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 209 24 technical technical JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 209 25 expressions expression NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 209 26 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1622 209 27 international international JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 209 28 scientific scientific JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 209 29 vocabulary vocabulary NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 209 30 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1622 210 1 Any any DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 210 2 Latin latin JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 210 3 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-1622 210 4 Greek greek JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 210 5 etymologies etymology NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 210 6 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-1622 210 7 dropped drop VBN en-wikipedia-org-1622 210 8 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1622 210 9 converted convert VBN en-wikipedia-org-1622 210 10 into into IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 210 11 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 210 12 corresponding correspond VBG en-wikipedia-org-1622 210 13 Chinese chinese JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 210 14 characters character NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 210 15 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 210 16 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 210 17 example example NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 210 18 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 210 19 anti- anti- NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 210 20 typically typically RB en-wikipedia-org-1622 210 21 becomes become VBZ en-wikipedia-org-1622 210 22 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-1622 210 23 反 反 NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 210 24 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-1622 210 25 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 210 26 literally literally RB en-wikipedia-org-1622 210 27 opposite opposite JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 210 28 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 210 29 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 210 30 making make VBG en-wikipedia-org-1622 210 31 them -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-1622 210 32 more more RBR en-wikipedia-org-1622 210 33 comprehensible comprehensible JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 210 34 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 210 35 Chinese chinese JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 210 36 but but CC en-wikipedia-org-1622 210 37 introducing introduce VBG en-wikipedia-org-1622 210 38 more more JJR en-wikipedia-org-1622 210 39 difficulties difficulty NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 210 40 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 210 41 understanding understand VBG en-wikipedia-org-1622 210 42 foreign foreign JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 210 43 texts text NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 210 44 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1622 211 1 For for IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 211 2 example example NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 211 3 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 211 4 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 211 5 word word NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 211 6 telephone telephone NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 211 7 was be VBD en-wikipedia-org-1622 211 8 initially initially RB en-wikipedia-org-1622 211 9 loaned loan VBN en-wikipedia-org-1622 211 10 phonetically phonetically RB en-wikipedia-org-1622 211 11 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 211 12 德律风 德律风 NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 211 13 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-1622 211 14 德律風 德律風 NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 211 15 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 211 16 Shanghainese Shanghainese NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 211 17 : : : en-wikipedia-org-1622 211 18 télífon télífon VBN en-wikipedia-org-1622 211 19 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 211 20 təlɪfoŋ təlɪfoŋ NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 211 21 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 211 22 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 211 23 Mandarin Mandarin NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 211 24 : : : en-wikipedia-org-1622 211 25 délǜfēng délǜfēng NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 211 26 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 211 27 during during IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 211 28 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 211 29 1920s 1920s CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 211 30 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1622 211 31 widely widely RB en-wikipedia-org-1622 211 32 used use VBN en-wikipedia-org-1622 211 33 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 211 34 Shanghai Shanghai NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 211 35 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 211 36 but but CC en-wikipedia-org-1622 211 37 later later RBR en-wikipedia-org-1622 211 38 电话 电话 NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 211 39 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-1622 211 40 電話 電話 NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 211 41 diànhuà diànhuà NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 211 42 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 211 43 lit light VBN en-wikipedia-org-1622 211 44 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1622 212 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-1622 212 2 electric electric JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 212 3 speech speech NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 212 4 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-1622 212 5 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 212 6 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 212 7 built build VBN en-wikipedia-org-1622 212 8 out out IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 212 9 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 212 10 native native JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 212 11 Chinese chinese JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 212 12 morphemes morpheme NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 212 13 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 212 14 became become VBD en-wikipedia-org-1622 212 15 prevalent prevalent JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 212 16 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 212 17 電話 電話 NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 212 18 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-1622 212 19 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 212 20 fact fact NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 212 21 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 212 22 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 212 23 Japanese japanese JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 212 24 電話 電話 NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 212 25 denwa denwa NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 212 26 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-1622 212 27 see see VB en-wikipedia-org-1622 212 28 below below RB en-wikipedia-org-1622 212 29 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 212 30 more more JJR en-wikipedia-org-1622 212 31 Japanese japanese JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 212 32 loans loan NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 212 33 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 212 34 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1622 213 1 Other other JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 213 2 examples example NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 213 3 include include VBP en-wikipedia-org-1622 213 4 电视 电视 NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 213 5 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-1622 213 6 電視 電視 NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 213 7 diànshì diànshì NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 213 8 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 213 9 lit light VBN en-wikipedia-org-1622 213 10 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1622 214 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-1622 214 2 electric electric JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 214 3 vision vision NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 214 4 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-1622 214 5 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 214 6 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 214 7 television television NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 214 8 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 214 9 电脑 电脑 NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 214 10 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-1622 214 11 電腦 電腦 NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 214 12 diànnǎo diànnǎo NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 214 13 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 214 14 lit light VBD en-wikipedia-org-1622 214 15 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1622 215 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-1622 215 2 electric electric JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 215 3 brain brain NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 215 4 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-1622 215 5 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 215 6 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 215 7 computer computer NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 215 8 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-1622 215 9 手机 手机 NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 215 10 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-1622 215 11 手機 手機 NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 215 12 shǒujī shǒujī NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 215 13 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 215 14 lit light VBN en-wikipedia-org-1622 215 15 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1622 216 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-1622 216 2 hand hand NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 216 3 machine machine NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 216 4 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-1622 216 5 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 216 6 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 216 7 mobile mobile JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 216 8 phone phone NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 216 9 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 216 10 蓝牙 蓝牙 NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 216 11 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-1622 216 12 藍牙 藍牙 NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 216 13 lányá lányá NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 216 14 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 216 15 lit light VBN en-wikipedia-org-1622 216 16 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1622 217 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-1622 217 2 blue blue NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 217 3 tooth tooth NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 217 4 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-1622 217 5 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 217 6 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 217 7 Bluetooth Bluetooth NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 217 8 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 217 9 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1622 217 10 网志 网志 NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 217 11 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-1622 217 12 網誌 網誌 NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 217 13 wǎngzhì wǎngzhì NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 217 14 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 217 15 lit light VBN en-wikipedia-org-1622 217 16 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1622 218 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-1622 218 2 internet internet NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 218 3 logbook logbook NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 218 4 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-1622 218 5 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 218 6 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 218 7 blog blog NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 218 8 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 218 9 Hong Hong NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 218 10 Kong Kong NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 218 11 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1622 218 12 Macau Macau NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 218 13 Cantonese Cantonese NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 218 14 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1622 219 1 Occasionally occasionally RB en-wikipedia-org-1622 219 2 half half JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 219 3 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-1622 219 4 transliteration transliteration NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 219 5 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 219 6 half half JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 219 7 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-1622 219 8 translation translation NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 219 9 compromises compromise NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 219 10 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-1622 219 11 accepted accept VBN en-wikipedia-org-1622 219 12 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 219 13 such such JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 219 14 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 219 15 汉堡包 汉堡包 NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 219 16 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-1622 219 17 漢堡包 漢堡包 NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 219 18 hànbǎobāo hànbǎobāo NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 219 19 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 219 20 漢堡 漢堡 IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 219 21 hànbǎo hànbǎo NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 219 22 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-1622 219 23 Hamburg Hamburg NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 219 24 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-1622 219 25 + + CC en-wikipedia-org-1622 219 26 包 包 PRP en-wikipedia-org-1622 219 27 bāo bāo VBP en-wikipedia-org-1622 219 28 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-1622 219 29 bun bun NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 219 30 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-1622 219 31 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 219 32 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 219 33 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-1622 219 34 hamburger hamburger NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 219 35 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-1622 219 36 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1622 220 1 Sometimes sometimes RB en-wikipedia-org-1622 220 2 translations translation NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 220 3 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-1622 220 4 designed design VBN en-wikipedia-org-1622 220 5 so so IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 220 6 that that IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 220 7 they -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-1622 220 8 sound sound VBP en-wikipedia-org-1622 220 9 like like IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 220 10 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 220 11 original original JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 220 12 while while IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 220 13 incorporating incorporate VBG en-wikipedia-org-1622 220 14 Chinese chinese JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 220 15 morphemes morpheme NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 220 16 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 220 17 phono phono JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 220 18 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-1622 220 19 semantic semantic JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 220 20 matching matching NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 220 21 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 220 22 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 220 23 such such JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 220 24 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 220 25 马利奥 马利奥 JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 220 26 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-1622 220 27 馬利奧 馬利奧 NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 220 28 Mǎlì'ào Mǎlì'ào NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 220 29 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 220 30 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 220 31 video video NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 220 32 game game NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 220 33 character character NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 220 34 Mario Mario NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 220 35 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1622 221 1 This this DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 221 2 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-1622 221 3 often often RB en-wikipedia-org-1622 221 4 done do VBN en-wikipedia-org-1622 221 5 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 221 6 commercial commercial JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 221 7 purposes purpose NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 221 8 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 221 9 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 221 10 example example NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 221 11 奔腾 奔腾 NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 221 12 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-1622 221 13 奔騰 奔騰 NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 221 14 bēnténg bēnténg NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 221 15 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 221 16 lit light VBN en-wikipedia-org-1622 221 17 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1622 222 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-1622 222 2 dashing dash VBG en-wikipedia-org-1622 222 3 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-1622 222 4 leaping leaping NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 222 5 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-1622 222 6 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 222 7 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 222 8 Pentium Pentium NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 222 9 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1622 222 10 赛百味 赛百味 NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 222 11 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-1622 222 12 賽百味 賽百味 NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 222 13 Sàibǎiwèi Sàibǎiwèi NNPS en-wikipedia-org-1622 222 14 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 222 15 lit lit NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 222 16 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1622 223 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-1622 223 2 better well JJR en-wikipedia-org-1622 223 3 - - : en-wikipedia-org-1622 223 4 than than IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 223 5 hundred hundred CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 223 6 tastes taste NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 223 7 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-1622 223 8 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 223 9 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 223 10 Subway Subway NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 223 11 restaurants restaurant NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 223 12 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1622 224 1 Foreign foreign JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 224 2 words word NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 224 3 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 224 4 mainly mainly RB en-wikipedia-org-1622 224 5 proper proper JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 224 6 nouns noun NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 224 7 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 224 8 continue continue VBP en-wikipedia-org-1622 224 9 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-1622 224 10 enter enter VB en-wikipedia-org-1622 224 11 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 224 12 Chinese chinese JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 224 13 language language NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 224 14 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 224 15 transcription transcription NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 224 16 according accord VBG en-wikipedia-org-1622 224 17 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 224 18 their -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-1622 224 19 pronunciations pronunciation NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 224 20 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1622 225 1 This this DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 225 2 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-1622 225 3 done do VBN en-wikipedia-org-1622 225 4 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 225 5 employing employ VBG en-wikipedia-org-1622 225 6 Chinese chinese JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 225 7 characters character NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 225 8 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 225 9 similar similar JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 225 10 pronunciations pronunciation NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 225 11 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1622 226 1 For for IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 226 2 example example NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 226 3 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 226 4 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-1622 226 5 Israel Israel NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 226 6 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-1622 226 7 becomes become VBZ en-wikipedia-org-1622 226 8 以色列 以色列 NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 226 9 Yǐsèliè Yǐsèliè VBN en-wikipedia-org-1622 226 10 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 226 11 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-1622 226 12 Paris Paris NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 226 13 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-1622 226 14 becomes become VBZ en-wikipedia-org-1622 226 15 巴黎 巴黎 NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 226 16 Bālí Bālí NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 226 17 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1622 227 1 A a DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 227 2 rather rather RB en-wikipedia-org-1622 227 3 small small JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 227 4 number number NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 227 5 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 227 6 direct direct JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 227 7 transliterations transliteration NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 227 8 have have VBP en-wikipedia-org-1622 227 9 survived survive VBN en-wikipedia-org-1622 227 10 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 227 11 common common JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 227 12 words word NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 227 13 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 227 14 including include VBG en-wikipedia-org-1622 227 15 沙发 沙发 NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 227 16 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-1622 227 17 沙發 沙發 NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 227 18 shāfā shāfā NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 227 19 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-1622 227 20 sofa sofa NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 227 21 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-1622 227 22 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 227 23 马达 马达 NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 227 24 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-1622 227 25 馬達 馬達 NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 227 26 mǎdá mǎdá NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 227 27 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-1622 227 28 motor motor NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 227 29 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-1622 227 30 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 227 31 幽默 幽默 NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 227 32 yōumò yōumò NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 227 33 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-1622 227 34 humor humor NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 227 35 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-1622 227 36 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 227 37 逻辑 逻辑 NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 227 38 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-1622 227 39 邏輯 邏輯 NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 227 40 luóji luóji NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 227 41 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-1622 227 42 luójí luójí NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 227 43 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-1622 227 44 logic logic NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 227 45 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-1622 227 46 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 227 47 时髦 时髦 NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 227 48 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-1622 227 49 時髦 時髦 NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 227 50 shímáo shímáo VB en-wikipedia-org-1622 227 51 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-1622 227 52 smart smart JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 227 53 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 227 54 fashionable fashionable JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 227 55 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-1622 227 56 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 227 57 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1622 227 58 歇斯底里 歇斯底里 NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 227 59 xiēsīdǐlǐ xiēsīdǐlǐ NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 227 60 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-1622 227 61 hysterics hysterics NNPS en-wikipedia-org-1622 227 62 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-1622 227 63 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1622 228 1 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 228 2 bulk bulk NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 228 3 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 228 4 these these DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 228 5 words word NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 228 6 were be VBD en-wikipedia-org-1622 228 7 originally originally RB en-wikipedia-org-1622 228 8 coined coin VBN en-wikipedia-org-1622 228 9 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 228 10 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 228 11 Shanghai Shanghai NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 228 12 dialect dialect NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 228 13 during during IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 228 14 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 228 15 early early JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 228 16 20th 20th JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 228 17 century century NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 228 18 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1622 228 19 were be VBD en-wikipedia-org-1622 228 20 later later RB en-wikipedia-org-1622 228 21 loaned loan VBN en-wikipedia-org-1622 228 22 into into IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 228 23 Mandarin Mandarin NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 228 24 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 228 25 hence hence RB en-wikipedia-org-1622 228 26 their -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-1622 228 27 pronunciations pronunciation NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 228 28 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 228 29 Mandarin Mandarin NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 228 30 may may MD en-wikipedia-org-1622 228 31 be be VB en-wikipedia-org-1622 228 32 quite quite RB en-wikipedia-org-1622 228 33 off off RB en-wikipedia-org-1622 228 34 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 228 35 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 228 36 English English NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 228 37 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1622 229 1 For for IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 229 2 example example NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 229 3 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 229 4 沙发 沙发 NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 229 5 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-1622 229 6 沙發 沙發 NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 229 7 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-1622 229 8 sofa sofa NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 229 9 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-1622 229 10 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1622 229 11 马达 马达 NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 229 12 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-1622 229 13 馬達 馬達 UH en-wikipedia-org-1622 229 14 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-1622 229 15 motor motor NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 229 16 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-1622 229 17 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 229 18 Shanghainese shanghainese JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 229 19 sound sound NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 229 20 more more RBR en-wikipedia-org-1622 229 21 like like IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 229 22 their -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-1622 229 23 English English NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 229 24 counterparts counterpart NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 229 25 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1622 230 1 Cantonese cantonese JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 230 2 differs differ NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 230 3 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 230 4 Mandarin Mandarin NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 230 5 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 230 6 some some DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 230 7 transliterations transliteration NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 230 8 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 230 9 such such JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 230 10 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 230 11 梳化 梳化 NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 230 12 so1 so1 NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 230 13 faa3 faa3 NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 230 14 * * NFP en-wikipedia-org-1622 230 15 2 2 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 230 16 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-1622 230 17 sofa sofa NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 230 18 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-1622 230 19 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1622 230 20 摩打 摩打 NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 230 21 mo1 mo1 NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 230 22 daa2 daa2 NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 230 23 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-1622 230 24 motor motor NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 230 25 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-1622 230 26 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1622 231 1 Western western JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 231 2 foreign foreign JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 231 3 words word NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 231 4 representing represent VBG en-wikipedia-org-1622 231 5 Western western JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 231 6 concepts concept NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 231 7 have have VBP en-wikipedia-org-1622 231 8 influenced influence VBN en-wikipedia-org-1622 231 9 Chinese Chinese NNPS en-wikipedia-org-1622 231 10 since since IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 231 11 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 231 12 20th 20th JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 231 13 century century NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 231 14 through through IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 231 15 transcription transcription NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 231 16 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1622 232 1 From from IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 232 2 French French NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 232 3 came come VBD en-wikipedia-org-1622 232 4 芭蕾 芭蕾 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 232 5 bālěi bālěi JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 232 6 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-1622 232 7 ballet ballet NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 232 8 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-1622 232 9 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1622 232 10 香槟 香槟 NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 232 11 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-1622 232 12 香檳 香檳 NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 232 13 xiāngbīn xiāngbīn NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 232 14 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 232 15 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-1622 232 16 champagne champagne NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 232 17 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-1622 232 18 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-1622 232 19 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 232 20 Italian Italian NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 232 21 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 232 22 咖啡 咖啡 NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 232 23 kāfēi kāfēi NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 232 24 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-1622 232 25 caffè caffè NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 232 26 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-1622 232 27 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1622 233 1 English english JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 233 2 influence influence NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 233 3 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-1622 233 4 particularly particularly RB en-wikipedia-org-1622 233 5 pronounced pronounce VBN en-wikipedia-org-1622 233 6 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1622 234 1 From from IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 234 2 early early JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 234 3 20th 20th JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 234 4 century century NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 234 5 Shanghainese Shanghainese NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 234 6 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 234 7 many many JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 234 8 English english JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 234 9 words word NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 234 10 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-1622 234 11 borrowed borrow VBN en-wikipedia-org-1622 234 12 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 234 13 such such JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 234 14 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 234 15 高尔夫 高尔夫 NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 234 16 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-1622 234 17 高爾夫 高爾夫 NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 234 18 gāoěrfū gāoěrfū NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 234 19 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-1622 234 20 golf golf NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 234 21 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-1622 234 22 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1622 234 23 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 234 24 above above RB en-wikipedia-org-1622 234 25 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-1622 234 26 mentioned mention VBN en-wikipedia-org-1622 234 27 沙发 沙发 NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 234 28 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-1622 234 29 沙發 沙發 NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 234 30 shāfā shāfā NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 234 31 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-1622 234 32 sofa sofa NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 234 33 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-1622 234 34 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1622 235 1 Later later RB en-wikipedia-org-1622 235 2 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 235 3 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 235 4 United United NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 235 5 States States NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 235 6 soft soft JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 235 7 influences influence NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 235 8 gave give VBD en-wikipedia-org-1622 235 9 rise rise NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 235 10 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 235 11 迪斯科 迪斯科 NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 235 12 dísikē dísikē NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 235 13 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-1622 235 14 dísīkē dísīkē NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 235 15 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-1622 235 16 disco disco NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 235 17 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-1622 235 18 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 235 19 可乐 可乐 NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 235 20 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-1622 235 21 可樂 可樂 NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 235 22 kělè kělè NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 235 23 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-1622 235 24 cola cola NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 235 25 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-1622 235 26 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 235 27 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1622 235 28 迷你 迷你 NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 235 29 mínǐ mínǐ NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 235 30 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-1622 235 31 mini mini NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 235 32 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 235 33 skirt skirt NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 235 34 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 235 35 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-1622 235 36 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1622 236 1 Contemporary contemporary JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 236 2 colloquial colloquial JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 236 3 Cantonese Cantonese NNPS en-wikipedia-org-1622 236 4 has have VBZ en-wikipedia-org-1622 236 5 distinct distinct JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 236 6 loanwords loanword NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 236 7 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 236 8 English English NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 236 9 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 236 10 such such JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 236 11 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 236 12 卡通 卡通 NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 236 13 kaa1 kaa1 NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 236 14 tung1 tung1 NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 236 15 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-1622 236 16 cartoon cartoon NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 236 17 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-1622 236 18 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 236 19 基佬 基佬 IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 236 20 gei1 gei1 NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 236 21 lou2 lou2 NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 236 22 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-1622 236 23 gay gay JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 236 24 people people NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 236 25 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-1622 236 26 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 236 27 的士 的士 NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 236 28 dik1 dik1 NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 236 29 si6 si6 NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 236 30 * * NFP en-wikipedia-org-1622 236 31 2 2 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 236 32 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-1622 236 33 taxi taxi NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 236 34 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-1622 236 35 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 236 36 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1622 236 37 巴士 巴士 NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 236 38 baa1 baa1 NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 236 39 si6 si6 NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 236 40 * * NFP en-wikipedia-org-1622 236 41 2 2 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 236 42 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-1622 236 43 bus bus NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 236 44 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-1622 236 45 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1622 237 1 With with IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 237 2 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 237 3 rising rise VBG en-wikipedia-org-1622 237 4 popularity popularity NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 237 5 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 237 6 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 237 7 Internet internet NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 237 8 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 237 9 there there EX en-wikipedia-org-1622 237 10 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-1622 237 11 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 237 12 current current JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 237 13 vogue vogue NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 237 14 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 237 15 China China NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 237 16 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 237 17 coining coin VBG en-wikipedia-org-1622 237 18 English english JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 237 19 transliterations transliteration NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 237 20 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 237 21 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 237 22 example example NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 237 23 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 237 24 粉丝 粉丝 NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 237 25 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-1622 237 26 粉絲 粉絲 NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 237 27 fěnsī fěnsī NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 237 28 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-1622 237 29 fans fan NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 237 30 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-1622 237 31 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 237 32 黑客 黑客 IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 237 33 hēikè hēikè NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 237 34 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-1622 237 35 hacker hacker NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 237 36 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-1622 237 37 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 237 38 lit light VBN en-wikipedia-org-1622 237 39 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1622 238 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-1622 238 2 black black JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 238 3 guest guest NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 238 4 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-1622 238 5 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 238 6 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 238 7 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1622 238 8 博客 博客 NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 238 9 bókè bókè NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 238 10 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-1622 238 11 blog blog NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 238 12 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-1622 238 13 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1622 239 1 In in IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 239 2 Taiwan Taiwan NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 239 3 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 239 4 some some DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 239 5 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 239 6 these these DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 239 7 transliterations transliteration NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 239 8 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-1622 239 9 different different JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 239 10 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 239 11 such such JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 239 12 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 239 13 駭客 駭客 NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 239 14 hàikè hàikè NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 239 15 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 239 16 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-1622 239 17 hacker hacker NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 239 18 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-1622 239 19 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1622 239 20 部落格 部落格 NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 239 21 bùluògé bùluògé NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 239 22 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 239 23 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-1622 239 24 blog blog NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 239 25 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-1622 239 26 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 239 27 lit light VBN en-wikipedia-org-1622 239 28 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1622 240 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-1622 240 2 interconnected interconnected JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 240 3 tribes tribe NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 240 4 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-1622 240 5 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 240 6 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1622 241 1 Another another DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 241 2 result result NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 241 3 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 241 4 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 241 5 English english JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 241 6 influence influence NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 241 7 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 241 8 Chinese Chinese NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 241 9 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-1622 241 10 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 241 11 appearance appearance NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 241 12 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 241 13 Modern modern JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 241 14 Chinese chinese JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 241 15 texts text NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 241 16 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 241 17 so so RB en-wikipedia-org-1622 241 18 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-1622 241 19 called call VBN en-wikipedia-org-1622 241 20 字母词 字母词 NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 241 21 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-1622 241 22 字母詞 字母詞 NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 241 23 zìmǔcí zìmǔcí NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 241 24 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 241 25 lit light VBN en-wikipedia-org-1622 241 26 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1622 242 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-1622 242 2 lettered letter VBN en-wikipedia-org-1622 242 3 words word NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 242 4 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-1622 242 5 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 242 6 spelled spell VBN en-wikipedia-org-1622 242 7 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 242 8 letters letter NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 242 9 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 242 10 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 242 11 English english JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 242 12 alphabet alphabet NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 242 13 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1622 243 1 This this DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 243 2 has have VBZ en-wikipedia-org-1622 243 3 appeared appear VBN en-wikipedia-org-1622 243 4 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 243 5 magazines magazine NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 243 6 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 243 7 newspapers newspaper NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 243 8 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 243 9 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 243 10 web web NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 243 11 sites site NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 243 12 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 243 13 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1622 243 14 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 243 15 TV tv NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 243 16 : : : en-wikipedia-org-1622 243 17 三G手机 三G手机 NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 243 18 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-1622 243 19 三G手機 三G手機 NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 243 20 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-1622 243 21 3rd 3rd JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 243 22 generation generation NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 243 23 cell cell NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 243 24 phones phone NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 243 25 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-1622 243 26 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 243 27 三 三 LS en-wikipedia-org-1622 243 28 sān sān VBN en-wikipedia-org-1622 243 29 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-1622 243 30 three three CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 243 31 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-1622 243 32 + + CC en-wikipedia-org-1622 243 33 G g NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 243 34 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-1622 243 35 generation generation NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 243 36 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-1622 243 37 + + CC en-wikipedia-org-1622 243 38 手机 手机 NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 243 39 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-1622 243 40 手機 手機 NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 243 41 shǒujī shǒujī NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 243 42 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-1622 243 43 mobile mobile JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 243 44 phones phone NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 243 45 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-1622 243 46 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 243 47 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 243 48 IT界 IT界 NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 243 49 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-1622 243 50 IT it NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 243 51 circles circle VBZ en-wikipedia-org-1622 243 52 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-1622 243 53 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 243 54 IT it NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 243 55 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-1622 243 56 information information NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 243 57 technology technology NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 243 58 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-1622 243 59 + + CC en-wikipedia-org-1622 243 60 界 界 NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 243 61 jiè jiè NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 243 62 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-1622 243 63 industry industry NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 243 64 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-1622 243 65 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 243 66 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 243 67 HSK HSK NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 243 68 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 243 69 Hànyǔ Hànyǔ NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 243 70 Shuǐpíng Shuǐpíng NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 243 71 Kǎoshì Kǎoshì NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 243 72 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 243 73 汉语水平考试 汉语水平考试 NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 243 74 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-1622 243 75 漢語水平考試 漢語水平考試 NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 243 76 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 243 77 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 243 78 GB GB NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 243 79 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 243 80 Guóbiāo Guóbiāo NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 243 81 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 243 82 国标 国标 NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 243 83 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-1622 243 84 國標 國標 NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 243 85 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 243 86 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 243 87 CIF价 CIF价 NNPS en-wikipedia-org-1622 243 88 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-1622 243 89 CIF價 CIF價 NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 243 90 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 243 91 CIF CIF NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 243 92 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-1622 243 93 Cost cost NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 243 94 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 243 95 Insurance Insurance NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 243 96 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 243 97 Freight Freight NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 243 98 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-1622 243 99 + + NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 243 100 价 价 NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 243 101 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-1622 243 102 價 價 NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 243 103 jià jià NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 243 104 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-1622 243 105 price price NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 243 106 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-1622 243 107 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 243 108 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 243 109 e家庭 e家庭 NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 243 110 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-1622 243 111 e e NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 243 112 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-1622 243 113 home home NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 243 114 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-1622 243 115 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 243 116 e e NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 243 117 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-1622 243 118 electronic electronic JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 243 119 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-1622 243 120 + + CC en-wikipedia-org-1622 243 121 家庭 家庭 NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 243 122 jiātíng jiātíng NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 243 123 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-1622 243 124 home home NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 243 125 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-1622 243 126 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 243 127 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 243 128 Chinese Chinese NNPS en-wikipedia-org-1622 243 129 : : : en-wikipedia-org-1622 243 130 W时代 w时代 JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 243 131 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-1622 243 132 Chinese Chinese NNPS en-wikipedia-org-1622 243 133 : : : en-wikipedia-org-1622 243 134 W時代 W時代 NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 243 135 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-1622 243 136 wireless wireless JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 243 137 era era NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 243 138 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-1622 243 139 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 243 140 W w NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 243 141 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-1622 243 142 wireless wireless NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 243 143 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-1622 243 144 + + CC en-wikipedia-org-1622 243 145 时代 时代 NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 243 146 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-1622 243 147 時代 時代 NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 243 148 shídài shídài NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 243 149 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-1622 243 150 era era NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 243 151 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-1622 243 152 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 243 153 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 243 154 TV族 TV族 NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 243 155 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-1622 243 156 TV tv NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 243 157 watchers watcher NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 243 158 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-1622 243 159 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 243 160 TV tv NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 243 161 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-1622 243 162 television television NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 243 163 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-1622 243 164 + + CC en-wikipedia-org-1622 243 165 族 族 NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 243 166 zú zú NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 243 167 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-1622 243 168 social social JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 243 169 group group NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 243 170 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-1622 243 171 clan clan NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 243 172 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-1622 243 173 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 243 174 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 243 175 后РС时代 后РС时代 NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 243 176 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-1622 243 177 後PC時代 後pc時代 JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 243 178 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-1622 243 179 post post JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 243 180 - - JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 243 181 PC pc JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 243 182 era era NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 243 183 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-1622 243 184 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 243 185 后 后 NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 243 186 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-1622 243 187 後 後 NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 243 188 hòu hòu NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 243 189 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-1622 243 190 after after RB en-wikipedia-org-1622 243 191 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-1622 243 192 post- post- NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 243 193 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-1622 243 194 + + CC en-wikipedia-org-1622 243 195 PC pc NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 243 196 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-1622 243 197 personal personal JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 243 198 computer computer NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 243 199 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-1622 243 200 + + SYM en-wikipedia-org-1622 243 201 时代 时代 NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 243 202 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-1622 243 203 時代 時代 NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 243 204 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 243 205 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 243 206 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1622 243 207 so so RB en-wikipedia-org-1622 243 208 on on RB en-wikipedia-org-1622 243 209 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1622 244 1 Since since IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 244 2 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 244 3 20th 20th JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 244 4 century century NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 244 5 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 244 6 another another DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 244 7 source source NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 244 8 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 244 9 words word NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 244 10 has have VBZ en-wikipedia-org-1622 244 11 been be VBN en-wikipedia-org-1622 244 12 Japanese Japanese NNPS en-wikipedia-org-1622 244 13 using use VBG en-wikipedia-org-1622 244 14 existing exist VBG en-wikipedia-org-1622 244 15 kanji kanji FW en-wikipedia-org-1622 244 16 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 244 17 Chinese chinese JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 244 18 characters character NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 244 19 used use VBN en-wikipedia-org-1622 244 20 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 244 21 Japanese Japanese NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 244 22 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 244 23 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1622 245 1 Japanese japanese JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 245 2 re re VBD en-wikipedia-org-1622 245 3 - - JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 245 4 molded molded JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 245 5 European european JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 245 6 concepts concept NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 245 7 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1622 245 8 inventions invention NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 245 9 into into IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 245 10 wasei wasei NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 245 11 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-1622 245 12 kango kango NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 245 13 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 245 14 和製漢語 和製漢語 NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 245 15 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 245 16 lit light VBD en-wikipedia-org-1622 245 17 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1622 246 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-1622 246 2 Japanese Japanese NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 246 3 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-1622 246 4 made make VBN en-wikipedia-org-1622 246 5 Chinese Chinese NNPS en-wikipedia-org-1622 246 6 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-1622 246 7 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 246 8 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 246 9 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1622 246 10 many many JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 246 11 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 246 12 these these DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 246 13 words word NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 246 14 have have VBP en-wikipedia-org-1622 246 15 been be VBN en-wikipedia-org-1622 246 16 re re VBN en-wikipedia-org-1622 246 17 - - VBN en-wikipedia-org-1622 246 18 loaned loan VBN en-wikipedia-org-1622 246 19 into into IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 246 20 modern modern JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 246 21 Chinese Chinese NNPS en-wikipedia-org-1622 246 22 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1622 247 1 Other other JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 247 2 terms term NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 247 3 were be VBD en-wikipedia-org-1622 247 4 coined coin VBN en-wikipedia-org-1622 247 5 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 247 6 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 247 7 Japanese Japanese NNPS en-wikipedia-org-1622 247 8 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 247 9 giving give VBG en-wikipedia-org-1622 247 10 new new JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 247 11 senses sense NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 247 12 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 247 13 existing exist VBG en-wikipedia-org-1622 247 14 Chinese chinese JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 247 15 terms term NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 247 16 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-1622 247 17 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 247 18 referring refer VBG en-wikipedia-org-1622 247 19 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 247 20 expressions expression NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 247 21 used use VBN en-wikipedia-org-1622 247 22 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 247 23 classical classical JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 247 24 Chinese chinese JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 247 25 literature literature NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 247 26 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1622 248 1 For for IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 248 2 example example NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 248 3 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 248 4 jīngjì jīngjì NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 248 5 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 248 6 经济 经济 VBZ en-wikipedia-org-1622 248 7 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-1622 248 8 經濟 經濟 NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 248 9 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-1622 248 10 経済 経済 UH en-wikipedia-org-1622 248 11 keizai keizai NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 248 12 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 248 13 Japanese Japanese NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 248 14 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 248 15 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 248 16 which which WDT en-wikipedia-org-1622 248 17 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 248 18 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 248 19 original original JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 248 20 Chinese chinese JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 248 21 meant mean VBD en-wikipedia-org-1622 248 22 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-1622 248 23 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 248 24 workings working NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 248 25 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 248 26 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 248 27 state state NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 248 28 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-1622 248 29 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 248 30 was be VBD en-wikipedia-org-1622 248 31 narrowed narrow VBN en-wikipedia-org-1622 248 32 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 248 33 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-1622 248 34 economy economy NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 248 35 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-1622 248 36 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 248 37 Japanese Japanese NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 248 38 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-1622 248 39 this this DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 248 40 narrowed narrow VBN en-wikipedia-org-1622 248 41 definition definition NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 248 42 was be VBD en-wikipedia-org-1622 248 43 then then RB en-wikipedia-org-1622 248 44 reimported reimporte VBN en-wikipedia-org-1622 248 45 into into IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 248 46 Chinese Chinese NNPS en-wikipedia-org-1622 248 47 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1622 249 1 As as IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 249 2 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 249 3 result result NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 249 4 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 249 5 these these DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 249 6 terms term NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 249 7 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-1622 249 8 virtually virtually RB en-wikipedia-org-1622 249 9 indistinguishable indistinguishable JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 249 10 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 249 11 native native JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 249 12 Chinese chinese JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 249 13 words word NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 249 14 : : : en-wikipedia-org-1622 249 15 indeed indeed RB en-wikipedia-org-1622 249 16 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 249 17 there there EX en-wikipedia-org-1622 249 18 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-1622 249 19 some some DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 249 20 dispute dispute NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 249 21 over over IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 249 22 some some DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 249 23 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 249 24 these these DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 249 25 terms term NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 249 26 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 249 27 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 249 28 whether whether IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 249 29 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 249 30 Japanese japanese JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 249 31 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-1622 249 32 Chinese Chinese NNPS en-wikipedia-org-1622 249 33 coined coin VBD en-wikipedia-org-1622 249 34 them -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-1622 249 35 first first RB en-wikipedia-org-1622 249 36 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1622 250 1 As as IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 250 2 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 250 3 result result NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 250 4 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 250 5 this this DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 250 6 loaning loaning NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 250 7 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 250 8 Chinese chinese JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 250 9 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 250 10 Korean korean JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 250 11 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 250 12 Japanese japanese JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 250 13 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 250 14 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1622 250 15 Vietnamese Vietnamese NNPS en-wikipedia-org-1622 250 16 share share VBP en-wikipedia-org-1622 250 17 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 250 18 corpus corpus NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 250 19 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 250 20 linguistic linguistic JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 250 21 terms term NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 250 22 describing describe VBG en-wikipedia-org-1622 250 23 modern modern JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 250 24 terminology terminology NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 250 25 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 250 26 paralleling parallel VBG en-wikipedia-org-1622 250 27 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 250 28 similar similar JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 250 29 corpus corpus NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 250 30 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 250 31 terms term NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 250 32 built build VBN en-wikipedia-org-1622 250 33 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 250 34 Greco Greco NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 250 35 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-1622 250 36 Latin Latin NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 250 37 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1622 250 38 shared share VBD en-wikipedia-org-1622 250 39 among among IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 250 40 European european JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 250 41 languages language NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 250 42 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1622 251 1 Writing write VBG en-wikipedia-org-1622 251 2 system[edit system[edit CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 251 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 251 4 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-1622 251 5 Preface preface NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 251 6 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 251 7 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 251 8 Poems Poems NNPS en-wikipedia-org-1622 251 9 Composed compose VBN en-wikipedia-org-1622 251 10 at at IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 251 11 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 251 12 Orchid Orchid NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 251 13 Pavilion Pavilion NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 251 14 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-1622 251 15 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 251 16 Wang Wang NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 251 17 Xizhi Xizhi NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 251 18 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 251 19 written write VBN en-wikipedia-org-1622 251 20 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 251 21 semi semi JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 251 22 - - JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 251 23 cursive cursive JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 251 24 style style NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 251 25 Main Main NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 251 26 articles article NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 251 27 : : : en-wikipedia-org-1622 251 28 Written write VBN en-wikipedia-org-1622 251 29 Chinese Chinese NNPS en-wikipedia-org-1622 251 30 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 251 31 Mainland Mainland NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 251 32 Chinese chinese JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 251 33 Braille Braille NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 251 34 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 251 35 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1622 251 36 Taiwanese taiwanese JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 251 37 Braille Braille NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 251 38 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 251 39 Chinese chinese JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 251 40 orthography orthography NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 251 41 centers center NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 251 42 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 251 43 Chinese chinese JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 251 44 characters character NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 251 45 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 251 46 which which WDT en-wikipedia-org-1622 251 47 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-1622 251 48 written write VBN en-wikipedia-org-1622 251 49 within within IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 251 50 imaginary imaginary JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 251 51 square square JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 251 52 blocks block NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 251 53 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 251 54 traditionally traditionally RB en-wikipedia-org-1622 251 55 arranged arrange VBN en-wikipedia-org-1622 251 56 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 251 57 vertical vertical JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 251 58 columns column NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 251 59 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 251 60 read read VBN en-wikipedia-org-1622 251 61 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 251 62 top top NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 251 63 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-1622 251 64 bottom bottom VB en-wikipedia-org-1622 251 65 down down RP en-wikipedia-org-1622 251 66 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 251 67 column column NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 251 68 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 251 69 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1622 251 70 right right RB en-wikipedia-org-1622 251 71 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-1622 251 72 left leave VBN en-wikipedia-org-1622 251 73 across across IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 251 74 columns column NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 251 75 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 251 76 despite despite IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 251 77 alternative alternative JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 251 78 arrangement arrangement NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 251 79 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 251 80 rows row NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 251 81 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 251 82 characters character NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 251 83 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 251 84 left leave VBN en-wikipedia-org-1622 251 85 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 251 86 right right NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 251 87 within within IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 251 88 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 251 89 row row NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 251 90 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1622 251 91 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 251 92 top top NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 251 93 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 251 94 bottom bottom NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 251 95 across across IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 251 96 rows row NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 251 97 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 251 98 like like IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 251 99 English English NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 251 100 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1622 251 101 other other JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 251 102 Western western JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 251 103 writing writing NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 251 104 systems system NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 251 105 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 251 106 having have VBG en-wikipedia-org-1622 251 107 become become VBN en-wikipedia-org-1622 251 108 more more RBR en-wikipedia-org-1622 251 109 popular popular JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 251 110 since since IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 251 111 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 251 112 20th 20th JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 251 113 century century NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 251 114 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1622 252 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 252 2 77 77 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 252 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 252 4 Chinese chinese JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 252 5 characters character NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 252 6 denote denote VBP en-wikipedia-org-1622 252 7 morphemes morpheme VBZ en-wikipedia-org-1622 252 8 independent independent JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 252 9 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 252 10 phonetic phonetic JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 252 11 variation variation NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 252 12 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 252 13 different different JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 252 14 languages language NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 252 15 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1622 253 1 Thus thus RB en-wikipedia-org-1622 253 2 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 253 3 character character NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 253 4 一 一 NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 253 5 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 253 6 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-1622 253 7 one one CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 253 8 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-1622 253 9 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 253 10 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-1622 253 11 uttered uttered JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 253 12 yī yī PRP en-wikipedia-org-1622 253 13 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 253 14 Standard Standard NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 253 15 Chinese Chinese NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 253 16 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 253 17 yat1 yat1 NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 253 18 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 253 19 Cantonese Cantonese NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 253 20 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1622 253 21 it -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-1622 253 22 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 253 23 Hokkien Hokkien NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 253 24 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 253 25 form form NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 253 26 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 253 27 Min Min NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 253 28 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 253 29 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1622 254 1 Most Most JJS en-wikipedia-org-1622 254 2 written write VBN en-wikipedia-org-1622 254 3 Chinese chinese JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 254 4 documents document NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 254 5 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 254 6 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 254 7 modern modern JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 254 8 time time NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 254 9 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 254 10 especially especially RB en-wikipedia-org-1622 254 11 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 254 12 more more RBR en-wikipedia-org-1622 254 13 formal formal JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 254 14 ones one NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 254 15 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 254 16 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-1622 254 17 created create VBN en-wikipedia-org-1622 254 18 using use VBG en-wikipedia-org-1622 254 19 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 254 20 grammar grammar NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 254 21 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1622 254 22 syntax syntax NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 254 23 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 254 24 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 254 25 Standard Standard NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 254 26 Mandarin Mandarin NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 254 27 Chinese chinese JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 254 28 variants variant NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 254 29 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 254 30 regardless regardless RB en-wikipedia-org-1622 254 31 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 254 32 dialectical dialectical JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 254 33 background background NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 254 34 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 254 35 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 254 36 author author NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 254 37 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-1622 254 38 targeted target VBN en-wikipedia-org-1622 254 39 audience audience NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 254 40 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1622 255 1 This this DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 255 2 replaced replace VBD en-wikipedia-org-1622 255 3 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 255 4 old old JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 255 5 writing writing NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 255 6 language language NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 255 7 standard standard NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 255 8 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 255 9 Literary Literary NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 255 10 Chinese Chinese NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 255 11 before before IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 255 12 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 255 13 20th 20th JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 255 14 century century NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 255 15 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1622 256 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 256 2 78 78 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 256 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 256 4 However however RB en-wikipedia-org-1622 256 5 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 256 6 vocabularies vocabulary NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 256 7 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 256 8 different different JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 256 9 Chinese Chinese NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 256 10 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-1622 256 11 speaking speak VBG en-wikipedia-org-1622 256 12 areas area NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 256 13 have have VBP en-wikipedia-org-1622 256 14 diverged diverge VBN en-wikipedia-org-1622 256 15 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 256 16 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1622 256 17 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 256 18 divergence divergence NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 256 19 can can MD en-wikipedia-org-1622 256 20 be be VB en-wikipedia-org-1622 256 21 observed observe VBN en-wikipedia-org-1622 256 22 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 256 23 written write VBN en-wikipedia-org-1622 256 24 Chinese Chinese NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 256 25 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1622 257 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 257 2 79 79 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 257 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 257 4 Meanwhile meanwhile RB en-wikipedia-org-1622 257 5 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 257 6 colloquial colloquial JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 257 7 forms form NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 257 8 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 257 9 various various JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 257 10 Chinese chinese JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 257 11 language language NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 257 12 variants variant NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 257 13 have have VBP en-wikipedia-org-1622 257 14 also also RB en-wikipedia-org-1622 257 15 been be VBN en-wikipedia-org-1622 257 16 written write VBN en-wikipedia-org-1622 257 17 down down RP en-wikipedia-org-1622 257 18 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 257 19 their -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-1622 257 20 users user NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 257 21 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 257 22 especially especially RB en-wikipedia-org-1622 257 23 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 257 24 less less JJR en-wikipedia-org-1622 257 25 formal formal JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 257 26 settings setting NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 257 27 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1622 258 1 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 258 2 most most RBS en-wikipedia-org-1622 258 3 prominent prominent JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 258 4 example example NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 258 5 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 258 6 this this DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 258 7 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-1622 258 8 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 258 9 written write VBN en-wikipedia-org-1622 258 10 colloquial colloquial JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 258 11 form form NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 258 12 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 258 13 Cantonese Cantonese NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 258 14 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 258 15 which which WDT en-wikipedia-org-1622 258 16 has have VBZ en-wikipedia-org-1622 258 17 become become VBN en-wikipedia-org-1622 258 18 quite quite RB en-wikipedia-org-1622 258 19 popular popular JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 258 20 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 258 21 tabloids tabloid NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 258 22 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 258 23 instant instant JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 258 24 messaging messaging NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 258 25 applications application NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 258 26 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 258 27 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1622 258 28 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 258 29 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 258 30 internet internet NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 258 31 amongst amongst IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 258 32 Hong Hong NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 258 33 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-1622 258 34 Kongers Kongers NNPS en-wikipedia-org-1622 258 35 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1622 258 36 Cantonese Cantonese NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 258 37 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-1622 258 38 speakers speaker NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 258 39 elsewhere elsewhere RB en-wikipedia-org-1622 258 40 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1622 259 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 259 2 80 80 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 259 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 259 4 Because because IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 259 5 some some DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 259 6 Chinese chinese JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 259 7 variants variant NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 259 8 have have VBP en-wikipedia-org-1622 259 9 diverged diverge VBN en-wikipedia-org-1622 259 10 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1622 259 11 developed develop VBN en-wikipedia-org-1622 259 12 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 259 13 number number NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 259 14 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 259 15 unique unique JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 259 16 morphemes morpheme NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 259 17 that that WDT en-wikipedia-org-1622 259 18 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-1622 259 19 not not RB en-wikipedia-org-1622 259 20 found find VBN en-wikipedia-org-1622 259 21 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 259 22 Standard Standard NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 259 23 Mandarin Mandarin NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 259 24 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 259 25 despite despite IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 259 26 all all DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 259 27 other other JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 259 28 common common JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 259 29 morphemes morpheme NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 259 30 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 259 31 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 259 32 unique unique JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 259 33 characters character NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 259 34 rarely rarely RB en-wikipedia-org-1622 259 35 used use VBN en-wikipedia-org-1622 259 36 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 259 37 Standard standard JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 259 38 Chinese Chinese NNPS en-wikipedia-org-1622 259 39 have have VBP en-wikipedia-org-1622 259 40 also also RB en-wikipedia-org-1622 259 41 been be VBN en-wikipedia-org-1622 259 42 created create VBN en-wikipedia-org-1622 259 43 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-1622 259 44 inherited inherit VBN en-wikipedia-org-1622 259 45 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 259 46 archaic archaic NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 259 47 literary literary JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 259 48 standard standard NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 259 49 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-1622 259 50 represent represent VB en-wikipedia-org-1622 259 51 these these DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 259 52 unique unique JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 259 53 morphemes morpheme NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 259 54 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1622 260 1 For for IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 260 2 example example NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 260 3 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 260 4 characters character NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 260 5 like like IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 260 6 冇 冇 NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 260 7 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1622 260 8 係 係 NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 260 9 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 260 10 Cantonese Cantonese NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 260 11 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1622 260 12 Hakka Hakka NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 260 13 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 260 14 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-1622 260 15 actively actively RB en-wikipedia-org-1622 260 16 used use VBN en-wikipedia-org-1622 260 17 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 260 18 both both DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 260 19 languages language NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 260 20 while while IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 260 21 being be VBG en-wikipedia-org-1622 260 22 considered consider VBN en-wikipedia-org-1622 260 23 archaic archaic NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 260 24 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-1622 260 25 unused unuse VBN en-wikipedia-org-1622 260 26 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 260 27 standard standard JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 260 28 written write VBN en-wikipedia-org-1622 260 29 Chinese Chinese NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 260 30 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1622 261 1 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 261 2 Chinese Chinese NNPS en-wikipedia-org-1622 261 3 had have VBD en-wikipedia-org-1622 261 4 no no DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 261 5 uniform uniform JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 261 6 phonetic phonetic JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 261 7 transcription transcription NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 261 8 system system NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 261 9 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 261 10 most most JJS en-wikipedia-org-1622 261 11 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 261 12 its -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-1622 261 13 speakers speaker NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 261 14 until until IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 261 15 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 261 16 mid-20th mid-20th JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 261 17 century century NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 261 18 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 261 19 although although IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 261 20 enunciation enunciation NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 261 21 patterns pattern NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 261 22 were be VBD en-wikipedia-org-1622 261 23 recorded record VBN en-wikipedia-org-1622 261 24 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 261 25 early early JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 261 26 rime rime NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 261 27 books book NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 261 28 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1622 261 29 dictionaries dictionary NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 261 30 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1622 262 1 Early early JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 262 2 Indian indian JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 262 3 translators translator NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 262 4 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 262 5 working work VBG en-wikipedia-org-1622 262 6 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 262 7 Sanskrit Sanskrit NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 262 8 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1622 262 9 Pali Pali NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 262 10 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 262 11 were be VBD en-wikipedia-org-1622 262 12 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 262 13 first first JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 262 14 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-1622 262 15 attempt attempt VB en-wikipedia-org-1622 262 16 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-1622 262 17 describe describe VB en-wikipedia-org-1622 262 18 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 262 19 sounds sound NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 262 20 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1622 262 21 enunciation enunciation NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 262 22 patterns pattern NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 262 23 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 262 24 Chinese Chinese NNPS en-wikipedia-org-1622 262 25 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 262 26 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 262 27 foreign foreign JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 262 28 language language NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 262 29 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1622 263 1 After after IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 263 2 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 263 3 15th 15th JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 263 4 century century NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 263 5 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 263 6 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 263 7 efforts effort NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 263 8 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 263 9 Jesuits Jesuits NNPS en-wikipedia-org-1622 263 10 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1622 263 11 Western western JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 263 12 court court NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 263 13 missionaries missionary NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 263 14 resulted result VBD en-wikipedia-org-1622 263 15 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 263 16 some some DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 263 17 Latin latin JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 263 18 character character NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 263 19 transcription transcription NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 263 20 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-1622 263 21 writing write VBG en-wikipedia-org-1622 263 22 systems system NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 263 23 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 263 24 based base VBN en-wikipedia-org-1622 263 25 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 263 26 various various JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 263 27 variants variant NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 263 28 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 263 29 Chinese chinese JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 263 30 languages language NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 263 31 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1622 264 1 Some some DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 264 2 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 264 3 these these DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 264 4 Latin latin JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 264 5 character character NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 264 6 based base VBN en-wikipedia-org-1622 264 7 systems system NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 264 8 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-1622 264 9 still still RB en-wikipedia-org-1622 264 10 being be VBG en-wikipedia-org-1622 264 11 used use VBN en-wikipedia-org-1622 264 12 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-1622 264 13 write write VB en-wikipedia-org-1622 264 14 various various JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 264 15 Chinese chinese JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 264 16 variants variant NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 264 17 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 264 18 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 264 19 modern modern JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 264 20 era era NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 264 21 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1622 265 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 265 2 81 81 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 265 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 265 4 In in IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 265 5 Hunan Hunan NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 265 6 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 265 7 women woman NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 265 8 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 265 9 certain certain JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 265 10 areas area NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 265 11 write write VBP en-wikipedia-org-1622 265 12 their -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-1622 265 13 local local JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 265 14 Chinese chinese JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 265 15 language language NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 265 16 variant variant NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 265 17 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 265 18 Nü Nü NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 265 19 Shu Shu NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 265 20 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 265 21 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 265 22 syllabary syllabary NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 265 23 derived derive VBN en-wikipedia-org-1622 265 24 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 265 25 Chinese chinese JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 265 26 characters character NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 265 27 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1622 266 1 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 266 2 Dungan Dungan NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 266 3 language language NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 266 4 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 266 5 considered consider VBN en-wikipedia-org-1622 266 6 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 266 7 many many PDT en-wikipedia-org-1622 266 8 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 266 9 dialect dialect NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 266 10 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 266 11 Mandarin Mandarin NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 266 12 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 266 13 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-1622 266 14 nowadays nowadays RB en-wikipedia-org-1622 266 15 written write VBN en-wikipedia-org-1622 266 16 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 266 17 Cyrillic Cyrillic NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 266 18 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 266 19 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1622 266 20 was be VBD en-wikipedia-org-1622 266 21 previously previously RB en-wikipedia-org-1622 266 22 written write VBN en-wikipedia-org-1622 266 23 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 266 24 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 266 25 Arabic arabic JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 266 26 script script NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 266 27 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1622 267 1 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 267 2 Dungan Dungan NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 267 3 people people NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 267 4 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-1622 267 5 primarily primarily RB en-wikipedia-org-1622 267 6 Muslim muslim JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 267 7 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1622 267 8 live live VBP en-wikipedia-org-1622 267 9 mainly mainly RB en-wikipedia-org-1622 267 10 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 267 11 Kazakhstan Kazakhstan NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 267 12 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 267 13 Kyrgyzstan Kyrgyzstan NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 267 14 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 267 15 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1622 267 16 Russia Russia NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 267 17 ; ; , en-wikipedia-org-1622 267 18 some some DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 267 19 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 267 20 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 267 21 related related JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 267 22 Hui Hui NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 267 23 people people NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 267 24 also also RB en-wikipedia-org-1622 267 25 speak speak VBP en-wikipedia-org-1622 267 26 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 267 27 language language NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 267 28 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1622 267 29 live live VBP en-wikipedia-org-1622 267 30 mainly mainly RB en-wikipedia-org-1622 267 31 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 267 32 China China NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 267 33 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1622 268 1 Chinese Chinese NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 268 2 characters[edit characters[edit NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 268 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 268 4 永 永 NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 268 5 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 268 6 meaning mean VBG en-wikipedia-org-1622 268 7 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-1622 268 8 forever forever RB en-wikipedia-org-1622 268 9 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-1622 268 10 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 268 11 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-1622 268 12 often often RB en-wikipedia-org-1622 268 13 used use VBN en-wikipedia-org-1622 268 14 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-1622 268 15 illustrate illustrate VB en-wikipedia-org-1622 268 16 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 268 17 eight eight CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 268 18 basic basic JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 268 19 types type NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 268 20 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 268 21 strokes stroke NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 268 22 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 268 23 Chinese chinese JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 268 24 characters character NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 268 25 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1622 269 1 Main main JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 269 2 article article NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 269 3 : : : en-wikipedia-org-1622 269 4 Chinese chinese JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 269 5 characters character NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 269 6 Each each DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 269 7 Chinese chinese JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 269 8 character character NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 269 9 represents represent VBZ en-wikipedia-org-1622 269 10 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 269 11 monosyllabic monosyllabic JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 269 12 Chinese chinese JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 269 13 word word NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 269 14 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-1622 269 15 morpheme morpheme NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 269 16 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1622 270 1 In in IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 270 2 100 100 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 270 3 CE CE NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 270 4 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 270 5 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 270 6 famed famed JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 270 7 Han Han NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 270 8 dynasty dynasty NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 270 9 scholar scholar NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 270 10 Xu Xu NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 270 11 Shen Shen NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 270 12 classified classify VBD en-wikipedia-org-1622 270 13 characters character NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 270 14 into into IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 270 15 six six CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 270 16 categories category NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 270 17 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 270 18 namely namely RB en-wikipedia-org-1622 270 19 pictographs pictographs JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 270 20 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 270 21 simple simple JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 270 22 ideographs ideograph NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 270 23 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 270 24 compound compound NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 270 25 ideographs ideograph NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 270 26 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 270 27 phonetic phonetic JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 270 28 loans loan NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 270 29 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 270 30 phonetic phonetic JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 270 31 compounds compound NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 270 32 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1622 270 33 derivative derivative JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 270 34 characters character NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 270 35 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1622 271 1 Of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 271 2 these these DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 271 3 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 271 4 only only RB en-wikipedia-org-1622 271 5 4 4 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 271 6 % % NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 271 7 were be VBD en-wikipedia-org-1622 271 8 categorized categorize VBN en-wikipedia-org-1622 271 9 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 271 10 pictographs pictograph NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 271 11 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 271 12 including include VBG en-wikipedia-org-1622 271 13 many many JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 271 14 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 271 15 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 271 16 simplest simple JJS en-wikipedia-org-1622 271 17 characters character NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 271 18 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 271 19 such such JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 271 20 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 271 21 rén rén NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 271 22 人 人 NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 271 23 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 271 24 human human NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 271 25 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 271 26 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 271 27 rì rì NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 271 28 日 日 NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 271 29 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 271 30 sun sun NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 271 31 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 271 32 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 271 33 shān shān NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 271 34 山 山 NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 271 35 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 271 36 mountain mountain NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 271 37 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-1622 271 38 hill hill NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 271 39 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 271 40 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 271 41 shuǐ shuǐ VB en-wikipedia-org-1622 271 42 水 水 FW en-wikipedia-org-1622 271 43 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 271 44 water water NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 271 45 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 271 46 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1622 272 1 Between between IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 272 2 80 80 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 272 3 % % NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 272 4 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1622 272 5 90 90 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 272 6 % % NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 272 7 were be VBD en-wikipedia-org-1622 272 8 classified classify VBN en-wikipedia-org-1622 272 9 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 272 10 phonetic phonetic JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 272 11 compounds compound NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 272 12 such such JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 272 13 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 272 14 chōng chōng NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 272 15 沖 沖 FW en-wikipedia-org-1622 272 16 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 272 17 pour pour NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 272 18 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 272 19 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 272 20 combining combine VBG en-wikipedia-org-1622 272 21 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 272 22 phonetic phonetic JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 272 23 component component NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 272 24 zhōng zhōng NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 272 25 中 中 NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 272 26 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 272 27 middle middle NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 272 28 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 272 29 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 272 30 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 272 31 semantic semantic JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 272 32 radical radical JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 272 33 氵 氵 NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 272 34 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 272 35 water water NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 272 36 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 272 37 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1622 273 1 Almost almost RB en-wikipedia-org-1622 273 2 all all DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 273 3 characters character NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 273 4 created create VBN en-wikipedia-org-1622 273 5 since since IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 273 6 have have VBP en-wikipedia-org-1622 273 7 been be VBN en-wikipedia-org-1622 273 8 made make VBN en-wikipedia-org-1622 273 9 using use VBG en-wikipedia-org-1622 273 10 this this DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 273 11 format format NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 273 12 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1622 274 1 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 274 2 18th 18th JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 274 3 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-1622 274 4 century century NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 274 5 Kangxi Kangxi NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 274 6 Dictionary Dictionary NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 274 7 recognized recognize VBD en-wikipedia-org-1622 274 8 214 214 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 274 9 radicals radical NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 274 10 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1622 275 1 Modern modern JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 275 2 characters character NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 275 3 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-1622 275 4 styled style VBN en-wikipedia-org-1622 275 5 after after IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 275 6 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 275 7 regular regular JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 275 8 script script NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 275 9 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1622 276 1 Various various JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 276 2 other other JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 276 3 written write VBN en-wikipedia-org-1622 276 4 styles style NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 276 5 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-1622 276 6 also also RB en-wikipedia-org-1622 276 7 used use VBN en-wikipedia-org-1622 276 8 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 276 9 Chinese chinese JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 276 10 calligraphy calligraphy NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 276 11 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 276 12 including include VBG en-wikipedia-org-1622 276 13 seal seal NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 276 14 script script NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 276 15 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 276 16 cursive cursive JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 276 17 script script NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 276 18 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1622 276 19 clerical clerical JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 276 20 script script NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 276 21 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1622 277 1 Calligraphy calligraphy NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 277 2 artists artist NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 277 3 can can MD en-wikipedia-org-1622 277 4 write write VB en-wikipedia-org-1622 277 5 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 277 6 traditional traditional JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 277 7 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1622 277 8 simplified simplify VBN en-wikipedia-org-1622 277 9 characters character NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 277 10 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 277 11 but but CC en-wikipedia-org-1622 277 12 they -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-1622 277 13 tend tend VBP en-wikipedia-org-1622 277 14 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-1622 277 15 use use VB en-wikipedia-org-1622 277 16 traditional traditional JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 277 17 characters character NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 277 18 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 277 19 traditional traditional JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 277 20 art art NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 277 21 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1622 278 1 There there EX en-wikipedia-org-1622 278 2 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-1622 278 3 currently currently RB en-wikipedia-org-1622 278 4 two two CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 278 5 systems system NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 278 6 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 278 7 Chinese chinese JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 278 8 characters character NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 278 9 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1622 279 1 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 279 2 traditional traditional JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 279 3 system system NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 279 4 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 279 5 used use VBN en-wikipedia-org-1622 279 6 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 279 7 Hong Hong NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 279 8 Kong Kong NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 279 9 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 279 10 Taiwan Taiwan NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 279 11 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 279 12 Macau Macau NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 279 13 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1622 279 14 Chinese Chinese NNPS en-wikipedia-org-1622 279 15 speaking speak VBG en-wikipedia-org-1622 279 16 communities community NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 279 17 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 279 18 except except IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 279 19 Singapore Singapore NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 279 20 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1622 279 21 Malaysia Malaysia NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 279 22 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 279 23 outside outside JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 279 24 mainland mainland NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 279 25 China China NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 279 26 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 279 27 takes take VBZ en-wikipedia-org-1622 279 28 its -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-1622 279 29 form form NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 279 30 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 279 31 standardized standardized JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 279 32 character character NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 279 33 forms form NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 279 34 dating date VBG en-wikipedia-org-1622 279 35 back back RB en-wikipedia-org-1622 279 36 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 279 37 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 279 38 late late JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 279 39 Han Han NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 279 40 dynasty dynasty NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 279 41 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1622 280 1 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 280 2 Simplified simplified JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 280 3 Chinese chinese JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 280 4 character character NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 280 5 system system NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 280 6 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 280 7 introduced introduce VBN en-wikipedia-org-1622 280 8 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 280 9 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 280 10 People People NNPS en-wikipedia-org-1622 280 11 's 's POS en-wikipedia-org-1622 280 12 Republic Republic NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 280 13 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 280 14 China China NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 280 15 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 280 16 1954 1954 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 280 17 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-1622 280 18 promote promote VB en-wikipedia-org-1622 280 19 mass mass NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 280 20 literacy literacy NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 280 21 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 280 22 simplifies simplifie NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 280 23 most most RBS en-wikipedia-org-1622 280 24 complex complex JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 280 25 traditional traditional JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 280 26 glyphs glyph NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 280 27 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 280 28 fewer few JJR en-wikipedia-org-1622 280 29 strokes stroke NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 280 30 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 280 31 many many JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 280 32 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 280 33 common common JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 280 34 cursive cursive JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 280 35 shorthand shorthand NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 280 36 variants variant NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 280 37 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1622 281 1 Singapore Singapore NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 281 2 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 281 3 which which WDT en-wikipedia-org-1622 281 4 has have VBZ en-wikipedia-org-1622 281 5 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 281 6 large large JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 281 7 Chinese chinese JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 281 8 community community NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 281 9 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 281 10 was be VBD en-wikipedia-org-1622 281 11 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 281 12 second second JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 281 13 nation nation NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 281 14 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-1622 281 15 officially officially RB en-wikipedia-org-1622 281 16 adopt adopt VB en-wikipedia-org-1622 281 17 simplified simplify VBN en-wikipedia-org-1622 281 18 characters character NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 281 19 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 281 20 although although IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 281 21 it -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-1622 281 22 has have VBZ en-wikipedia-org-1622 281 23 also also RB en-wikipedia-org-1622 281 24 become become VBN en-wikipedia-org-1622 281 25 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 281 26 de de FW en-wikipedia-org-1622 281 27 facto facto FW en-wikipedia-org-1622 281 28 standard standard NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 281 29 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 281 30 younger young JJR en-wikipedia-org-1622 281 31 ethnic ethnic JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 281 32 Chinese Chinese NNPS en-wikipedia-org-1622 281 33 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 281 34 Malaysia Malaysia NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 281 35 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1622 282 1 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 282 2 Internet internet NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 282 3 provides provide VBZ en-wikipedia-org-1622 282 4 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 282 5 platform platform NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 282 6 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-1622 282 7 practice practice VB en-wikipedia-org-1622 282 8 reading read VBG en-wikipedia-org-1622 282 9 these these DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 282 10 alternative alternative JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 282 11 systems system NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 282 12 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 282 13 be be VB en-wikipedia-org-1622 282 14 it -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-1622 282 15 traditional traditional JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 282 16 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-1622 282 17 simplified simplify VBN en-wikipedia-org-1622 282 18 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1622 283 1 Most Most JJS en-wikipedia-org-1622 283 2 Chinese chinese JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 283 3 users user NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 283 4 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 283 5 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 283 6 modern modern JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 283 7 era era NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 283 8 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-1622 283 9 capable capable JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 283 10 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 283 11 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 283 12 although although IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 283 13 not not RB en-wikipedia-org-1622 283 14 necessarily necessarily RB en-wikipedia-org-1622 283 15 comfortable comfortable JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 283 16 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 283 17 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 283 18 reading read VBG en-wikipedia-org-1622 283 19 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 283 20 but but CC en-wikipedia-org-1622 283 21 not not RB en-wikipedia-org-1622 283 22 writing write VBG en-wikipedia-org-1622 283 23 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 283 24 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 283 25 alternative alternative JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 283 26 system system NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 283 27 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 283 28 through through IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 283 29 experience experience NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 283 30 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1622 283 31 guesswork guesswork NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 283 32 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1622 284 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 284 2 82 82 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 284 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 284 4 A a DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 284 5 well well RB en-wikipedia-org-1622 284 6 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-1622 284 7 educated educate VBN en-wikipedia-org-1622 284 8 Chinese chinese JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 284 9 reader reader NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 284 10 today today NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 284 11 recognizes recognize VBZ en-wikipedia-org-1622 284 12 approximately approximately RB en-wikipedia-org-1622 284 13 4,000 4,000 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 284 14 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-1622 284 15 6,000 6,000 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 284 16 characters character NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 284 17 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-1622 284 18 approximately approximately RB en-wikipedia-org-1622 284 19 3,000 3,000 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 284 20 characters character NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 284 21 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-1622 284 22 required require VBN en-wikipedia-org-1622 284 23 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-1622 284 24 read read VB en-wikipedia-org-1622 284 25 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 284 26 Mainland Mainland NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 284 27 newspaper newspaper NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 284 28 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1622 285 1 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 285 2 PRC PRC NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 285 3 government government NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 285 4 defines define VBZ en-wikipedia-org-1622 285 5 literacy literacy NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 285 6 amongst amongst IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 285 7 workers worker NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 285 8 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 285 9 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 285 10 knowledge knowledge NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 285 11 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 285 12 2,000 2,000 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 285 13 characters character NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 285 14 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 285 15 though though IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 285 16 this this DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 285 17 would would MD en-wikipedia-org-1622 285 18 be be VB en-wikipedia-org-1622 285 19 only only RB en-wikipedia-org-1622 285 20 functional functional JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 285 21 literacy literacy NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 285 22 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1622 286 1 School school NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 286 2 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-1622 286 3 children child NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 286 4 typically typically RB en-wikipedia-org-1622 286 5 learn learn VBP en-wikipedia-org-1622 286 6 around around IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 286 7 2,000 2,000 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 286 8 characters character NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 286 9 whereas whereas IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 286 10 scholars scholar NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 286 11 may may MD en-wikipedia-org-1622 286 12 memorize memorize VB en-wikipedia-org-1622 286 13 up up IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 286 14 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-1622 286 15 10,000 10,000 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 286 16 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1622 287 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 287 2 83 83 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 287 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 287 4 A a DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 287 5 large large JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 287 6 unabridged unabridged JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 287 7 dictionary dictionary NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 287 8 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 287 9 like like IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 287 10 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 287 11 Kangxi Kangxi NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 287 12 Dictionary Dictionary NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 287 13 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 287 14 contains contain VBZ en-wikipedia-org-1622 287 15 over over IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 287 16 40,000 40,000 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 287 17 characters character NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 287 18 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 287 19 including include VBG en-wikipedia-org-1622 287 20 obscure obscure JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 287 21 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 287 22 variant variant JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 287 23 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 287 24 rare rare JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 287 25 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 287 26 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1622 287 27 archaic archaic NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 287 28 characters character NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 287 29 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-1622 287 30 fewer few JJR en-wikipedia-org-1622 287 31 than than IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 287 32 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 287 33 quarter quarter NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 287 34 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 287 35 these these DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 287 36 characters character NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 287 37 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-1622 287 38 now now RB en-wikipedia-org-1622 287 39 commonly commonly RB en-wikipedia-org-1622 287 40 used use VBN en-wikipedia-org-1622 287 41 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1622 288 1 Romanization[edit romanization[edit LS en-wikipedia-org-1622 288 2 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 288 3 Main main JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 288 4 article article NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 288 5 : : : en-wikipedia-org-1622 288 6 Romanization romanization NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 288 7 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 288 8 Chinese chinese JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 288 9 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-1622 288 10 National national JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 288 11 language language NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 288 12 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-1622 288 13 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 288 14 國語 國語 NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 288 15 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-1622 288 16 国语 国语 NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 288 17 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-1622 288 18 Guóyǔ Guóyǔ NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 288 19 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 288 20 written write VBN en-wikipedia-org-1622 288 21 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 288 22 Traditional traditional JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 288 23 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1622 288 24 Simplified simplify VBN en-wikipedia-org-1622 288 25 Chinese chinese JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 288 26 characters character NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 288 27 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 288 28 followed follow VBN en-wikipedia-org-1622 288 29 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 288 30 various various JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 288 31 romanizations romanization NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 288 32 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1622 289 1 Romanization romanization NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 289 2 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-1622 289 3 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 289 4 process process NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 289 5 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 289 6 transcribing transcribe VBG en-wikipedia-org-1622 289 7 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 289 8 language language NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 289 9 into into IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 289 10 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 289 11 Latin Latin NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 289 12 script script NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 289 13 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1622 290 1 There there EX en-wikipedia-org-1622 290 2 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-1622 290 3 many many JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 290 4 systems system NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 290 5 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 290 6 romanization romanization NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 290 7 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 290 8 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 290 9 Chinese chinese JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 290 10 varieties variety NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 290 11 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 290 12 due due IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 290 13 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 290 14 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 290 15 lack lack NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 290 16 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 290 17 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 290 18 native native JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 290 19 phonetic phonetic JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 290 20 transcription transcription NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 290 21 until until IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 290 22 modern modern JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 290 23 times time NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 290 24 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1622 291 1 Chinese chinese JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 291 2 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-1622 291 3 first first RB en-wikipedia-org-1622 291 4 known know VBN en-wikipedia-org-1622 291 5 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-1622 291 6 have have VB en-wikipedia-org-1622 291 7 been be VBN en-wikipedia-org-1622 291 8 written write VBN en-wikipedia-org-1622 291 9 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 291 10 Latin latin JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 291 11 characters character NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 291 12 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 291 13 Western western JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 291 14 Christian christian JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 291 15 missionaries missionary NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 291 16 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 291 17 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 291 18 16th 16th JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 291 19 century century NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 291 20 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1622 292 1 Today today NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 292 2 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 292 3 most most RBS en-wikipedia-org-1622 292 4 common common JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 292 5 romanization romanization NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 292 6 standard standard NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 292 7 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 292 8 Standard Standard NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 292 9 Mandarin Mandarin NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 292 10 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-1622 292 11 Hanyu Hanyu NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 292 12 Pinyin Pinyin NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 292 13 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 292 14 often often RB en-wikipedia-org-1622 292 15 known know VBN en-wikipedia-org-1622 292 16 simply simply RB en-wikipedia-org-1622 292 17 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 292 18 pinyin pinyin NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 292 19 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 292 20 introduced introduce VBN en-wikipedia-org-1622 292 21 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 292 22 1956 1956 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 292 23 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 292 24 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 292 25 People People NNPS en-wikipedia-org-1622 292 26 's 's POS en-wikipedia-org-1622 292 27 Republic Republic NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 292 28 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 292 29 China China NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 292 30 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 292 31 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1622 292 32 later later RB en-wikipedia-org-1622 292 33 adopted adopt VBN en-wikipedia-org-1622 292 34 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 292 35 Singapore Singapore NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 292 36 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1622 292 37 Taiwan Taiwan NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 292 38 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1622 293 1 Pinyin Pinyin NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 293 2 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-1622 293 3 almost almost RB en-wikipedia-org-1622 293 4 universally universally RB en-wikipedia-org-1622 293 5 employed employ VBN en-wikipedia-org-1622 293 6 now now RB en-wikipedia-org-1622 293 7 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 293 8 teaching teach VBG en-wikipedia-org-1622 293 9 standard standard JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 293 10 spoken speak VBN en-wikipedia-org-1622 293 11 Chinese Chinese NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 293 12 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 293 13 schools school NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 293 14 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1622 293 15 universities university NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 293 16 across across IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 293 17 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 293 18 Americas Americas NNPS en-wikipedia-org-1622 293 19 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 293 20 Australia Australia NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 293 21 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 293 22 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1622 293 23 Europe Europe NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 293 24 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1622 294 1 Chinese chinese JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 294 2 parents parent NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 294 3 also also RB en-wikipedia-org-1622 294 4 use use VBP en-wikipedia-org-1622 294 5 Pinyin Pinyin NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 294 6 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-1622 294 7 teach teach VB en-wikipedia-org-1622 294 8 their -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-1622 294 9 children child NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 294 10 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 294 11 sounds sound NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 294 12 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1622 294 13 tones tone NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 294 14 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 294 15 new new JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 294 16 words word NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 294 17 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1622 295 1 In in IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 295 2 school school NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 295 3 books book NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 295 4 that that WDT en-wikipedia-org-1622 295 5 teach teach VBP en-wikipedia-org-1622 295 6 Chinese Chinese NNPS en-wikipedia-org-1622 295 7 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 295 8 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 295 9 Pinyin Pinyin NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 295 10 romanization romanization NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 295 11 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-1622 295 12 often often RB en-wikipedia-org-1622 295 13 shown show VBN en-wikipedia-org-1622 295 14 below below IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 295 15 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 295 16 picture picture NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 295 17 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 295 18 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 295 19 thing thing NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 295 20 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 295 21 word word NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 295 22 represents represent VBZ en-wikipedia-org-1622 295 23 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 295 24 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 295 25 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 295 26 Chinese chinese JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 295 27 character character NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 295 28 alongside alongside RB en-wikipedia-org-1622 295 29 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1622 296 1 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 296 2 second second RB en-wikipedia-org-1622 296 3 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-1622 296 4 most most RBS en-wikipedia-org-1622 296 5 common common JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 296 6 romanization romanization NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 296 7 system system NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 296 8 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 296 9 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 296 10 Wade Wade NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 296 11 – – : en-wikipedia-org-1622 296 12 Giles Giles NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 296 13 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 296 14 was be VBD en-wikipedia-org-1622 296 15 invented invent VBN en-wikipedia-org-1622 296 16 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 296 17 Thomas Thomas NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 296 18 Wade Wade NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 296 19 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 296 20 1859 1859 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 296 21 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1622 296 22 modified modify VBN en-wikipedia-org-1622 296 23 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 296 24 Herbert Herbert NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 296 25 Giles Giles NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 296 26 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 296 27 1892 1892 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 296 28 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1622 297 1 As as IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 297 2 this this DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 297 3 system system NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 297 4 approximates approximate VBZ en-wikipedia-org-1622 297 5 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 297 6 phonology phonology NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 297 7 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 297 8 Mandarin Mandarin NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 297 9 Chinese Chinese NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 297 10 into into IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 297 11 English english JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 297 12 consonants consonant NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 297 13 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1622 297 14 vowels vowel NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 297 15 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 297 16 i.e. i.e. FW en-wikipedia-org-1622 298 1 it -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-1622 298 2 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-1622 298 3 an an DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 298 4 Anglicization Anglicization NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 298 5 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 298 6 it -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-1622 298 7 may may MD en-wikipedia-org-1622 298 8 be be VB en-wikipedia-org-1622 298 9 particularly particularly RB en-wikipedia-org-1622 298 10 helpful helpful JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 298 11 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 298 12 beginner beginner NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 298 13 Chinese chinese JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 298 14 speakers speaker NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 298 15 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 298 16 an an DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 298 17 English English NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 298 18 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-1622 298 19 speaking speak VBG en-wikipedia-org-1622 298 20 background background NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 298 21 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1622 299 1 Wade Wade NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 299 2 – – : en-wikipedia-org-1622 299 3 Giles Giles NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 299 4 was be VBD en-wikipedia-org-1622 299 5 found find VBN en-wikipedia-org-1622 299 6 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 299 7 academic academic JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 299 8 use use NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 299 9 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 299 10 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 299 11 United United NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 299 12 States States NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 299 13 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 299 14 particularly particularly RB en-wikipedia-org-1622 299 15 before before IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 299 16 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 299 17 1980s 1980 NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 299 18 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 299 19 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1622 299 20 until until IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 299 21 2009 2009 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 299 22 was be VBD en-wikipedia-org-1622 299 23 widely widely RB en-wikipedia-org-1622 299 24 used use VBN en-wikipedia-org-1622 299 25 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 299 26 Taiwan Taiwan NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 299 27 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1622 300 1 When when WRB en-wikipedia-org-1622 300 2 used use VBN en-wikipedia-org-1622 300 3 within within IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 300 4 European european JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 300 5 texts text NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 300 6 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 300 7 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 300 8 tone tone NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 300 9 transcriptions transcription NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 300 10 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 300 11 both both DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 300 12 pinyin pinyin NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 300 13 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1622 300 14 Wade Wade NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 300 15 – – : en-wikipedia-org-1622 300 16 Giles Giles NNPS en-wikipedia-org-1622 300 17 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-1622 300 18 often often RB en-wikipedia-org-1622 300 19 left leave VBN en-wikipedia-org-1622 300 20 out out RP en-wikipedia-org-1622 300 21 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 300 22 simplicity simplicity NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 300 23 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-1622 300 24 Wade Wade NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 300 25 – – : en-wikipedia-org-1622 300 26 Giles Giles NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 300 27 ' ' POS en-wikipedia-org-1622 300 28 extensive extensive JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 300 29 use use NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 300 30 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 300 31 apostrophes apostrophe NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 300 32 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-1622 300 33 also also RB en-wikipedia-org-1622 300 34 usually usually RB en-wikipedia-org-1622 300 35 omitted omit VBN en-wikipedia-org-1622 300 36 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1622 301 1 Thus thus RB en-wikipedia-org-1622 301 2 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 301 3 most most JJS en-wikipedia-org-1622 301 4 Western western JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 301 5 readers reader NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 301 6 will will MD en-wikipedia-org-1622 301 7 be be VB en-wikipedia-org-1622 301 8 much much RB en-wikipedia-org-1622 301 9 more more RBR en-wikipedia-org-1622 301 10 familiar familiar JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 301 11 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 301 12 Beijing Beijing NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 301 13 than than IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 301 14 they -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-1622 301 15 will will MD en-wikipedia-org-1622 301 16 be be VB en-wikipedia-org-1622 301 17 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 301 18 Běijīng Běijīng NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 301 19 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 301 20 pinyin pinyin NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 301 21 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 301 22 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 301 23 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1622 301 24 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 301 25 Taipei Taipei NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 301 26 than than IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 301 27 T'ai²-pei³ T'ai²-pei³ NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 301 28 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 301 29 Wade Wade NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 301 30 – – : en-wikipedia-org-1622 301 31 Giles Giles NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 301 32 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 301 33 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1622 302 1 This this DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 302 2 simplification simplification NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 302 3 presents present VBZ en-wikipedia-org-1622 302 4 syllables syllable NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 302 5 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 302 6 homophones homophone NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 302 7 which which WDT en-wikipedia-org-1622 302 8 really really RB en-wikipedia-org-1622 302 9 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-1622 302 10 none none NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 302 11 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 302 12 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1622 302 13 therefore therefore RB en-wikipedia-org-1622 302 14 exaggerates exaggerate VBZ en-wikipedia-org-1622 302 15 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 302 16 number number NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 302 17 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 302 18 homophones homophone NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 302 19 almost almost RB en-wikipedia-org-1622 302 20 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 302 21 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 302 22 factor factor NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 302 23 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 302 24 four four CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 302 25 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1622 303 1 Here here RB en-wikipedia-org-1622 303 2 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-1622 303 3 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 303 4 few few JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 303 5 examples example NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 303 6 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 303 7 Hanyu Hanyu NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 303 8 Pinyin Pinyin NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 303 9 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1622 303 10 Wade Wade NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 303 11 – – : en-wikipedia-org-1622 303 12 Giles Giles NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 303 13 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 303 14 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 303 15 comparison comparison NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 303 16 : : : en-wikipedia-org-1622 303 17 Mandarin Mandarin NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 303 18 Romanization Romanization NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 303 19 Comparison Comparison NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 303 20 Characters Characters NNPS en-wikipedia-org-1622 303 21 Wade Wade NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 303 22 – – : en-wikipedia-org-1622 303 23 Giles Giles NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 303 24 Pinyin Pinyin NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 303 25 Meaning Meaning NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 303 26 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-1622 303 27 Notes Notes NNPS en-wikipedia-org-1622 303 28 中国 中国 NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 303 29 / / , en-wikipedia-org-1622 303 30 中國 中國 NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 303 31 Chung¹-kuo² Chung¹-kuo² NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 303 32 Zhōngguó Zhōngguó NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 303 33 China China NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 303 34 台湾 台湾 NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 303 35 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-1622 303 36 台灣 台灣 NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 303 37 T'ai²-wan¹ t'ai²-wan¹ CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 303 38 Táiwān Táiwān NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 303 39 Taiwan Taiwan NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 303 40 北京 北京 VBP en-wikipedia-org-1622 303 41 Pei³-ching¹ Pei³-ching¹ NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 303 42 Běijīng Běijīng NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 303 43 Beijing Beijing NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 303 44 台北 台北 NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 303 45 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-1622 303 46 臺北 臺北 NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 303 47 T'ai²-pei³ T'ai²-pei³ . en-wikipedia-org-1622 303 48 Táiběi Táiběi NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 303 49 Taipei Taipei NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 303 50 孫文 孫文 POS en-wikipedia-org-1622 303 51 Sun¹-wên² Sun¹-wên² NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 303 52 Sūn Sūn NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 303 53 Wén Wén NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 303 54 Sun Sun NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 303 55 Yat Yat NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 303 56 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-1622 303 57 sen sen NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 303 58 毛泽东 毛泽东 NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 303 59 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-1622 303 60 毛澤東 毛澤東 NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 303 61 Mao² Mao² NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 303 62 Tse²-tung¹ Tse²-tung¹ NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 303 63 Máo Máo NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 303 64 Zédōng Zédōng NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 303 65 Mao Mao NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 303 66 Zedong Zedong NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 303 67 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 303 68 Former former JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 303 69 Communist Communist NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 303 70 Chinese chinese JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 303 71 leader leader NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 303 72 蒋介石 蒋介石 NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 303 73 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-1622 303 74 蔣介石 蔣介石 NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 303 75 Chiang³ Chiang³ NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 303 76 Chieh⁴-shih² Chieh⁴-shih² NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 303 77 Jiǎng Jiǎng NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 303 78 Jièshí Jièshí NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 303 79 Former Former NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 303 80 Nationalist nationalist JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 303 81 Chinese chinese JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 303 82 leader leader NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 303 83 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 303 84 better well RBR en-wikipedia-org-1622 303 85 known know VBN en-wikipedia-org-1622 303 86 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 303 87 English English NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 303 88 speakers speaker NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 303 89 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 303 90 Chiang Chiang NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 303 91 Kai Kai NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 303 92 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-1622 303 93 shek shek NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 303 94 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 303 95 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 303 96 Cantonese cantonese JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 303 97 pronunciation pronunciation NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 303 98 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 303 99 孔子 孔子 RB en-wikipedia-org-1622 303 100 K'ung³ K'ung³ NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 303 101 Tsu³ Tsu³ NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 303 102 Kǒngzǐ Kǒngzǐ NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 303 103 Confucius Confucius NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 303 104 Other other JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 303 105 systems system NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 303 106 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 303 107 romanization romanization NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 303 108 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 303 109 Chinese Chinese NNPS en-wikipedia-org-1622 303 110 include include VBP en-wikipedia-org-1622 303 111 Gwoyeu Gwoyeu NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 303 112 Romatzyh Romatzyh NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 303 113 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 303 114 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 303 115 French french JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 303 116 EFEO EFEO NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 303 117 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 303 118 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 303 119 Yale Yale NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 303 120 system system NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 303 121 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 303 122 invented invent VBN en-wikipedia-org-1622 303 123 during during IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 303 124 WWII WWII NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 303 125 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 303 126 U.S. U.S. NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 303 127 troops troop NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 303 128 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 303 129 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 303 130 as as RB en-wikipedia-org-1622 303 131 well well RB en-wikipedia-org-1622 303 132 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 303 133 separate separate JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 303 134 systems system NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 303 135 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 303 136 Cantonese Cantonese NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 303 137 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 303 138 Min Min NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 303 139 Nan Nan NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 303 140 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 303 141 Hakka Hakka NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 303 142 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 303 143 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1622 303 144 other other JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 303 145 Chinese chinese JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 303 146 varieties variety NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 303 147 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1622 304 1 Other other JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 304 2 phonetic phonetic JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 304 3 transcriptions[edit transcriptions[edit ADD en-wikipedia-org-1622 304 4 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 304 5 Chinese chinese JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 304 6 varieties variety NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 304 7 have have VBP en-wikipedia-org-1622 304 8 been be VBN en-wikipedia-org-1622 304 9 phonetically phonetically RB en-wikipedia-org-1622 304 10 transcribed transcribe VBN en-wikipedia-org-1622 304 11 into into IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 304 12 many many JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 304 13 other other JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 304 14 writing writing NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 304 15 systems system NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 304 16 over over IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 304 17 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 304 18 centuries century NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 304 19 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1622 305 1 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 305 2 ' ' `` en-wikipedia-org-1622 305 3 Phags Phags NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 305 4 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-1622 305 5 pa pa NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 305 6 script script NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 305 7 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 305 8 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 305 9 example example NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 305 10 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 305 11 has have VBZ en-wikipedia-org-1622 305 12 been be VBN en-wikipedia-org-1622 305 13 very very RB en-wikipedia-org-1622 305 14 helpful helpful JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 305 15 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 305 16 reconstructing reconstruct VBG en-wikipedia-org-1622 305 17 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 305 18 pronunciations pronunciation NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 305 19 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 305 20 premodern premodern JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 305 21 forms form NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 305 22 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 305 23 Chinese Chinese NNPS en-wikipedia-org-1622 305 24 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1622 306 1 Zhuyin Zhuyin NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 306 2 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 306 3 colloquially colloquially RB en-wikipedia-org-1622 306 4 bopomofo bopomofo NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 306 5 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 306 6 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 306 7 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 306 8 semi semi JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 306 9 - - JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 306 10 syllabary syllabary JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 306 11 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-1622 306 12 still still RB en-wikipedia-org-1622 306 13 widely widely RB en-wikipedia-org-1622 306 14 used use VBN en-wikipedia-org-1622 306 15 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 306 16 Taiwan Taiwan NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 306 17 's 's POS en-wikipedia-org-1622 306 18 elementary elementary JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 306 19 schools school NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 306 20 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-1622 306 21 aid aid VB en-wikipedia-org-1622 306 22 standard standard JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 306 23 pronunciation pronunciation NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 306 24 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1622 307 1 Although although IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 307 2 zhuyin zhuyin NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 307 3 characters character NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 307 4 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-1622 307 5 reminiscent reminiscent JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 307 6 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 307 7 katakana katakana NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 307 8 script script NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 307 9 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 307 10 there there EX en-wikipedia-org-1622 307 11 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-1622 307 12 no no DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 307 13 source source NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 307 14 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-1622 307 15 substantiate substantiate VB en-wikipedia-org-1622 307 16 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 307 17 claim claim NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 307 18 that that IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 307 19 Katakana Katakana NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 307 20 was be VBD en-wikipedia-org-1622 307 21 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 307 22 basis basis NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 307 23 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 307 24 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 307 25 zhuyin zhuyin NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 307 26 system system NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 307 27 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1622 308 1 A a DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 308 2 comparison comparison NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 308 3 table table NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 308 4 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 308 5 zhuyin zhuyin NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 308 6 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 308 7 pinyin pinyin NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 308 8 exists exist VBZ en-wikipedia-org-1622 308 9 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 308 10 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 308 11 zhuyin zhuyin NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 308 12 article article NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 308 13 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1622 309 1 Syllables syllable NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 309 2 based base VBN en-wikipedia-org-1622 309 3 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 309 4 pinyin pinyin NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 309 5 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1622 309 6 zhuyin zhuyin NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 309 7 can can MD en-wikipedia-org-1622 309 8 also also RB en-wikipedia-org-1622 309 9 be be VB en-wikipedia-org-1622 309 10 compared compare VBN en-wikipedia-org-1622 309 11 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 309 12 looking look VBG en-wikipedia-org-1622 309 13 at at IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 309 14 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 309 15 following follow VBG en-wikipedia-org-1622 309 16 articles article NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 309 17 : : : en-wikipedia-org-1622 309 18 Pinyin Pinyin NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 309 19 table table NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 309 20 Zhuyin Zhuyin NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 309 21 table table NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 309 22 There there EX en-wikipedia-org-1622 309 23 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-1622 309 24 also also RB en-wikipedia-org-1622 309 25 at at RB en-wikipedia-org-1622 309 26 least least RBS en-wikipedia-org-1622 309 27 two two CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 309 28 systems system NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 309 29 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 309 30 cyrillization cyrillization NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 309 31 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 309 32 Chinese Chinese NNPS en-wikipedia-org-1622 309 33 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1622 310 1 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 310 2 most most RBS en-wikipedia-org-1622 310 3 widespread widespread JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 310 4 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-1622 310 5 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 310 6 Palladius Palladius NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 310 7 system system NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 310 8 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1622 311 1 As as IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 311 2 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 311 3 foreign foreign NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 311 4 language[edit language[edit , en-wikipedia-org-1622 311 5 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 311 6 Main main JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 311 7 article article NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 311 8 : : : en-wikipedia-org-1622 311 9 Chinese chinese JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 311 10 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 311 11 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 311 12 foreign foreign JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 311 13 language language NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 311 14 Yang Yang NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 311 15 Lingfu Lingfu NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 311 16 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 311 17 former former JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 311 18 curator curator NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 311 19 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 311 20 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 311 21 National National NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 311 22 Museum Museum NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 311 23 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 311 24 China China NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 311 25 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 311 26 giving give VBG en-wikipedia-org-1622 311 27 Chinese chinese JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 311 28 language language NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 311 29 instruction instruction NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 311 30 at at IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 311 31 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 311 32 Civil Civil NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 311 33 Affairs Affairs NNPS en-wikipedia-org-1622 311 34 Staging Staging NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 311 35 Area Area NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 311 36 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 311 37 1945 1945 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 311 38 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1622 312 1 With with IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 312 2 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 312 3 growing grow VBG en-wikipedia-org-1622 312 4 importance importance NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 312 5 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1622 312 6 influence influence NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 312 7 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 312 8 China China NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 312 9 's 's POS en-wikipedia-org-1622 312 10 economy economy NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 312 11 globally globally RB en-wikipedia-org-1622 312 12 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 312 13 Mandarin Mandarin NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 312 14 instruction instruction NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 312 15 has have VBZ en-wikipedia-org-1622 312 16 been be VBN en-wikipedia-org-1622 312 17 gaining gain VBG en-wikipedia-org-1622 312 18 popularity popularity NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 312 19 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 312 20 schools school NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 312 21 throughout throughout IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 312 22 East East NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 312 23 Asia Asia NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 312 24 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 312 25 Southeast Southeast NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 312 26 Asia Asia NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 312 27 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 312 28 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1622 312 29 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 312 30 Western western JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 312 31 world world NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 312 32 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1622 313 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 313 2 84 84 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 313 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 313 4 Besides besides IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 313 5 Mandarin Mandarin NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 313 6 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 313 7 Cantonese Cantonese NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 313 8 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-1622 313 9 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 313 10 only only JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 313 11 other other JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 313 12 Chinese chinese JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 313 13 language language NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 313 14 that that WDT en-wikipedia-org-1622 313 15 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-1622 313 16 widely widely RB en-wikipedia-org-1622 313 17 taught teach VBN en-wikipedia-org-1622 313 18 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 313 19 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 313 20 foreign foreign JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 313 21 language language NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 313 22 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 313 23 largely largely RB en-wikipedia-org-1622 313 24 due due JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 313 25 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 313 26 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 313 27 economic economic JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 313 28 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1622 313 29 cultural cultural JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 313 30 influence influence NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 313 31 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 313 32 Hong Hong NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 313 33 Kong Kong NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 313 34 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1622 313 35 its -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-1622 313 36 widespread widespread JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 313 37 usage usage NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 313 38 among among IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 313 39 significant significant JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 313 40 Overseas overseas JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 313 41 Chinese chinese JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 313 42 communities community NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 313 43 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1622 314 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 314 2 85 85 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 314 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 314 4 In in IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 314 5 1991 1991 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 314 6 there there EX en-wikipedia-org-1622 314 7 were be VBD en-wikipedia-org-1622 314 8 2,000 2,000 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 314 9 foreign foreign JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 314 10 learners learner NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 314 11 taking take VBG en-wikipedia-org-1622 314 12 China China NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 314 13 's 's POS en-wikipedia-org-1622 314 14 official official JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 314 15 Chinese Chinese NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 314 16 Proficiency Proficiency NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 314 17 Test Test NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 314 18 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 314 19 also also RB en-wikipedia-org-1622 314 20 known know VBN en-wikipedia-org-1622 314 21 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 314 22 HSK HSK NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 314 23 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 314 24 comparable comparable JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 314 25 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 314 26 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 314 27 English English NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 314 28 Cambridge Cambridge NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 314 29 Certificate Certificate NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 314 30 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 314 31 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 314 32 while while IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 314 33 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 314 34 2005 2005 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 314 35 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 314 36 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 314 37 number number NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 314 38 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 314 39 candidates candidate NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 314 40 had have VBD en-wikipedia-org-1622 314 41 risen rise VBN en-wikipedia-org-1622 314 42 sharply sharply RB en-wikipedia-org-1622 314 43 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 314 44 117,660 117,660 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 314 45 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1622 315 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 315 2 86 86 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 315 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 315 4 See see VB en-wikipedia-org-1622 315 5 also[edit also[edit LS en-wikipedia-org-1622 315 6 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 315 7 Chinese chinese JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 315 8 exclamative exclamative JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 315 9 particles particle NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 315 10 Chinese chinese JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 315 11 honorifics honorific NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 315 12 Chinese chinese JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 315 13 numerals numeral NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 315 14 Chinese chinese JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 315 15 punctuation punctuation NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 315 16 Classical classical JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 315 17 Chinese Chinese NNPS en-wikipedia-org-1622 315 18 grammar grammar VBD en-wikipedia-org-1622 315 19 Four four CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 315 20 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-1622 315 21 character character NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 315 22 idiom idiom NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 315 23 Han Han NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 315 24 unification unification NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 315 25 Languages Languages NNPS en-wikipedia-org-1622 315 26 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 315 27 China China NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 315 28 North North NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 315 29 American American NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 315 30 Conference Conference NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 315 31 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 315 32 Chinese Chinese NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 315 33 Linguistics Linguistics NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 315 34 Protection Protection NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 315 35 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 315 36 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 315 37 Varieties Varieties NNPS en-wikipedia-org-1622 315 38 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 315 39 Chinese Chinese NNPS en-wikipedia-org-1622 315 40 Notes[edit notes[edit NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 315 41 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 315 42 ^ ^ FW en-wikipedia-org-1622 315 43 de de FW en-wikipedia-org-1622 315 44 facto facto FW en-wikipedia-org-1622 315 45 : : : en-wikipedia-org-1622 315 46 While while IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 315 47 no no DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 315 48 specific specific JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 315 49 variety variety NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 315 50 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 315 51 Chinese Chinese NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 315 52 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-1622 315 53 official official JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 315 54 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 315 55 Hong Hong NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 315 56 Kong Kong NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 315 57 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1622 315 58 Macau Macau NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 315 59 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 315 60 Cantonese Cantonese NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 315 61 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-1622 315 62 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 315 63 predominent predominent JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 315 64 spoken speak VBN en-wikipedia-org-1622 315 65 form form NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 315 66 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1622 315 67 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 315 68 de de FW en-wikipedia-org-1622 315 69 facto facto FW en-wikipedia-org-1622 315 70 regional regional JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 315 71 standard standard NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 315 72 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 315 73 written write VBN en-wikipedia-org-1622 315 74 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 315 75 traditional traditional JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 315 76 Chinese chinese JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 315 77 characters character NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 315 78 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1622 316 1 Standard Standard NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 316 2 Mandarin Mandarin NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 316 3 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1622 316 4 simplified simplify VBD en-wikipedia-org-1622 316 5 Chinese chinese JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 316 6 characters character NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 316 7 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-1622 316 8 only only RB en-wikipedia-org-1622 316 9 occasionally occasionally RB en-wikipedia-org-1622 316 10 used use VBN en-wikipedia-org-1622 316 11 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 316 12 some some DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 316 13 official official JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 316 14 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1622 316 15 educational educational JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 316 16 settings setting NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 316 17 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1622 317 1 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 317 2 HK HK NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 317 3 SAR SAR NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 317 4 Government Government NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 317 5 promotes promote VBZ en-wikipedia-org-1622 317 6 兩文三語 兩文三語 NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 317 7 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 317 8 Bi Bi NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 317 9 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-1622 317 10 literacy literacy NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 317 11 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 317 12 Chinese chinese JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 317 13 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 317 14 English English NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 317 15 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 317 16 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1622 317 17 Tri tri NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 317 18 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-1622 317 19 lingualism lingualism NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 317 20 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 317 21 Cantonese Cantonese NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 317 22 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 317 23 Mandarin Mandarin NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 317 24 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 317 25 English English NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 317 26 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 317 27 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 317 28 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 317 29 while while IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 317 30 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 317 31 Macau Macau NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 317 32 SAR SAR NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 317 33 Government Government NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 317 34 promotes promote VBZ en-wikipedia-org-1622 317 35 三文四語 三文四語 NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 317 36 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 317 37 Tri tri NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 317 38 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-1622 317 39 literacy literacy NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 317 40 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 317 41 Chinese chinese JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 317 42 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 317 43 Portuguese portuguese JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 317 44 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 317 45 English English NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 317 46 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 317 47 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1622 317 48 Quad Quad NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 317 49 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-1622 317 50 lingualism lingualism NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 317 51 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 317 52 Cantonese Cantonese NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 317 53 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 317 54 Mandarin Mandarin NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 317 55 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 317 56 Portuguese Portuguese NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 317 57 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 317 58 English English NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 317 59 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 317 60 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 317 61 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 317 62 especially especially RB en-wikipedia-org-1622 317 63 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 317 64 public public JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 317 65 education education NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 317 66 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1622 318 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 318 2 lit light VBD en-wikipedia-org-1622 318 3 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1622 319 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-1622 319 2 Han Han NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 319 3 language language NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 319 4 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-1622 319 5 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 319 6 lit lit NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 319 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1622 320 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-1622 320 2 Chinese chinese JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 320 3 writing writing NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 320 4 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-1622 320 5 ^ ^ NFP en-wikipedia-org-1622 320 6 Various various JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 320 7 examples example NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 320 8 include include VBP en-wikipedia-org-1622 320 9 : : : en-wikipedia-org-1622 320 10 David David NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 320 11 Crystal Crystal NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 320 12 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 320 13 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 320 14 Cambridge Cambridge NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 320 15 Encyclopedia Encyclopedia NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 320 16 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 320 17 Language Language NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 320 18 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 320 19 Cambridge Cambridge NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 320 20 : : : en-wikipedia-org-1622 320 21 Cambridge Cambridge NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 320 22 University University NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 320 23 Press Press NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 320 24 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 320 25 1987 1987 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 320 26 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 320 27 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 320 28 p. p. NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 320 29 312 312 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 320 30 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1622 321 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-1622 321 2 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 321 3 mutual mutual JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 321 4 unintelligibility unintelligibility NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 321 5 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 321 6 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 321 7 varieties variety NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 321 8 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-1622 321 9 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 321 10 main main JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 321 11 ground ground NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 321 12 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 321 13 referring refer VBG en-wikipedia-org-1622 321 14 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 321 15 them -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-1622 321 16 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 321 17 separate separate JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 321 18 languages language NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 321 19 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1622 321 20 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-1622 322 1 Charles Charles NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 322 2 N. N. NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 322 3 Li Li NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 322 4 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 322 5 Sandra Sandra NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 322 6 A. a. NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 322 7 Thompson Thompson NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 322 8 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1622 323 1 Mandarin Mandarin NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 323 2 Chinese Chinese NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 323 3 : : : en-wikipedia-org-1622 323 4 A a DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 323 5 Functional Functional NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 323 6 Reference Reference NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 323 7 Grammar Grammar NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 323 8 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 323 9 1989 1989 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 323 10 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 323 11 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 323 12 p. p. NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 323 13   _SP en-wikipedia-org-1622 323 14 2 2 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 323 15 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1622 324 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-1622 324 2 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 324 3 Chinese chinese JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 324 4 language language NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 324 5 family family NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 324 6 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-1622 324 7 genetically genetically RB en-wikipedia-org-1622 324 8 classified classify VBN en-wikipedia-org-1622 324 9 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 324 10 an an DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 324 11 independent independent JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 324 12 branch branch NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 324 13 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 324 14 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 324 15 Sino sino JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 324 16 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-1622 324 17 Tibetan tibetan JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 324 18 language language NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 324 19 family family NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 324 20 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1622 324 21 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-1622 325 1 Norman Norman NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 325 2 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 325 3 1988 1988 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 325 4 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 325 5 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 325 6 p. p. NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 325 7   _SP en-wikipedia-org-1622 325 8 1 1 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 325 9 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1622 326 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-1622 326 2 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 326 3 ... ... NFP en-wikipedia-org-1622 326 4 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 326 5 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 326 6 modern modern JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 326 7 Chinese chinese JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 326 8 dialects dialect NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 326 9 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-1622 326 10 really really RB en-wikipedia-org-1622 326 11 more more JJR en-wikipedia-org-1622 326 12 like like IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 326 13 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 326 14 family family NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 326 15 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 326 16 languages language NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 326 17 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 326 18 ... ... NFP en-wikipedia-org-1622 326 19 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 326 20 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-1622 326 21 DeFrancis DeFrancis NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 326 22 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 326 23 1984 1984 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 326 24 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 326 25 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 326 26 p. p. NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 326 27   _SP en-wikipedia-org-1622 326 28 56 56 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 326 29 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1622 327 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-1622 327 2 To to TO en-wikipedia-org-1622 327 3 call call VB en-wikipedia-org-1622 327 4 Chinese chinese JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 327 5 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 327 6 single single JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 327 7 language language NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 327 8 composed compose VBN en-wikipedia-org-1622 327 9 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 327 10 dialects dialect NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 327 11 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 327 12 varying vary VBG en-wikipedia-org-1622 327 13 degrees degree NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 327 14 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 327 15 difference difference NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 327 16 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-1622 327 17 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-1622 327 18 mislead mislead VB en-wikipedia-org-1622 327 19 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 327 20 minimizing minimize VBG en-wikipedia-org-1622 327 21 disparities disparity NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 327 22 that that IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 327 23 according accord VBG en-wikipedia-org-1622 327 24 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 327 25 Chao Chao NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 327 26 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-1622 327 27 as as RB en-wikipedia-org-1622 327 28 great great JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 327 29 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 327 30 those those DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 327 31 between between IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 327 32 English English NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 327 33 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1622 327 34 Dutch Dutch NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 327 35 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1622 328 1 To to TO en-wikipedia-org-1622 328 2 call call VB en-wikipedia-org-1622 328 3 Chinese Chinese NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 328 4 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 328 5 family family NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 328 6 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 328 7 languages language NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 328 8 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-1622 328 9 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-1622 328 10 suggest suggest VB en-wikipedia-org-1622 328 11 extralinguistic extralinguistic JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 328 12 differences difference NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 328 13 that that IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 328 14 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 328 15 fact fact NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 328 16 do do VBP en-wikipedia-org-1622 328 17 not not RB en-wikipedia-org-1622 328 18 exist exist VB en-wikipedia-org-1622 328 19 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1622 328 20 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-1622 328 21 overlook overlook VB en-wikipedia-org-1622 328 22 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 328 23 unique unique JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 328 24 linguistic linguistic JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 328 25 situation situation NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 328 26 that that WDT en-wikipedia-org-1622 328 27 exists exist VBZ en-wikipedia-org-1622 328 28 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 328 29 China China NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 328 30 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1622 328 31 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-1622 329 1 Linguists linguist NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 329 2 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 329 3 China China NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 329 4 often often RB en-wikipedia-org-1622 329 5 use use VBP en-wikipedia-org-1622 329 6 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 329 7 formulation formulation NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 329 8 introduced introduce VBN en-wikipedia-org-1622 329 9 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 329 10 Fu Fu NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 329 11 Maoji Maoji NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 329 12 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 329 13 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 329 14 Encyclopedia Encyclopedia NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 329 15 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 329 16 China China NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 329 17 : : : en-wikipedia-org-1622 329 18 “ " `` en-wikipedia-org-1622 329 19 汉语在语言系属分类中相当于一个语族的地位 汉语在语言系属分类中相当于一个语族的地位 NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 329 20 。 。 . en-wikipedia-org-1622 329 21 ” " '' en-wikipedia-org-1622 329 22 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 329 23 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-1622 329 24 In in IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 329 25 language language NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 329 26 classification classification NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 329 27 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 329 28 Chinese Chinese NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 329 29 has have VBZ en-wikipedia-org-1622 329 30 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 329 31 status status NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 329 32 equivalent equivalent JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 329 33 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 329 34 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 329 35 language language NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 329 36 family family NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 329 37 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1622 330 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-1622 330 2 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 330 3 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 330 4 4 4 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 330 5 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 330 6 ^ ^ FW en-wikipedia-org-1622 330 7 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 330 8 b b NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 330 9 DeFrancis DeFrancis NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 330 10 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 330 11 1984 1984 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 330 12 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 330 13 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 330 14 p. p. NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 330 15   _SP en-wikipedia-org-1622 330 16 42 42 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 330 17 counts count VBZ en-wikipedia-org-1622 330 18 Chinese Chinese NNPS en-wikipedia-org-1622 330 19 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 330 20 having have VBG en-wikipedia-org-1622 330 21 1,277 1,277 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 330 22 tonal tonal JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 330 23 syllables syllable NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 330 24 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 330 25 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1622 330 26 about about RB en-wikipedia-org-1622 330 27 398 398 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 330 28 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-1622 330 29 418 418 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 330 30 if if IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 330 31 tones tone NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 330 32 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-1622 330 33 disregarded disregard VBN en-wikipedia-org-1622 330 34 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-1622 330 35 he -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-1622 330 36 cites cite VBZ en-wikipedia-org-1622 330 37 Jespersen Jespersen NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 330 38 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 330 39 Otto Otto NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 330 40 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 330 41 1928 1928 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 330 42 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 330 43 Monosyllabism Monosyllabism NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 330 44 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 330 45 English English NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 330 46 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-1622 330 47 London London NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 330 48 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 330 49 p. p. NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 330 50   _SP en-wikipedia-org-1622 330 51 15 15 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 330 52 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 330 53 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 330 54 count count NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 330 55 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 330 56 over over IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 330 57 8000 8000 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 330 58 syllables syllable NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 330 59 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 330 60 English English NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 330 61 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1622 331 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 331 2 A a DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 331 3 distinction distinction NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 331 4 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-1622 331 5 made make VBN en-wikipedia-org-1622 331 6 between between IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 331 7 他 他 NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 331 8 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 331 9 ' ' '' en-wikipedia-org-1622 331 10 he -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-1622 331 11 ' ' '' en-wikipedia-org-1622 331 12 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1622 331 13 她 她 XX en-wikipedia-org-1622 331 14 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 331 15 ' ' '' en-wikipedia-org-1622 331 16 she -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-1622 331 17 ' ' '' en-wikipedia-org-1622 331 18 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 331 19 writing writing NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 331 20 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 331 21 but but CC en-wikipedia-org-1622 331 22 this this DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 331 23 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-1622 331 24 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 331 25 20th 20th JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 331 26 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-1622 331 27 century century NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 331 28 introduction introduction NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 331 29 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 331 30 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1622 331 31 both both DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 331 32 characters character NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 331 33 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-1622 331 34 pronounced pronounce VBN en-wikipedia-org-1622 331 35 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 331 36 exactly exactly RB en-wikipedia-org-1622 331 37 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 331 38 same same JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 331 39 way way NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 331 40 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1622 332 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 332 2 Encyclopædia Encyclopædia NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 332 3 Britannica Britannica NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 332 4 s.v s.v NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 332 5 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1622 333 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-1622 333 2 Chinese chinese JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 333 3 languages language NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 333 4 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-1622 333 5 : : : en-wikipedia-org-1622 333 6 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-1622 333 7 Old old JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 333 8 Chinese chinese JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 333 9 vocabulary vocabulary NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 333 10 already already RB en-wikipedia-org-1622 333 11 contained contain VBD en-wikipedia-org-1622 333 12 many many JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 333 13 words word NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 333 14 not not RB en-wikipedia-org-1622 333 15 generally generally RB en-wikipedia-org-1622 333 16 occurring occur VBG en-wikipedia-org-1622 333 17 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 333 18 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 333 19 other other JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 333 20 Sino sino JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 333 21 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-1622 333 22 Tibetan tibetan JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 333 23 languages language NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 333 24 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1622 334 1 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 334 2 words word NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 334 3 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 334 4 ' ' `` en-wikipedia-org-1622 334 5 honey honey NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 334 6 ' ' '' en-wikipedia-org-1622 334 7 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1622 334 8 ' ' `` en-wikipedia-org-1622 334 9 lion lion NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 334 10 ' ' '' en-wikipedia-org-1622 334 11 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 334 12 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1622 334 13 probably probably RB en-wikipedia-org-1622 334 14 also also RB en-wikipedia-org-1622 334 15 ' ' `` en-wikipedia-org-1622 334 16 horse horse NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 334 17 ' ' '' en-wikipedia-org-1622 334 18 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 334 19 ' ' `` en-wikipedia-org-1622 334 20 dog dog NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 334 21 ' ' '' en-wikipedia-org-1622 334 22 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 334 23 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1622 334 24 ' ' `` en-wikipedia-org-1622 334 25 goose goose NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 334 26 ' ' '' en-wikipedia-org-1622 334 27 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 334 28 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-1622 334 29 connected connect VBN en-wikipedia-org-1622 334 30 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 334 31 Indo Indo NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 334 32 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-1622 334 33 European European NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 334 34 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1622 334 35 were be VBD en-wikipedia-org-1622 334 36 acquired acquire VBN en-wikipedia-org-1622 334 37 through through IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 334 38 trade trade NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 334 39 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1622 334 40 early early JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 334 41 contacts contact NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 334 42 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1622 335 1 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 335 2 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 335 3 nearest near JJS en-wikipedia-org-1622 335 4 known known JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 335 5 Indo indo JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 335 6 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-1622 335 7 European european JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 335 8 languages language NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 335 9 were be VBD en-wikipedia-org-1622 335 10 Tocharian Tocharian NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 335 11 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1622 335 12 Sogdian Sogdian NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 335 13 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 335 14 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 335 15 middle middle JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 335 16 Iranian iranian JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 335 17 language language NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 335 18 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1622 335 19 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 336 1 A a DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 336 2 number number NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 336 3 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 336 4 words word NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 336 5 have have VBP en-wikipedia-org-1622 336 6 Austroasiatic austroasiatic JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 336 7 cognates cognate NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 336 8 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1622 336 9 point point NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 336 10 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 336 11 early early JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 336 12 contacts contact NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 336 13 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 336 14 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 336 15 ancestral ancestral JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 336 16 language language NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 336 17 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 336 18 Muong Muong NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 336 19 – – : en-wikipedia-org-1622 336 20 Vietnamese Vietnamese NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 336 21 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1622 336 22 Mon Mon NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 336 23 – – : en-wikipedia-org-1622 336 24 Khmer Khmer NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 336 25 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1622 337 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-1622 337 2 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-1622 337 3 Jan Jan NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 337 4 Ulenbrook Ulenbrook NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 337 5 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 337 6 Einige Einige NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 337 7 Übereinstimmungen Übereinstimmungen NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 337 8 zwischen zwischen NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 337 9 dem dem NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 337 10 Chinesischen Chinesischen NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 337 11 und und RB en-wikipedia-org-1622 337 12 dem dem NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 337 13 Indogermanischen Indogermanischen NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 337 14 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 337 15 1967 1967 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 337 16 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 337 17 proposes propose VBZ en-wikipedia-org-1622 337 18 57 57 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 337 19 items item NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 337 20 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-1622 337 21 see see VB en-wikipedia-org-1622 337 22 also also RB en-wikipedia-org-1622 337 23 Tsung Tsung NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 337 24 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-1622 337 25 tung tung NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 337 26 Chang Chang NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 337 27 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 337 28 1988 1988 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 337 29 Indo indo JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 337 30 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-1622 337 31 European European NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 337 32 Vocabulary Vocabulary NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 337 33 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 337 34 Old Old NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 337 35 Chinese Chinese NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 337 36 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1622 338 1 References[edit references[edit LS en-wikipedia-org-1622 338 2 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 338 3 Citations[edit citations[edit NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 338 4 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 338 5 ^ ^ . en-wikipedia-org-1622 338 6 Chinese Chinese NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 338 7 Academy Academy NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 338 8 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 338 9 Social Social NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 338 10 Sciences Sciences NNPS en-wikipedia-org-1622 338 11 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 338 12 2012 2012 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 338 13 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 338 14 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 338 15 p. p. NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 338 16   _SP en-wikipedia-org-1622 338 17 3 3 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 338 18 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1622 339 1 ^ ^ NFP en-wikipedia-org-1622 339 2 china-language.gov.cn china-language.gov.cn NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 339 3 Archived Archived NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 339 4 2015 2015 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 339 5 - - SYM en-wikipedia-org-1622 339 6 12 12 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 339 7 - - SYM en-wikipedia-org-1622 339 8 18 18 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 339 9 at at IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 339 10 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 339 11 Wayback Wayback NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 339 12 Machine Machine NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 339 13 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 339 14 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 339 15 Chinese Chinese NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 339 16 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 339 17 ^ ^ FW en-wikipedia-org-1622 339 18 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-1622 339 19 Summary summary NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 339 20 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 339 21 language language NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 339 22 size size NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 339 23 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-1622 339 24 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1622 340 1 Ethnologue Ethnologue NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 340 2 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1622 341 1 Retrieved Retrieved NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 341 2 7 7 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 341 3 March March NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 341 4 2021 2021 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 341 5 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1622 342 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 342 2 Mair Mair NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 342 3 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 342 4 1991 1991 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 342 5 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 342 6 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 342 7 pp pp NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 342 8 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1622 343 1 10 10 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 343 2 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 343 3 21 21 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 343 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1622 344 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 344 2 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 344 3 b b NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 344 4 Chinese Chinese NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 344 5 Academy Academy NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 344 6 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 344 7 Social Social NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 344 8 Sciences Sciences NNPS en-wikipedia-org-1622 344 9 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 344 10 2012 2012 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 344 11 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 344 12 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 344 13 pp pp NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 344 14 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1622 345 1 3 3 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 345 2 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 345 3 125 125 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 345 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1622 346 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 346 2 Norman Norman NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 346 3 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 346 4 1988 1988 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 346 5 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 346 6 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 346 7 pp pp NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 346 8 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1622 347 1 12–13 12–13 LS en-wikipedia-org-1622 347 2 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1622 348 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 348 2 Handel Handel NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 348 3 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 348 4 2008 2008 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 348 5 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 348 6 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 348 7 pp pp NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 348 8 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1622 349 1 422 422 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 349 2 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 349 3 434–436 434–436 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 349 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1622 350 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 350 2 Handel Handel NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 350 3 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 350 4 2008 2008 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 350 5 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 350 6 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 350 7 p. p. NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 350 8   _SP en-wikipedia-org-1622 350 9 426 426 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 350 10 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1622 351 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 351 2 Handel Handel NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 351 3 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 351 4 2008 2008 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 351 5 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 351 6 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 351 7 p. p. NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 351 8   _SP en-wikipedia-org-1622 351 9 431 431 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 351 10 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1622 352 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 352 2 Norman Norman NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 352 3 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 352 4 1988 1988 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 352 5 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 352 6 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 352 7 pp pp NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 352 8 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1622 353 1 183–185 183–185 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 353 2 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1622 354 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 354 2 Schuessler Schuessler NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 354 3 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 354 4 2007 2007 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 354 5 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 354 6 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 354 7 p. p. NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 354 8   _SP en-wikipedia-org-1622 354 9 1 1 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 354 10 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1622 355 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 355 2 Baxter Baxter NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 355 3 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 355 4 1992 1992 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 355 5 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 355 6 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 355 7 pp pp NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 355 8 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1622 356 1 2–3 2–3 LS en-wikipedia-org-1622 356 2 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1622 357 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 357 2 Norman Norman NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 357 3 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 357 4 1988 1988 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 357 5 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 357 6 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 357 7 pp pp NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 357 8 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1622 358 1 42–45 42–45 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 358 2 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1622 359 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 359 2 Baxter Baxter NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 359 3 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 359 4 1992 1992 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 359 5 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 359 6 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 359 7 p. p. NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 359 8   _SP en-wikipedia-org-1622 359 9 177 177 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 359 10 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1622 360 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 360 2 Baxter Baxter NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 360 3 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 360 4 1992 1992 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 360 5 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 360 6 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 360 7 pp pp NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 360 8 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1622 361 1 181–183 181–183 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 361 2 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1622 362 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 362 2 Schuessler Schuessler NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 362 3 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 362 4 2007 2007 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 362 5 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 362 6 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 362 7 p. p. NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 362 8   _SP en-wikipedia-org-1622 362 9 12 12 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 362 10 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1622 363 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 363 2 Baxter Baxter NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 363 3 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 363 4 1992 1992 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 363 5 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 363 6 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 363 7 pp pp NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 363 8 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1622 364 1 14–15 14–15 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 364 2 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1622 365 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 365 2 Ramsey Ramsey NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 365 3 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 365 4 1987 1987 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 365 5 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 365 6 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 365 7 p. p. NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 365 8   _SP en-wikipedia-org-1622 365 9 125 125 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 365 10 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1622 366 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 366 2 Norman Norman NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 366 3 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 366 4 1988 1988 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 366 5 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 366 6 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 366 7 pp pp NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 366 8 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1622 367 1 34–42 34–42 LS en-wikipedia-org-1622 367 2 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1622 368 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 368 2 Norman Norman NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 368 3 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 368 4 1988 1988 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 368 5 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 368 6 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 368 7 p. p. NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 368 8   _SP en-wikipedia-org-1622 368 9 24 24 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 368 10 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1622 369 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 369 2 Norman Norman NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 369 3 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 369 4 1988 1988 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 369 5 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 369 6 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 369 7 p. p. NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 369 8   _SP en-wikipedia-org-1622 369 9 48 48 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 369 10 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1622 370 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 370 2 Norman Norman NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 370 3 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 370 4 1988 1988 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 370 5 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 370 6 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 370 7 pp pp NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 370 8 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1622 371 1 48–49 48–49 NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 371 2 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1622 372 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 372 2 Norman Norman NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 372 3 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 372 4 1988 1988 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 372 5 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 372 6 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 372 7 pp pp NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 372 8 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1622 373 1 49–51 49–51 LS en-wikipedia-org-1622 373 2 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1622 374 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 374 2 Norman Norman NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 374 3 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 374 4 1988 1988 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 374 5 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 374 6 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 374 7 pp pp NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 374 8 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1622 375 1 133 133 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 375 2 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 375 3 247 247 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 375 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1622 376 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 376 2 Norman Norman NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 376 3 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 376 4 1988 1988 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 376 5 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 376 6 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 376 7 p. p. NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 376 8   _SP en-wikipedia-org-1622 376 9 136 136 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 376 10 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1622 377 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 377 2 Coblin Coblin NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 377 3 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 377 4 2000 2000 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 377 5 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 377 6 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 377 7 pp pp NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 377 8 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1622 378 1 549–550 549–550 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 378 2 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1622 379 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 379 2 Coblin Coblin NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 379 3 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 379 4 2000 2000 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 379 5 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 379 6 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 379 7 pp pp NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 379 8 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1622 380 1 540–541 540–541 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 380 2 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1622 381 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 381 2 Ramsey Ramsey NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 381 3 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 381 4 1987 1987 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 381 5 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 381 6 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 381 7 pp pp NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 381 8 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1622 382 1 3–15 3–15 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 382 2 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1622 383 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 383 2 Norman Norman NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 383 3 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 383 4 1988 1988 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 383 5 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 383 6 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 383 7 p. p. NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 383 8   _SP en-wikipedia-org-1622 383 9 133 133 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 383 10 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1622 384 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 384 2 Zhang Zhang NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 384 3 & & CC en-wikipedia-org-1622 384 4 Yang Yang NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 384 5 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 384 6 2004 2004 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 384 7 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 384 8 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1622 385 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 385 2 Sohn Sohn NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 385 3 & & CC en-wikipedia-org-1622 385 4 Lee Lee NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 385 5 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 385 6 2003 2003 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 385 7 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 385 8 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 385 9 p. p. NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 385 10   _SP en-wikipedia-org-1622 385 11 23 23 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 385 12 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1622 386 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 386 2 Miller Miller NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 386 3 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 386 4 1967 1967 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 386 5 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 386 6 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 386 7 pp pp NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 386 8 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1622 387 1 29–30 29–30 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 387 2 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1622 388 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 388 2 Kornicki Kornicki NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 388 3 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 388 4 2011 2011 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 388 5 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 388 6 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 388 7 pp pp NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 388 8 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1622 389 1 75–77 75–77 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 389 2 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1622 390 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 390 2 Kornicki Kornicki NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 390 3 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 390 4 2011 2011 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 390 5 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 390 6 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 390 7 p. p. NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 390 8   _SP en-wikipedia-org-1622 390 9 67 67 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 390 10 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1622 391 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 391 2 Miyake Miyake NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 391 3 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 391 4 2004 2004 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 391 5 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 391 6 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 391 7 pp pp NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 391 8 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1622 392 1 98–99 98–99 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 392 2 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1622 393 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 393 2 Shibatani Shibatani NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 393 3 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 393 4 1990 1990 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 393 5 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 393 6 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 393 7 pp pp NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 393 8 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1622 394 1 120–121 120–121 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 394 2 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1622 395 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 395 2 Sohn Sohn NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 395 3 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 395 4 2001 2001 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 395 5 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 395 6 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 395 7 p. p. NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 395 8   _SP en-wikipedia-org-1622 395 9 89 89 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 395 10 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1622 396 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 396 2 Shibatani Shibatani NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 396 3 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 396 4 1990 1990 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 396 5 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 396 6 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 396 7 p. p. NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 396 8   _SP en-wikipedia-org-1622 396 9 146 146 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 396 10 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1622 397 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 397 2 Wilkinson Wilkinson NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 397 3 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 397 4 2000 2000 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 397 5 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 397 6 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 397 7 p. p. NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 397 8   _SP en-wikipedia-org-1622 397 9 43 43 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 397 10 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1622 398 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 398 2 Shibatani Shibatani NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 398 3 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 398 4 1990 1990 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 398 5 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 398 6 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 398 7 p. p. NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 398 8   _SP en-wikipedia-org-1622 398 9 143 143 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 398 10 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1622 399 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 399 2 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 399 3 b b NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 399 4 Wurm Wurm NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 399 5 et et NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 399 6 al al NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 399 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1622 400 1 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 400 2 1987 1987 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 400 3 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 400 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1622 401 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 401 2 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 401 3 b b NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 401 4 c c NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 401 5 Norman Norman NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 401 6 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 401 7 2003 2003 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 401 8 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 401 9 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 401 10 p. p. NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 401 11   _SP en-wikipedia-org-1622 401 12 72 72 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 401 13 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1622 402 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 402 2 Norman Norman NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 402 3 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 402 4 1988 1988 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 402 5 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 402 6 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 402 7 pp pp NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 402 8 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1622 403 1 189–190 189–190 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 403 2 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1622 404 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 404 2 Ramsey Ramsey NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 404 3 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 404 4 1987 1987 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 404 5 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 404 6 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 404 7 p. p. NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 404 8   _SP en-wikipedia-org-1622 404 9 23 23 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 404 10 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1622 405 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 405 2 Norman Norman NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 405 3 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 405 4 1988 1988 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 405 5 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 405 6 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 405 7 p. p. NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 405 8   _SP en-wikipedia-org-1622 405 9 188 188 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 405 10 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1622 406 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 406 2 Norman Norman NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 406 3 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 406 4 1988 1988 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 406 5 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 406 6 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 406 7 p. p. NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 406 8   _SP en-wikipedia-org-1622 406 9 191 191 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 406 10 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1622 407 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 407 2 Ramsey Ramsey NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 407 3 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 407 4 1987 1987 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 407 5 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 407 6 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 407 7 p. p. NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 407 8   _SP en-wikipedia-org-1622 407 9 98 98 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 407 10 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1622 408 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 408 2 Norman Norman NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 408 3 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 408 4 1988 1988 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 408 5 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 408 6 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 408 7 p. p. NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 408 8   _SP en-wikipedia-org-1622 408 9 181 181 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 408 10 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1622 409 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 409 2 Kurpaska Kurpaska NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 409 3 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 409 4 2010 2010 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 409 5 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 409 6 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 409 7 pp pp NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 409 8 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1622 410 1 53–55 53–55 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 410 2 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1622 411 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 411 2 Kurpaska Kurpaska NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 411 3 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 411 4 2010 2010 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 411 5 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 411 6 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 411 7 pp pp NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 411 8 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1622 412 1 55–56 55–56 LS en-wikipedia-org-1622 412 2 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1622 413 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 413 2 Kurpaska Kurpaska NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 413 3 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 413 4 2010 2010 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 413 5 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 413 6 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 413 7 pp pp NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 413 8 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1622 414 1 72–73 72–73 LS en-wikipedia-org-1622 414 2 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1622 415 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 415 2 Klöter Klöter NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 415 3 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 415 4 Henning Henning NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 415 5 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 415 6 2004 2004 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 415 7 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 415 8 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1622 416 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-1622 416 2 Language Language NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 416 3 Policy Policy NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 416 4 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 416 5 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 416 6 KMT KMT NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 416 7 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1622 416 8 DPP DPP NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 416 9 eras era NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 416 10 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-1622 416 11 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1622 417 1 China China NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 417 2 Perspectives Perspectives NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 417 3 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1622 418 1 56 56 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 418 2 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1622 419 1 ISSN issn NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 419 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-1622 419 3 1996 1996 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 419 4 - - SYM en-wikipedia-org-1622 419 5 4617 4617 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 419 6 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1622 420 1 Retrieved retrieve VBN en-wikipedia-org-1622 420 2 30 30 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 420 3 May May NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 420 4 2015 2015 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 420 5 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1622 421 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 421 2 Kuo Kuo NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 421 3 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 421 4 Yun Yun NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 421 5 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-1622 421 6 Hsuan Hsuan NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 421 7 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 421 8 2005 2005 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 421 9 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 421 10 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1622 422 1 New new JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 422 2 dialect dialect NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 422 3 formation formation NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 422 4   _SP en-wikipedia-org-1622 422 5 : : : en-wikipedia-org-1622 422 6 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 422 7 case case NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 422 8 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 422 9 Taiwanese Taiwanese NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 422 10 Mandarin Mandarin NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 422 11 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 422 12 PhD phd NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 422 13 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 422 14 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1622 423 1 University University NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 423 2 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 423 3 Essex Essex NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 423 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1622 424 1 Retrieved Retrieved NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 424 2 26 26 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 424 3 June June NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 424 4 2015 2015 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 424 5 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1622 425 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 425 2 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 425 3 b b NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 425 4 DeFrancis DeFrancis NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 425 5 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 425 6 1984 1984 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 425 7 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 425 8 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 425 9 p. p. NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 425 10   _SP en-wikipedia-org-1622 425 11 57 57 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 425 12 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1622 426 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 426 2 Thomason Thomason NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 426 3 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 426 4 1988 1988 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 426 5 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 426 6 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 426 7 pp pp NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 426 8 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1622 427 1 27–28 27–28 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 427 2 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1622 428 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 428 2 Mair Mair NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 428 3 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 428 4 1991 1991 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 428 5 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 428 6 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 428 7 p. p. NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 428 8   _SP en-wikipedia-org-1622 428 9 17 17 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 428 10 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1622 429 1 ^ ^ NFP en-wikipedia-org-1622 429 2 DeFrancis DeFrancis NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 429 3 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 429 4 1984 1984 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 429 5 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 429 6 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 429 7 p. p. NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 429 8   _SP en-wikipedia-org-1622 429 9 54 54 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 429 10 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1622 430 1 ^ ^ NFP en-wikipedia-org-1622 430 2 Romaine Romaine NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 430 3 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 430 4 2000 2000 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 430 5 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 430 6 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 430 7 pp pp NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 430 8 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1622 431 1 13 13 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 431 2 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 431 3 23 23 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 431 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1622 432 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 432 2 Wardaugh Wardaugh NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 432 3 & & CC en-wikipedia-org-1622 432 4 Fuller Fuller NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 432 5 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 432 6 2014 2014 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 432 7 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 432 8 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 432 9 pp pp NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 432 10 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1622 433 1 28–32 28–32 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 433 2 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1622 434 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 434 2 Liang Liang NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 434 3 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 434 4 2014 2014 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 434 5 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 434 6 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 434 7 pp pp NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 434 8 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1622 435 1 11–14 11–14 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 435 2 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1622 436 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 436 2 Hymes Hymes NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 436 3 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 436 4 1971 1971 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 436 5 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 436 6 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 436 7 p. p. NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 436 8   _SP en-wikipedia-org-1622 436 9 64 64 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 436 10 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1622 437 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 437 2 Thomason Thomason NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 437 3 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 437 4 1988 1988 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 437 5 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 437 6 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 437 7 p. p. NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 437 8   _SP en-wikipedia-org-1622 437 9 27 27 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 437 10 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1622 438 1 ^ ^ NFP en-wikipedia-org-1622 438 2 Campbell Campbell NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 438 3 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 438 4 2008 2008 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 438 5 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 438 6 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 438 7 p. p. NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 438 8   _SP en-wikipedia-org-1622 438 9 637 637 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 438 10 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1622 439 1 ^ ^ NFP en-wikipedia-org-1622 439 2 DeFrancis DeFrancis NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 439 3 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 439 4 1984 1984 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 439 5 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 439 6 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 439 7 pp pp NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 439 8 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1622 440 1 55–57 55–57 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 440 2 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1622 441 1 ^ ^ NFP en-wikipedia-org-1622 441 2 Haugen Haugen NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 441 3 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 441 4 1966 1966 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 441 5 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 441 6 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 441 7 p. p. NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 441 8   _SP en-wikipedia-org-1622 441 9 927 927 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 441 10 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1622 442 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 442 2 Bailey Bailey NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 442 3 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 442 4 1973:11 1973:11 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 442 5 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 442 6 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 442 7 cited cite VBN en-wikipedia-org-1622 442 8 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 442 9 Groves Groves NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 442 10 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 442 11 2008:1 2008:1 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 442 12 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 442 13 ^ ^ . en-wikipedia-org-1622 442 14 Mair Mair NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 442 15 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 442 16 1991 1991 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 442 17 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 442 18 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 442 19 p. p. NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 442 20   _SP en-wikipedia-org-1622 442 21 7 7 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 442 22 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1622 443 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 443 2 Hudson Hudson NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 443 3 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 443 4 1996 1996 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 443 5 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 443 6 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 443 7 p. p. NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 443 8   _SP en-wikipedia-org-1622 443 9 22 22 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 443 10 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1622 444 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 444 2 Baxter Baxter NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 444 3 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 444 4 1992 1992 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 444 5 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 444 6 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 444 7 p. p. NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 444 8   _SP en-wikipedia-org-1622 444 9 7–8 7–8 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 444 10 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1622 445 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 445 2 Norman Norman NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 445 3 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 445 4 1988 1988 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 445 5 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 445 6 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 445 7 p. p. NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 445 8   _SP en-wikipedia-org-1622 445 9 52 52 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 445 10 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1622 446 1 ^ ^ NFP en-wikipedia-org-1622 446 2 Matthews Matthews NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 446 3 & & CC en-wikipedia-org-1622 446 4 Yip Yip NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 446 5 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 446 6 1994 1994 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 446 7 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 446 8 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 446 9 pp pp NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 446 10 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1622 447 1 20–22 20–22 LS en-wikipedia-org-1622 447 2 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1622 448 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 448 2 Terrell Terrell NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 448 3 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 448 4 Peter Peter NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 448 5 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 448 6 ed ed NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 448 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1622 449 1 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 449 2 2005 2005 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 449 3 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 449 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1622 450 1 Langenscheidt Langenscheidt NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 450 2 Pocket Pocket NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 450 3 Chinese Chinese NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 450 4 Dictionary Dictionary NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 450 5 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1622 451 1 Berlin Berlin NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 451 2 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1622 451 3 Munich Munich NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 451 4 : : : en-wikipedia-org-1622 451 5 Langenscheidt Langenscheidt NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 451 6 KG KG NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 451 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1622 452 1 ISBN ISBN NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 452 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-1622 452 3 978 978 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 452 4 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-1622 452 5 1 1 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 452 6 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-1622 452 7 58573 58573 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 452 8 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-1622 452 9 057 057 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 452 10 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-1622 452 11 5 5 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 452 12 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1622 453 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 453 2 Norman Norman NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 453 3 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 453 4 1988 1988 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 453 5 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 453 6 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 453 7 p. p. NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 453 8   _SP en-wikipedia-org-1622 453 9 10 10 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 453 10 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1622 454 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 454 2 https://www.bbc.co.uk/languages/chinese/real_chinese/mini_guides/characters/characters_howmany.shtml https://www.bbc.co.uk/languages/chinese/real_chinese/mini_guides/characters/characters_howmany.shtml NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 454 3 ^ ^ NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 454 4 Dr. Dr. NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 454 5 Timothy Timothy NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 454 6 Uy Uy NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 454 7 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1622 454 8 Jim Jim NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 454 9 Hsia Hsia NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 454 10 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 454 11 Editors Editors NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 454 12 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 454 13 Webster Webster NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 454 14 's 's POS en-wikipedia-org-1622 454 15 Digital Digital NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 454 16 Chinese Chinese NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 454 17 Dictionary Dictionary NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 454 18 – – : en-wikipedia-org-1622 454 19 Advanced Advanced NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 454 20 Reference Reference NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 454 21 Edition Edition NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 454 22 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 454 23 July July NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 454 24 2009 2009 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 454 25 ^ ^ . en-wikipedia-org-1622 454 26 Kane Kane NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 454 27 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 454 28 2006 2006 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 454 29 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 454 30 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 454 31 p. p. NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 454 32   _SP en-wikipedia-org-1622 454 33 161 161 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 454 34 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1622 455 1 ^ ^ NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 455 2 Requirements requirement NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 455 3 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 455 4 Chinese Chinese NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 455 5 Text Text NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 455 6 Layout Layout NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 455 7 中文排版需求 中文排版需求 NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 455 8 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1622 456 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 456 2 http://www.cuhk.edu.hk/ics/21c/media/articles/c142-201309003.pdf http://www.cuhk.edu.hk/ics/21c/media/articles/c142-201309003.pdf ADD en-wikipedia-org-1622 456 3 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 456 4 粵普之爭 粵普之爭 NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 456 5 為你中文解毒 為你中文解毒 NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 456 6 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1622 457 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 457 2 粤语:中国最强方言是如何炼成的_私家历史_澎湃新闻 粤语:中国最强方言是如何炼成的_私家历史_澎湃新闻 FW en-wikipedia-org-1622 457 3 - - : en-wikipedia-org-1622 457 4 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 457 5 Paper Paper NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 457 6 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1622 458 1 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 458 2 Paper Paper NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 458 3 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1622 459 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 459 2 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-1622 459 3 白話字滄桑 白話字滄桑 NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 459 4 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-1622 459 5 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1622 460 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 460 2 http://edu.ocac.gov.tw/compete/writing/big5event_winner2-2.htm http://edu.ocac.gov.tw/compete/writing/big5event_winner2-2.htm ADD en-wikipedia-org-1622 460 3 ^ ^ NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 460 4 Zimmermann Zimmermann NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 460 5 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 460 6 Basile Basile NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 460 7 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 460 8 2010 2010 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 460 9 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 460 10 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1622 461 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-1622 461 2 Redesigning Redesigning NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 461 3 Culture culture NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 461 4 : : : en-wikipedia-org-1622 461 5 Chinese chinese JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 461 6 Characters Characters NNPS en-wikipedia-org-1622 461 7 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 461 8 Alphabet Alphabet NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 461 9 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-1622 461 10 Encoded Encoded NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 461 11 Networks Networks NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 461 12 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-1622 461 13 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1622 462 1 Design design NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 462 2 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1622 462 3 Culture Culture NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 462 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1622 463 1 2 2 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 463 2 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 463 3 1 1 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 463 4 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 463 5 : : : en-wikipedia-org-1622 463 6 27–43 27–43 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 463 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1622 464 1 doi:10.2752/175470710X12593419555126 doi:10.2752/175470710x12593419555126 UH en-wikipedia-org-1622 464 2 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1622 465 1 S2CID S2CID NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 465 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-1622 465 3 53981784 53981784 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 465 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1622 466 1 ^ ^ FW en-wikipedia-org-1622 466 2 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-1622 466 3 How how WRB en-wikipedia-org-1622 466 4 hard hard JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 466 5 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-1622 466 6 it -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-1622 466 7 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-1622 466 8 learn learn VB en-wikipedia-org-1622 466 9 Chinese chinese JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 466 10 ? ? . en-wikipedia-org-1622 466 11 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-1622 466 12 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1622 467 1 BBC BBC NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 467 2 News News NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 467 3 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1622 468 1 17 17 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 468 2 January January NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 468 3 2006 2006 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 468 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1622 469 1 Retrieved retrieve VBN en-wikipedia-org-1622 469 2 28 28 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 469 3 April April NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 469 4 2010 2010 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 469 5 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1622 470 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 470 2 Wakefield Wakefield NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 470 3 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 470 4 John John NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 470 5 C. C. NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 470 6 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 470 7 Cantonese Cantonese NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 470 8 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 470 9 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 470 10 Second Second NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 470 11 Language Language NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 470 12 : : : en-wikipedia-org-1622 470 13 Issues issue NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 470 14 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 470 15 Experiences Experiences NNPS en-wikipedia-org-1622 470 16 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1622 470 17 Suggestions Suggestions NNPS en-wikipedia-org-1622 470 18 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 470 19 Teaching Teaching NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 470 20 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1622 470 21 Learning Learning NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 470 22 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 470 23 Routledge Routledge NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 470 24 Studies Studies NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 470 25 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 470 26 Applied Applied NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 470 27 Linguistics Linguistics NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 470 28 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 470 29 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 470 30 Routledge Routledge NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 470 31 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 470 32 New New NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 470 33 York York NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 470 34 City City NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 470 35 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 470 36 2019 2019 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 470 37 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1622 470 38 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 470 39 p.45 p.45 NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 470 40 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 470 41 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 470 42 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 470 43 Chinese Chinese NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 470 44 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 470 45 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-1622 470 46 汉语水平考试中心:2005年外国考生总人数近12万",Gov.cn 汉语水平考试中心:2005年外国考生总人数近12万",Gov.cn NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 470 47 Xinhua Xinhua NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 470 48 News News NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 470 49 Agency Agency NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 470 50 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 470 51 16 16 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 470 52 January January NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 470 53 2006 2006 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 470 54 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1622 471 1 Sources[edit sources[edit LS en-wikipedia-org-1622 471 2 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 471 3 Bailey Bailey NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 471 4 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 471 5 Charles Charles NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 471 6 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-1622 471 7 James James NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 471 8 N. N. NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 471 9 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 471 10 1973 1973 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 471 11 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 471 12 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 471 13 Variation Variation NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 471 14 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1622 471 15 Linguistic Linguistic NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 471 16 Theory Theory NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 471 17 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 471 18 Arlington Arlington NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 471 19 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 471 20 VA VA NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 471 21 : : : en-wikipedia-org-1622 471 22 Center center NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 471 23 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 471 24 Applied Applied NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 471 25 Linguistics Linguistics NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 471 26 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1622 472 1 Baxter Baxter NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 472 2 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 472 3 William William NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 472 4 H. H. NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 472 5 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 472 6 1992 1992 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 472 7 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 472 8 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 472 9 A a DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 472 10 Handbook Handbook NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 472 11 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 472 12 Old Old NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 472 13 Chinese Chinese NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 472 14 Phonology Phonology NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 472 15 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 472 16 Berlin Berlin NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 472 17 : : : en-wikipedia-org-1622 472 18 Mouton Mouton NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 472 19 de de FW en-wikipedia-org-1622 472 20 Gruyter Gruyter NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 472 21 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 472 22 ISBN ISBN NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 472 23   _SP en-wikipedia-org-1622 472 24 978 978 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 472 25 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-1622 472 26 3 3 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 472 27 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-1622 472 28 11 11 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 472 29 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-1622 472 30 012324 012324 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 472 31 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-1622 472 32 1 1 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 472 33 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1622 473 1 Campbell Campbell NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 473 2 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 473 3 Lyle Lyle NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 473 4 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 473 5 2008 2008 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 473 6 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 473 7 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 473 8 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-1622 473 9 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 473 10 Untitled untitled JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 473 11 review review NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 473 12 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 473 13 Ethnologue Ethnologue NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 473 14 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 473 15 15th 15th JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 473 16 edition edition NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 473 17 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 473 18 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-1622 473 19 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 473 20 Language Language NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 473 21 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 473 22 84 84 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 473 23 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 473 24 3 3 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 473 25 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 473 26 : : : en-wikipedia-org-1622 473 27 636–641 636–641 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 473 28 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 473 29 doi:10.1353 doi:10.1353 NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 473 30 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-1622 473 31 lan.0.0054 lan.0.0054 NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 473 32 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 473 33 S2CID S2CID NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 473 34   _SP en-wikipedia-org-1622 473 35 143663395 143663395 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 473 36 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1622 474 1 Chappell Chappell NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 474 2 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 474 3 Hilary Hilary NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 474 4 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 474 5 2008 2008 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 474 6 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 474 7 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 474 8 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-1622 474 9 Variation variation NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 474 10 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 474 11 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 474 12 grammaticalization grammaticalization NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 474 13 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 474 14 complementizers complementizer NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 474 15 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 474 16 verba verba NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 474 17 dicendi dicendi NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 474 18 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 474 19 Sinitic sinitic JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 474 20 languages language NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 474 21 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-1622 474 22 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 474 23 Linguistic Linguistic NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 474 24 Typology Typology NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 474 25 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 474 26 12 12 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 474 27 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 474 28 1 1 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 474 29 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 474 30 : : : en-wikipedia-org-1622 474 31 45–98 45–98 NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 474 32 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 474 33 doi:10.1515 doi:10.1515 NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 474 34 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-1622 474 35 lity.2008.032 lity.2008.032 ADD en-wikipedia-org-1622 474 36 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1622 475 1 Chinese Chinese NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 475 2 Academy Academy NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 475 3 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 475 4 Social Social NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 475 5 Sciences Sciences NNPS en-wikipedia-org-1622 475 6 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 475 7 2012 2012 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 475 8 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 475 9 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 475 10 Zhōngguó Zhōngguó NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 475 11 yǔyán yǔyán NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 475 12 dìtú dìtú NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 475 13 jí jí NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 475 14 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 475 15 dì dì NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 475 16 2 2 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 475 17 bǎn bǎn NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 475 18 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 475 19 : : : en-wikipedia-org-1622 475 20 Hànyǔ Hànyǔ NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 475 21 fāngyán fāngyán NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 475 22 juǎn juǎn NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 475 23 中国语言地图集(第2版):汉语方言卷 中国语言地图集(第2版):汉语方言卷 NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 475 24 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 475 25 Language Language NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 475 26 Atlas Atlas NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 475 27 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 475 28 China China NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 475 29 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 475 30 2nd 2nd NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 475 31 edition edition NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 475 32 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 475 33 : : : en-wikipedia-org-1622 475 34 Chinese chinese JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 475 35 dialect dialect VBP en-wikipedia-org-1622 475 36 volume volume NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 475 37 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 475 38 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 475 39 Beijing Beijing NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 475 40 : : : en-wikipedia-org-1622 475 41 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 475 42 Commercial Commercial NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 475 43 Press Press NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 475 44 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 475 45 ISBN ISBN NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 475 46   _SP en-wikipedia-org-1622 475 47 978 978 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 475 48 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-1622 475 49 7 7 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 475 50 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-1622 475 51 100 100 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 475 52 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-1622 475 53 07054 07054 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 475 54 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-1622 475 55 6 6 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 475 56 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1622 476 1 Coblin Coblin NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 476 2 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 476 3 W. W. NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 476 4 South South NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 476 5 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 476 6 2000 2000 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 476 7 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 476 8 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 476 9 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-1622 476 10 A a DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 476 11 brief brief JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 476 12 history history NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 476 13 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 476 14 Mandarin Mandarin NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 476 15 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-1622 476 16 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 476 17 Journal Journal NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 476 18 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 476 19 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 476 20 American American NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 476 21 Oriental Oriental NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 476 22 Society Society NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 476 23 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 476 24 120 120 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 476 25 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 476 26 4 4 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 476 27 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 476 28 : : : en-wikipedia-org-1622 476 29 537–552 537–552 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 476 30 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 476 31 doi:10.2307/606615 doi:10.2307/606615 NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 476 32 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 476 33 JSTOR JSTOR NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 476 34   _SP en-wikipedia-org-1622 476 35 606615 606615 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 476 36 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1622 477 1 DeFrancis DeFrancis NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 477 2 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 477 3 John John NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 477 4 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 477 5 1984 1984 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 477 6 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 477 7 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 477 8 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 477 9 Chinese chinese JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 477 10 Language Language NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 477 11 : : : en-wikipedia-org-1622 477 12 Fact Fact NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 477 13 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1622 477 14 Fantasy Fantasy NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 477 15 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 477 16 University University NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 477 17 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 477 18 Hawaii Hawaii NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 477 19 Press Press NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 477 20 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 477 21 ISBN ISBN NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 477 22   _SP en-wikipedia-org-1622 477 23 978 978 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 477 24 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-1622 477 25 0 0 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 477 26 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-1622 477 27 8248 8248 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 477 28 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-1622 477 29 1068 1068 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 477 30 - - SYM en-wikipedia-org-1622 477 31 9 9 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 477 32 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1622 478 1 Handel handel JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 478 2 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 478 3 Zev Zev NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 478 4 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 478 5 2008 2008 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 478 6 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 478 7 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 478 8 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-1622 478 9 What what WP en-wikipedia-org-1622 478 10 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-1622 478 11 Sino sino JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 478 12 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-1622 478 13 Tibetan tibetan JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 478 14 ? ? . en-wikipedia-org-1622 479 1 Snapshot snapshot NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 479 2 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 479 3 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 479 4 Field field NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 479 5 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1622 479 6 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 479 7 Language Language NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 479 8 Family Family NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 479 9 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 479 10 Flux Flux NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 479 11 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-1622 479 12 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 479 13 Language Language NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 479 14 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1622 479 15 Linguistics Linguistics NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 479 16 Compass Compass NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 479 17 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 479 18 2 2 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 479 19 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 479 20 3 3 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 479 21 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 479 22 : : : en-wikipedia-org-1622 479 23 422–441 422–441 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 479 24 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 479 25 doi:10.1111 doi:10.1111 NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 479 26 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-1622 479 27 j.1749 j.1749 NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 479 28 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-1622 479 29 818X.2008.00061.x 818X.2008.00061.x NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 479 30 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1622 480 1 Haugen Haugen NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 480 2 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 480 3 Einar Einar NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 480 4 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 480 5 1966 1966 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 480 6 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 480 7 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 480 8 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-1622 480 9 Dialect dialect VB en-wikipedia-org-1622 480 10 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 480 11 Language language NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 480 12 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 480 13 Nation Nation NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 480 14 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-1622 480 15 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 480 16 American American NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 480 17 Anthropologist Anthropologist NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 480 18 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 480 19 68 68 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 480 20 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 480 21 4 4 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 480 22 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 480 23 : : : en-wikipedia-org-1622 480 24 922–935 922–935 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 480 25 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 480 26 doi:10.1525 doi:10.1525 NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 480 27 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-1622 480 28 aa.1966.68.4.02a00040 aa.1966.68.4.02a00040 NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 480 29 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 480 30 JSTOR JSTOR NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 480 31   _SP en-wikipedia-org-1622 480 32 670407 670407 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 480 33 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1622 481 1 Hudson Hudson NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 481 2 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 481 3 R. R. NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 481 4 A. A. NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 482 1 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 482 2 1996 1996 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 482 3 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 482 4 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 482 5 Sociolinguistics Sociolinguistics NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 482 6 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 482 7 2nd 2nd NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 482 8   _SP en-wikipedia-org-1622 482 9 ed ed NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 482 10 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1622 483 1 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 483 2 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 483 3 Cambridge Cambridge NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 483 4 : : : en-wikipedia-org-1622 483 5 Cambridge Cambridge NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 483 6 University University NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 483 7 Press Press NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 483 8 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 483 9 ISBN ISBN NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 483 10   _SP en-wikipedia-org-1622 483 11 978 978 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 483 12 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-1622 483 13 0 0 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 483 14 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-1622 483 15 521 521 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 483 16 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-1622 483 17 56514 56514 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 483 18 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-1622 483 19 1 1 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 483 20 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1622 484 1 Hymes hyme NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 484 2 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 484 3 Dell Dell NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 484 4 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 484 5 1971 1971 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 484 6 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 484 7 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 484 8 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-1622 484 9 Sociolinguistics sociolinguistic NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 484 10 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1622 484 11 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 484 12 ethnography ethnography NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 484 13 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 484 14 speaking speak VBG en-wikipedia-org-1622 484 15 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-1622 484 16 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 484 17 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 484 18 Ardener Ardener NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 484 19 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 484 20 Edwin Edwin NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 484 21 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 484 22 ed ed NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 484 23 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1622 485 1 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 485 2 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 485 3 Social Social NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 485 4 Anthropology Anthropology NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 485 5 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1622 485 6 Language Language NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 485 7 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 485 8 Routledge Routledge NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 485 9 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 485 10 pp pp NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 485 11 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1622 486 1 47–92 47–92 LS en-wikipedia-org-1622 486 2 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 486 3 ISBN ISBN NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 486 4   _SP en-wikipedia-org-1622 486 5 978 978 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 486 6 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-1622 486 7 1 1 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 486 8 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-1622 486 9 136 136 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 486 10 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-1622 486 11 53941 53941 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 486 12 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-1622 486 13 1 1 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 486 14 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1622 487 1 Groves grove NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 487 2 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 487 3 Julie Julie NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 487 4 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 487 5 2008 2008 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 487 6 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 487 7 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 487 8 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-1622 487 9 Language language NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 487 10 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-1622 487 11 Dialect dialect VB en-wikipedia-org-1622 487 12 — — : en-wikipedia-org-1622 487 13 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-1622 487 14 Topolect topolect NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 487 15 ? ? . en-wikipedia-org-1622 488 1 A a DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 488 2 Comparison comparison NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 488 3 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 488 4 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 488 5 Attitudes Attitudes NNPS en-wikipedia-org-1622 488 6 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 488 7 Hong Hong NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 488 8 Kongers Kongers NNPS en-wikipedia-org-1622 488 9 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1622 488 10 Mainland Mainland NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 488 11 Chinese Chinese NNPS en-wikipedia-org-1622 488 12 towards towards IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 488 13 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 488 14 Status Status NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 488 15 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 488 16 Cantonese Cantonese NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 488 17 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-1622 488 18 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 488 19 PDF PDF NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 488 20 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 488 21 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 488 22 Sino sino JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 488 23 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-1622 488 24 Platonic platonic JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 488 25 Papers Papers NNPS en-wikipedia-org-1622 488 26 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 488 27 179 179 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 488 28 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 488 29 Kane Kane NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 488 30 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 488 31 Daniel Daniel NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 488 32 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 488 33 2006 2006 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 488 34 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 488 35 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 488 36 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 488 37 Chinese chinese JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 488 38 Language Language NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 488 39 : : : en-wikipedia-org-1622 488 40 Its -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-1622 488 41 History history NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 488 42 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1622 488 43 Current Current NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 488 44 Usage usage NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 488 45 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 488 46 Tuttle Tuttle NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 488 47 Publishing Publishing NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 488 48 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 488 49 ISBN ISBN NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 488 50   _SP en-wikipedia-org-1622 488 51 978 978 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 488 52 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-1622 488 53 0 0 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 488 54 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-1622 488 55 8048 8048 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 488 56 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-1622 488 57 3853 3853 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 488 58 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-1622 488 59 5 5 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 488 60 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1622 489 1 Kornicki Kornicki NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 489 2 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 489 3 P.F. P.F. NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 490 1 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 490 2 2011 2011 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 490 3 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 490 4 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 490 5 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-1622 490 6 A a DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 490 7 transnational transnational JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 490 8 approach approach NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 490 9 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 490 10 East east JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 490 11 Asian asian JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 490 12 book book NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 490 13 history history NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 490 14 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-1622 490 15 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 490 16 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 490 17 Chakravorty Chakravorty NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 490 18 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 490 19 Swapan Swapan NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 490 20 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-1622 490 21 Gupta Gupta NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 490 22 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 490 23 Abhijit Abhijit NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 490 24 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 490 25 eds eds XX en-wikipedia-org-1622 490 26 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1622 491 1 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 491 2 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 491 3 New New NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 491 4 Word Word NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 491 5 Order order NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 491 6 : : : en-wikipedia-org-1622 491 7 Transnational transnational JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 491 8 Themes Themes NNPS en-wikipedia-org-1622 491 9 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 491 10 Book Book NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 491 11 History History NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 491 12 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 491 13 Worldview Worldview NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 491 14 Publications Publications NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 491 15 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 491 16 pp pp NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 491 17 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1622 492 1 65–79 65–79 LS en-wikipedia-org-1622 492 2 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 492 3 ISBN ISBN NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 492 4   _SP en-wikipedia-org-1622 492 5 978 978 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 492 6 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-1622 492 7 81 81 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 492 8 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-1622 492 9 920651 920651 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 492 10 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-1622 492 11 1 1 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 492 12 - - SYM en-wikipedia-org-1622 492 13 3 3 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 492 14 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1622 493 1 Kurpaska Kurpaska NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 493 2 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 493 3 Maria Maria NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 493 4 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 493 5 2010 2010 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 493 6 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 493 7 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 493 8 Chinese chinese JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 493 9 Language(s language(s NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 493 10 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 493 11 : : : en-wikipedia-org-1622 493 12 A a DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 493 13 Look look VB en-wikipedia-org-1622 493 14 Through through IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 493 15 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 493 16 Prism prism NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 493 17 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 493 18 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-1622 493 19 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 493 20 Great Great NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 493 21 Dictionary Dictionary NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 493 22 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 493 23 Modern modern JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 493 24 Chinese Chinese NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 493 25 Dialects Dialects NNPS en-wikipedia-org-1622 493 26 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-1622 493 27 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 493 28 Walter Walter NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 493 29 de de NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 493 30 Gruyter Gruyter NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 493 31 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 493 32 ISBN ISBN NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 493 33   _SP en-wikipedia-org-1622 493 34 978 978 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 493 35 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-1622 493 36 3 3 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 493 37 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-1622 493 38 11 11 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 493 39 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-1622 493 40 021914 021914 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 493 41 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-1622 493 42 2 2 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 493 43 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1622 494 1 Lewis Lewis NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 494 2 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 494 3 M. M. NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 494 4 Paul Paul NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 494 5 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-1622 494 6 Simons Simons NNPS en-wikipedia-org-1622 494 7 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 494 8 Gary Gary NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 494 9 F. F. NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 494 10 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-1622 494 11 Fennig Fennig NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 494 12 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 494 13 Charles Charles NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 494 14 D. D. NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 494 15 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 494 16 eds eds NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 494 17 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1622 495 1 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 495 2 2015 2015 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 495 3 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 495 4 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 495 5 Ethnologue Ethnologue NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 495 6 : : : en-wikipedia-org-1622 495 7 Languages language NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 495 8 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 495 9 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 495 10 World World NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 495 11 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 495 12 Eighteenth Eighteenth NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 495 13   _SP en-wikipedia-org-1622 495 14 ed ed NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 495 15 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1622 496 1 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 496 2 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 496 3 Dallas Dallas NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 496 4 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 496 5 Texas Texas NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 496 6 : : : en-wikipedia-org-1622 496 7 SIL SIL NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 496 8 International International NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 496 9 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1622 497 1 Liang Liang NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 497 2 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 497 3 Sihua Sihua NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 497 4 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 497 5 2014 2014 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 497 6 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 497 7 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 497 8 Language Language NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 497 9 Attitudes Attitudes NNPS en-wikipedia-org-1622 497 10 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1622 497 11 Identities Identities NNPS en-wikipedia-org-1622 497 12 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 497 13 Multilingual Multilingual NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 497 14 China China NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 497 15 : : : en-wikipedia-org-1622 497 16 A a DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 497 17 Linguistic linguistic JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 497 18 Ethnography ethnography NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 497 19 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 497 20 Springer Springer NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 497 21 International International NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 497 22 Publishing Publishing NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 497 23 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 497 24 ISBN ISBN NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 497 25   _SP en-wikipedia-org-1622 497 26 978 978 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 497 27 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-1622 497 28 3 3 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 497 29 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-1622 497 30 319 319 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 497 31 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-1622 497 32 12619 12619 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 497 33 - - SYM en-wikipedia-org-1622 497 34 7 7 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 497 35 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1622 498 1 Mair Mair NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 498 2 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 498 3 Victor Victor NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 498 4 H. H. NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 498 5 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 498 6 1991 1991 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 498 7 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 498 8 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 498 9 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-1622 498 10 What what WP en-wikipedia-org-1622 498 11 Is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-1622 498 12 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 498 13 Chinese chinese JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 498 14 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-1622 498 15 Dialect dialect VB en-wikipedia-org-1622 498 16 / / NFP en-wikipedia-org-1622 498 17 Topolect topolect NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 498 18 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-1622 498 19 ? ? . en-wikipedia-org-1622 499 1 Reflections reflection NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 499 2 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 499 3 Some some DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 499 4 Key key JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 499 5 Sino Sino NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 499 6 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-1622 499 7 English english JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 499 8 Linguistic linguistic JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 499 9 terms term NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 499 10 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-1622 499 11 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 499 12 PDF PDF NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 499 13 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 499 14 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 499 15 Sino sino JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 499 16 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-1622 499 17 Platonic platonic JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 499 18 Papers Papers NNPS en-wikipedia-org-1622 499 19 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 499 20 29 29 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 499 21 : : : en-wikipedia-org-1622 499 22 1–31 1–31 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 499 23 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 499 24 archived archive VBN en-wikipedia-org-1622 499 25 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 499 26 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 499 27 original original JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 499 28 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 499 29 PDF PDF NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 499 30 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 499 31 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 499 32 10 10 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 499 33 May May NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 499 34 2018 2018 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 499 35 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 499 36 retrieved retrieve VBD en-wikipedia-org-1622 499 37 12 12 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 499 38 January January NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 499 39 2009 2009 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 499 40 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1622 500 1 Matthews Matthews NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 500 2 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 500 3 Stephen Stephen NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 500 4 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-1622 500 5 Yip Yip NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 500 6 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 500 7 Virginia Virginia NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 500 8 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 500 9 1994 1994 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 500 10 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 500 11 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 500 12 Cantonese cantonese NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 500 13 : : : en-wikipedia-org-1622 500 14 A a DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 500 15 Comprehensive Comprehensive NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 500 16 Grammar Grammar NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 500 17 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 500 18 Routledge Routledge NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 500 19 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 500 20 ISBN ISBN NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 500 21   _SP en-wikipedia-org-1622 500 22 978 978 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 500 23 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-1622 500 24 0 0 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 500 25 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-1622 500 26 415 415 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 500 27 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-1622 500 28 08945 08945 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 500 29 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-1622 500 30 6 6 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 500 31 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1622 501 1 Miller Miller NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 501 2 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 501 3 Roy Roy NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 501 4 Andrew Andrew NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 501 5 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 501 6 1967 1967 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 501 7 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 501 8 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 501 9 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 501 10 Japanese Japanese NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 501 11 Language Language NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 501 12 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 501 13 University University NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 501 14 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 501 15 Chicago Chicago NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 501 16 Press Press NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 501 17 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 501 18 ISBN ISBN NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 501 19   _SP en-wikipedia-org-1622 501 20 978 978 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 501 21 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-1622 501 22 0 0 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 501 23 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-1622 501 24 226 226 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 501 25 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-1622 501 26 52717 52717 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 501 27 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-1622 501 28 8 8 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 501 29 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1622 502 1 Miyake Miyake NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 502 2 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 502 3 Marc Marc NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 502 4 Hideo Hideo NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 502 5 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 502 6 2004 2004 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 502 7 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 502 8 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 502 9 Old old JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 502 10 Japanese Japanese NNPS en-wikipedia-org-1622 502 11 : : : en-wikipedia-org-1622 502 12 A a DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 502 13 Phonetic Phonetic NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 502 14 Reconstruction Reconstruction NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 502 15 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 502 16 RoutledgeCurzon RoutledgeCurzon NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 502 17 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 502 18 ISBN ISBN NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 502 19   _SP en-wikipedia-org-1622 502 20 978 978 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 502 21 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-1622 502 22 0 0 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 502 23 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-1622 502 24 415 415 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 502 25 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-1622 502 26 30575 30575 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 502 27 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-1622 502 28 4 4 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 502 29 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1622 503 1 Norman Norman NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 503 2 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 503 3 Jerry Jerry NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 503 4 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 503 5 1988 1988 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 503 6 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 503 7 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 503 8 Chinese Chinese NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 503 9 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 503 10 Cambridge Cambridge NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 503 11 : : : en-wikipedia-org-1622 503 12 Cambridge Cambridge NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 503 13 University University NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 503 14 Press Press NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 503 15 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 503 16 ISBN ISBN NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 503 17   _SP en-wikipedia-org-1622 503 18 978 978 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 503 19 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-1622 503 20 0 0 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 503 21 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-1622 503 22 521 521 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 503 23 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-1622 503 24 29653 29653 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 503 25 - - SYM en-wikipedia-org-1622 503 26 3 3 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 503 27 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1622 504 1 Norman Norman NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 504 2 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 504 3 Jerry Jerry NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 504 4 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 504 5 2003 2003 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 504 6 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 504 7 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 504 8 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-1622 504 9 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 504 10 Chinese chinese JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 504 11 dialects dialect VBZ en-wikipedia-org-1622 504 12 : : : en-wikipedia-org-1622 504 13 phonology phonology NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 504 14 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-1622 504 15 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 504 16 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 504 17 Thurgood Thurgood NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 504 18 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 504 19 Graham Graham NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 504 20 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-1622 504 21 LaPolla LaPolla NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 504 22 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 504 23 Randy Randy NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 504 24 J. J. NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 505 1 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 505 2 eds eds PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-1622 505 3 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1622 506 1 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 506 2 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 506 3 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 506 4 Sino sino JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 506 5 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-1622 506 6 Tibetan tibetan JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 506 7 languages language NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 506 8 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 506 9 Routledge Routledge NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 506 10 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 506 11 pp pp NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 506 12 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1622 507 1 72–83 72–83 LS en-wikipedia-org-1622 507 2 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 507 3 ISBN ISBN NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 507 4   _SP en-wikipedia-org-1622 507 5 978 978 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 507 6 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-1622 507 7 0 0 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 507 8 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-1622 507 9 7007 7007 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 507 10 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-1622 507 11 1129 1129 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 507 12 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-1622 507 13 1 1 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 507 14 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1622 508 1 Ramsey Ramsey NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 508 2 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 508 3 S. S. NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 508 4 Robert Robert NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 508 5 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 508 6 1987 1987 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 508 7 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 508 8 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 508 9 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 508 10 Languages Languages NNPS en-wikipedia-org-1622 508 11 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 508 12 China China NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 508 13 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 508 14 Princeton Princeton NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 508 15 University University NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 508 16 Press Press NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 508 17 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 508 18 ISBN ISBN NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 508 19   _SP en-wikipedia-org-1622 508 20 978 978 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 508 21 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-1622 508 22 0 0 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 508 23 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-1622 508 24 691 691 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 508 25 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-1622 508 26 01468 01468 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 508 27 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-1622 508 28 5 5 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 508 29 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1622 509 1 Romaine Romaine NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 509 2 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 509 3 Suzanne Suzanne NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 509 4 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 509 5 2000 2000 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 509 6 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 509 7 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 509 8 Language Language NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 509 9 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 509 10 Society Society NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 509 11 : : : en-wikipedia-org-1622 509 12 An an DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 509 13 Introduction introduction NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 509 14 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 509 15 Sociolinguistics Sociolinguistics NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 509 16 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 509 17 Oxford Oxford NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 509 18 : : : en-wikipedia-org-1622 509 19 Oxford Oxford NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 509 20 University University NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 509 21 Press Press NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 509 22 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 509 23 ISBN ISBN NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 509 24   _SP en-wikipedia-org-1622 509 25 978 978 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 509 26 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-1622 509 27 0 0 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 509 28 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-1622 509 29 19 19 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 509 30 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-1622 509 31 875133 875133 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 509 32 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-1622 509 33 5 5 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 509 34 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1622 510 1 Schuessler Schuessler NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 510 2 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 510 3 Axel Axel NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 510 4 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 510 5 2007 2007 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 510 6 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 510 7 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 510 8 ABC ABC NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 510 9 Etymological Etymological NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 510 10 Dictionary Dictionary NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 510 11 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 510 12 Old Old NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 510 13 Chinese Chinese NNPS en-wikipedia-org-1622 510 14 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 510 15 Honolulu Honolulu NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 510 16 : : : en-wikipedia-org-1622 510 17 University University NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 510 18 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 510 19 Hawaii Hawaii NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 510 20 Press Press NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 510 21 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 510 22 ISBN ISBN NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 510 23   _SP en-wikipedia-org-1622 510 24 978 978 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 510 25 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-1622 510 26 0 0 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 510 27 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-1622 510 28 8248 8248 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 510 29 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-1622 510 30 2975 2975 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 510 31 - - SYM en-wikipedia-org-1622 510 32 9 9 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 510 33 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1622 511 1 Shibatani Shibatani NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 511 2 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 511 3 Masayoshi Masayoshi NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 511 4 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 511 5 1990 1990 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 511 6 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 511 7 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 511 8 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 511 9 Languages Languages NNPS en-wikipedia-org-1622 511 10 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 511 11 Japan Japan NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 511 12 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 511 13 Cambridge Cambridge NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 511 14 University University NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 511 15 Press Press NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 511 16 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 511 17 ISBN ISBN NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 511 18   _SP en-wikipedia-org-1622 511 19 978 978 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 511 20 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-1622 511 21 0 0 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 511 22 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-1622 511 23 521 521 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 511 24 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-1622 511 25 36918 36918 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 511 26 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-1622 511 27 3 3 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 511 28 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1622 512 1 Sohn Sohn NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 512 2 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 512 3 Ho Ho NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 512 4 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-1622 512 5 Min Min NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 512 6 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 512 7 2001 2001 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 512 8 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 512 9 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 512 10 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 512 11 Korean Korean NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 512 12 Language Language NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 512 13 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 512 14 Cambridge Cambridge NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 512 15 University University NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 512 16 Press Press NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 512 17 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 512 18 ISBN ISBN NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 512 19   _SP en-wikipedia-org-1622 512 20 978 978 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 512 21 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-1622 512 22 0 0 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 512 23 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-1622 512 24 521 521 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 512 25 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-1622 512 26 36943 36943 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 512 27 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-1622 512 28 5 5 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 512 29 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1622 513 1 Sohn Sohn NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 513 2 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 513 3 Ho Ho NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 513 4 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-1622 513 5 Min Min NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 513 6 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-1622 513 7 Lee Lee NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 513 8 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 513 9 Peter Peter NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 513 10 H. H. NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 513 11 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 513 12 2003 2003 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 513 13 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 513 14 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 513 15 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-1622 513 16 Language language NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 513 17 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 513 18 forms form NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 513 19 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 513 20 prosody prosody NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 513 21 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 513 22 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1622 513 23 themes theme NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 513 24 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-1622 513 25 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 513 26 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 513 27 Lee Lee NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 513 28 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 513 29 Peter Peter NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 513 30 H. H. NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 514 1 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 514 2 ed ed NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 514 3 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1622 515 1 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 515 2 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 515 3 A a DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 515 4 History history NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 515 5 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 515 6 Korean Korean NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 515 7 Literature Literature NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 515 8 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 515 9 Cambridge Cambridge NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 515 10 University University NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 515 11 Press Press NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 515 12 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 515 13 pp pp NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 515 14 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1622 516 1 15–51 15–51 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 516 2 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 516 3 ISBN ISBN NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 516 4   _SP en-wikipedia-org-1622 516 5 978 978 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 516 6 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-1622 516 7 0 0 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 516 8 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-1622 516 9 521 521 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 516 10 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-1622 516 11 82858 82858 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 516 12 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-1622 516 13 1 1 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 516 14 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1622 517 1 Thomason Thomason NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 517 2 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 517 3 Sarah Sarah NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 517 4 Grey Grey NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 517 5 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 517 6 1988 1988 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 517 7 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 517 8 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 517 9 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-1622 517 10 Languages language NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 517 11 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 517 12 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 517 13 World World NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 517 14 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-1622 517 15 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 517 16 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 517 17 Paulston Paulston NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 517 18 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 517 19 Christina Christina NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 517 20 Bratt Bratt NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 517 21 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 517 22 ed ed NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 517 23 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1622 518 1 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 518 2 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 518 3 International International NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 518 4 Handbook Handbook NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 518 5 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 518 6 Bilingualism Bilingualism NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 518 7 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1622 518 8 Bilingual Bilingual NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 518 9 Education Education NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 518 10 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 518 11 Westport Westport NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 518 12 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 518 13 CT CT NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 518 14 : : : en-wikipedia-org-1622 518 15 Greenwood greenwood NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 518 16 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 518 17 pp pp NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 518 18 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1622 519 1 17–45 17–45 DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 519 2 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 519 3 ISBN ISBN NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 519 4   _SP en-wikipedia-org-1622 519 5 978 978 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 519 6 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-1622 519 7 0 0 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 519 8 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-1622 519 9 313 313 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 519 10 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-1622 519 11 24484 24484 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 519 12 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-1622 519 13 1 1 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 519 14 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1622 520 1 Van Van NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 520 2 Herk Herk NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 520 3 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 520 4 Gerard Gerard NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 520 5 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 520 6 2012 2012 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 520 7 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 520 8 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 520 9 What what WP en-wikipedia-org-1622 520 10 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-1622 520 11 Sociolinguistics Sociolinguistics NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 520 12 ? ? . en-wikipedia-org-1622 520 13 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 520 14 John John NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 520 15 Wiley Wiley NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 520 16 & & CC en-wikipedia-org-1622 520 17 Sons Sons NNPS en-wikipedia-org-1622 520 18 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 520 19 ISBN ISBN NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 520 20   _SP en-wikipedia-org-1622 520 21 978 978 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 520 22 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-1622 520 23 1 1 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 520 24 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-1622 520 25 4051 4051 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 520 26 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-1622 520 27 9319 9319 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 520 28 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-1622 520 29 1 1 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 520 30 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1622 521 1 Wardaugh wardaugh UH en-wikipedia-org-1622 521 2 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 521 3 Ronald Ronald NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 521 4 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-1622 521 5 Fuller Fuller NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 521 6 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 521 7 Janet Janet NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 521 8 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 521 9 2014 2014 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 521 10 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 521 11 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 521 12 An an DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 521 13 Introduction introduction NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 521 14 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 521 15 Sociolinguistics Sociolinguistics NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 521 16 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 521 17 John John NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 521 18 Wiley Wiley NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 521 19 & & CC en-wikipedia-org-1622 521 20 Sons Sons NNPS en-wikipedia-org-1622 521 21 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 521 22 ISBN ISBN NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 521 23   _SP en-wikipedia-org-1622 521 24 978 978 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 521 25 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-1622 521 26 1 1 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 521 27 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-1622 521 28 118 118 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 521 29 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-1622 521 30 73229 73229 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 521 31 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-1622 521 32 8 8 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 521 33 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1622 522 1 Wilkinson Wilkinson NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 522 2 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 522 3 Endymion Endymion NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 522 4 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 522 5 2000 2000 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 522 6 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 522 7 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 522 8 Chinese chinese JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 522 9 History history NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 522 10 : : : en-wikipedia-org-1622 522 11 A A NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 522 12 Manual Manual NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 522 13 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 522 14 2nd 2nd NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 522 15   _SP en-wikipedia-org-1622 522 16 ed ed NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 522 17 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1622 523 1 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 523 2 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 523 3 Harvard Harvard NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 523 4 Univ Univ NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 523 5 Asia Asia NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 523 6 Center Center NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 523 7 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 523 8 ISBN ISBN NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 523 9   _SP en-wikipedia-org-1622 523 10 978 978 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 523 11 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-1622 523 12 0 0 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 523 13 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-1622 523 14 674 674 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 523 15 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-1622 523 16 00249 00249 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 523 17 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-1622 523 18 4 4 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 523 19 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1622 524 1 Wurm Wurm NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 524 2 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 524 3 Stephen Stephen NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 524 4 Adolphe Adolphe NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 524 5 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-1622 524 6 Li Li NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 524 7 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 524 8 Rong Rong NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 524 9 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-1622 524 10 Baumann Baumann NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 524 11 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 524 12 Theo Theo NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 524 13 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-1622 524 14 Lee Lee NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 524 15 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 524 16 Mei Mei NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 524 17 W. W. NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 524 18 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 524 19 1987 1987 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 524 20 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 524 21 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 524 22 Language Language NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 524 23 Atlas Atlas NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 524 24 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 524 25 China China NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 524 26 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 524 27 Longman Longman NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 524 28 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 524 29 ISBN ISBN NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 524 30   _SP en-wikipedia-org-1622 524 31 978 978 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 524 32 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-1622 524 33 962 962 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 524 34 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-1622 524 35 359 359 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 524 36 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-1622 524 37 085 085 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 524 38 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-1622 524 39 3 3 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 524 40 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1622 525 1 Zhang Zhang NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 525 2 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 525 3 Bennan Bennan NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 525 4 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-1622 525 5 Yang Yang NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 525 6 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 525 7 Robin Robin NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 525 8 R. R. NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 525 9 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 525 10 2004 2004 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 525 11 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 525 12 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 525 13 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-1622 525 14 Putonghua Putonghua NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 525 15 education education NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 525 16 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1622 525 17 language language NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 525 18 policy policy NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 525 19 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 525 20 postcolonial postcolonial JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 525 21 Hong Hong NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 525 22 Kong Kong NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 525 23 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-1622 525 24 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 525 25 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 525 26 Zhou Zhou NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 525 27 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 525 28 Minglang Minglang NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 525 29 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 525 30 ed ed NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 525 31 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1622 526 1 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 526 2 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 526 3 Language language NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 526 4 policy policy NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 526 5 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 526 6 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 526 7 People People NNPS en-wikipedia-org-1622 526 8 's 's POS en-wikipedia-org-1622 526 9 Republic Republic NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 526 10 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 526 11 China China NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 526 12 : : : en-wikipedia-org-1622 526 13 Theory theory NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 526 14 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1622 526 15 practice practice NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 526 16 since since IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 526 17 1949 1949 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 526 18 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 526 19 Kluwer Kluwer NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 526 20 Academic Academic NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 526 21 Publishers Publishers NNPS en-wikipedia-org-1622 526 22 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 526 23 pp pp NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 526 24 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1622 527 1 143–161 143–161 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 527 2 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 527 3 ISBN ISBN NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 527 4   _SP en-wikipedia-org-1622 527 5 978 978 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 527 6 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-1622 527 7 1 1 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 527 8 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-1622 527 9 4020 4020 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 527 10 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-1622 527 11 8038 8038 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 527 12 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-1622 527 13 8 8 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 527 14 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1622 528 1 Further further JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 528 2 reading[edit reading[edit LS en-wikipedia-org-1622 528 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 528 4 Hannas Hannas NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 528 5 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 528 6 William William NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 528 7 C. C. NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 528 8 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 528 9 1997 1997 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 528 10 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 528 11 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 528 12 Asia Asia NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 528 13 's 's POS en-wikipedia-org-1622 528 14 Orthographic Orthographic NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 528 15 Dilemma Dilemma NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 528 16 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 528 17 University University NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 528 18 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 528 19 Hawaii Hawaii NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 528 20 Press Press NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 528 21 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 528 22 ISBN ISBN NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 528 23   _SP en-wikipedia-org-1622 528 24 978 978 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 528 25 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-1622 528 26 0 0 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 528 27 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-1622 528 28 8248 8248 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 528 29 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-1622 528 30 1892 1892 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 528 31 - - SYM en-wikipedia-org-1622 528 32 0 0 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 528 33 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1622 529 1 Qiu Qiu NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 529 2 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 529 3 Xigui Xigui NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 529 4 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 529 5 2000 2000 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 529 6 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 529 7 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 529 8 Chinese Chinese NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 529 9 Writing Writing NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 529 10 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 529 11 trans tran NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 529 12 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1622 530 1 Gilbert Gilbert NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 530 2 Louis Louis NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 530 3 Mattos Mattos NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 530 4 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1622 530 5 Jerry Jerry NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 530 6 Norman Norman NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 530 7 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 530 8 Society Society NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 530 9 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 530 10 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 530 11 Study Study NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 530 12 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 530 13 Early Early NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 530 14 China China NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 530 15 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1622 530 16 Institute Institute NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 530 17 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 530 18 East East NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 530 19 Asian Asian NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 530 20 Studies Studies NNPS en-wikipedia-org-1622 530 21 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 530 22 University University NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 530 23 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 530 24 California California NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 530 25 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 530 26 Berkeley Berkeley NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 530 27 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 530 28 ISBN ISBN NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 530 29   _SP en-wikipedia-org-1622 530 30 978 978 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 530 31 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-1622 530 32 1 1 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 530 33 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-1622 530 34 55729 55729 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 530 35 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-1622 530 36 071 071 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 530 37 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-1622 530 38 7 7 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 530 39 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1622 531 1 R. R. NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 531 2 L. L. NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 531 3 G. G. NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 531 4 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-1622 531 5 Language Language NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 531 6 borrowing borrowing NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 531 7 Why why WRB en-wikipedia-org-1622 531 8 so so RB en-wikipedia-org-1622 531 9 little little JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 531 10 Chinese chinese JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 531 11 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 531 12 English English NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 531 13 ? ? . en-wikipedia-org-1622 531 14 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-1622 532 1 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 532 2 Economist Economist NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 532 3 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1622 533 1 6 6 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 533 2 June June NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 533 3 2013 2013 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 533 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1622 534 1 Huang Huang NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 534 2 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 534 3 Cheng Cheng NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 534 4 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-1622 534 5 Teh Teh NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 534 6 James James NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 534 7 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-1622 534 8 Li Li NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 534 9 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 534 10 Yen Yen NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 534 11 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-1622 534 12 Hui Hui NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 534 13 Audrey Audrey NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 534 14 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-1622 534 15 Li Li NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 534 16 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 534 17 Yafei Yafei NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 534 18 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 534 19 2009 2009 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 534 20 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 534 21 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 534 22 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 534 23 Syntax Syntax NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 534 24 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 534 25 Chinese Chinese NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 534 26 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 534 27 Cambridge Cambridge NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 534 28 Syntax Syntax NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 534 29 Guides Guides NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 534 30 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 534 31 Cambridge Cambridge NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 534 32 : : : en-wikipedia-org-1622 534 33 Cambridge Cambridge NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 534 34 University University NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 534 35 Press Press NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 534 36 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 534 37 doi:10.1017 doi:10.1017 NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 534 38 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-1622 534 39 CBO9781139166935 CBO9781139166935 NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 534 40 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 534 41 ISBN ISBN NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 534 42   _SP en-wikipedia-org-1622 534 43 978 978 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 534 44 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-1622 534 45 0 0 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 534 46 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-1622 534 47 521 521 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 534 48 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-1622 534 49 59958 59958 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 534 50 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-1622 534 51 0 0 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 534 52 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1622 535 1 External external JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 535 2 links[edit links[edit , en-wikipedia-org-1622 535 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 535 4 Chinese chinese JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 535 5 edition edition NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 535 6 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 535 7 Wikipedia Wikipedia NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 535 8 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 535 9 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 535 10 free free JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 535 11 encyclopedia encyclopedia NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 535 12 Wikimedia Wikimedia NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 535 13 Commons Commons NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 535 14 has have VBZ en-wikipedia-org-1622 535 15 media medium NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 535 16 related relate VBN en-wikipedia-org-1622 535 17 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 535 18 Chinese chinese JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 535 19 languages language NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 535 20 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1622 536 1 Wikiquote Wikiquote NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 536 2 has have VBZ en-wikipedia-org-1622 536 3 quotations quotation NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 536 4 related relate VBN en-wikipedia-org-1622 536 5 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 536 6 : : : en-wikipedia-org-1622 536 7 Chinese chinese JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 536 8 language language NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 536 9 Wikivoyage Wikivoyage NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 536 10 has have VBZ en-wikipedia-org-1622 536 11 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 536 12 phrasebook phrasebook NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 536 13 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 536 14 Chinese Chinese NNPS en-wikipedia-org-1622 536 15 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1622 537 1 Classical classical JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 537 2 Chinese chinese JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 537 3 texts text NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 537 4 – – : en-wikipedia-org-1622 537 5 Chinese Chinese NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 537 6 Text Text NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 537 7 Project Project NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 537 8 Marjorie Marjorie NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 537 9 Chan Chan NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 537 10 's 's POS en-wikipedia-org-1622 537 11 ChinaLinks ChinaLinks NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 537 12 at at IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 537 13 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 537 14 Ohio Ohio NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 537 15 State State NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 537 16 University University NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 537 17 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 537 18 hundreds hundred NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 537 19 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 537 20 links link NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 537 21 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 537 22 Chinese chinese JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 537 23 related relate VBN en-wikipedia-org-1622 537 24 web web NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 537 25 pages page NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 537 26 v v IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 537 27 t t NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 537 28 e e NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 537 29 Chinese chinese JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 537 30 language language NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 537 31 Major major JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 537 32 subdivisions subdivision NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 537 33 Mandarin Mandarin NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 537 34 Northeastern Northeastern NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 537 35 Harbin Harbin NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 537 36 Shenyang Shenyang NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 537 37 Taz Taz NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 537 38 Beijing Beijing NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 537 39 Beijing Beijing NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 537 40 Ji Ji NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 537 41 – – : en-wikipedia-org-1622 537 42 Lu Lu NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 537 43 Tianjin Tianjin NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 537 44 Jinan Jinan NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 537 45 Jiao Jiao NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 537 46 – – : en-wikipedia-org-1622 537 47 Liao Liao NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 537 48 Dalian Dalian NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 537 49 Qingdao Qingdao NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 537 50 Weihai Weihai NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 537 51 Central Central NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 537 52 Plains Plains NNPS en-wikipedia-org-1622 537 53 Gangou Gangou NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 537 54 Guanzhong Guanzhong NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 537 55 Luoyang Luoyang NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 537 56 Xuzhou Xuzhou NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 537 57 Dungan Dungan NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 537 58 Lan Lan NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 537 59 – – : en-wikipedia-org-1622 537 60 Yin Yin NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 537 61 Southwestern Southwestern NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 537 62 Sichuanese Sichuanese NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 537 63 Minjiang Minjiang NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 537 64 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 537 65 ? ? . en-wikipedia-org-1622 537 66 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1 Kunming Kunming NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 2 Wuhan Wuhan NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 3 Wuming Wuming NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 4 Lower low JJR en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 5 Yangtze Yangtze NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 6 Nanjing Nanjing NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 7 Xinjiang Xinjiang NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 8 Nanping Nanping NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 9 Wu Wu NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 10 Taihu Taihu NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 11 Shanghainese shanghainese VBP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 12 Suzhou Suzhou NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 13 Wuxi Wuxi NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 14 Changzhou Changzhou NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 15 Hangzhou Hangzhou NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 16 Shaoxing Shaoxing NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 17 Ningbo Ningbo NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 18 Jinxiang Jinxiang NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 19 Jiangyin Jiangyin NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 20 Shadi Shadi NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 21 Taizhou Taizhou NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 22 Wu Wu NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 23 Taizhou Taizhou NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 24 Tiantai Tiantai NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 25 Oujiang Oujiang NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 26 Wenzhou Wenzhou NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 27 Wuzhou Wuzhou NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 28 Jinhua Jinhua NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 29 Chu Chu NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 30 – – : en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 31 Qu Qu NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 32 Quzhou Quzhou NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 33 Jiangshan Jiangshan NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 34 Qingtian Qingtian NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 35 Xuanzhou Xuanzhou NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 36 Gan Gan NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 37 Chang Chang NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 38 – – : en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 39 Du Du NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 40 Yi Yi NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 41 – – : en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 42 Liu Liu NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 43 Ying Ying NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 44 – – : en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 45 Yi Yi NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 46 Da Da NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 47 – – : en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 48 Tong Tong NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 49 Xiang Xiang NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 50 Changyi Changyi NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 51 Changsha Changsha NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 52 Loushao Loushao NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 53 Shuangfeng Shuangfeng NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 54 Xiangxiang Xiangxiang NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 55 Ji Ji NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 56 – – : en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 57 Xu Xu NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 58 Yong Yong NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 59 – – : en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 60 Quan Quan NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 61 Qiyang Qiyang NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 62 Min Min NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 63 Eastern Eastern NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 64 Fuzhou Fuzhou NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 65 Fuqing fuqe VBG en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 66 Fu'an Fu'an NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 67 Manjiang Manjiang NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 68 Southern Southern NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 69 Hokkien Hokkien NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 70 Quanzhou Quanzhou NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 71 Zhangzhou Zhangzhou NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 72 Amoy Amoy NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 73 Taiwanese Taiwanese NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 74 Philippine Philippine NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 75 Hokkien Hokkien NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 76 Medan Medan NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 77 Hokkien Hokkien NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 78 Penang Penang NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 79 Hokkien Hokkien NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 80 Singaporean Singaporean NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 81 Hokkien Hokkien NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 82 Southern Southern NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 83 Peninsular Peninsular NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 84 Malaysian Malaysian NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 85 Hokkien Hokkien NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 86 Burmese Burmese NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 87 Hokkien Hokkien NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 88 Zhenan Zhenan NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 89 Longyan Longyan NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 90 Chaoshan Chaoshan NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 91 Teochew Teochew NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 92 Shantou Shantou NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 93 Haifeng Haifeng NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 94 Zhongshan Zhongshan NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 95 Nanlang Nanlang NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 96 Sanxiang Sanxiang NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 97 Other Other NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 98 Northern Northern NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 99 Jian'ou Jian'ou NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 100 Jianyang Jianyang NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 101 Central Central NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 102 Pu Pu NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 103 – – : en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 104 Xian Xian NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 105 Shao Shao NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 106 – – : en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 107 Jiang Jiang NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 108 Leizhou Leizhou NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 109 Zhanjiang Zhanjiang NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 110 Hainan Hainan NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 111 Hakka Hakka NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 112 Meixian meixian JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 113 Wuhua Wuhua NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 114 Huizhou Huizhou NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 115 Tingzhou Tingzhou NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 116 Changting changte VBG en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 117 Taiwanese taiwanese JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 118 Hakka Hakka NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 119 Sixian sixian JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 120 Hailu Hailu NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 121 Raoping Raoping NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 122 Yue Yue NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 123 Yuehai Yuehai NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 124 Cantonese Cantonese NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 125 Xiguan Xiguan NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 126 Jiujiang Jiujiang NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 127 Shiqi Shiqi NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 128 Weitou Weitou NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 129 Dapeng Dapeng NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 130 Gao Gao NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 131 – – : en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 132 Yang Yang NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 133 Siyi Siyi NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 134 Taishan Taishan NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 135 Goulou Goulou NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 136 Wu Wu NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 137 – – : en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 138 Hua Hua NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 139 Yong Yong NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 140 – – : en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 141 Xun Xun NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 142 Luo Luo NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 143 – – : en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 144 Guang Guang NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 145 Qin Qin NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 146 – – : en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 147 Lian Lian NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 148 Proposed Proposed NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 149 Huizhou Huizhou NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 150 Jin Jin NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 151 Hohhot Hohhot NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 152 Pinghua Pinghua NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 153 Unclassified Unclassified NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 154 Badong Badong NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 155 Yao Yao NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 156 Danzhou Danzhou NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 157 Junjiahua Junjiahua NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 158 Mai Mai NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 159 Shaozhou Shaozhou NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 160 Tuhua Tuhua NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 161 Shehua Shehua NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 162 Waxiang Waxiang NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 163 Xiangnan Xiangnan NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 164 Tuhua Tuhua NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 165 Yeheni Yeheni NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 166 Standardised Standardised NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 167 forms form NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 168 Standard standard JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 169 Chinese Chinese NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 170 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 171 Mandarin Mandarin NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 172 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 173 Sichuanese Sichuanese NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 174 Taiwanese taiwanese JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 175 Philippine philippine JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 176 Malaysian malaysian JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 177 Singaporean singaporean JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 178 Cantonese Cantonese NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 179 Taiwanese Taiwanese NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 180 Hokkien Hokkien NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 181 Phonology Phonology NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 182 Historical Historical NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 183 Old Old NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 184 Old Old NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 185 National National NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 186 Cantonese Cantonese NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 187 Mandarin Mandarin NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 188 Literary Literary NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 189 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 190 colloquial colloquial JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 191 readings reading NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 192 Grammar grammar SYM en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 193 Chinese chinese JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 194 grammar grammar VBD en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 195 Chinese chinese JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 196 numerals numeral NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 197 Chinese chinese JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 198 classifier classifier NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 199 Chinese chinese JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 200 honorifics honorific NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 201 Chinese Chinese NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 202 Idiom Idiom NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 203 Set Set NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 204 phrase phrase NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 205 Chengyu Chengyu NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 206 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 207 Chinese Chinese NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 208 Four Four NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 209 Character Character NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 210 Idiom Idiom NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 211 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 212 Xiehouyu Xiehouyu NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 213 Input Input NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 214 method method NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 215 Pinyin Pinyin NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 216 input input NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 217 method method NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 218 Bopomofo Bopomofo NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 219 Cangjie Cangjie NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 220 input input NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 221 method method NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 222 Four Four NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 223 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 224 Corner Corner NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 225 method method NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 226 Boshiamy Boshiamy NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 227 method method NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 228 Wubi Wubi NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 229 method method NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 230 History History NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 231 Old Old NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 232 Chinese chinese JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 233 Eastern Eastern NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 234 Han Han NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 235 Middle Middle NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 236 Chinese Chinese NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 237 Old Old NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 238 Mandarin Mandarin NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 239 Middle Middle NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 240 Mandarin Mandarin NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 241 Proto Proto NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 242 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 243 Min Min NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 244 Ba Ba NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 245 – – : en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 246 Shu Shu NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 247 Gan Gan NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 248 Literary Literary NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 249 forms form VBZ en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 250 Official Official NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 251 Classical Classical NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 252 Adoption Adoption NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 253 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 254 Vietnam Vietnam NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 255 Vernacular Vernacular NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 256 Other other JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 257 varieties variety NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 258 Written write VBN en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 259 Cantonese cantonese JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 260 Written write VBN en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 261 Dungan Dungan NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 262 Written write VBN en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 263 Hokkien Hokkien NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 264 Written write VBN en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 265 Sichuanese sichuanese JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 266 Scripts script NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 267 Standard standard NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 268 Simplified Simplified NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 269 Traditional traditional JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 270 Chinese chinese JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 271 punctuation punctuation NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 272 Stroke stroke NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 273 order order NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 274 Styles Styles NNPS en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 275 Oracle Oracle NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 276 bone bone NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 277 Bronze Bronze NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 278 Seal Seal NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 279 Clerical Clerical NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 280 Semi Semi NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 281 - - JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 282 cursive cursive JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 283 Cursive cursive JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 284 Braille Braille NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 285 Cantonese cantonese JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 286 Braille Braille NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 287 Mainland mainland NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 288 Chinese chinese JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 289 Braille braille JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 290 Taiwanese taiwanese JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 291 Braille Braille NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 292 Two two CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 293 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 294 cell cell NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 295 Chinese chinese JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 296 Braille Braille NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 297 Phonetic Phonetic NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 298 Cyrillization Cyrillization NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 299 Dungan Dungan NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 300 Cyrillic Cyrillic NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 301 Romanization Romanization NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 302 Gwoyeu Gwoyeu NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 303 Romatzyh Romatzyh NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 304 Hanyu Hanyu NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 305 Pinyin Pinyin NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 306 MPS MPS NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 307 II II NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 308 Postal Postal NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 309 Tongyong Tongyong NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 310 Pinyin Pinyin NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 311 Wade Wade NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 312 – – : en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 313 Giles Giles NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 314 Yale Yale NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 315 Bopomofo Bopomofo NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 316 Taiwanese taiwanese JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 317 Phonetic phonetic JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 318 Symbols symbol NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 319 Taiwanese Taiwanese NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 320 kana kana NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 321 Taiwanese Taiwanese NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 322 Hangul Hangul NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 323 Xiao'erjing Xiao'erjing NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 324 Nüshu Nüshu NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 325 List List NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 326 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 327 varieties variety NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 328 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 329 Chinese Chinese NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 330 Links Links NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 331 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 332 related related JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 333 articles article NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 334 v v IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 335 t t NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 336 e e NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 337 Languages Languages NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 338 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 339 China China NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 340 Official Official NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 341 Standard Standard NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 342 Mandarin Mandarin NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 343 Regional Regional NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 344 ARs ar NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 345 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 346 SARs SARs NNPS en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 347 CantoneseHK CantoneseHK NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 348 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 349 MC MC NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 350 EnglishHK EnglishHK NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 351 MongolianNM MongolianNM NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 352 PortugueseMC PortugueseMC NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 353 TibetanXZ TibetanXZ NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 354 UyghurXJ UyghurXJ NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 355 ZhuangGX ZhuangGX NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 356 Prefecture Prefecture NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 357 Hmong Hmong NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 358 Kam Kam NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 359 Bouyei Bouyei NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 360 Tujia Tujia NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 361 Korean Korean NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 362 Qiang Qiang NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 363 Yi Yi NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 364 Kyrgyz Kyrgyz NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 365 Kazakh Kazakh NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 366 Tai Tai NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 367 Nüa Nüa NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 368 Tai Tai NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 369 Lü Lü NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 370 Zaiwa Zaiwa NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 371 Lisu Lisu NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 372 Bai Bai NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 373 Hani Hani NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 374 Zhuang Zhuang NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 375 Counties Counties NNPS en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 376 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 377 Banners Banners NNPS en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 378 numerous numerous JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 379 Indigenous indigenous JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 380 Sino sino JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 381 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 382 Tibetan tibetan JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 383 languages language NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 384 Lolo- Lolo- NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 385 Burmese Burmese NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 386 Mondzish Mondzish NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 387 Kathu Kathu NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 388 Maang Maang NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 389 Manga Manga NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 390 Mango Mango NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 391 Maza Maza NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 392 Mondzi Mondzi NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 393 Muangphe Muangphe NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 394 Burmish Burmish NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 395 Achang Achang NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 396 Xiandao Xiandao NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 397 Pela Pela NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 398 Lashi Lashi NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 399 Chashan Chashan NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 400 Lhao Lhao NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 401 Vo Vo NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 402 Zaiwa Zaiwa NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 403 Loloish Loloish NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 404 Hanoish Hanoish NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 405 Akeu Akeu NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 406 Akha Akha NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 407 Amu Amu NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 408 Angluo Angluo NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 409 Asuo Asuo NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 410 Baihong Baihong NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 411 Bisu Bisu NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 412 Budu Budu NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 413 Bukong Bukong NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 414 Cosao Cosao NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 415 Duoni Duoni NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 416 Duota Duota NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 417 Enu Enu NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 418 Habei Habei NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 419 Hani Hani NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 420 Honi Honi NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 421 Jino Jino NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 422 Kabie Kabie NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 423 Kaduo Kaduo NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 424 Lami Lami NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 425 Laomian Laomian NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 426 Laopin Laopin NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 427 Mpi Mpi NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 428 Muda Muda NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 429 Nuobi Nuobi NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 430 Nuomei Nuomei NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 431 Phana Phana NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 432 ’ ’ POS en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 433 Piyo Piyo NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 434 Qidi Qidi NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 435 Sadu Sadu NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 436 Sangkong Sangkong NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 437 Suobi Suobi NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 438 Tsukong Tsukong NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 439 Woni Woni NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 440 Yiche Yiche NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 441 Lisoish Lisoish NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 442 Eka Eka NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 443 Hlersu Hlersu NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 444 Kua Kua NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 445 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 446 nsi nsi NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 447 Kuamasi Kuamasi NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 448 Laizisi Laizisi NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 449 Lalo Lalo NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 450 Lamu Lamu NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 451 Lavu Lavu NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 452 Lawu Lawu NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 453 Limi Limi NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 454 Lipo Lipo NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 455 Lisu Lisu NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 456 Lolopo Lolopo NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 457 Mangdi Mangdi NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 458 Micha Micha NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 459 Mili Mili NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 460 Sonaga Sonaga NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 461 Toloza Toloza NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 462 Xuzhang Xuzhang NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 463 Yangliu Yangliu NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 464 Zibusi Zibusi NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 465 Nisoish Nisoish NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 466 Alingpo Alingpo NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 467 Alugu Alugu NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 468 Aluo Aluo NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 469 Axi Axi NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 470 Azha Azha NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 471 Azhe Azhe NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 472 Bokha Bokha NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 473 Gepo Gepo NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 474 Khlula Khlula NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 475 Lope Lope NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 476 Moji Moji NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 477 Muji Muji NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 478 Muzi Muzi NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 479 Nasu Nasu NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 480 Nisu Nisu NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 481 Nuosu Nuosu NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 482 Phala Phala NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 483 Phola Phola NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 484 Phowa Phowa NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 485 Phukha Phukha NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 486 Phuma Phuma NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 487 Phupa Phupa NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 488 Phupha Phupha NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 489 Phuza Phuza NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 490 Samei Samei NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 491 Sani Sani NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 492 Thopho Thopho NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 493 Zokhuo Zokhuo NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 494 Other Other NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 495 Gokhy Gokhy NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 496 Katso Katso NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 497 Kucong Kucong NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 498 Lahu Lahu NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 499 Naruo Naruo NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 500 Namuyi Namuyi NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 501 Naxi Naxi NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 502 Nusu Nusu NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 503 Samu Samu NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 504 Sanie Sanie NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 505 Zauzou Zauzou NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 506 Qiangic Qiangic NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 507 Baima Baima NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 508 Choyo Choyo NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 509 Ersu Ersu NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 510 Guiqiong Guiqiong NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 511 Horpa Horpa NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 512 Japhug Japhug NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 513 Khroskyabs Khroskyabs NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 514 Laze Laze NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 515 Lizu Lizu NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 516 Na Na NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 517 Muya Muya NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 518 Namuyi Namuyi NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 519 Naxi Naxi NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 520 Pumi Pumi NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 521 Northern Northern NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 522 Qiang Qiang NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 523 Southern Southern NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 524 Qiang Qiang NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 525 Shixing shixe VBG en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 526 Situ situ VB en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 527 Tshobdun Tshobdun NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 528 Zbu Zbu NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 529 Zhaba Zhaba NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 530 Tibetic Tibetic NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 531 Amdo Amdo NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 532 Baima Baima NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 533 Basum Basum NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 534 Central Central NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 535 Tibetan Tibetan NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 536 Choni Choni NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 537 Dao Dao NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 538 Dongwang Dongwang NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 539 Drugchu Drugchu NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 540 Groma Groma NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 541 Gserpa Gserpa NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 542 Khalong Khalong NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 543 Khams Khams NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 544 Kyirong Kyirong NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 545 Ladakhi Ladakhi NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 546 Tseku Tseku NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 547 Zhongu Zhongu NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 548 Zitsadegu Zitsadegu NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 549 Other Other NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 550 Bai Bai NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 551 Caijia Caijia NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 552 Derung Derung NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 553 Jingpho Jingpho NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 554 Longjia Longjia NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 555 Nung Nung NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 556 Tujia Tujia NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 557 Waxianghua Waxianghua NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 558 Other other JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 559 languages language VBZ en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 560 Austroasiatic Austroasiatic NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 561 Bit Bit NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 562 Blang Blang NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 563 Bolyu Bolyu NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 564 Bugan Bugan NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 565 Bumang Bumang NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 566 Hu Hu NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 567 Kuan Kuan NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 568 Mang Mang NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 569 Man Man NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 570 Met Met NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 571 Muak Muak NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 572 Sa Sa NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 573 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 574 aak aak NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 575 Palaung Palaung NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 576 Riang Riang NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 577 U U NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 578 Va Va NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 579 Wa Wa NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 580 Hmong Hmong NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 581 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 582 Mien Mien NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 583 Hmongic Hmongic NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 584 A A NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 585 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 586 Hmao Hmao NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 587 Bu Bu NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 588 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 589 Nao Nao NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 590 Gejia Gejia NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 591 Guiyang Guiyang NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 592 Hm Hm NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 593 Nai Nai NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 594 Hmong Hmong NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 595 Hmu Hmu NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 596 Huishui Huishui NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 597 Kiong Kiong NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 598 Nai Nai NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 599 Luobohe Luobohe NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 600 Mashan Mashan NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 601 Pa Pa NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 602 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 603 Hng Hng NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 604 Pa Pa NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 605 Na Na NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 606 Pingtang Pingtang NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 607 Qo Qo NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 608 Xiong Xiong NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 609 Raojia Raojia NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 610 She She NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 611 Small Small NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 612 Flowery Flowery NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 613 Xixiu Xixiu NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 614 Younuo Younuo NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 615 Mienic Mienic NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 616 Biao Biao NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 617 Min Min NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 618 Dzao Dzao NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 619 Min Min NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 620 Iu Iu NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 621 Mien Mien NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 622 Kim Kim NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 623 Mun Mun NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 624 Mongolic Mongolic NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 625 Bonan Bonan NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 626 Buryat Buryat NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 627 Daur Daur NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 628 Eastern Eastern NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 629 Yugur Yugur NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 630 Kangjia Kangjia NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 631 Khamnigan Khamnigan NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 632 Monguor Monguor NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 633 Oirat Oirat NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 634 Ordos Ordos NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 635 Santa Santa NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 636 Torgut Torgut NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 637 Kra Kra NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 638 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 639 Dai Dai NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 640 Zhuang Zhuang NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 641 Bouyei Bouyei NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 642 Dai Dai NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 643 Min Min NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 644 Ningming Ningming NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 645 Nong Nong NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 646 Tai Tai NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 647 Dam Dam NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 648 Tai Tai NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 649 Dón Dón NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 650 Tai Tai NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 651 Hongjin Hongjin NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 652 Tai Tai NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 653 Lü Lü NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 654 Tai Tai NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 655 Nüa nüa NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 656 Tai tai VB en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 657 Ya Ya NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 658 Yang Yang NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 659 Yei Yei NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 660 Other Other NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 661 Ai Ai NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 662 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 663 Cham Cham NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 664 Biao Biao NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 665 Buyang Buyang NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 666 Cao Cao NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 667 Miao Miao NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 668 Chadong Chadong NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 669 Cun Cun NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 670 Gelao Gelao NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 671 Hlai Hlai NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 672 Jiamao Jiamao NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 673 Kam Kam NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 674 Lakkja Lakkja NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 675 Mak Mak NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 676 Maonan Maonan NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 677 Mulam Mulam NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 678 Naxi Naxi NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 679 Yao Yao NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 680 Ong Ong NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 681 Be be VB en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 682 Paha Paha NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 683 Qabiao Qabiao NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 684 Sui Sui NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 685 Then then RB en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 686 Tungusic Tungusic NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 687 Evenki Evenki NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 688 Manchu Manchu NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 689 Nanai Nanai NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 690 Oroqen Oroqen NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 691 Xibe Xibe NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 692 Turkic Turkic NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 693 Äynu Äynu NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 694 Fuyu Fuyu NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 695 Kyrgyz Kyrgyz NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 696 Ili Ili NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 697 Turki Turki NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 698 Lop Lop NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 699 Salar Salar NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 700 Western Western NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 701 Yugur Yugur NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 702 Other Other NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 703 Sarikoli Sarikoli NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 704 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 705 Indo indo JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 706 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 707 European european JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 708 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 709 Tsat Tsat NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 710 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 711 Austronesian Austronesian NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 712 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 713 Formosan Formosan NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 714 languages language NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 715 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 716 Austronesian Austronesian NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 717 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 718 Minority Minority NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 719 Kazakh Kazakh NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 720 Korean Korean NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 721 Kyrgyz Kyrgyz NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 722 Russian Russian NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 723 Tatar Tatar NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 724 Tuvan Tuvan NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 725 Uzbek Uzbek NNPS en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 726 Vietnamese Vietnamese NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 727 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 728 Kinh Kinh NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 729 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 730 Wakhi Wakhi NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 731 Varieties Varieties NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 732 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 733 Chinese Chinese NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 734 Mandarin Mandarin NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 735 Southwestern Southwestern NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 736 Dongbei Dongbei NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 737 Jiang Jiang NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 738 Huai Huai NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 739 Gan Gan NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 740 Hakka Hakka NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 741 Hui Hui NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 742 Jin Jin NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 743 Min Min NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 744 varieties variety NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 745 Ping Ping NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 746 Wu Wu NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 747 Wenzhounese Wenzhounese NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 748 Xiang Xiang NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 749 Yue Yue NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 750 Cantonese Cantonese NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 751 Creole Creole NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 752 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 753 Mixed mixed JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 754 E e NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 755 Hezhou Hezhou NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 756 Lingling lingling JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 757 Macanese macanese JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 758 Maojia Maojia NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 759 Qoqmončaq Qoqmončaq NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 760 Sanqiao Sanqiao NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 761 Tangwang Tangwang NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 762 Wutun Wutun NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 763 Extinct Extinct NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 764 Ba Ba NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 765 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 766 Shu Shu NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 767 Jie Jie NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 768 Khitan Khitan NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 769 Ruan Ruan NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 770 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 771 ruan ruan NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 772 Saka Saka NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 773 Tangut Tangut NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 774 Tocharian Tocharian NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 775 Tuoba Tuoba NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 776 Tuyuhun Tuyuhun NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 777 Xianbei Xianbei NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 778 Zhang Zhang NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 779 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 780 Zhung Zhung NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 781 Sign Sign NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 782 Chinese chinese JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 783 Sign sign NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 784 Hong Hong NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 785 Kong Kong NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 786 SignHK SignHK NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 787 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 788 MC MC NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 789 Tibetan Tibetan NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 790 SignXZ SignXZ NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 791 GX GX NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 792 = = SYM en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 793 Guangxi Guangxi NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 794 HK HK NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 795 = = NFP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 796 Hong Hong NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 797 Kong Kong NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 798 MC MC NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 799 = = SYM en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 800 Macau Macau NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 801 NM NM NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 802 = = SYM en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 803 Inner Inner NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 804 Mongolia Mongolia NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 805 XJ XJ NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 806 = = SYM en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 807 Xinjiang Xinjiang NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 808 XZ XZ NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 809 = = SYM en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 810 Tibet Tibet NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 811 v v IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 812 t t NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 813 e e NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 814 Languages Languages NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 815 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 816 Taiwan Taiwan NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 817 Austronesian Austronesian NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 818 Formosan Formosan NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 819 Atayalic Atayalic NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 820 Atayal Atayal NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 821 Seediq Seediq NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 822 Truku Truku NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 823 Rukaic Rukaic NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 824 Rukai Rukai NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 825 Northern Northern NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 826 Babuza Babuza NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 827 Favorlang Favorlang NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 828 Hoanya Hoanya NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 829 Arikun arikun VBP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 830 Lloa Lloa NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 831 Pazeh Pazeh NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 832 Kaxabu Kaxabu NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 833 Kulon Kulon NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 834 Saisiyat Saisiyat NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 835 Taokas Taokas NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 836 Thao Thao NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 837 East East NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 838 Amis Amis NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 839 Kavalan Kavalan NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 840 Ketagalan Ketagalan NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 841 Basay Basay NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 842 Luilang Luilang NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 843 Makatao Makatao NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 844 Qauqaut Qauqaut NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 845 Sakizaya Sakizaya NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 846 Siraya Siraya NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 847 Taivoan Taivoan NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 848 Southern Southern NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 849 Bunun Bunun NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 850 Paiwan Paiwan NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 851 Puyuma Puyuma NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 852 Tsouic Tsouic NNPS en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 853 Kanakanavu Kanakanavu NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 854 Saaroa Saaroa NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 855 Tsou Tsou NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 856 Malayo Malayo NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 857 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 858 Polynesian polynesian JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 859 Batanic Batanic NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 860 Yami yami NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 861 Sino sino JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 862 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 863 Tibetan tibetan JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 864 Sinitic Sinitic NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 865 Mandarin Mandarin NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 866 Taiwanese Taiwanese NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 867 Mandarin Mandarin NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 868 Junhua Junhua NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 869 Min Min NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 870 Southern Southern NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 871 Taiwanese Taiwanese NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 872 Hokkien Hokkien NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 873 Teochew Teochew NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 874 dialect dialect VBP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 875 Eastern Eastern NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 876 Fuzhounese Fuzhounese NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 877 Matsu Matsu NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 878 dialect dialect VB en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 879 Pu Pu NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 880 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 881 Xian xian JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 882 Putian putian JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 883 dialect dialect NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 884 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 885 Wuqiu Wuqiu NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 886 dialect dialect VB en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 887 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 888 Hakka Hakka NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 889 Taiwanese Taiwanese NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 890 Hakka Hakka NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 891 Sixian sixian JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 892 Hailu Hailu NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 893 Dabu Dabu NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 894 Raoping Raoping NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 895 Zhao'an Zhao'an NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 896 Auxiliary auxiliary JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 897 Taiwanese Taiwanese NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 898 Sign Sign NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 899 Language language NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 900 Taiwanese taiwanese JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 901 Braille Braille NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 902 Other other JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 903 languages language NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 904 English English NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 905 Cantonese Cantonese NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 906 Wu Wu NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 907 Shanghainese shanghainese JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 908 Filipino filipino JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 909 Japanese japanese JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 910 Korean korean JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 911 Malay malay JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 912 Malaysian malaysian JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 913 Indonesian Indonesian NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 914 Thai Thai NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 915 Vietnamese Vietnamese NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 916 Yilan Yilan NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 917 Creole Creole NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 918 Japanese Japanese NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 919 v v NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 920 t t NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 921 e e NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 922 Languages Languages NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 923 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 924 Singapore Singapore NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 925 Main Main NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 926 languages language VBZ en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 927 National National NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 928 Malay Malay NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 929 Official Official NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 930 English English NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 931 Malay Malay NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 932 Mandarin Mandarin NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 933 Tamil Tamil NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 934 Indigenous indigenous JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 935 languages language VBZ en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 936 Johor Johor NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 937 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 938 Riau Riau NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 939 Malay Malay NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 940 Orang Orang NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 941 Seletar Seletar NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 942 Creole Creole NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 943 languages language VBZ en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 944 Baba Baba NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 945 Malay Malay NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 946 Chitty Chitty NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 947 Malay malay NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 948 Kristang Kristang NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 949 Singlish Singlish NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 950 Singdarin Singdarin NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 951 Immigrant immigrant JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 952 languages language VBZ en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 953 Chinese chinese JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 954 Sinitic Sinitic NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 955 Cantonese cantonese JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 956 Hainanese hainanese NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 957 Hakka hakka VBP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 958 Henghwa Henghwa NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 959 Hokchew Hokchew NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 960 Hokkien Hokkien NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 961 Teochew Teochew NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 962 Indian Indian NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 963 Dravidian Dravidian NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 964 Kannada Kannada NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 965 Malayalam Malayalam NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 966 Telugu Telugu NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 967 Indo Indo NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 968 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 969 Aryan Aryan NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 970 Bengali Bengali NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 971 Gujarati Gujarati NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 972 Hindi Hindi NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 973 Punjabi Punjabi NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 974 Sindhi Sindhi NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 975 Sinhala Sinhala NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 976 Indonesian Indonesian NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 977 Acehnese Acehnese NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 978 Banjarese Banjarese NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 979 Batak Batak NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 980 Angkola Angkola NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 981 Mandailing Mandailing NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 982 Toba Toba NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 983 Baweanese Baweanese NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 984 Buginese buginese JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 985 Javanese javanese NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 986 Minangkabau Minangkabau NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 987 Other other JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 988 Arabic arabic JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 989 Armenian armenian JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 990 Burmese burmese JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 991 Filipino filipino JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 992 Japanese japanese JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 993 Korean korean JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 994 Nepali Nepali NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 995 Thai Thai NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 996 Vietnamese Vietnamese NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 997 Sign Sign NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 998 languages language NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 999 Singaporean Singaporean NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1000 Sign Sign NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1001 Language Language NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1002 v v NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1003 t t NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1004 e e NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1005 Languages Languages NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1006 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1007 Malaysia Malaysia NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1008 Main Main NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1009 Official Official NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1010 Malaysian malaysian JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1011 English english JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1012 comparison comparison NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1013 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1014 British british JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1015 English english JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1016 Significant significant JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1017 minority minority NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1018 Chinese chinese JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1019 Sino sino JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1020 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1021 Tibetan tibetan JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1022 Yue Yue NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1023 Cantonese Cantonese NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1024 Malaysian Malaysian NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1025 Cantonese Cantonese NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1026 Hakka Hakka NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1027 Min Min NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1028 Eastern Eastern NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1029 Min Min NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1030 Fuqing fuqe VBG en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1031 Fuzhou Fuzhou NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1032 Hokkien Hokkien NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1033 Southern Southern NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1034 Peninsular Peninsular NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1035 Malaysian Malaysian NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1036 Hokkien Hokkien NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1037 Penang Penang NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1038 Hokkien Hokkien NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1039 Pu Pu NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1040 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1041 Xian Xian NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1042 Min Min NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1043 Mandarin Mandarin NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1044 Chinese Chinese NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1045 Malaysian Malaysian NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1046 Mandarin Mandarin NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1047 Indian Indian NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1048 Dravidian Dravidian NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1049 Malayalam Malayalam NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1050 Tamil Tamil NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1051 Malaysian Malaysian NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1052 Tamil Tamil NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1053 Telugu Telugu NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1054 Indo Indo NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1055 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1056 European European NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1057 Gujarati Gujarati NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1058 Hindi Hindi NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1059 Punjabi Punjabi NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1060 Urdu Urdu NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1061 Indonesian indonesian JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1062 archipelago archipelago NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1063 Acehnese Acehnese NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1064 Banjar Banjar NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1065 Baweanese Baweanese NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1066 Buginese buginese JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1067 Javanese javanese NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1068 Kerinci Kerinci NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1069 Mandailing Mandailing NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1070 Minangkabau Minangkabau NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1071 Rawa Rawa NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1072 Philippine Philippine NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1073 Philippine Philippine NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1074 Iranun Iranun NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1075 Maranao Maranao NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1076 Molbog Molbog NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1077 Suluk Suluk NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1078 Sama Sama NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1079 – – : en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1080 Bajaw Bajaw NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1081 Bajaw Bajaw NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1082 Sama Sama NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1083 Families Families NNPS en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1084 Austroasiatic Austroasiatic NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1085 Aslian aslian JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1086 Austronesian austronesian JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1087 North North NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1088 Bornean Bornean NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1089 Kayanic Kayanic NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1090 Land Land NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1091 Dayak Dayak NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1092 Malayic Malayic VBZ en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1093 Philippine Philippine NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1094 Sama Sama NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1095 – – : en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1096 Bajaw Bajaw NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1097 Tai Tai NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1098 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1099 Kadai Kadai NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1100 Tai Tai NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1101 Creoles Creoles NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1102 Chavacano Chavacano NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1103 Kristang Kristang NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1104 Manglish Manglish NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1105 Malay Malay NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1106 trade trade NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1107 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1108 creole creole NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1109 languages language NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1110 Baba Baba NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1111 Malay Malay NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1112 Chetty Chetty NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1113 Malay Malay NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1114 Cocos Cocos NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1115 Malay Malay NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1116 Sabah Sabah NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1117 Malay Malay NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1118 Natives Natives NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1119 & & CC en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1120 Indigenous Indigenous NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1121 Nationwide Nationwide NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1122 Malay Malay NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1123 Malayic Malayic VBZ en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1124 Peninsular Peninsular NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1125 Malaysia Malaysia NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1126 Batek Batek NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1127 Cheq Cheq NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1128 Wong Wong NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1129 Duano Duano NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1130 ’ ' '' en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1131 Jah Jah NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1132 Hut Hut NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1133 Jahai Jahai NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1134 Jakun Jakun NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1135 Jedek Jedek NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1136 Kedah Kedah NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1137 Malay Malay NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1138 Kelantan Kelantan NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1139 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1140 Pattani Pattani NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1141 Malay Malay NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1142 Kenaboi1 Kenaboi1 NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1143 Kensiu Kensiu NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1144 Kintaq Kintaq NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1145 Kristang Kristang NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1146 Lanoh Lanoh NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1147 Mah Mah NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1148 Meri Meri NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1149 Minriq Minriq NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1150 Mintil Mintil NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1151 Negeri Negeri NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1152 Sembilan Sembilan NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1153 Malay Malay NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1154 Mos Mos NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1155 Orang Orang NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1156 Kanaq Kanaq NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1157 Orang Orang NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1158 Seletar Seletar NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1159 Pahang Pahang NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1160 Malay Malay NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1161 Perak Perak NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1162 Malay Malay NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1163 Sabüm1 Sabüm1 NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1164 Semai Semai NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1165 Semaq Semaq NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1166 Beri Beri NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1167 Semelai Semelai NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1168 Semnam Semnam NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1169 Southern Southern NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1170 Thai Thai NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1171 Temiar Temiar NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1172 Temoq2 Temoq2 NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1173 Temuan Temuan NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1174 Terengganu Terengganu NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1175 Malay Malay NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1176 Wila'1 wila'1 NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1177 East East NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1178 Malaysia Malaysia NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1179 Abai Abai NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1180 Bahau Bahau NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1181 Belait Belait NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1182 Berawan Berawan NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1183 Biatah Biatah NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1184 Bintulu Bintulu NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1185 Bonggi Bonggi NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1186 Bookan Bookan NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1187 Bruneian Bruneian NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1188 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1189 Kedayan Kedayan NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1190 Malay Malay NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1191 Brunei Brunei NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1192 Bisaya Bisaya NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1193 Bukar Bukar NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1194 Sadong Sadong NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1195 Bukitan Bukitan NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1196 Coastal Coastal NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1197 Kadazan Kadazan NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1198 Daro Daro NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1199 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1200 Matu Matu NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1201 Dumpas Dumpas NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1202 Dusun Dusun NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1203 Eastern Eastern NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1204 Kadazan Kadazan NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1205 Gana Gana NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1206 ’ ' '' en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1207 Iban iban JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1208 Ida'an Ida'an NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1209 Jagoi Jagoi NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1210 Jangkang Jangkang NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1211 Kajaman Kajaman NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1212 Kalabakan Kalabakan NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1213 Kanowit Kanowit NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1214 Kayan Kayan NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1215 Kelabit Kelabit NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1216 Kendayan Kendayan NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1217 Keningau Keningau NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1218 Murut Murut NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1219 Kinabatangan Kinabatangan NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1220 Kiput Kiput NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1221 Klias Klias NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1222 River River NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1223 Kadazan Kadazan NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1224 Kota Kota NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1225 Marudu Marudu NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1226 Talantang Talantang NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1227 Kuijau Kuijau NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1228 Lahanan Lahanan NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1229 Lelak1 Lelak1 NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1230 Lengilu1 Lengilu1 NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1231 Lotud Lotud NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1232 Lun Lun NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1233 Bawang Bawang NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1234 Mainstream Mainstream NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1235 Kenyah Kenyah NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1236 Melanau Melanau NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1237 Momogun Momogun NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1238 Murik Murik NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1239 Kayan Kayan NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1240 Narom Narom NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1241 Nonukan Nonukan NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1242 Tidong Tidong NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1243 Okolod Okolod NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1244 Paluan Paluan NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1245 Papar Papar NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1246 Punan Punan NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1247 Bah Bah NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1248 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1249 Biau Biau NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1250 Punan Punan NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1251 Batu2 batu2 IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1252 Penan Penan NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1253 Remun Remun NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1254 Sa'ban Sa'ban NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1255 Sabah Sabah NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1256 Bisaya Bisaya NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1257 Sarawak Sarawak NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1258 Malay Malay NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1259 Sebop Sebop NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1260 Sebuyau Sebuyau NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1261 Sekapan Sekapan NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1262 Selungai Selungai NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1263 Murut Murut NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1264 Sembakung Sembakung NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1265 Seru1 seru1 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1266 Serudung Serudung NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1267 Sian Sian NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1268 Sungai Sungai NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1269 Tagol Tagol NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1270 Timugon Timugon NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1271 Tombonuwo Tombonuwo NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1272 Tring tre VBG en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1273 Tringgus Tringgus NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1274 Tutoh Tutoh NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1275 Ukit2 Ukit2 NFP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1276 Uma Uma NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1277 ’ ' '' en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1278 Lasan Lasan NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1279 Mixed Mixed NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1280 & & CC en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1281 Others Others NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1282 Rojak Rojak NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1283 Tanglish Tanglish NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1284 Esperanto Esperanto NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1285 Immigrants Immigrants NNPS en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1286 African African NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1287 Arab Arab NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1288 Bangladeshi Bangladeshi NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1289 Burmese Burmese NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1290 Cambodian Cambodian NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1291 East East NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1292 Timorese Timorese NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1293 Filipino filipino JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1294 Indonesian indonesian JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1295 comparison comparison NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1296 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1297 Malaysian malaysian JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1298 Iranian iranian JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1299 Japanese japanese JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1300 Korean korean JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1301 Laotian laotian JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1302 Nepalese nepalese JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1303 Pakistani Pakistani NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1304 Sri Sri NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1305 Lankan Lankan NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1306 Thai Thai NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1307 Vietnamese vietnamese JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1308 Signs Signs NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1309 Main Main NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1310 Malaysian Malaysian NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1311 Sign Sign NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1312 Language Language NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1313 Manually manually RB en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1314 Coded code VBD en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1315 Malay Malay NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1316 By by IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1317 states state NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1318 Penang Penang NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1319 Sign Sign NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1320 Language Language NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1321 Selangor Selangor NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1322 Sign Sign NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1323 Language Language NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1324 1 1 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1325 Extinct extinct NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1326 languages language NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1327 2 2 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1328 Nearly nearly RB en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1329 extinct extinct JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1330 languages language NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1331 v v IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1332 t t NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1333 e e NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1334 Chinese chinese JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1335 language language NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1336 loan loan NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1337 vocabularies vocabulary NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1338 Sinosphere Sinosphere NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1339 Japanese japanese JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1340 Korean korean JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1341 Vietnamese vietnamese JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1342 English English NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1343 Spanish Spanish NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1344 Language Language NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1345 portal portal NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1346 China China NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1347 portal portal JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1348 Taiwan Taiwan NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1349 portal portal NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1350 Singapore Singapore NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1351 portal portal JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1352 Hong Hong NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1353 Kong Kong NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1354 portal portal JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1355 Authority Authority NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1356 control control NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1357 General General NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1358 Integrated Integrated NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1359 Authority Authority NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1360 File File NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1361 National national JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1362 libraries library NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1363 United United NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1364 States States NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1365 Japan Japan NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1366 Other Other NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1367 National National NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1368 Archives Archives NNPS en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1369 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1370 US US NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1371 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1372 Retrieved retrieve VBN en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1373 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1374 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1375 https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chinese_language&oldid=1028341784 https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chinese_language&oldid=1028341784 NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1376 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1377 Categories category NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1378 : : : en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1379 Chinese chinese JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1380 language language NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1381 Analytic analytic JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1382 languages language VBZ en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1383 Isolating Isolating NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1384 languages language NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1385 Sinology Sinology NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1386 Languages Languages NNPS en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1387 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1388 China China NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1389 Languages Languages NNPS en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1390 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1391 Hong Hong NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1392 Kong Kong NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1393 Languages Languages NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1394 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1395 Macau Macau NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1396 Languages Languages NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1397 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1398 Singapore Singapore NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1399 Languages Languages NNPS en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1400 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1401 Taiwan Taiwan NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1402 Hidden Hidden NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1403 categories category NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1404 : : : en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1405 Articles article NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1406 containing contain VBG en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1407 Chinese chinese JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1408 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1409 language language NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1410 text text NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1411 Webarchive Webarchive NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1412 template template NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1413 wayback wayback NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1414 links link NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1415 Articles article NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1416 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1417 Chinese chinese JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1418 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1419 language language NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1420 sources source NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1421 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1422 zh zh NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1423 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1424 CS1 CS1 NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1425 uses use VBZ en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1426 Chinese Chinese NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1427 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1428 language language NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1429 script script NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1430 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1431 zh zh NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1432 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1433 Articles article NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1434 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1435 short short JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1436 description description NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1437 Short short JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1438 description description NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1439 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1440 different different JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1441 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1442 Wikidata Wikidata NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1443 Use Use NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1444 dmy dmy NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1445 dates date NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1446 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1447 July July NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1448 2019 2019 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1449 Pages Pages NNPS en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1450 using use VBG en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1451 collapsible collapsible JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1452 list list NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1453 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1454 both both DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1455 background background NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1456 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1457 text text NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1458 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1459 align align NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1460 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1461 titlestyle titlestyle NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1462 Languages language NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1463 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1464 ISO iso NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1465 639 639 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1466 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1467 2 2 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1468 code code NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1469 Languages language NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1470 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1471 ISO ISO NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1472 639 639 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1473 - - SYM en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1474 1 1 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1475 code code NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1476 ISO iso NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1477 language language NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1478 articles article NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1479 citing cite VBG en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1480 sources source NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1481 other other JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1482 than than IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1483 Ethnologue Ethnologue NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1484 Articles Articles NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1485 containing contain VBG en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1486 simplified simplify VBN en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1487 Chinese chinese JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1488 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1489 language language NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1490 text text NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1491 Articles article NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1492 containing contain VBG en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1493 traditional traditional JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1494 Chinese chinese JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1495 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1496 language language NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1497 text text NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1498 All all DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1499 articles article NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1500 lacking lack VBG en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1501 reliable reliable JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1502 references reference NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1503 Articles Articles NNPS en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1504 lacking lack VBG en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1505 reliable reliable JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1506 references reference NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1507 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1508 June June NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1509 2015 2015 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1510 Pages Pages NNPS en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1511 using use VBG en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1512 multiple multiple JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1513 image image NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1514 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1515 auto auto NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1516 scaled scale VBN en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1517 images image NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1518 Articles Articles NNPS en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1519 containing contain VBG en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1520 Japanese japanese JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1521 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1522 language language NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1523 text text NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1524 Commons Commons NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1525 category category NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1526 link link NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1527 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1528 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1529 Wikidata Wikidata NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1530 Wikipedia Wikipedia NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1531 articles article NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1532 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1533 GND GND NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1534 identifiers identifier NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1535 Wikipedia Wikipedia NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1536 articles article NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1537 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1538 LCCN LCCN NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1539 identifiers identifier NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1540 Wikipedia Wikipedia NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1541 articles article NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1542 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1543 NDL NDL NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1544 identifiers identifier NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1545 Wikipedia Wikipedia NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1546 articles article NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1547 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1548 NARA NARA NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1549 identifiers identifier NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1550 Navigation Navigation NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1551 menu menu NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1552 Personal personal JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1553 tools tool NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1554 Not not RB en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1555 logged log VBN en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1556 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1557 Talk Talk NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1558 Contributions Contributions NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1559 Create Create NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1560 account account NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1561 Log Log NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1562 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1563 Namespaces Namespaces NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1564 Article Article NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1565 Talk talk NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1566 Variants variant VBZ en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1567 Views view NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1568 Read read VBP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1569 Edit edit NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1570 View View NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1571 history history NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1572 More More JJR en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1573 Search Search NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1574 Navigation Navigation NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1575 Main Main NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1576 page page NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1577 Contents content VBZ en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1578 Current current JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1579 events event NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1580 Random random JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1581 article article NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1582 About about IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1583 Wikipedia Wikipedia NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1584 Contact Contact NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1585 us -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1586 Donate Donate NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1587 Contribute contribute NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1588 Help help NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1589 Learn learn VB en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1590 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1591 edit edit VB en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1592 Community community NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1593 portal portal JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1594 Recent recent JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1595 changes change NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1596 Upload upload JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1597 file file NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1598 Tools tool NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1599 What what WP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1600 links link NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1601 here here RB en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1602 Related relate VBN en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1603 changes change VBZ en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1604 Upload upload JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1605 file file VBP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1606 Special special JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1607 pages page NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1608 Permanent permanent JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1609 link link NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1610 Page Page NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1611 information information NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1612 Cite cite VB en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1613 this this DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1614 page page NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1615 Wikidata wikidata NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1616 item item NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1617 Print print NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1618 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1619 export export NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1620 Download Download NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1621 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1622 PDF PDF NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1623 Printable Printable NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1624 version version NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1625 In in IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1626 other other JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1627 projects project NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1628 Wikimedia Wikimedia NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1629 Commons Commons NNPS en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1630 Wikibooks wikibook VBZ en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1631 Wikiquote Wikiquote NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1632 Wikivoyage Wikivoyage NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1633 Languages language VBZ en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1634 Acèh Acèh NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1635 Адыгэбзэ Адыгэбзэ NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1636 Afrikaans Afrikaans NNPS en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1637 Alemannisch Alemannisch NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1638 አማርኛ አማርኛ NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1639 Аҧсшәа Аҧсшәа NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1640 العربية العربية NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1641 Aragonés aragonés JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1642 ܐܪܡܝܐ ܐܪܡܝܐ NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1643 Արեւմտահայերէն Արեւմտահայերէն NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1644 অসমীয়া অসমীয়া . en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1645 Asturianu Asturianu NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1646 Avañe'ẽ Avañe'ẽ NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1647 Azərbaycanca Azərbaycanca NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1648 تۆرکجه تۆرکجه NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1649 বাংলা বাংলা NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1650 Bân Bân NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1651 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1652 lâm lâm NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1653 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1654 gú gú NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1655 Basa Basa NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1656 Banyumasan Banyumasan NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1657 Башҡортса Башҡортса NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1658 Беларуская Беларуская NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1659 Беларуская Беларуская NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1660 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1661 тарашкевіца тарашкевіца NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1662 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1663 भोजपुरी भोजपुरी NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1664 Bikol bikol VB en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1665 Central Central NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1666 Български Български NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1667 Boarisch Boarisch NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1668 བོད་ཡིག བོད་ཡིག NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1669 Bosanski Bosanski NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1670 Brezhoneg Brezhoneg NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1671 Буряад Буряад NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1672 Català Català NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1673 Чӑвашла Чӑвашла NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1674 Cebuano Cebuano NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1675 Čeština Čeština NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1676 Cymraeg Cymraeg NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1677 Dansk Dansk NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1678 الدارجة الدارجة VBZ en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1679 Davvisámegiella Davvisámegiella NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1680 Deutsch Deutsch NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1681 ދިވެހިބަސް ދިވެހިބަސް NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1682 Dolnoserbski Dolnoserbski NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1683 Eesti Eesti NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1684 Ελληνικά Ελληνικά NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1685 Эрзянь Эрзянь NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1686 Español Español NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1687 Esperanto Esperanto NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1688 Estremeñu Estremeñu NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1689 Euskara Euskara NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1690 فارسی فارسی JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1691 Fiji Fiji NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1692 Hindi Hindi NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1693 Føroyskt Føroyskt NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1694 Français Français NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1695 Frysk Frysk NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1696 Gaeilge Gaeilge NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1697 Gaelg Gaelg NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1698 Gàidhlig Gàidhlig NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1699 Galego Galego NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1700 贛語 贛語 NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1701 ગુજરાતી ગુજરાતી NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1702 𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺 𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺 NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1703 客家語 客家語 NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1704 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1705 Hak Hak NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1706 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1707 kâ kâ NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1708 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1709 ngî ngî NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1710 Хальмг Хальмг NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1711 한국어 한국어 NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1712 Hausa Hausa NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1713 Hawaiʻi Hawaiʻi NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1714 Հայերեն Հայերեն NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1715 हिन्दी हिन्दी NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1716 Hornjoserbsce Hornjoserbsce NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1717 Hrvatski Hrvatski NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1718 Ido Ido NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1719 Ilokano Ilokano NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1720 Bahasa Bahasa NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1721 Indonesia Indonesia NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1722 ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ/inuktitut ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ/inuktitut NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1723 IsiZulu IsiZulu NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1724 Íslenska Íslenska NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1725 Italiano Italiano NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1726 עברית עברית NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1727 Jawa Jawa NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1728 Kalaallisut Kalaallisut NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1729 ಕನ್ನಡ ಕನ್ನಡ CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1730 ქართული ქართული NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1731 Қазақша Қазақша NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1732 Kernowek Kernowek NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1733 Ikinyarwanda Ikinyarwanda NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1734 Kiswahili Kiswahili NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1735 Коми Коми NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1736 Kongo Kongo NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1737 Kotava Kotava NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1738 Kreyòl Kreyòl NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1739 ayisyen ayisyen NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1740 Kriyòl Kriyòl NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1741 gwiyannen gwiyannen FW en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1742 Кыргызча Кыргызча NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1743 Ladin Ladin NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1744 ລາວ ລາວ NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1745 Latgaļu Latgaļu NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1746 Latina Latina NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1747 Latviešu Latviešu NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1748 Лезги Лезги NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1749 Lietuvių Lietuvių NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1750 Ligure Ligure NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1751 Limburgs Limburgs NNPS en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1752 Lingála Lingála NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1753 Lingua Lingua NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1754 Franca Franca NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1755 Nova Nova NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1756 Livvinkarjala Livvinkarjala NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1757 La La NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1758 .lojban .lojban NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 538 1759 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1622 539 1 Lombard Lombard NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 539 2 Magyar Magyar NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 539 3 मैथिली मैथिली CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 539 4 Македонски Македонски NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 539 5 Malagasy Malagasy NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 539 6 മലയാളം മലയാളം IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 539 7 Māori Māori NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 539 8 मराठी मराठी NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 539 9 მარგალური მარგალური NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 539 10 مصرى مصرى NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 539 11 مازِرونی مازِرونی NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 539 12 Bahasa Bahasa NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 539 13 Melayu Melayu NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 539 14 Minangkabau Minangkabau NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 539 15 Mìng Mìng NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 539 16 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-1622 539 17 dĕ̤ng dĕ̤ng NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 539 18 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-1622 539 19 ngṳ̄ ngṳ̄ NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 539 20 Mirandés Mirandés NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 539 21 Монгол Монгол NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 539 22 မြန်မာဘာသာ မြန်မာဘာသာ NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 539 23 Nāhuatl Nāhuatl NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 539 24 Dorerin Dorerin NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 539 25 Naoero Naoero NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 539 26 Nederlands Nederlands NNPS en-wikipedia-org-1622 539 27 नेपाली नेपाली NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 539 28 नेपाल नेपाल NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 539 29 भाषा भाषा VBZ en-wikipedia-org-1622 539 30 日本語 日本語 NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 539 31 Нохчийн Нохчийн NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 539 32 Norsk Norsk NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 539 33 bokmål bokmål NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 539 34 Norsk Norsk NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 539 35 nynorsk nynorsk NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 539 36 Novial Novial NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 539 37 Occitan Occitan NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 539 38 Oromoo Oromoo NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 539 39 Oʻzbekcha/ўзбекча Oʻzbekcha/ўзбекча NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 539 40 ਪੰਜਾਬੀ ਪੰਜਾਬੀ DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 539 41 پنجابی پنجابی JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 539 42 پښتو پښتو NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 539 43 Patois Patois NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 539 44 ភាសាខ្មែរ ភាសាខ្មែរ NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 539 45 Picard Picard NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 539 46 Plattdüütsch Plattdüütsch NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 539 47 Polski Polski NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 539 48 Português Português NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 539 49 Qaraqalpaqsha Qaraqalpaqsha NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 539 50 Qırımtatarca Qırımtatarca NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 539 51 Reo Reo NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 539 52 tahiti tahiti NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 539 53 Română Română NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 539 54 Runa Runa NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 539 55 Simi Simi NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 539 56 Русиньскый Русиньскый NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 539 57 Русский Русский NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 539 58 Саха Саха NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 539 59 тыла тыла NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 539 60 Gagana Gagana NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 539 61 Samoa Samoa NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 539 62 संस्कृतम् संस्कृतम् NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 539 63 Sängö Sängö NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 539 64 ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 539 65 Scots scot NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 539 66 Seeltersk Seeltersk NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 539 67 Sesotho sesotho JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 539 68 Sesotho Sesotho NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 539 69 sa sa NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 539 70 Leboa Leboa NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 539 71 Shqip Shqip NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 539 72 Sicilianu Sicilianu NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 539 73 Simple Simple NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 539 74 English English NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 539 75 سنڌي سنڌي NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 539 76 Slovenčina Slovenčina NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 539 77 Slovenščina Slovenščina NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 539 78 Словѣньскъ Словѣньскъ NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 539 79 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-1622 539 80 ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 539 81 Ślůnski Ślůnski NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 539 82 کوردی کوردی IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 539 83 Српски Српски NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 539 84 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-1622 539 85 srpski srpski JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 539 86 Srpskohrvatski Srpskohrvatski NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 539 87 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-1622 539 88 српскохрватски српскохрватски JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 539 89 Sunda Sunda NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 539 90 Suomi Suomi NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 539 91 Svenska Svenska NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 539 92 Tagalog Tagalog NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 539 93 தமிழ் தமிழ் , en-wikipedia-org-1622 539 94 Татарча Татарча NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 539 95 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-1622 539 96 tatarça tatarça NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 539 97 ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 539 98 తెలుగు తెలుగు IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 539 99 ไทย ไทย NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 539 100 ትግርኛ ትግርኛ NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 539 101 Тоҷикӣ Тоҷикӣ NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 539 102 ᏣᎳᎩ ᏣᎳᎩ NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 539 103 Tsetsêhestâhese Tsetsêhestâhese NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 539 104 Türkçe Türkçe NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 539 105 Türkmençe Türkmençe NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 539 106 Twi Twi NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 539 107 Тыва Тыва NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 539 108 дыл дыл NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 539 109 Удмурт Удмурт NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 539 110 Українська Українська NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 539 111 اردو اردو NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 539 112 ئۇيغۇرچە ئۇيغۇرچە NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 539 113 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-1622 539 114 Uyghurche Uyghurche NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 539 115 Vahcuengh Vahcuengh NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 539 116 Vèneto Vèneto NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 539 117 Vepsän Vepsän NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 539 118 kel kel NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 539 119 ’ ' '' en-wikipedia-org-1622 539 120 Tiếng Tiếng NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 539 121 Việt Việt NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 539 122 Volapük Volapük NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 539 123 Võro Võro NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 539 124 Walon Walon NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 539 125 文言 文言 NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 539 126 Winaray Winaray NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 539 127 吴语 吴语 DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 539 128 ייִדיש ייִדיש NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 539 129 Yorùbá Yorùbá NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 539 130 粵語 粵語 NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 539 131 Zazaki Zazaki NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 539 132 Žemaitėška Žemaitėška NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 539 133 中文 中文 NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 539 134 Edit Edit NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 539 135 links link NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 539 136 This this DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 539 137 page page NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 539 138 was be VBD en-wikipedia-org-1622 539 139 last last RB en-wikipedia-org-1622 539 140 edited edit VBN en-wikipedia-org-1622 539 141 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 539 142 13 13 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 539 143 June June NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 539 144 2021 2021 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 539 145 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 539 146 at at IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 539 147 11:24 11:24 CD en-wikipedia-org-1622 539 148   _SP en-wikipedia-org-1622 539 149 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 539 150 UTC UTC NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 539 151 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1622 539 152 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1622 540 1 Text text NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 540 2 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-1622 540 3 available available JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 540 4 under under IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 540 5 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 540 6 Creative Creative NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 540 7 Commons Commons NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 540 8 Attribution Attribution NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 540 9 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-1622 540 10 ShareAlike ShareAlike NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 540 11 License License NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 540 12 ; ; , en-wikipedia-org-1622 540 13 additional additional JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 540 14 terms term NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 540 15 may may MD en-wikipedia-org-1622 540 16 apply apply VB en-wikipedia-org-1622 540 17 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1622 541 1 By by IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 541 2 using use VBG en-wikipedia-org-1622 541 3 this this DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 541 4 site site NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 541 5 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 541 6 you -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-1622 541 7 agree agree VBP en-wikipedia-org-1622 541 8 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 541 9 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 541 10 Terms term NNS en-wikipedia-org-1622 541 11 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 541 12 Use Use NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 541 13 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1622 541 14 Privacy Privacy NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 541 15 Policy Policy NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 541 16 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1622 542 1 Wikipedia Wikipedia NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 542 2 ® ® NNPS en-wikipedia-org-1622 542 3 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-1622 542 4 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 542 5 registered registered JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 542 6 trademark trademark NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 542 7 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 542 8 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 542 9 Wikimedia Wikimedia NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 542 10 Foundation Foundation NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 542 11 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 542 12 Inc. Inc. NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 542 13 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1622 542 14 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-1622 542 15 non non JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 542 16 - - JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 542 17 profit profit JJ en-wikipedia-org-1622 542 18 organization organization NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 542 19 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1622 543 1 Privacy privacy NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 543 2 policy policy NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 543 3 About about IN en-wikipedia-org-1622 543 4 Wikipedia Wikipedia NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 543 5 Disclaimers Disclaimers NNPS en-wikipedia-org-1622 543 6 Contact Contact NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 543 7 Wikipedia Wikipedia NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 543 8 Mobile Mobile NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 543 9 view view NN en-wikipedia-org-1622 543 10 Developers Developers NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 543 11 Statistics Statistics NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 543 12 Cookie Cookie NNP en-wikipedia-org-1622 543 13 statement statement NN