[marcus] did not meet with the good fortune that he deserved, for he was not strong in body and was involved in a multitude of troubles throughout practically his entire reign. but for my part, i admire him all the more for this very reason, that amid unusual and extraordinary difficulties he both survived himself and preserved the empire. just one thing prevented him from being completely happy, namely, that after rearing and educating his son in the best possible way he was vastly disappointed in him. this matter must be our next topic; for our history now descends from a kingdom of gold to one of iron and rust, as affairs did for the romans of that day. :–dio lxxi. . –dio adds that from marcus's first days as counsellor to antoninus to his final days as emperor of rome, "he remained the same [person] and did not change in the least."dio lxxii. , . [[michael grant (classicist)|michael grant]], in ''the climax of rome'', writes of commodus:
the youth turned out to be very erratic, or at least so anti-traditional that disaster was inevitable. but whether or not marcus ought to have known this to be so, the rejections of his son's claims in favour of someone else would almost certainly have involved one of the civil wars which were to proliferate so disastrously around future successions.grant, ''the climax of rome'', p. .return to marcus aurelius. retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/marcus_aurelius" navigation menu personal tools not logged in talk contributions create account log in namespaces article talk variants views read edit view history more search navigation main page contents current events random article about wikipedia contact us donate contribute help learn to edit community portal recent changes upload file tools what links here related changes upload file special pages page information wikidata item languages privacy policy about wikipedia disclaimers contact wikipedia mobile view developers statistics cookie statement marcus aurelius - wikipǣdia, sēo frēo wīsdōmbōc marcus aurelius fram wikipǣdian jump to navigation jump to search marcus aurelius āmētt in Þā gehygdu marces aurelies antonines, swā āwend fram george long imperator caesar marcus aurelius antoninus augustus ( Ēastermōnaþ – hrēþmōnaþ ) ƿæs rōmānisc cāsere of oþ his dēaðe in . hē ƿæs ȝeboren on naman marcus annius catilius severus, and æt beǣƿnunge nām þone naman marcus annius verus. hƿonne man hine cāsere ȝenemnede, ƿæs him ȝeȝifen þone naman marcus aurelius antoninus. hē ƿæs se sīðemesta þāra fīf gōde cāseras. Þis gewrit is stycce. Þu most uikipædie mid ætiecunge hire helpan. foregan fram: {{{beforan}}} {{{titul}}} {{{gear}}} Æftergan fram: commodus foregan fram: {{{beforan}}} {{{titul}}} {{{gear}}} Æftergan fram: (nān) fram "https://ang.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=marcus_aurelius&oldid= " begeten floccas: styccelicu gewritu geboren in gestorfen in nerva-antonine cyndlīne rōmānisce cāseras rōmāniscre tīde ūþwita stoisc ūþwita Þurhfore getæl agnu tol ne ingemeldod mōtung for þissum ip forðunga scypp wisboc foh to wisbec namstedas gewrit motung missenlicu gecynd sihþa ræd adiht adiht fruman seoh stær more socn Þurhfor heafodtramet gemǣnscipes ingang se Þorpes wella bewitendas nīwlica andwendunga hlīetlic tramet giefan feoh help tol hwæt bindaþ hider sibba andwendunga hlad ymelan forþ syndrige trametas fæst bend trametes gefræge Þisne tramet meldian wikidata wiht bewrit oþþe forþasend wyrce boc hlad on spearctellend to pdf gemǣlendlicu fadung oðru weorc wikimedia commons Ōðera sprǣca afrikaans aragonés العربية مصرى asturianu azərbaycanca تۆرکجه bikol central Беларуская Български བོད་ཡིག brezhoneg bosanski català Čeština cymraeg dansk deutsch zazaki Ελληνικά english esperanto español eesti euskara estremeñu فارسی suomi føroyskt français frysk gaeilge gàidhlig galego 客家語/hak-kâ-ngî עברית हिन्दी hrvatski magyar Հայերեն interlingua bahasa indonesia ido Íslenska italiano 日本語 ქართული kongo Қазақша 한국어 latina lingua franca nova lietuvių latviešu malagasy Македонски Монгол मराठी bahasa melayu မြန်မာဘာသာ napulitano nederlands norsk nynorsk norsk bokmål occitan polski piemontèis پنجابی português română Русский sicilianu scots srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски simple english slovenčina slovenščina shqip Српски / srpski svenska kiswahili தமிழ் Тоҷикӣ ไทย tagalog türkçe Українська oʻzbekcha/ўзбекча tiếng việt winaray 吴语 yorùbá 中文 文言 bân-lâm-gú 粵語 adiht hlencan man niwanost wende þisne tramet on þære : tide þæs haligmonað . text is available under the creative commons attribution-sharealike license; additional terms may apply. see terms of use for details. digolnesse rihta bocung ymbe wikipǣdian Ætsacunga handrīmeres sihþ wyrhtan statistics cookie statement how to think like a roman emperor: the stoic philosophy of marcus aurelius - donald robertson - Βιβλία google Αναζήτηση Εικόνες Χάρτες play youtube Ειδήσεις gmail drive Περισσότερα » Είσοδος Βιβλία Η βιβλιοθήκη μου Βοήθεια Σύνθετη Αναζήτηση Βιβλίων Αγορά ebook - , $ Λήψη αυτού του βιβλίου σε έντυπη μορφή macmillan Ελευθερουδάκης Παπασωτηρίου Εύρεση σε κάποια βιβλιοθήκη Όλοι οι πωλητές » how to think like a roman emperor: the stoic philosophy of marcus aurelius donald robertson st. martin's publishing group, Απρ - σελίδες Κριτικές "this book is a wonderful introduction to one of history's greatest figures: marcus aurelius. his life and this book are a clear guide for those facing adversity, seeking tranquility and pursuing excellence." —ryan holiday, bestselling author of the obstacle is the way and the daily stoic the life-changing principles of stoicism taught through the story of its most famous proponent. roman emperor marcus aurelius was the last famous stoic philosopher of the ancient world. the meditations, his personal journal, survives to this day as one of the most loved self-help and spiritual classics of all time. in how to think like a roman emperor, cognitive psychotherapist donald robertson weaves the life and philosophy of marcus aurelius together seamlessly to provide a compelling modern-day guide to the stoic wisdom followed by countless individuals throughout the centuries as a path to achieving greater fulfillment and emotional resilience. how to think like a roman emperor takes readers on a transformative journey along with marcus, following his progress from a young noble at the court of hadrian—taken under the wing of some of the finest philosophers of his day—through to his reign as emperor of rome at the height of its power. robertson shows how marcus used philosophical doctrines and therapeutic practices to build emotional resilience and endure tremendous adversity, and guides readers through applying the same methods to their own lives. combining remarkable stories from marcusΆs life with insights from modern psychology and the enduring wisdom of his philosophy, how to think like a roman emperor puts a human face on stoicism and offers a timeless and essential guide to handling the ethical and psychological challenges we face today. Προεπισκόπηση αυτού του βιβλίου » Τι λένε οι χρήστες - Σύνταξη κριτικής librarything review Κριτική χρηστών - schneider - librarythingthis was a title that going into i was not sure what to expect. too dry? too preachy? too deep? to my surprise mr. robertson's book was eminently readable, all-together understandable, and way too ... Ανάγνωση ολόκληρης της κριτικής how to think like a roman emperor: the stoic philosophy of marcus aurelius Κριτική χρηστών - publishers weeklythis look at roman emperor marcus aurelius ( – ) and his reign provides an illuminating study of the principles of stoic philosophy, to which aurelius was an adherent, within the framework of ... Ανάγνωση ολόκληρης της κριτικής Επιλεγμένες σελίδες Σελίδα Τίτλου Πίνακας περιεχομένων Ευρετήριο Αναφορές Περιεχόμενα introduction the dead emperor the most truthful child in rome contemplating the sage the choice of hercules grasping the nettle the inner citadel and war of many nations temporary madness death and the view from above acknowledgments Πνευματικά δικαιώματα ¶λλες εκδόσεις - Προβολή όλων how to think like a roman emperor: the stoic philosophy of marcus aurelius donald robertson Περιορισμένη προεπισκόπηση - how to think like a roman emperor: the stoic philosophy of marcus aurelius donald robertson Δεν υπάρχει διαθέσιμη προεπισκόπηση - Συχνά εμφανιζόμενοι όροι και φράσεις accept actions ancient anger angry antonine plague antoninus anxiety apollonius arrian avidius cassius become behavior called cassius dio cassiusΆs catastrophic character cognitive therapy commodus contemplate cope cynic death described desire diogenes diogenes the cynic discourses emotional emperor endure epictetus epictetusΆs epicurus example exercise external things face fear feelings friends fronto gain cognitive distance galen goal greek habits hadrian happen harm hercules historia augusta imagine important indifference legionaries legions looking lucius luciusΆs manΆs marcomannic marcomannic war marcus aurelius marcus says marcus tells marcusΆs meditations mentor mind natural ourselves pain and illness passions peopleΆs perhaps person philoso pleasure psychotherapy reminds reserve clause resilience rhetoric role model roman rome sarmatians sensations situation socrates someone sort stoic philosophy stoicism strategies suffering taught techniques therapists therapy thereΆs tion turn tutor unhealthy value judgments verus whatΆs wisdom and virtue worry zeno Σχετικά με τον συγγραφέα ( ) donald robertson is a cognitive-behavioral psychotherapist, trainer, and writer. he was born in ayrshire, scotland, and after living in england and working in london for many years, he emigrated to canada where he now lives. robertson has been researching stoicism and applying it in his work for twenty years. he is one of the founding members of the non-profit organization modern stoicism. Πληροφορίες βιβλιογραφίας Τίτλος how to think like a roman emperor: the stoic philosophy of marcus aurelius Συγγραφέας donald robertson Εκδότης st. martin's publishing group, isbn , Μέγεθος σελίδες Εξαγωγή αναφοράς bibtex endnote refman Σχετικά με τα Βιβλία google - Πολιτική απορρήτου - Όροι Παροχής Υπηρεσιών - Πληροφορίες για Εκδότες - Αναφορά προβλήματος - Βοήθεια - google Αρχική σελίδα marcus aurelius antoninus augustus - wikimedia commons marcus aurelius antoninus augustus from wikimedia commons, the free media repository jump to navigation jump to search english: imperator caesar marcus aurelius antoninus augustus (april , - march , ) was roman emperor from march until his death on march c.e. from to he was co-emperor (with lucius verus); from until his death he was co-emperor with commodus, his son. together with his wife, faustina minor, he had children, including a son and a daughter, commodus and lucilla. contents statues and busts . as a boy . as a young man . as an adult coinage equestrian statues public works maps audiobooks statues and busts[edit] as a boy[edit] musei capitolini, ca. c.e. musei capitolini, ca. hermitage as a young man[edit] in versailles gardens antiquario del palatino, ca. c.e. as an adult[edit] hermitage bust of marcus aurelius in the british museum (london) th century bust, prado, madrid. bust of marcus aurelius, metropolitan museum of art (new york) bust of marcus aurelius, glyptothek (munich) bust of marcus aurelius, kunsthistorisches museum (vienna) bust of marcus aurelius, archaeological museum (istanbul) statue of marcus aurelius in the british museum (london) statue of marcus aurelius, archaeological museum (istanbul) museu nacional arqueològic de tarragona bronze of marcus aurelius, (louvre, paris) portrait of marcus aurelius, kaiserbrücke (mainz) drawing of marcus aurelius, charlotte mary yonge, young folks' history of rome coinage[edit] denarius aureus coins issued by the antonine dynasty equestrian statues[edit] replica of marcus aurelius statue on piazza del campidoglio, rome replica of marcus aurelius statue on piazza del campidoglio, rome replica of marcus aurelius statue on piazza del campidoglio, rome replica of marcus aurelius statue on piazza del campidoglio, rome replica of marcus aurelius statue on piazza del campidoglio, rome replica of marcus aurelius statue on piazza del campidoglio, rome replica of marcus aurelius statue on piazza del campidoglio, rome marcus aurelius statue on piazza del campidoglio, rome replica of marcus aurelius statue on piazza del campidoglio, rome replica of marcus aurelius statue on piazza del campidoglio, rome replica of marcus aurelius statue on piazza del campidoglio, rome replica of marcus aurelius statue on piazza del campidoglio, rome replica of marcus aurelius statue on piazza del campidoglio, rome inscription of the marcus aurelius equestrian statue marcus aurelius statue in musei capitolini marcus aurelius statue in musei capitolini marcus aurelius statue in musei capitolini marcus aurelius statue in musei capitolini marcus aurelius statue in musei capitolini d image of marcus aurelius' equestrian statue marcus aurelius statue in musei capitolini public works[edit] column of marcus aurelius, piazza colonna, rome, italy. column of marcus aurelius, piazza colonna, rome, italy. column of marcus aurelius, piazza colonna, rome, italy. column of marcus aurelius, piazza colonna, rome, italy. : detailed complete panorama detail of column of marcus aurelius, piazza colonna, rome, italy. detail of column of marcus aurelius, piazza colonna, rome, italy. inscription of column of marcus aurelius, piazza colonna, rome, italy. marcus aurelius, panel relief marcus aurelius, panel relief arch of marcus aurelius in tripoli (libya) maps[edit] marcomannic wars, ad marcomannic wars, - ad marcomannic wars, - ad marcomannic wars, - ad audiobooks[edit] marc aurèle - prière au monde (french audiobook) retrieved from "https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=marcus_aurelius_antoninus_augustus&oldid= " category: marcus aurelius navigation menu personal tools english not logged in talk contributions create account log in namespaces gallery discussion variants views view edit history more search navigate main page welcome community portal village pump help center participate upload file recent changes latest files random file contact us tools what links here related changes special pages permanent link page information cite this page wikidata item print/export create a book download as pdf printable version in other projects wikipedia wikiquote wikisource in wikipedia afrikaans aragonés Ænglisc العربية مصرى asturianu azərbaycanca تۆرکجه bikol central Беларуская Български བོད་ཡིག brezhoneg bosanski català Čeština cymraeg dansk deutsch zazaki Ελληνικά english esperanto español eesti euskara estremeñu فارسی suomi føroyskt français frysk gaeilge gàidhlig galego 客家語/hak-kâ-ngî עברית हिन्दी hrvatski magyar Հայերեն interlingua bahasa indonesia ido Íslenska italiano 日本語 ქართული kongo Қазақша 한국어 latina lingua franca nova lietuvių latviešu malagasy Македонски Монгол मराठी bahasa melayu မြန်မာဘာသာ napulitano nederlands norsk nynorsk norsk occitan polski piemontèis پنجابی português română Русский sicilianu scots srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски simple english slovenčina slovenščina shqip Српски / srpski svenska kiswahili தமிழ் Тоҷикӣ ไทย tagalog türkçe Українська oʻzbekcha/ўзбекча tiếng việt winaray 吴语 yorùbá 中文 文言 bân-lâm-gú 粵語 edit links this page was last edited on november , at : . files are available under licenses specified on their description page. all structured data from the file and property namespaces is available under the creative commons cc license; all unstructured text is available under the creative commons attribution-sharealike license; additional terms may apply. by using this site, you agree to the terms of use and the privacy policy. privacy policy about wikimedia commons disclaimers mobile view developers statistics cookie statement marko aurelije - wikipedia marko aurelije s wikipedije, slobodne enciklopedije idi na navigaciju idi na pretragu marko aurelije car rimskog carstva vladavina . mart . - . mart . prethodnik antonin pio nasljednik komod djeca komod marko ver lucila otac marko anije ver majka domicija lucila rođenje . april . rim, rimsko carstvo smrt . mart . (u . godini) vindobona mjesto sahrane hadrijanov mauzolej marko aurelije (latinski: marcus aurelius antoninus augustus; . april – . mart ) bio je rimski car od . do . bio je posljednji od pet dobrih careva, a također se smatra jednim od najvažnijih stoičkih filozofa. tokom njegove vladavine, rimsko carstvo je porazilo revitalizirano partsko carstvo na istoku. u centralnoj evropi, aurelije se uspješno borio protiv markomana, kvada i sarmata tokom markomanskih ratova, nakon čega je započeo borbu protiv svih germanskih plemena. njegovo primarno djelo je "meditacije".[ ][ ] sadržaj rani život i karijera također pogledajte reference vanjski linkovi rani život i karijera[uredi | uredi izvor] njegova porodica potiče iz ukubija, malog gradića jugoistočno od kordobe na iberijskom poluostrvu. postali su poznati krajem . stoljeća kada je markov pradjed marko anije ver postao senator. također pogledajte[uredi | uredi izvor] filozofija antička filozofija stoicizam rimsko carstvo reference[uredi | uredi izvor] ^ biografija s stranice ''biography'' učitano . . (en) ^ biografija na zvaničnoj stranici archived - - na wayback machine the european graduate school učitano . . (en) vanjski linkovi[uredi | uredi izvor] marcus aurelius de imperatoribus romanis internet tekstovi o meditacijama wikicitati imaju citate vezane za: marko aurelije commons ima datoteke na temu: marko aurelije p r u rimski carevi rimsko kraljevstvo ( . p. n. e. – . p. n. e.) romul numa pompilije tul hostilije anko marcije lucije tarkvinije prisk servije tulije lucije tarkvinije superb zapadno rimsko carstvo ( . p. n. e. – ) oktavijan august tiberije kaligula klaudije neron galba oton vitelije vespazijan tit domicijan nerva trajan hadrijan antonin pio lucije ver marko aurelije komod pertinaks didije julijan septimije sever karakala geta makrin dijadumenijan heliogabal aleksandar sever maksimin tračanin gordijan i gordijan ii pupijen balbin gordijan iii filip i filip ii decije trajan herenije etrurski hostilijan trebonijan gal voluzijan emilijan valerijan galijen salonin klaudije gotski kvintil aurelijan tacit florijan prob kar karin numerijan dioklecijan maksimijan konstancije i galerije valerije sever maksencije licinije maksimin daja konstantin i konstantin ii konstans i konstancije ii vetranio julijan jovijan valentinijan i valens gracijan valentinijan ii magnus maksim flavije viktor eugenije teodozije i honorije konstantin iii konstancije iii ivan august valentinijan iii petronije maksim avit majorijan libije sever antemije olibrije glicerije julije nepot romul august istočno rimsko (bizantijsko) carstvo ( – ) konstantin i konstans i konstantin ii julijan jovijan valentinijan valens gracijan teodozije i arkadije teodozije ii markijan leon i leon ii zenon anastazije i justin i justinijan i justin ii tiberije ii mauricije foka heraklije konstantin iii heraklona konstans ii konstantin iv justinijan ii leontije tiberije iii filipik anastazije ii teodozije iii leon iii konstantin v leon iv konstantin vi irina nikefor i staurakije mihael i leon v mihael ii teofilo mihael iii bazilije i leon vi konstantin vii roman i roman ii nikefor ii ivan i bazilije ii konstantin viii roman iii mihael iv mihael v konstantin ix zoja teodora mihael vi isak i konstantin x roman iv mihael vii nikefor iii aleksije i ivan ii manuel i aleksije ii andronik i isak ii aleksije iii aleksije iv aleksije v teodor i ivan iii teodor ii ivan iv mihael viii andronik ii andronik iii ivan v ivan vi andronik iv ivan vii manuel ii ivan viii konstantin xi preuzeto iz "https://bs.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=marko_aurelije&oldid= " kategorije: filozofija filozofi biografije sakrivena kategorija: webarchive template wayback links navigacija lični alati niste prijavljeni razgovor doprinosi napravi korisnički račun prijavi me imenski prostori stranica razgovor varijante pregledi Čitaj uredi uredi izvor historija više pretraga navigacija početna strana istaknuti članci portali kategorije nedavne izmjene nasumična stranica interakcija pomoć igralište vrata zajednice Čaršija novosti donacije alati Šta vodi ovamo srodne izmjene postavi datoteku posebne stranice trajni link informacije o stranici citiraj ovu stranicu na wikipodacima Štampanje / izvoz napravi knjigu preuzmi kao pdf za štampanje na drugim projektima wikimedia commons wikicitat drugi jezici afrikaans aragonés Ænglisc العربية مصرى asturianu azərbaycanca تۆرکجه bikol central Беларуская Български བོད་ཡིག brezhoneg català Čeština cymraeg dansk deutsch zazaki Ελληνικά english esperanto español eesti euskara estremeñu فارسی suomi føroyskt français frysk gaeilge gàidhlig galego 客家語/hak-kâ-ngî עברית हिन्दी hrvatski magyar Հայերեն interlingua bahasa indonesia ido Íslenska italiano 日本語 ქართული kongo Қазақша 한국어 latina lingua franca nova lietuvių latviešu malagasy Македонски Монгол मराठी bahasa melayu မြန်မာဘာသာ napulitano nederlands norsk nynorsk norsk bokmål occitan polski piemontèis پنجابی português română Русский sicilianu scots srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски simple english slovenčina slovenščina shqip Српски / srpski svenska kiswahili தமிழ் Тоҷикӣ ไทย tagalog türkçe Українська oʻzbekcha/ўзбекча tiếng việt winaray 吴语 yorùbá 中文 文言 bân-lâm-gú 粵語 uredi veze ova stranica je posljednji put izmijenjena na datum juni u : . tekst je dostupan pod slobodnom licencom autorstvo-dijeliti pod istim uvjetima; 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please use this method of appeal only if you think your ip address is in fact not a web host or colocation provider. administrators: the ip block exemption user right should only be applied to allow users to edit using web host in exceptional circumstances, and requests should usually be directed to the functionaries team via email. if you intend to give the ipbe user right, a checkuser needs to take a look at the account. this can be requested most easily at spi quick checkuser requests. unblocking an ip or ip range with this template is highly discouraged without at least contacting the blocking administrator. this block has been set to expire: : , june . even when blocked, you will usually still be able to edit your user talk page and email other editors and administrators. for information on how to proceed, first see the faq for blocked users and the guideline on block appeals. the guide to appealing blocks may also be helpful. other useful links: blocking policy · help:i have been blocked you can view and copy the source of this page: ===accession of marcus aurelius and lucius verus ( )=== [[file:co-emperors marcus aurelius and lucius verus, british museum ( ).jpg|thumb|busts of the co-emperors marcus aurelius (left) and [[lucius verus]] (right), [[british museum]]|alt=busts of marcus aurelius and his co-ruler lucius verus]] after antoninus died in , marcus was effectively sole ruler of the empire. the formalities of the position would follow. the senate would soon grant him the name augustus and the title ''[[imperator]]'', and he would soon be formally elected as ''pontifex maximus'', chief priest of the official cults. marcus made some show of resistance: the biographer writes that he was 'compelled' to take imperial power.''ha marcus'' vii. , qtd. and tr. birley, ''marcus aurelius'', p. . this may have been a genuine ''horror imperii'', 'fear of imperial power'. marcus, with his preference for the philosophic life, found the imperial office unappealing. his training as a stoic, however, had made the choice clear to him that it was his duty.birley, ''marcus aurelius'', p. . birley takes the phrase ''horror imperii'' from ''ha pert''. xiii. and xv. . although marcus showed no personal affection for hadrian (significantly, he does not thank him in the first book of his ''meditations''), he presumably believed it his duty to enact the man's succession plans.birley, 'hadrian to the antonines', p. . thus, although the senate planned to confirm marcus alone, he refused to take office unless lucius received equal powers.''ha verus'' iii. ; birley, ''marcus aurelius'', p. ; 'hadrian to the antonines', p. . the senate accepted, granting lucius the ''imperium'', the tribunician power, and the name augustus.''ha verus'' iv. ; ''marcus'' vii. ; birley, ''marcus aurelius'', p. . marcus became, in official titulature, imperator caesar marcus aurelius antoninus augustus; lucius, forgoing his name commodus and taking marcus's family name verus, became imperator caesar lucius aurelius verus augustus.birley, ''marcus aurelius'', pp. – .{{refn|these name-swaps have proven so confusing that even the ''historia augusta'', our main source for the period, cannot keep them straight.birley, ''marcus aurelius'', p. ; 'hadrian to the antonines', p. n. . the th-century ecclesiastical historian [[eusebius of caesarea]] shows even more confusion.birley, 'hadrian to the antonines', p. n. . the mistaken belief that lucius had the name 'verus' before becoming emperor has proven especially popular.birley, ''marcus aurelius'', p. .|group=note}} it was the first time that rome was ruled by two emperors.{{refn|there was, however, much precedent. the consulate was a twin magistracy, and earlier emperors had often had a subordinate lieutenant with many imperial offices (under antoninus, the lieutenant had been marcus). many emperors had planned a joint succession in the past: [[augustus]] planned to leave [[gaius caesar|gaius]] and [[lucius caesar]] as joint emperors on his death; tiberius wished to have [[gaius caligula]] and [[tiberius gemellus]] do so as well; [[claudius]] left the empire to [[nero]] and [[britannicus]], imagining that they would accept equal rank. all of these arrangements had ended in failure, either through premature death (gaius and lucius caesar) or judicial murder (gemellus by caligula and britannicus by nero).|group=note}} in spite of their nominal equality, marcus held more ''[[auctoritas]]'', or 'authority', than lucius. he had been consul once more than lucius, he had shared in antoninus's rule, and he alone was ''pontifex maximus''. it would have been clear to the public which emperor was the more senior. as the biographer wrote, 'verus obeyed marcus...as a lieutenant obeys a proconsul or a governor obeys the emperor'.''ha verus'' iv. , tr. magie, cited in birley, ''marcus aurelius'', pp. , n. . immediately after their senate confirmation, the emperors proceeded to the [[castra praetoria]], the camp of the [[praetorian guard]]. lucius addressed the assembled troops, which then acclaimed the pair as ''imperatores''. then, like every new emperor since [[claudius]], lucius promised the troops a special donative.''ha marcus'' vii. ; ''verus'' iv. ; birley, ''marcus aurelius'', pp. – . this donative, however, was twice the size of those past: , [[sestertius|sesterces]] ( , [[denarius|denarii]]) per capita, with more to officers. in return for this bounty, equivalent to several years' pay, the troops swore an oath to protect the emperors.''ha marcus'' vii. ; ''verus'' iv. ; birley, ''marcus aurelius'', pp. – . 'twice the size': duncan-jones, p. . the ceremony was perhaps not entirely necessary, given that marcus's accession had been peaceful and unopposed, but it was good insurance against later military troubles.birley, ''marcus aurelius'', p. . upon his accession he also devalued the [[roman currency]]. he decreased the silver purity of the denarius from . % to % – the silver weight dropping from {{cvt| . |g|oz}} to {{cvt| . |g|oz}}.[https://web.archive.org/web/ /http://www.tulane.edu/~august/handouts/ cprin.htm 'roman currency of the principate']. tulane.edu. archived february . antoninus's funeral ceremonies were, in the words of the biographer, 'elaborate'.''ha marcus'' vii. , tr. magie, cited in birley, ''marcus aurelius'', pp. , n. . if his funeral followed those of his predecessors, his body would have been incinerated on a pyre at the [[campus martius]], and his spirit would have been seen as ascending to the gods' home in the heavens. marcus and lucius nominated their father for deification. in contrast to their behaviour during antoninus's campaign to deify hadrian, the senate did not oppose the emperors' wishes. a ''[[flamen]]'', or cultic priest, was appointed to minister the cult of the deified divus antoninus. antoninus's remains were laid to rest in hadrian's mausoleum, beside the remains of marcus's children and of hadrian himself.''ha marcus'' vii. – ; birley, ''marcus aurelius'', p. . the temple he had dedicated to his wife, diva faustina, became the [[temple of antoninus and faustina]]. it survives as the church of san lorenzo in miranda. in accordance with his will, antoninus's fortune passed on to faustina.''ha antoninus pius'' xii. ; birley, ''marcus aurelius'', pp. – . (marcus had little need of his wife's fortune. indeed, at his accession, marcus transferred part of his mother's estate to his nephew, [[marcus ummidius quadratus annianus|ummius quadratus]].''ha marcus'' vii. ; birley, ''marcus aurelius'', p. .) faustina was three months pregnant at her husband's accession. during the pregnancy she dreamed of giving birth to two serpents, one fiercer than the other.''ha comm''. i. ; birley, ''marcus aurelius'', p. . on august, she gave birth at [[lanuvium]] to twins: t. aurelius fulvus antoninus and lucius aurelius commodus.''ha comm''. i. ; birley, ''marcus aurelius'', p. .{{refn|the biographer relates the scurrilous (and, in the judgment of anthony birley, untrue) rumor that commodus was an illegitimate child born of a union between faustina and a gladiator.''ha marcus'' xix. – ; birley, ''marcus aurelius'', p. n. .|group=note}} aside from the fact that the twins shared [[caligula]]'s birthday, the omens were favorable, and the astrologers drew positive horoscopes for the children.''ha commodus''. i. , x. ; birley, ''marcus aurelius'', p. . the births were celebrated on the imperial coinage.birley, ''marcus aurelius'', p. , citing h. mattingly, ''coins of the roman empire in the british museum iv: antoninus pius to commodus'' (london, ), marcus aurelius and lucius verus, nos. ff.; ff. return to marcus aurelius. retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/marcus_aurelius" navigation menu personal tools not logged in talk contributions create account log in namespaces article talk variants views read edit view history more search navigation main page contents current events random article about wikipedia contact us donate contribute help learn to edit community portal recent changes upload file tools what links here related changes upload file special pages page information wikidata item languages privacy policy about wikipedia disclaimers contact wikipedia mobile view developers statistics cookie statement view source for marcus aurelius - wikipedia view source for marcus aurelius ← marcus aurelius jump to navigation jump to search you do not have permission to edit this page, for the following reasons: your ip address is in a range that has been blocked on all wikimedia foundation wikis. the block was made by jon kolbert (meta.wikimedia.org). the reason given is open proxy: webhost: contact stewards if you are affected . start of block: : , july expiry of block: : , january your current ip address is . . . and the blocked range is . . . / . please include all above details in any queries you make. if you believe you were blocked by mistake, you can find additional information and instructions in the no open proxies global policy. otherwise, to discuss the block please post a request for review on meta-wiki or send an email to the stewards otrs queue at stewards@wikimedia.org including all above details. you are currently unable to edit wikipedia due to a block affecting this ip address. this does not affect your ability to read wikipedia pages. most people who see this message have done nothing wrong. some kinds of blocks restrict editing from specific service providers or telecom companies in response to recent abuse or vandalism, and affect other users who are unrelated to that abuse. see below if you do not believe you have done anything wrong. editing from . . . / has been blocked (disabled) by sql for the following reason(s): the ip address that you are currently using has been blocked because it is believed to be a web host provider or colocation provider. to prevent abuse, web hosts and colocation providers may be blocked from editing wikipedia. you will not be able to edit wikipedia using a web host or colocation provider because it hides your ip address, much like a proxy or vpn. we recommend that you attempt to use another connection to edit. for example, if you use a proxy or vpn to connect to the internet, turn it off when editing wikipedia. if you edit using a mobile connection, try using a wi-fi connection, and vice versa. if you have a wikipedia account, please log in. if you do not have any other way to edit wikipedia, you will need to request an ip block exemption. if you are confident that you are not using a web host, you may appeal this block by adding the following text on your talk page: {{unblock|reason=caught by a colocation web host block but this host or ip is not a web host. my ip address is _______. place any further information here. ~~~~}}. you must fill in the blank with your ip address for this block to be investigated. your ip address can be determined here. alternatively, if you wish to keep your ip address private you can use the unblock ticket request system. there are several reasons you might be editing using the ip address of a web host or colocation provider (such as if you are using vpn software or a business network); please use this method of appeal only if you think your ip address is in fact not a web host or colocation provider. administrators: the ip block exemption user right should only be applied to allow users to edit using web host in exceptional circumstances, and requests should usually be directed to the functionaries team via email. if you intend to give the ipbe user right, a checkuser needs to take a look at the account. this can be requested most easily at spi quick checkuser requests. unblocking an ip or ip range with this template is highly discouraged without at least contacting the blocking administrator. this block has been set to expire: : , june . even when blocked, you will usually still be able to edit your user talk page and email other editors and administrators. for information on how to proceed, first see the faq for blocked users and the guideline on block appeals. the guide to appealing blocks may also be helpful. other useful links: blocking policy · help:i have been blocked you can view and copy the source of this page: ==sources== [[file:marcus aurelius bust istanbul archaeological museum - inv. t.jpg|thumb|bust of marcus aurelius in the [[archaeological museum of istanbul]], turkey|alt=bust of marcus aurelius]] the major sources depicting the life and rule of marcus are patchy and frequently unreliable. the most important group of sources, the biographies contained in the ''[[augustan history|historia augusta]]'', claimed to be written by a group of authors at the turn of the th century ad, but it is believed they were in fact written by a single author (referred to here as 'the biographer') from about ad.rohrbacher, p. . the later biographies and the biographies of subordinate emperors and usurpers are unreliable, but the earlier biographies, derived primarily from now-lost earlier sources ([[marius maximus]] or ignotus), are much more accurate.birley, ''marcus aurelius'', pp. – . the thesis of single authorship was first proposed in h. dessau's 'Über zeit und persönlichkeit der ''scriptoes historiae augustae{{'}}'' (in german), ''hermes'' ( ), pp. ff. for marcus's life and rule, the biographies of [[hadrian]], [[antoninus pius|antoninus]], marcus, and [[lucius verus|lucius]] are largely reliable, but those of [[aelius verus]] and [[avidius cassius]] are not.birley, ''marcus aurelius'', p. . on the ''ha verus'', see barnes, 'hadrian and lucius verus', pp. – . a body of correspondence between marcus's tutor [[marcus cornelius fronto|fronto]] and various antonine officials survives in a series of patchy manuscripts, covering the period from c. to .fleury, p. . "marcus aurelius’ letters." in a companion to marcus aurelius. edited by m. van ackeren, – . oxford and malden, ma: blackwell.freisenbruch, a. . "back to fronto: doctor and patient in his correspondence with an emperor." in ancient letters: classical and late antique epistolography. edited by r. morello and a. d. morrison, – . oxford: oxford univ. press. marcus's own ''meditations'' offer a window on his inner life, but are largely undateable and make few specific references to worldly affairs.birley, ''marcus aurelius'', p. . the main narrative source for the period is [[cassius dio]], a greek senator from [[bithynian]] [[nicaea]] who wrote a history of rome from its founding to in eighty books. dio is vital for the military history of the period, but his senatorial prejudices and strong opposition to imperial expansion obscure his perspective.birley, ''marcus aurelius'', pp. – , . some other literary sources provide specific details: the writings of the physician [[galen]] on the habits of the antonine elite, the orations of [[aelius aristides]] on the temper of the times, and the constitutions preserved in the ''[[digest (roman law)|digest]]'' and ''[[codex justinianeus]]'' on marcus's legal work.birley, ''marcus aurelius'', pp. – . [[epigraphy|inscriptions]] and [[numismatics|coin finds]] supplement the literary sources.birley, ''marcus aurelius'', p. . return to marcus aurelius. retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/marcus_aurelius" navigation menu personal tools not logged in talk contributions create account log in namespaces article talk variants views read edit view history more search navigation main page contents current events random article about wikipedia contact us donate contribute help learn to edit community portal recent changes upload file tools what links here related changes upload file special pages page information wikidata item languages privacy policy about wikipedia disclaimers contact wikipedia mobile view developers statistics cookie statement the english cyclopaedia vol. : knight, charles, comp. : free download, borrow, and streaming : internet archive skip to main content see what's new with book lending at the internet archive a line drawing of the internet archive headquarters building façade. an illustration of a magnifying glass. an illustration of a magnifying glass. an illustration of a horizontal line over an up pointing arrow. upload an illustration of a person's head and chest. sign up | log in an illustration of a computer application window wayback machine an illustration of an open book. books an illustration of two cells of a film strip. video an illustration of an audio speaker. audio an illustration of a . 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[marcus] did not meet with the good fortune that he deserved, for he was not strong in body and was involved in a multitude of troubles throughout practically his entire reign. but for my part, i admire him all the more for this very reason, that amid unusual and extraordinary difficulties he both survived himself and preserved the empire. just one thing prevented him from being completely happy, namely, that after rearing and educating his son in the best possible way he was vastly disappointed in him. this matter must be our next topic; for our history now descends from a kingdom of gold to one of iron and rust, as affairs did for the romans of that day. :–dio lxxi. . –dio adds that from marcus's first days as counsellor to antoninus to his final days as emperor of rome, "he remained the same [person] and did not change in the least."dio lxxii. , . [[michael grant (classicist)|michael grant]], in ''the climax of rome'', writes of commodus:
the youth turned out to be very erratic, or at least so anti-traditional that disaster was inevitable. but whether or not marcus ought to have known this to be so, the rejections of his son's claims in favour of someone else would almost certainly have involved one of the civil wars which were to proliferate so disastrously around future successions.grant, ''the climax of rome'', p. .return to marcus aurelius. retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/marcus_aurelius" navigation menu personal tools not logged in talk contributions create account log in namespaces article talk variants views read edit view history more search navigation main page contents current events random article about wikipedia contact us donate contribute help learn to edit community portal recent changes upload file tools what links here related changes upload file special pages page information wikidata item languages privacy policy about wikipedia disclaimers contact wikipedia mobile view developers statistics cookie statement marcus aurelius - wikipedia marcus aurelius wikipediya, ensiklopediya xosere ra xıl de be pusula xıl de cıgeyrayışi marcus aurelius melumato şexsi dewlete roma antike cınsiyet camêrd cay biyayışi roma biyayış nisane merdış adar (castel sant'angelo de merdo) cay merdışi vindobona(veba ra merd) gırwe siyasetkar, filozof u nuştekar zıwani latinki u greki partner faustina the younger domani commodus, marcus annius verus caesar, annia aurelia galeria faustina, fadilla, lucilla, annia cornificia faustina minor, vibia aurelia sabina, titus aurelius fulvus antoninus u domitia faustina mae domitia calvilla pi marcus annius verus İtıqad ancient roman religion Şariye roman people marcus aurelius, yew imperatorê İmperatoriya roma biyo. ↔ bıvurne İmperatorê roma dewrê principatusi vİ – bİ augustus * tiberius * caligula * claudius * nero * galba * otho * vitellius * vespasianus * titus * domitianus * nerva * traianus * hadrianus * antoninus pius * marcus aurelius u lucius verus * commodus * pertinax * didius iulianus * (pescennius niger) * septimius severus * caracalla be geta * macrinus piya diadumenian * elagabalus * alexander severus krizê seserra hirêyıne – maximinus thrax * gordianus i u gordianus ii * pupienus u balbinus * gordianus iii * philippus arabs * decius ya herennius etruscus * hostilian * trebonianus gallus ya volusianus * aemilianus * valerian * gallienus ya saloninus * claudius gothicus * quintillus * aurelian * tacitus * florianus * probus * carus * carinus * numerian dewrê dominatusi – diocletianus u maximinus ya konstantius chloros u galerius ya severus u maximinus daia * maxentius * licinius ya valerius valens u martinianus * constantinus i * constantinus ii * konstans i * constantius ii ya vetranio * julianus * jovianus * valentinianus i * valens * gratianus * valentinianus ii * theodosius i İmperatoriya romaya rocawani – honorius pê constantine iii * constantius iii * joannes * valentinian iii * petronius maximus * avitus * majorian * libius severus * anthemius * olybrius * glycerius * julius nepos * romulus augustulus retrieved from "https://diq.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=marcus_aurelius&oldid= " kategoriy: camêrd merdumê ke roma de biyê merdumê merdey merdumê ke be veba ra merdê merdumê ke vindobona de merdê İmperatorê roma menuyê navigasyoni hacetê şexsi Şıma nêkewtê hesabê xo perra werênayışê nê ipy İştıraki hesab vıraze cı kewe heruna nameyan meqale werênayış varyanti asayışi bıwane bıvurne Çımeyi bıvurne verêni bıvêne zêde cıgeyrayış navigasyon pela seri portalê cemati vurnayışê peyêni rapori zazakipediya portali pela raştameyiye İştıraki meydanê dewe textey cerrebi waştışi peştdariye bexş piya guriyayış xeberi haceti gırey be pele vurnayışê eleqeyıni dosya bar kerê pelê xısusiyi gırey be halê peyêni melumatê pele na pele çıme bımocne unsurê wikidata Çap/teber kerê yew kıtab vırazê warardışê pdf versiyonê çapkerdışi proceyanê binan de embarê wikimedya zıwanê bini afrikaans aragonés Ænglisc العربية مصرى asturianu azərbaycanca تۆرکجه bikol central Беларуская Български བོད་ཡིག brezhoneg bosanski català Čeština cymraeg dansk deutsch Ελληνικά english esperanto español eesti euskara estremeñu فارسی suomi føroyskt français frysk gaeilge gàidhlig galego 客家語/hak-kâ-ngî עברית हिन्दी hrvatski magyar Հայերեն interlingua bahasa indonesia ido Íslenska italiano 日本語 ქართული kongo Қазақша 한국어 latina lingua franca nova lietuvių latviešu malagasy Македонски Монгол मराठी bahasa melayu မြန်မာဘာသာ napulitano nederlands norsk nynorsk norsk bokmål occitan polski piemontèis پنجابی português română Русский sicilianu scots srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски simple english slovenčina slovenščina shqip Српски / srpski svenska kiswahili தமிழ் Тоҷикӣ ไทย tagalog türkçe Українська oʻzbekcha/ўзбекча tiếng việt winaray 吴语 yorùbá 中文 文言 bân-lâm-gú 粵語 gıreyan bıvurne ena pele tewr peyên roca : de, saeta tışrino verên de vurriya nuşte creative commons atıf-zey pê vılakerdış'i de yo; şertê bini tetbiq benê. detayan rê Şertanê karkerdışi bıvênên. madeyê nımıtışi heqa wikipediya de redê mesulêti asayışo mobil raverberdoği İstatistiki Çerezê pêhesnayışi Марк Аўрэлій — Вікіпедыя Марк Аўрэлій З пляцоўкі Вікіпедыя jump to navigation jump to search Марк Аўрэлій Антанін лац.: marcus aurelius antoninus Бюст з мюнхенскай Гліптатэкі Рымскі імператар сакавіка — сакавіка Сумесна з Луцый Вер ( сакавіка — студзень ), Комад ( — сакавіка ) Папярэднік Антанін Пій Пераемнік Комад Нараджэнне красавіка [ ] Рым, Італія, Рымская імперыя Смерць сакавіка [ ][ ] ( гадоў) vindobona[d], upper pannonia[d], Рымская імперыя Месца пахавання Замак Святога Анёла Род Дынастыя Антанінаў Імя пры нараджэнні Марк Аній Вер Бацька marcus annius verus[d] Маці domitia calvilla[d] Жонка faustina the younger[d][ ] Дзеці Комад, marcus annius verus caesar[d], annia aurelia galeria faustina[d], fadilla[d], Анія Луцыла[d], annia cornificia faustina minor[d], vibia aurelia sabina[d], titus aurelius fulvus antoninus[d] і domitia faustina[d] Веравызнанне Старажытнарымская рэлігія Дзейнасць палітык, філосаф, пісьменнік Марк Аўрэлій на Вікісховішчы Марк Аўрэлій Антанін (лац.: marcus aurelius antoninus; красавіка , Рым — сакавіка , Віндабона) — рымскі імператар ( — ) з дынастыі Антанінаў, філосаф, прадстаўнік позняга стаіцызму, паслядоўнік Эпіктета. Змест Раннія гады Кіраванне Філасофія Беларускія пераклады Адлюстраванне ў кіно Знакамітыя сучаснікі Зноскі Літаратура . Тэксты і пераклады . Даследаванні Спасылкі Раннія гады[правіць | правіць зыходнік] Марк Аній Вер (пазней пасля першага ўсынаўлення — Марк Аній Катылій Север, а пасля другога — Марк Элій Аўрэлій Вер Цэзар), сын Марка Анія Вера і Даміцыі Луцылы, які ўвайшоў у гісторыю пад імем Марка Аўрэлія, нарадзіўся ў Рыме красавіка года ў сенатарскай сям’і іспанскага паходжання. Дзед Марка Аўрэлія па бацькаўскай лініі (таксама Марк Аній Вер) быў трохразовым консулам (трэці раз абраны ў годзе). Жонка Антаніна Пія — Анія Галерыя Фаўсціна (Фаўсціна Старэйшая) — даводзілася роднай сястрой бацьку Марка Аўрэлія (і адпаведна роднай цёткай самаму Марку Аўрэлію). Марк Аній Вер быў першапачаткова ўсыноўлены трэцім мужам маці імператара Адрыяна — Даміцыі Луцылы Паўліны — Публіем Катыліем Северам (консулам года) і стаў называцца Маркам Аніем Катыліем Северам. У годзе пасля смерці свайго прыёмнага бацькі ён быў усыноўлены імператарам Антанінам Піем і стаў звацца Марк Элій Аўрэлій Вер Цэзар. Марк Аўрэлій атрымаў выдатную адукацыю. Яшчэ пры жыцці Адрыяна Марк Аўрэлій, нягледзячы на свой юны ўзрост, быў прызначаны ў квестары, а праз паўгода пасля смерці Адрыяна ўступіў на пасаду квестара ( снежня года) і пачаў займацца адміністрацыйнай дзейнасцю. У тым жа годзе ён быў заручаны з Аніяй Галерыяй Фаўсцінай, дачкой імператара Антаніна Пія, пераемніка Адрыяна на прастоле. Ад шлюбу з ёй Марк Аўрэлій меў дзяцей: Анію Аўрэлію Галерыю Луцылу, Анію Аўрэлію Галерыю Фаўсціну, Элія Антаніна, Элія Адрыяна, Даміцыю Фаўсціну, Фадылу, Карніфіцыю, Комада (будучага імператара), Ціта Аўрэлія Фульвія Антаніна, Элія Аўрэлія, Марка Анія Вера Цэзара, Вібію Аўрэлію Сабіну. Большасць дзяцей Марка Аўрэлія памерлі ў дзіцячым узросце, да сталых гадоў дажылі толькі Комад, Луцыла, Фаўсціна і Сабіна. Ён быў прызначаны Піем у консулы на год і абвешчаны цэзарам. У годзе абвешчаны консулам другі раз, разам з Піем. У лёт пачаў займацца філасофіяй; галоўным настаўнікам Марка Аўрэлія быў Квінт Юній Рустык. Маюцца звесткі і пра іншых філосафаў, выкліканых для яго ў Рым. Кіраўніком Марка Аўрэлія ў вывучэнні грамадзянскага права быў знакаміты юрыст Луцый Валузій Мецыян. студзеня года Марк уступіў у сваё трэцяе консульства разам з прыёмным братам. У сакавіку таго ж года сканаў імператар Антанін Пій і пачалося сумеснае кіраванне Марка Аўрэлія з Луцыем Верам, якое доўжылася да смерці Луцыя ў студзені года, пасля чаго Марк Аўрэлій кіраваў аднаасобна. Кіраванне[правіць | правіць зыходнік] Марк Аўрэлій шмат чаму навучыўся ў свайго прыёмнага бацькі Антаніна Пія. Падобна яму, Марк Аўрэлій усяляк падкрэсліваў сваю павагу да сената як установы і да сенатараў як членаў гэтай установы. Вялікую ўвагу Марк Аўрэлій надаваў судаводству. Агульны кірунак яго дзейнасці ў вобласці права: «не столькі ўводзіў новаўвядзенні, колькі аднаўляў старадаўняе права». У Афінах ён заснаваў чатыры кафедры філасофіі — для кожнага з пануючых у яго час філасофскіх кірункаў — акадэмічнага, перыпатэтычнага, стаічнага, эпікурэйскага. Прафесары знаходзіліся на дзяржаўным утрыманні. Аўрэлію, які не меў ваяўнічага характара, даводзілася шмат разоў удзельнічаць у ваенных дзеяннях. Парфяне ўварваліся ў рымскія ўладанні адразу ж пасля смерці Антаніна Пія і ў дзвюх бітвах нанеслі паражэнне рымлянам. Рымская імперыя склала мір з Парфіяй у годзе. У тым жа годзе германскія плямёны ўварваліся ў рымскія ўладанні на Дунаі. Імператары-суправіцелі выступілі ў паход супраць варвараў. Яшчэ не была скончана вайна з германцамі і сарматамі, як пачаліся хваляванні ў Паўночным Егіпце ( ). У г. Марк Аўрэлій узначаліў паход супраць германцаў, і яму атрымалася дамагчыся вялікіх поспехаў, але рымскія войскі нагнала эпідэмія чумы. сакавіка года Марк Аўрэлій сканаў ад чумы ў Віндабоне на Дунаі (сучасная Вена). Пасля смерці Марк Аўрэлій быў афіцыйна абагаўлёны. Час яго кіравання лічыцца ў антычнай гістарычнай традыцыі залатым векам. Марка Аўрэлія завуць «філосафам на троне». Ён вызнаваў прынцыпы стаіцызму, і галоўнае ў яго цыдулках — этычнае вучэнне, ацэнка жыцця з філасофска-маральнага боку і саветы, як да яе адносіцца. Філасофія[правіць | правіць зыходнік] Асноўны артыкул: Развагі пра самога сябе Конная статуя Марка Аўрэлія (знойдзена ў эпоху Адраджэння і ўзведзена на рымскім Капітоліі). Бюст palazzo nuova — Капіталійскага музея ў Рыме Марк Аўрэлій пакінуў філасофскія запісы — напісаных на грэчаскай мове «кніг», якім звычайна прыпісваюць агульную назву «Развагі пра самога сябе». Настаўнікам філасофіі Марка Аўрэлія быў Максім Клаўдзій. У цэнтры яго антыматэрыялістычнага вучэння стаіць частковае ўладанне чалавекам сваім целам, душой і духам, носьбітам якіх з’яўляецца набожная і мужная асоба, якае кіруе розумам — уладарка (праўда, толькі над духам), выхавальнік пачуцця абавязку і прыстанак дапытлівага сумлення. Пасродкам духу ўсе людзі бяруць удзел у боскім і гэтым ствараюць ідэйную агульнасць, якая пераадольвае ўсе абмежаванні. У асобе Марка Аўрэлія трагічна спалучаліся мужнасць і расчараванасць. Беларускія пераклады[правіць | правіць зыходнік] Паасобныя творы на беларускую пераклаў Ян Пятроўскі. Адлюстраванне ў кіно[правіць | правіць зыходнік] Адлюстраванне Марка Аўрэлія ўвасоблена Рычардам Харысам у фільме Рыдлі Скота «Гладыятар» і Алекам Гінесам у фільме «Падзенне Рымскай імперыі». Знакамітыя сучаснікі[правіць | правіць зыходнік] Луцый Арторый Каст (часам атаясняны з каралём Артурам) Гален — знакаміты ўрач-хірург, асабісты ўрач імператара, які зрабіў шэраг важных навуковых адкрыццяў Зноскі ↑ , , , Любкер Ф. antoninus // Реальный словарь классических древностей по Любкеру / под ред. Ф. Ф. Зелинский, А. И. Георгиевский, М. С. Куторга и др. — СПб.: Общество классической филологии и педагогики, . — С. . ↑ Марк-Аврелий, Антонин // Военная энциклопедия — СПб.: Иван Дмитриевич Сытин, . — Т. . — С. . Літаратура[правіць | правіць зыходнік] Тэксты і пераклады[правіць | правіць зыходнік] Греческий текст (издание года) Английский перевод Дж. Лонга В «loeb classical library» сочинение издано под № . В серии «collection budé» начато издание его сочинения: marc auréle. Écrits pour lui-même. tome i: introduction générale. livre i. texte établi et traduit par p. hadot, avec la collaboration de c. luna. e tirage . ccxxv, p. Даследаванні[правіць | правіць зыходнік] Ренан Э. Марк Аврелий и конец античного мира. СПб., . Руднев В. В. Император Марк Аврелий как философ // Вера и разум. , № , кн. i, отд. фил., С. — . Руднев В. В. Император Марк Аврелий и его отношение к христианству // Вера и разум, , № , кн. i, отд. филос. С. - . Унт Я. «Размышления» Марк Аврелия как литературный и философский памятник // Марк Аврелий. Размышления. Пер. А. К. Гаврилова. Л., .- С. - . Гаджикурбанова П. А. «Философские медитации» Марка Аврелия // megaling- . Горизонты прикладной лингвистики и лингвистических технологий: Докл. междунар. научн. конф. - сент. г., Украина, Крым, Партенит. Симферополь, . С. - . Спасылкі[правіць | правіць зыходнік] На Вікісховішчы ёсць медыяфайлы па тэме Марк Аўрэлій Марк Аўрэлій у бібліятэцы Максіма Машкова Пантелеев А. Д. Христиане в правление Марка Аврелия (руск.) . Исследования и публикации по истории античного мира. . Архівавана з першакрыніцы жніўня . Рымскія імператары Прынцыпат да н.э. — Актавіян Аўгуст Тыберый Калігула Клаўдзій Нерон Гальба Атон Вітэлій Веспасіян Ціт Даміцыян Нерва Траян Адрыян Антанін Пій Марк Аўрэлій і Луцый Вер Комад Пертынакс Дзідзій Юліян Песцэній Нігер Клодзій Альбін Септымій Север Каракала Гета Макрын і Дыядумен Геліягабал Аляксандр Север Крызіс — Максімін Фракіец Гардыян i і Гардыян ii Пупіен і Бальбін Гардыян iii Філіп Араб Дэцый і Герэній Этруск Гастыліян Трэбаніян Гал і Валузіян Эміліян Валерыян i Галіен і Салонін Клаўдзій ii Квінціл Аўрэліян Тацыт Фларыян Проб Кар Карын і Нумерыян Дамінат — Дыяклетыян Максіміян Канстанцый i Хлор Галерый Флавій Север Максенцый Максімін Ліцыній з Валентам і Марцініянам Канстанцін i Канстанцін ii Канстант Канстанцый ii і Ветраніён Флавій Клаўдзій Юліян Іавіян Валентыніян i Валент ii Грацыян Валентыніян ii Феадосій Заходняя імперыя — Ганорый Канстанцый iii Канстанцін iii Іаан Валентыніян iii Петроній Максім і Паладый Авіт Маярыян Лібій Север Антэмій Алібрый Гліцэрый Юлій Непат Ромул Аўгуст Усходняя імперыя — (да падзення Рыма) Аркадзій Феадосій ii Маркіян Леў i Макела Леў ii Зянон Васіліск Зянон Дынастыя Антанінаў ( — ) Пяць добрых імператараў: Нерва ( — ) • Траян ( — ) • Адрыян ( — ) • Антанін Пій ( — ) • Марк Аўрэлій ( — ) і Луцый Вер ( — ) • Комад ( — ) Марк Аўрэлій — продкі marcus annius verus[d] marcus licinius crassus frugi[d] libo rupilius frugi[d] marcus annius verus[d] sulpicia praetextata[d] rupilia[d] gaius salonius matidius patruinus[d] Марк Аўрэлій Саланіна Матыдзія[d] ulpia marciana[d] publius calvisius tullus ruso[d] publius calvisius ruso julius frontinus[d] publius calvisius ruso[d] domitia calvilla[d] domitia lucilla major[d] gnaeus domitius lucanus[d] Тэматычныя сайты musicbrainz · project gutenberg Слоўнікі і энцыклапедыі Вялікая каталанская · Вялікая нарвежская · Вялікая расійская · Бракгаўза і Ефрона · Ваенная Сыціна · Іспанскі біяграфічны · Малы Бракгаўза і Ефрона · Рэальны слоўнік класічных старажытнасцяў · britannica ( -th) · britannica (онлайн) · britannica (онлайн) · brockhaus · notable names database · pauly-wissowa · treccani · universalis Генеалогія і некрапалістыка find a grave · wikitree · werelate · genealogics.org Нарматыўны кантроль bav: adv , adv , adv , adv , adv · bibsys: · bnc: a · bne: xx · bnf: c · cinii: da · conor: · gnd: · isni: x · lccn: n · lnb: · ndl: · nkc: jn · nla: · nlg: · nlr: · nlp: a x · nsk: · nta: x · nukat: n · ptbnp: · libris: · sudoc: · viaf: · ulan: · worldcat viaf: Узята з "https://be.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Марк_Аўрэлій&oldid= " Катэгорыі: Нарадзіліся красавіка Нарадзіліся ў годзе Нарадзіліся ў Рыме Памерлі сакавіка Памерлі ў годзе Памерлі ў Рымскай імперыі Пахаваныя ў Лацыа Дынастыя Антанінаў Асобы Імператары рымскія Познія стоікі Філосафы Старажытнай Грэцыі Філосафы Старажытнага Рыма Філосафы ii стагоддзя Памерлі ад чумы Рымскія імператары ii стагоддзя Памерлі ў Вене Схаваныя катэгорыі: Вікіпедыя:Артыкулы з пераазначэннем значэння з Вікідадзеных Вікіпедыя:Артыкулы з крыніцамі з Вікідадзеных Вікіпедыя:Спасылка на Вікісховішча непасрэдна ў артыкуле Навігацыя Асабістыя прылады Не ўвайшоў Размовы Уклад Стварыць уліковы запіс Увайсці Прасторы назваў Артыкул Размовы Варыянты Віды Чытаць Правіць Правіць зыходнік Паказаць гісторыю Болей Знайсці Навігацыя Галоўная старонка Супольнасць Апошнія змены Новыя старонкі Форум Выпадковая старонка Даведка Ахвяраванні Паведаміць пра памылку Прылады Сюды спасылаюцца Звязаныя праўкі Адмысловыя старонкі Нязменная спасылка Звесткі пра старонку Цытаваць гэту старонку Элемент Вікідадзеных Друк/экспарт Стварыць кнігу Загрузіць як pdf Для друку У іншых праектах Вікісховішча Вікіцытатнік На іншых мовах afrikaans aragonés Ænglisc العربية مصرى asturianu azərbaycanca تۆرکجه bikol central Български བོད་ཡིག brezhoneg bosanski català Čeština cymraeg dansk deutsch zazaki Ελληνικά english esperanto español eesti euskara estremeñu فارسی suomi føroyskt français frysk gaeilge gàidhlig galego 客家語/hak-kâ-ngî עברית हिन्दी hrvatski magyar Հայերեն interlingua bahasa indonesia ido Íslenska italiano 日本語 ქართული kongo Қазақша 한국어 latina lingua franca nova lietuvių latviešu malagasy Македонски Монгол मराठी bahasa melayu မြန်မာဘာသာ napulitano nederlands norsk nynorsk norsk bokmål occitan polski piemontèis پنجابی português română Русский sicilianu scots srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски simple english slovenčina slovenščina shqip Српски / srpski svenska kiswahili தமிழ் Тоҷикӣ ไทย tagalog türkçe Українська oʻzbekcha/ўзбекча tiếng việt winaray 吴语 yorùbá 中文 文言 bân-lâm-gú 粵語 Правіць спасылкі Апошняе змяненне старонкі адбылося : , красавіка . 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Палітыка прыватнасці Пра Вікіпедыю Адмова ад адказнасці Мабільная версія Распрацоўшчыкі statistics cookie statement view source for marcus aurelius - wikipedia view source for marcus aurelius ← marcus aurelius jump to navigation jump to search you do not have permission to edit this page, for the following reasons: your ip address is in a range that has been blocked on all wikimedia foundation wikis. the block was made by jon kolbert (meta.wikimedia.org). the reason given is open proxy: webhost: contact stewards if you are affected . start of block: : , july expiry of block: : , january your current ip address is . . . and the blocked range is . . . / . please include all above details in any queries you make. if you believe you were blocked by mistake, you can find additional information and instructions in the no open proxies global policy. otherwise, to discuss the block please post a request for review on meta-wiki or send an email to the stewards otrs queue at stewards@wikimedia.org including all above details. you are currently unable to edit wikipedia due to a block affecting this ip address. this does not affect your ability to read wikipedia pages. most people who see this message have done nothing wrong. some kinds of blocks restrict editing from specific service providers or telecom companies in response to recent abuse or vandalism, and affect other users who are unrelated to that abuse. see below if you do not believe you have done anything wrong. editing from . . . / has been blocked (disabled) by sql for the following reason(s): the ip address that you are currently using has been blocked because it is believed to be a web host provider or colocation provider. to prevent abuse, web hosts and colocation providers may be blocked from editing wikipedia. you will not be able to edit wikipedia using a web host or colocation provider because it hides your ip address, much like a proxy or vpn. we recommend that you attempt to use another connection to edit. for example, if you use a proxy or vpn to connect to the internet, turn it off when editing wikipedia. if you edit using a mobile connection, try using a wi-fi connection, and vice versa. if you have a wikipedia account, please log in. if you do not have any other way to edit wikipedia, you will need to request an ip block exemption. if you are confident that you are not using a web host, you may appeal this block by adding the following text on your talk page: {{unblock|reason=caught by a colocation web host block but this host or ip is not a web host. my ip address is _______. place any further information here. ~~~~}}. you must fill in the blank with your ip address for this block to be investigated. your ip address can be determined here. alternatively, if you wish to keep your ip address private you can use the unblock ticket request system. there are several reasons you might be editing using the ip address of a web host or colocation provider (such as if you are using vpn software or a business network); please use this method of appeal only if you think your ip address is in fact not a web host or colocation provider. administrators: the ip block exemption user right should only be applied to allow users to edit using web host in exceptional circumstances, and requests should usually be directed to the functionaries team via email. if you intend to give the ipbe user right, a checkuser needs to take a look at the account. this can be requested most easily at spi quick checkuser requests. unblocking an ip or ip range with this template is highly discouraged without at least contacting the blocking administrator. this block has been set to expire: : , june . even when blocked, you will usually still be able to edit your user talk page and email other editors and administrators. for information on how to proceed, first see the faq for blocked users and the guideline on block appeals. the guide to appealing blocks may also be helpful. other useful links: blocking policy · help:i have been blocked you can view and copy the source of this page: ===war with germanic tribes ( – )=== {{main|marcomannic wars}} [[file:aurelius ad.png|thumb| px|upright= . |the [[roman empire]] at the death of marcus aurelius in , represented in purple. his annexation of lands of the marcomanni and the jazyges – perhaps to be provincially called [[marcomannia]] and sarmatiabirley, ''marcus aurelius'', p. . – was cut short in by the revolt of [[avidius cassius]] and by his death.birley, ''marcus aurelius'', p. . the light pink territory represents roman dependencies: [[kingdom of armenia (antiquity)|armenia]], [[colchis]], [[kingdom of iberia|iberia]], and [[caucasian albania|albania]].|alt=expanse of the roman empire during marcus aurelius's reign]] {{multiple image|header = scenes from the [[marcomannic wars]], – ad (bas reliefs from the arch of marcus aurelius, now in the [[capitoline museums]]) |image = relief - monument honoraire de marc aurèle - la soumission des germains ( ).jpg |width = |caption =marcus aurelius receiving the submission of the vanquished, with raised ''[[vexillum]]'' standards |alt =scene from the arch of marcus aurelius |image =rilievo da monumento onorario di marco aurelio trionfo, - .jpg |width = |caption =marcus aurelius celebrating [[roman triumph|his triumph]] over rome's enemies in ad, riding in a ''[[quadriga]]'' chariot |alt =scene from the arch of marcus aurelius }} [[file:marcus aurelius, ae medallion, ad , gnecchi ii .jpg|thumb| px|alt=bust of marcus aurelius.|bronze medallion of marcus aurelius (ad ). the reverse depicts [[jupiter (mythology)|jupiter]], flanked by marcus and [[lucius verus]]. inscription: m. antoninvs avg. arm. parth. max. / tr. p. xxii, imp. iiii, cos iii.gnecchi, ''medaglioni romani'', p. .]] [[file:marcus aurelius, aureus, ad - , ric iii .jpg|thumb| px|[[aureus]] of marcus aurelius (ad – ). the pile of trophies on the reverse celebrates the end of the marcomannic wars. inscription: m. antoninvs avg. germ. sarm. / tr. p. xxxi, imp. viii, co[n]s. iii, p. p.mattingly & sydenham, ''roman imperial coinage'', vol. iii, p. .|alt=aureus of marcus aurelius.]] during the early s, fronto's son-in-law victorinus was stationed as a legate in germany. he was there with his wife and children (another child had stayed with fronto and his wife in rome).dio . . – ; ''ad amicos'' . (= haines . ); birley, ''marcus aurelius'', p. . the condition on the northern frontier looked grave. a frontier post had been destroyed, and it looked like all the peoples of central and northern europe were in turmoil. there was corruption among the officers: victorinus had to ask for the resignation of a [[legionary]] legate who was taking bribes.dio, lxxii. . – ; birley, ''marcus aurelius'', p. , citing ''de nepote amisso'' ii (= haines . ); ''ad verum imperator'' ii. – (= haines . ff.). experienced governors had been replaced by friends and relatives of the imperial family. [[lucius dasumius tullius tuscus]], a distant relative of hadrian, was in upper pannonia, succeeding the experienced [[marcus nonius macrinus]]. lower pannonia was under the obscure [[tiberius haterius saturnius]]. [[marcus servilius fabianus maximus]] was shuffled from lower moesia to upper moesia when [[marcus iallius bassus]] had joined lucius in antioch. lower moesia was filled by pontius laelianus's son. the dacias were still divided in three, governed by a praetorian senator and two procurators. the peace could not hold long; lower pannonia did not even have a legion.birley, ''marcus aurelius'', p. , citing geza alföldy, ''konsulat und senatorenstand'' ( ), moesia inferior: pp. ff.; moesia superior: pp. ff.; pannonia superior: pp. ff.; dacia: pp. ff.; pannonia inferior: p. . starting in the s, [[germanic tribes]], and other nomadic people launched raids along the [[limes germanicus|northern border]], particularly into [[gaul]] and across the [[danube#human history|danube]]. this new impetus westwards was probably due to attacks from tribes further east. a first invasion of the chatti in the province of germania superior was repulsed in .mclynn, ''marcus aurelius: a life'', pp. – . far more dangerous was the invasion of , when the [[marcomanni]] of bohemia, clients of the roman empire since ad, crossed the danube together with the [[lombards]] and other germanic tribes.le bohec, p. . soon thereafter, the iranian [[sarmatians|sarmatian]] [[iazyges]] attacked between the danube and the [[tisza|theiss]] rivers.grant, ''the antonines: the roman empire in transition'', p. . the [[costoboci]], coming from the [[carpathian mountains|carpathian]] area, invaded [[moesia]], [[macedonia (roman province)|macedonia]], and greece. after a long struggle, marcus managed to push back the invaders. numerous members of germanic tribes settled in frontier regions like [[dacia]], pannonia, germany, and italy itself. this was not a new thing, but this time the numbers of settlers required the creation of two new frontier provinces on the left shore of the danube, sarmatia and [[marcomannia]], including today's [[czech republic]], [[slovakia]], and [[hungary]]. some germanic tribes who settled in [[ravenna]] revolted and managed to seize possession of the city. for this reason, marcus decided not only against bringing more barbarians into italy, but even banished those who had previously been brought there.dio, lxxii. . – ; birley, ''marcus aurelius'', p. . return to marcus aurelius. retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/marcus_aurelius" navigation menu personal tools not logged in talk contributions create account log in namespaces article talk variants views read edit view history more search navigation main page contents current events random article about wikipedia contact us donate contribute help learn to edit community portal recent changes upload file tools what links here related changes upload file special pages page information wikidata item languages privacy policy about wikipedia disclaimers contact wikipedia mobile view developers statistics cookie statement a new topographical dictionary of ancient rome : richardson, lawrence : free download, borrow, and streaming : internet archive skip to main content see what's new with book lending at the internet archive a line drawing of the internet archive headquarters building façade. an illustration of a magnifying glass. an illustration of a magnifying glass. an illustration of a horizontal line over an up pointing arrow. upload an illustration of a person's head and chest. sign up | log in an illustration of a computer application window wayback machine an illustration of an open book. books an illustration of two cells of a film strip. video an illustration of an audio speaker. audio an illustration of a . 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the emperor marcus was an eager disciple of sextus the [[boeotia]]n philosopher, being often in his company and frequenting his house. lucius, who had just come to rome, asked the emperor, whom he met on his way, where he was going to and on what errand, and marcus answered, ' it is good even for an old man to learn; i am now on my way to sextus the philosopher to learn what i do not yet know.' and lucius, raising his hand to heaven, said, ' o zeus, the king of the romans in his old age takes up his [[wax tablet|tablets]] and goes to school.'philostratus, ''vitae sophistorum'' ii. ( ); cf. suda, ''markos''return to marcus aurelius. retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/marcus_aurelius" navigation menu personal tools not logged in talk contributions create account log in namespaces article talk variants views read edit view history more search navigation main page contents current events random article about wikipedia contact us donate contribute help learn to edit community portal recent changes upload file tools what links here related changes upload file special pages page information wikidata item languages privacy policy about wikipedia disclaimers contact wikipedia mobile view developers statistics cookie statement view source for marcus aurelius - wikipedia view source for marcus aurelius ← marcus aurelius jump to navigation jump to search you do not have permission to edit this page, for the following reasons: your ip address is in a range that has been blocked on all wikimedia foundation wikis. the block was made by jon kolbert (meta.wikimedia.org). the reason given is open proxy: webhost: contact stewards if you are affected . start of block: : , july expiry of block: : , january your current ip address is . . . and the blocked range is . . . / . please include all above details in any queries you make. if you believe you were blocked by mistake, you can find additional information and instructions in the no open proxies global policy. otherwise, to discuss the block please post a request for review on meta-wiki or send an email to the stewards otrs queue at stewards@wikimedia.org including all above details. you are currently unable to edit wikipedia due to a block affecting this ip address. this does not affect your ability to read wikipedia pages. most people who see this message have done nothing wrong. some kinds of blocks restrict editing from specific service providers or telecom companies in response to recent abuse or vandalism, and affect other users who are unrelated to that abuse. see below if you do not believe you have done anything wrong. editing from . . . / has been blocked (disabled) by sql for the following reason(s): the ip address that you are currently using has been blocked because it is believed to be a web host provider or colocation provider. to prevent abuse, web hosts and colocation providers may be blocked from editing wikipedia. you will not be able to edit wikipedia using a web host or colocation provider because it hides your ip address, much like a proxy or vpn. we recommend that you attempt to use another connection to edit. for example, if you use a proxy or vpn to connect to the internet, turn it off when editing wikipedia. if you edit using a mobile connection, try using a wi-fi connection, and vice versa. if you have a wikipedia account, please log in. if you do not have any other way to edit wikipedia, you will need to request an ip block exemption. if you are confident that you are not using a web host, you may appeal this block by adding the following text on your talk page: {{unblock|reason=caught by a colocation web host block but this host or ip is not a web host. my ip address is _______. place any further information here. ~~~~}}. you must fill in the blank with your ip address for this block to be investigated. your ip address can be determined here. alternatively, if you wish to keep your ip address private you can use the unblock ticket request system. there are several reasons you might be editing using the ip address of a web host or colocation provider (such as if you are using vpn software or a business network); please use this method of appeal only if you think your ip address is in fact not a web host or colocation provider. administrators: the ip block exemption user right should only be applied to allow users to edit using web host in exceptional circumstances, and requests should usually be directed to the functionaries team via email. if you intend to give the ipbe user right, a checkuser needs to take a look at the account. this can be requested most easily at spi quick checkuser requests. unblocking an ip or ip range with this template is highly discouraged without at least contacting the blocking administrator. this block has been set to expire: : , june . even when blocked, you will usually still be able to edit your user talk page and email other editors and administrators. for information on how to proceed, first see the faq for blocked users and the guideline on block appeals. the guide to appealing blocks may also be helpful. other useful links: blocking policy · help:i have been blocked you can view and copy the source of this page: ===modern=== {{refbegin}} * ackermann, marsha e.; schroeder, michael j.; terry, jancie j.; lo upshur, jiu-hwa; whitters, mark f. [https://books.google.com/books?id=fxlldwaaqbaj ''encyclopedia of world history, ackerman-schroeder-terry-hwa lo, : encyclopedia of world history'']. new york: facts on file, . {{isbn| - }}. * adams, geoff w. [https://books.google.com/books?id=dpommwwxa gc ''marcus aurelius in the historia augusta and beyond'']. lanham, md: lexington books, . {{isbn| - }}. * an, jiayao. 'when glass was treasured in china'. annette l. juliano and judith a. lerner (eds), [https://books.google.com/books?id=fhjwaaaamaaj ''nomads, traders, and holy men along china's silk road''], – . turnhout, belgium: brepols publishers, . {{isbn| - }}. * astarita, maria l. [https://books.google.com/books?id=ucubbmocj c ''avidio cassio''] (in italian). rome: edizione di storia e letteratura, . {{oclc| }}. * [[warwick ball|ball, warwick]]. [https://books.google.com/books?id= ptdaaaqbaj ''rome in the east: the transformation of an empire''], nd edition. london: routledge, . {{isbn| - }}. * [[timothy barnes|barnes, timothy d.]] 'hadrian and lucius verus'. ''journal of roman studies'' : – ( ): – . {{doi| . / }}. {{jstor| }}. * barnes, timothy d. 'legislation against the christians'. journal of roman studies, vol. ( ): – . {{doi| . / }}. {{jstor| }}. * barnes, timothy d. 'some persons in the historia augusta', ''phoenix'' : ( ): – . {{doi| . / }}. {{jstor| }}. * [[anthony birley|birley, anthony r.]] ''marcus aurelius: a biography''. london: routledge, , rev. . {{isbn| - }}. * birley, anthony r. 'hadrian to the antonines'. in ''the cambridge ancient history volume , the high empire, ad – '', edited by alan bowman, peter garnsey, and dominic rathbone, – . cambridge: cambridge university press, . {{isbn| - }}. * bowman, john l. [https://books.google.com/books?id=vlhpawaaqbaj ''a reference guide to stoicism'']. bloomington, in: author house, . {{isbn| - }}. * [[j. b. bury|bury, john bagnell]]. [https://books.google.com/books?id=igc-aaaayaaj ''the student's roman empire: a history of the roman empire from its foundation to the death of marcus aurelius ( b.c.– a.d.)'']. new york: harper, . {{oclc| }}. * [[edward champlin|champlin, edward]]. 'the chronology of fronto'. ''journal of roman studies'' ( ): – . {{doi| . / }}. {{jstor| }}. * champlin, edward. [https://archive.org/details/frontoantoninero cham ''fronto and antonine rome'']. cambridge, ma: harvard university press, . {{isbn| - }}. * collins, desmond. [https://books.google.com/books?id= ls aaaaiaaj ''background to archaeology: britain in its european setting'']. cambridge: cambridge university press archive, . {{oclc| }}. * [[rafe de crespigny|de crespigny, rafe]]. [https://books.google.com/books?id= ovcqaaqbaj ''a biographical dictionary of later han to the three kingdoms ( – ad)'']. boston: brill, . {{isbn| - }}. * [[richard duncan-jones|duncan-jones, richard]]. [https://books.google.com/books?id= cpkqq-n v c ''structure and scale in the roman economy'']. cambridge: cambridge university press, . {{isbn| - }}. * [http://capitolini.info/scu /?lang=en 'equestrian statue of marcus aurelius']. musei capitolini. * gagarin, michael. ''the oxford encyclopedia of ancient greece and rome. volume , temples – zoology''. oxford: oxford university press, . {{isbn| - }}. * giacosa, giorgio. ''women of the caesars: their lives and portraits on coins''. translated from italian by r. ross holloway. milan: edizioni arte e moneta, . {{isbn| }}. * [[james frank gilliam|gilliam, j. f.]] 'the plague under marcus aurelius'. ''[[american journal of philology]]'' . ( ): – . {{doi| . / }}. {{jstor| }}. * gnecchi, francesco. ''i medaglioni romani'', vols, milan, . {{oclc| }}. * [[michael grant (classicist)|grant, michael]]. [https://books.google.com/books?id=ql fdaaaqbaj&pg=pt ''the antonines: the roman empire in transition'']. london: routledge, . {{isbn| - }}. * grant, michael. [https://books.google.com/books?id=mxc uk fiyc ''the climax of rome'']. london: orion, . {{isbn| - }}. * haas, charles. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/ the antonine plague] (in french). ''bulletin de l'académie nationale de médecine''. académie nationale de médecine. ( ): – . {{oclc| }}. * [[pierre hadot|hadot, pierre]]. [https://books.google.com/books?id= dlvyyde-vqc ''the inner citadel: the meditations of marcus aurelius'']. cambridge, ma: harvard university press, . {{isbn| - }}. * hays, gregory. ''meditations''. london: weidenfeld & nicolson, . {{isbn| - }}. * irvine, william b. ''a guide to the good life: the ancient art of stoic joy''. oxford university press, . {{isbn| - }}. * kemezis, adam m. [https://books.google.com/books?id=ykilbaaaqbaj ''greek narratives of the roman empire under the severans: cassius dio, philostratus and herodian'']. cambridge university press, . {{isbn| - }}. * kleiner, fred s. [https://books.google.com/books?id=ijrn rdirxkc ''gardner's art through the ages. volume ii: the western perspective'']. mason, oh: cengage learning, . {{isbn| - }}. * le bohec, yann. [https://books.google.com/books?id=ifwsagaaqbaj ''the imperial roman army'']. routledge, . {{isbn| - }}. * [[barbara levick|levick, barbara m.]] [https://books.google.com/books?id=ovapagaaqbaj ''faustina i and ii: imperial women of the golden age'']. new york: oxford university press, . {{isbn| - }}. * magill, frank n. [https://books.google.com/?id=wykavfzqbduc ''dictionary of world biography'']. london: routledge, . {{isbn| - }}. * [[harold mattingly|mattingly, harold]]; sydenham, edward a. ''the roman imperial coinage. vol. iii, antoninus pius to commodus''. london: spink & son, . {{oclc| }}. * [[ronald mellor|mellor, ronald]], review of edward champlin's ''fronto and antonine rome'', ''[[american journal of philology]]'' : ( ). * merrony, mark. [https://books.google.com/books?id=lkgrdwaaqbaj ''the plight of rome in the fifth century ad'']. london: routledge, . {{isbn| - }}. * mclaughlin, raoul. ''rome and the distant east: trade routes to the ancient lands of arabia, india, and china''. london & new york: continuum, . {{isbn| - }}. * [[frank mclynn|mclynn, frank]]. ''marcus aurelius: a life''. new york: da capo press, . {{isbn| - }}. * mclynn, frank. ''marcus aurelius: warrior, philosopher, emperor''. london: bodley head, . {{isbn| - }}. * [[fergus millar|millar, fergus]]. [https://books.google.com/books?id=ia-ylzqhv c ''the roman near east, b.c.–a.d. '']. cambridge, ma: harvard university press, . {{isbn| - }}. * pulleyblank, edwin g.; leslie, d. d.; gardiner, k. h. j. 'the roman empire as known to han china'. ''journal of the american oriental society'', . ( ). {{doi| . / }}. {{jstor| }}. * reed, j. eugene. [https://books.google.com/books?id=ptnuaaaamaaj ''the lives of the roman emperors and their associates from julius cæsar (b.c. ) to agustulus (a.d. )'']. philadelphia, pa: gebbie & company, . * robertson, d. [https://books.google.gr/books?id=xgbbdwaaqbaj ''how to think like a roman emperor: the stoic philosophy of marcus aurelius''] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/ /https://books.google.gr/books?id=xgbbdwaaqbaj |date= august }}. new york: st. martin's press, . * rohrbacher, david. [https://books.google.com.au/books?id=gdwgcwaaqbaj ''the play of allusion in the historia augusta'']. wisconsin: university of wisconsin press, . {{isbn| - }}. * sánchez, jorge pisa. [https://books.google.com/books?id=rj vx giphwc ''breve historia de hispania: la fascinante historia de hispania, desde viriato hasta el esplendor con los emperadores trajano y adriano. los protagonistas, la cultura, la religión y el desarrollo económico y social de una de las provincias más ricas del imperio romano'' ;''brief history of hispania: the fascinating history of hispania, from viriato to the splendor with the emperors trajan and hadrian. the protagonists, culture, religion, and the economic and social development of one of the richest provinces of the roman empire'' ;]. (in spanish) ediciones nowtilus s.l., . {{isbn| - }}. * [[william o. stephens|stephens, william o.]] [http://www.bloomsbury.com/us/marcus-aurelius-a-guide-for-the-perplexed- / ''marcus aurelius: a guide for the perplexed'']. london: continuum, . {{isbn| - }}. * stertz, stephen a. 'marcus aurelius as ideal emperor in late-antique greek thought'. ''the classical world'' : ( ): – . {{doi| . / }}. {{jstor| }}. * [[ronald syme|syme, ronald]]. 'the ummidii'. ''historia'' : ( ): – . {{jstor| }}. * van ackeren, marcel. [https://books.google.com/books/about/a_companion_to_marcus_aurelius.html?id=nsdkqa p c ''a companion to marcus aurelius'']. new york: malden, ma : wiley-blackwell, . {{isbn| - - - - }}. {{oclc| }}. * young, gary k. [https://books.google.com/books?id=e ycagaaqbaj ''rome's eastern trade: international commerce and imperial policy bc – ad '']. london: routledge, . {{isbn| - - - - }}. * yü, ying-shih. 'han foreign relations', in denis twitchett and michael loewe (eds), [https://books.google.com/books?id=a hkxk n sac ''the cambridge history of china: volume , the ch'in and han empires, bc–ad ''], – . cambridge: cambridge university press, . {{isbn| - - - - }}. {{refend}} return to marcus aurelius. retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/marcus_aurelius" navigation menu personal tools not logged in talk contributions create account log in namespaces article talk variants views read edit view history more search navigation main page contents current events random article about wikipedia contact us donate contribute help learn to edit community portal recent changes upload file tools what links here related changes upload file special pages page information wikidata item languages privacy policy about wikipedia disclaimers contact wikipedia mobile view developers statistics cookie statement view source for template:nerva–antonine dynasty - wikipedia view source for template:nerva–antonine dynasty ← template:nerva–antonine dynasty jump to navigation jump to search you do not have permission to edit this page, for the following reasons: your ip address is in a range that has been blocked on all wikimedia foundation wikis. the block was made by jon kolbert (meta.wikimedia.org). the reason given is open proxy: webhost: contact stewards if you are affected . start of block: : , july expiry of block: : , january your current ip address is . . . and the blocked range is . . . / . please include all above details in any queries you make. if you believe you were blocked by mistake, you can find additional information and instructions in the no open proxies global policy. otherwise, to discuss the block please post a request for review on meta-wiki or send an email to the stewards otrs queue at stewards@wikimedia.org including all above details. you are currently unable to edit wikipedia due to a block affecting this ip address. this does not affect your ability to read wikipedia pages. most people who see this message have done nothing wrong. some kinds of blocks restrict editing from specific service providers or telecom companies in response to recent abuse or vandalism, and affect other users who are unrelated to that abuse. see below if you do not believe you have done anything wrong. editing from . . . / has been blocked (disabled) by sql for the following reason(s): the ip address that you are currently using has been blocked because it is believed to be a web host provider or colocation provider. to prevent abuse, web hosts and colocation providers may be blocked from editing wikipedia. you will not be able to edit wikipedia using a web host or colocation provider because it hides your ip address, much like a proxy or vpn. we recommend that you attempt to use another connection to edit. for example, if you use a proxy or vpn to connect to the internet, turn it off when editing wikipedia. if you edit using a mobile connection, try using a wi-fi connection, and vice versa. if you have a wikipedia account, please log in. if you do not have any other way to edit wikipedia, you will need to request an ip block exemption. if you are confident that you are not using a web host, you may appeal this block by adding the following text on your talk page: {{unblock|reason=caught by a colocation web host block but this host or ip is not a web host. my ip address is _______. place any further information here. ~~~~}}. you must fill in the blank with your ip address for this block to be investigated. your ip address can be determined here. alternatively, if you wish to keep your ip address private you can use the unblock ticket request system. there are several reasons you might be editing using the ip address of a web host or colocation provider (such as if you are using vpn software or a business network); please use this method of appeal only if you think your ip address is in fact not a web host or colocation provider. administrators: the ip block exemption user right should only be applied to allow users to edit using web host in exceptional circumstances, and requests should usually be directed to the functionaries team via email. if you intend to give the ipbe user right, a checkuser needs to take a look at the account. this can be requested most easily at spi quick checkuser requests. unblocking an ip or ip range with this template is highly discouraged without at least contacting the blocking administrator. this block has been set to expire: : , june . even when blocked, you will usually still be able to edit your user talk page and email other editors and administrators. for information on how to proceed, first see the faq for blocked users and the guideline on block appeals. the guide to appealing blocks may also be helpful. other useful links: blocking policy · help:i have been blocked you can view and copy the source of this page: {{sidebar | name = nerva–antonine dynasty | titlestyle = background:#b ; color:#ffffff; | title = roman imperial dynasties | above = [[nerva–antonine dynasty]] (ad – ) | wraplinks = true | image = {{{image|}}} | caption = {{{caption|}}} | headingstyle = background:#e e e ; | heading = chronology | content = {{aligned table|cols= |leftright=y|fullwidth=y | [[nerva]]| – | [[trajan]]| – | [[hadrian]]| – | [[antoninus pius]]| – | [[lucius verus]]| – | [[marcus aurelius]]| – | [[commodus]]| – }} | heading = family | content = {{plainlist| * [[nerva–antonine_dynasty#nerva–antonine_family_tree|nerva–antonine family tree]] * [[:category:nerva–antonine dynasty|category:nerva–antonine dynasty]] }} | heading = succession | content = {{aligned table|cols= |fullwidth=y | preceded by
{{nerva–antonine dynasty| |image = [[image:x|xpx]] |caption = image caption }}
the emperor marcus was an eager disciple of sextus the [[boeotia]]n philosopher, being often in his company and frequenting his house. lucius, who had just come to rome, asked the emperor, whom he met on his way, where he was going to and on what errand, and marcus answered, ' it is good even for an old man to learn; i am now on my way to sextus the philosopher to learn what i do not yet know.' and lucius, raising his hand to heaven, said, ' o zeus, the king of the romans in his old age takes up his [[wax tablet|tablets]] and goes to school.'philostratus, ''vitae sophistorum'' ii. ( ); cf. suda, ''markos''===births and deaths=== on november , faustina gave birth to a girl named domitia faustina. she was the first of at least thirteen children (including two sets of twins) that faustina would bear over the next twenty-three years. the next day, december, antoninus gave marcus the [[tribune|tribunician]] power and the ''[[imperium]]'' – authority over the armies and provinces of the emperor. as tribune, he had the right to bring one measure before the senate after the four antoninus could introduce. his tribunician powers would be renewed with antoninus's on december .birley, ''marcus aurelius'', p. . the first mention of domitia in marcus's letters reveals her as a sickly infant. 'caesar to fronto. if the gods are willing we seem to have a hope of recovery. the diarrhea has stopped, the little attacks of fever have been driven away. but the emaciation is still extreme and there is still quite a bit of coughing'. he and faustina, marcus wrote, had been 'pretty occupied' with the girl's care.''ad marcum caesarem'' . (= haines . ff), qtd. and tr. birley, ''marcus aurelius'', p. . domitia would die in .birley, ''marcus aurelius'', p. f. . [[file:romacastelsantangelo- .jpg|thumb| px|the [[mausoleum of hadrian]], where the children of marcus and faustina were buried|alt=mausoleum of hadrian]] in , faustina gave birth again, to twin sons. contemporary coinage commemorates the event, with crossed cornucopiae beneath portrait busts of the two small boys, and the legend ''temporum felicitas'', 'the happiness of the times'. they did not survive long. before the end of the year, another family coin was issued: it shows only a tiny girl, domitia faustina, and one boy baby. then another: the girl alone. the infants were buried in the [[castel sant'angelo|mausoleum of hadrian]], where their epitaphs survive. they were called titus aurelius antoninus and tiberius aelius aurelius.birley, ''marcus aurelius'', pp. – . marcus steadied himself: 'one man prays: 'how i may not lose my little child', but you must pray: 'how i may not be afraid to lose him'.''meditations'' ix. , qtd. and tr. birley, ''marcus aurelius'', p. . he quoted from the ''[[iliad]]'' what he called the 'briefest and most familiar saying...enough to dispel sorrow and fear':''meditations'' x. , tr. farquharson, pp. , .
another daughter was born on march , [[lucilla|annia aurelia galeria lucilla]]. at some time between and , probably soon after , marcus's mother domitia lucilla died.birley, ''marcus aurelius'', p. . faustina probably had another daughter in , but the child, [[annia galeria aurelia faustina]], might not have been born until .birley, ''marcus aurelius'', pp. – . another son, tiberius aelius antoninus, was born in . a coin issue celebrates ''fecunditati augustae'', 'to augusta's fertility', depicting two girls and an infant. the boy did not survive long, as evidenced by coins from , only depicting the two girls. he might have died in , the same year as marcus's sister cornificia.birley, ''marcus aurelius'', p. . by march , when marcus replied, another of his children was dead. marcus thanked the temple synod, 'even though this turned out otherwise'. the child's name is unknown.''inscriptiones graecae ad res romanas pertinentes'' . , qtd. and tr. birley, ''marcus aurelius'', p. . in and , faustina gave birth to daughters: fadilla and cornificia, named respectively after faustina's and marcus's dead sisters.birley, ''marcus aurelius'', p. . ===antoninus pius's last years=== [[file:imperator antoninus pius.jpg|thumb|left|bust of [[antoninus pius]], [[british museum]]]] lucius started his political career as a quaestor in . he was consul in ,reed, p. . and was consul again with marcus in .lendering, jona. [https://www.livius.org/di-dn/divi_fratres/marcus.html 'marcus aurelius']. livius.org. lucius had no other titles, except that of 'son of augustus'. lucius had a markedly different personality from marcus: he enjoyed sports of all kinds, but especially hunting and wrestling; he took obvious pleasure in the circus games and gladiatorial fights.''ha verus'' . – ; . – ; birley, ''marcus aurelius'', p. .{{refn|although part of the biographer's account of lucius is fictionalized (probably to mimic nero, whose birthday lucius sharedsuetonius, ''nero'' . ; ''ha verus'' . ; barnes, 'hadrian and lucius verus', ; birley, ''marcus aurelius'', p. . see also: barnes, 'hadrian and lucius verus', pp. – ; pierre lambrechts, 'l'empereur lucius verus. essai de réhabilitation' (in french), ''antiquité classique'' ( ), pp. ff.) and another part poorly compiled from a better biographical source,barnes, 'hadrian and lucius verus', p. . poorly compiled: e.g. barnes, 'hadrian and lucius verus', p. . scholars have accepted these biographical details as accurate.barnes, 'hadrian and lucius verus', pp. – .|group=note}} he did not marry until .''ha verus'' . – ; . – ; barnes, 'hadrian and lucius verus', ; birley, ''marcus aurelius'', p. . in , antoninus turned . he found it difficult to keep himself upright without [[corset|stays]]. he started nibbling on dry bread to give him the strength to stay awake through his morning receptions. as antoninus aged, marcus would take on more administrative duties, more still when he became the [[praetorian prefect]] (an office that was as much secretarial as military) when marcus gavius maximus died in or .birley, ''marcus aurelius'', p. . in , marcus and lucius were designated joint consuls for the following year. antoninus may have already been ill. two days before his death, the biographer reports, antoninus was at his ancestral estate at [[lorium]], in [[etruria]],bowman, ; victor, : about kilometres ( mi) from rome.victor, : he ate alpine cheese at dinner quite greedily. in the night he vomited; he had a fever the next day. the day after that, march ,dio . . – ; birley, ''marcus aurelius'', p. . he summoned the imperial council, and passed the state and his daughter to marcus. the emperor gave the keynote to his life in the last word that he uttered when the tribune of the night-watch came to ask the password – 'aequanimitas' (equanimity).bury, p. . he then turned over, as if going to sleep, and died.''ha antoninus pius'' . – ; birley, ''marcus aurelius'', p. . his death closed out the longest reign since augustus, surpassing [[tiberius]] by a couple of months.bowman, p. . ==emperor== {{main|reign of marcus aurelius}} ===accession of marcus aurelius and lucius verus ( )=== [[file:co-emperors marcus aurelius and lucius verus, british museum ( ).jpg|thumb|busts of the co-emperors marcus aurelius (left) and [[lucius verus]] (right), [[british museum]]|alt=busts of marcus aurelius and his co-ruler lucius verus]] after antoninus died in , marcus was effectively sole ruler of the empire. the formalities of the position would follow. the senate would soon grant him the name augustus and the title ''[[imperator]]'', and he would soon be formally elected as ''pontifex maximus'', chief priest of the official cults. marcus made some show of resistance: the biographer writes that he was 'compelled' to take imperial power.''ha marcus'' vii. , qtd. and tr. birley, ''marcus aurelius'', p. . this may have been a genuine ''horror imperii'', 'fear of imperial power'. marcus, with his preference for the philosophic life, found the imperial office unappealing. his training as a stoic, however, had made the choice clear to him that it was his duty.birley, ''marcus aurelius'', p. . birley takes the phrase ''horror imperii'' from ''ha pert''. xiii. and xv. . although marcus showed no personal affection for hadrian (significantly, he does not thank him in the first book of his ''meditations''), he presumably believed it his duty to enact the man's succession plans.birley, 'hadrian to the antonines', p. . thus, although the senate planned to confirm marcus alone, he refused to take office unless lucius received equal powers.''ha verus'' iii. ; birley, ''marcus aurelius'', p. ; 'hadrian to the antonines', p. . the senate accepted, granting lucius the ''imperium'', the tribunician power, and the name augustus.''ha verus'' iv. ; ''marcus'' vii. ; birley, ''marcus aurelius'', p. . marcus became, in official titulature, imperator caesar marcus aurelius antoninus augustus; lucius, forgoing his name commodus and taking marcus's family name verus, became imperator caesar lucius aurelius verus augustus.birley, ''marcus aurelius'', pp. – .{{refn|these name-swaps have proven so confusing that even the ''historia augusta'', our main source for the period, cannot keep them straight.birley, ''marcus aurelius'', p. ; 'hadrian to the antonines', p. n. . the th-century ecclesiastical historian [[eusebius of caesarea]] shows even more confusion.birley, 'hadrian to the antonines', p. n. . the mistaken belief that lucius had the name 'verus' before becoming emperor has proven especially popular.birley, ''marcus aurelius'', p. .|group=note}} it was the first time that rome was ruled by two emperors.{{refn|there was, however, much precedent. the consulate was a twin magistracy, and earlier emperors had often had a subordinate lieutenant with many imperial offices (under antoninus, the lieutenant had been marcus). many emperors had planned a joint succession in the past: [[augustus]] planned to leave [[gaius caesar|gaius]] and [[lucius caesar]] as joint emperors on his death; tiberius wished to have [[gaius caligula]] and [[tiberius gemellus]] do so as well; [[claudius]] left the empire to [[nero]] and [[britannicus]], imagining that they would accept equal rank. all of these arrangements had ended in failure, either through premature death (gaius and lucius caesar) or judicial murder (gemellus by caligula and britannicus by nero).|group=note}} in spite of their nominal equality, marcus held more ''[[auctoritas]]'', or 'authority', than lucius. he had been consul once more than lucius, he had shared in antoninus's rule, and he alone was ''pontifex maximus''. it would have been clear to the public which emperor was the more senior. as the biographer wrote, 'verus obeyed marcus...as a lieutenant obeys a proconsul or a governor obeys the emperor'.''ha verus'' iv. , tr. magie, cited in birley, ''marcus aurelius'', pp. , n. . immediately after their senate confirmation, the emperors proceeded to the [[castra praetoria]], the camp of the [[praetorian guard]]. lucius addressed the assembled troops, which then acclaimed the pair as ''imperatores''. then, like every new emperor since [[claudius]], lucius promised the troops a special donative.''ha marcus'' vii. ; ''verus'' iv. ; birley, ''marcus aurelius'', pp. – . this donative, however, was twice the size of those past: , [[sestertius|sesterces]] ( , [[denarius|denarii]]) per capita, with more to officers. in return for this bounty, equivalent to several years' pay, the troops swore an oath to protect the emperors.''ha marcus'' vii. ; ''verus'' iv. ; birley, ''marcus aurelius'', pp. – . 'twice the size': duncan-jones, p. . the ceremony was perhaps not entirely necessary, given that marcus's accession had been peaceful and unopposed, but it was good insurance against later military troubles.birley, ''marcus aurelius'', p. . upon his accession he also devalued the [[roman currency]]. he decreased the silver purity of the denarius from . % to % – the silver weight dropping from {{cvt| . |g|oz}} to {{cvt| . |g|oz}}.[https://web.archive.org/web/ /http://www.tulane.edu/~august/handouts/ cprin.htm 'roman currency of the principate']. tulane.edu. archived february . antoninus's funeral ceremonies were, in the words of the biographer, 'elaborate'.''ha marcus'' vii. , tr. magie, cited in birley, ''marcus aurelius'', pp. , n. . if his funeral followed those of his predecessors, his body would have been incinerated on a pyre at the [[campus martius]], and his spirit would have been seen as ascending to the gods' home in the heavens. marcus and lucius nominated their father for deification. in contrast to their behaviour during antoninus's campaign to deify hadrian, the senate did not oppose the emperors' wishes. a ''[[flamen]]'', or cultic priest, was appointed to minister the cult of the deified divus antoninus. antoninus's remains were laid to rest in hadrian's mausoleum, beside the remains of marcus's children and of hadrian himself.''ha marcus'' vii. – ; birley, ''marcus aurelius'', p. . the temple he had dedicated to his wife, diva faustina, became the [[temple of antoninus and faustina]]. it survives as the church of san lorenzo in miranda. in accordance with his will, antoninus's fortune passed on to faustina.''ha antoninus pius'' xii. ; birley, ''marcus aurelius'', pp. – . (marcus had little need of his wife's fortune. indeed, at his accession, marcus transferred part of his mother's estate to his nephew, [[marcus ummidius quadratus annianus|ummius quadratus]].''ha marcus'' vii. ; birley, ''marcus aurelius'', p. .) faustina was three months pregnant at her husband's accession. during the pregnancy she dreamed of giving birth to two serpents, one fiercer than the other.''ha comm''. i. ; birley, ''marcus aurelius'', p. . on august, she gave birth at [[lanuvium]] to twins: t. aurelius fulvus antoninus and lucius aurelius commodus.''ha comm''. i. ; birley, ''marcus aurelius'', p. .{{refn|the biographer relates the scurrilous (and, in the judgment of anthony birley, untrue) rumor that commodus was an illegitimate child born of a union between faustina and a gladiator.''ha marcus'' xix. – ; birley, ''marcus aurelius'', p. n. .|group=note}} aside from the fact that the twins shared [[caligula]]'s birthday, the omens were favorable, and the astrologers drew positive horoscopes for the children.''ha commodus''. i. , x. ; birley, ''marcus aurelius'', p. . the births were celebrated on the imperial coinage.birley, ''marcus aurelius'', p. , citing h. mattingly, ''coins of the roman empire in the british museum iv: antoninus pius to commodus'' (london, ), marcus aurelius and lucius verus, nos. ff.; ff. ===early rule=== soon after the emperors' accession, marcus's eleven-year-old daughter, annia lucilla, was betrothed to lucius (in spite of the fact that he was, formally, her uncle).''ha marcus'' vii. ; birley, ''marcus aurelius'', p. . at the ceremonies commemorating the event, new provisions were made for the support of poor children, along the lines of earlier imperial foundations.birley, ''marcus aurelius'', p. , citing werner eck, ''die organization italiens'' ( ), pp. ff. marcus and lucius proved popular with the people of rome, who strongly approved of their ''civiliter'' ('lacking pomp') behaviour. the emperors permitted free speech, evidenced by the fact that the comedy writer marullus was able to criticize them without suffering retribution. as the biographer wrote, 'no one missed the lenient ways of pius'.''ha marcus'' viii. , qtd. and tr. birley, ''marcus aurelius'', p. ; 'hadrian to the antonines', p. . marcus replaced a number of the empire's major officials. the ''[[ab epistulis]]'' sextus caecilius crescens volusianus, in charge of the imperial correspondence, was replaced with titus varius clemens. clemens was from the frontier province of [[pannonia]] and had served in the war in [[mauretania]]. recently, he had served as procurator of five provinces. he was a man suited for a time of military crisis.birley, ''marcus aurelius'', pp. – , citing h.g. pfalum, ''les carrières procuratoriennes équestres sous le haut-empire romain'' i–iii (paris, – ); ''supplément'' (paris, ), nos. ; ; eric birley, ''roman britain and the roman army'' ( ), pp. ff., ff. lucius volusius maecianus, marcus's former tutor, had been [[augustal prefect|prefectural governor]] of [[egypt (roman province)|egypt]] at marcus's accession. maecianus was recalled, made senator, and appointed prefect of the treasury (''[[aerarium saturni]]''). he was made consul soon after.birley, ''marcus aurelius'', p. , citing h.g. pfalum, ''les carrières procuratoriennes équestres sous le haut-empire romain'' i–iii (paris, – ); ''supplément'' (paris, ), no. . fronto's son-in-law, [[gaius aufidius victorinus]], was appointed governor of [[germania superior]].''ha marcus'' viii. ; birley, ''marcus aurelius'', p. , citing w. eck, ''die satthalter der germ. provinzen'' ( ), pp. ff. fronto returned to his roman townhouse at dawn on march, having left his home in [[cirta]] as soon as news of his pupils' accession reached him. he sent a note to the imperial freedman charilas, asking if he could call on the emperors. fronto would later explain that he had not dared to write the emperors directly.birley, ''marcus aurelius'', p. , citing ''ad verum imperator'' i. . (= haines . ff). the tutor was immensely proud of his students. reflecting on the speech he had written on taking his consulship in , when he had praised the young marcus, fronto was ebullient: 'there was then an outstanding natural ability in you; there is now perfected excellence. there was then a crop of growing corn; there is now a ripe, gathered harvest. what i was hoping for then, i have now. the hope has become a reality.'''ad antoninum imperator'' iv. . (= haines . ff), qtd. and tr. birley, ''marcus aurelius'', p. . fronto called on marcus alone; neither thought to invite lucius.birley, ''marcus aurelius'', p. . lucius was less esteemed by fronto than his brother, as his interests were on a lower level. lucius asked fronto to adjudicate in a dispute he and his friend calpurnius were having on the relative merits of two actors.birley, ''marcus aurelius'', p. , citing ''ad verum imperator'' i. (= haines . ). marcus told fronto of his reading – [[lucius coelius antipater|coelius]] and a little cicero – and his family. his daughters were in rome with their great-great-aunt matidia; marcus thought the evening air of the country was too cold for them. he asked fronto for 'some particularly eloquent reading matter, something of your own, or cato, or cicero, or sallust or gracchus – or some poet, for i need distraction, especially in this kind of way, by reading something that will uplift and diffuse my pressing anxieties.'''ad antoninum imperator'' iv. (= haines . ff), qtd. and tr. birley, ''marcus aurelius'', p. . marcus's early reign proceeded smoothly; he was able to give himself wholly to philosophy and the pursuit of popular affection.''ha marcus'' viii. – ; birley, ''marcus aurelius'', p. . soon, however, he would find he had many anxieties. it would mean the end of the ''felicitas temporum'' ('happy times') that the coinage of had proclaimed.birley, ''marcus aurelius'', p. , citing h. mattingly, ''coins of the roman empire in the british museum iv: antoninus pius to commodus'' (london, ), marcus aurelius and lucius verus, nos. ; . {{multiple image|total_width= |image = dicembre piena del tevere .jpg |alt =tiber island in flood, december |image =piena del tevere - tiber in flood - ponte sisto - rome, italy - dec. .jpg |alt =tiber island in flood, december |footer=[[tiber island]] seen at a forty-year high-water mark of the [[tiber]], december }} in either autumn or spring ,{{refn|because both lucius and marcus are said to have taken active part in the recovery (''ha marcus'' viii. – ), the flood must have happened before lucius's departure for the east in ; because it appears in the biographer's narrative after antoninus's funeral has finished and the emperors have settled into their offices, it must not have occurred in the spring of . a date in autumn or spring is probable, and, given the normal seasonal distribution of tiber flooding, the most probable date is in spring .gregory s. aldrete, ''floods of the tiber in ancient rome'' (baltimore: johns hopkins university press, ), pp. – . (birley dates the flood to autumn .)|group=note}} the [[tiber]] overflowed its banks, flooding much of rome. it drowned many animals, leaving the city in famine. marcus and lucius gave the crisis their personal attention.''ha marcus'' viii. – ; birley, ''marcus aurelius'', p. .{{refn|since ad, the river had been administered by a tiber conservancy board, with a consular senator at its head and a permanent staff. in , the ''curator alevi tiberis et riparum et cloacarum urbis'' ('curator of the tiber bed and banks and the city sewers') was a. platorius nepos, son or grandson of [[aulus platorius nepos|the builder]] of [[hadrian's wall]], whose name he shares. he probably had not been particularly incompetent. a more likely candidate for that incompetence is nepos's likely predecessor, [[marcus statius priscus|m. statius priscus]]. a military man and consul for , priscus probably looked on the office as little more than 'paid leave'.''inscriptiones latinae selectae'' [https://web.archive.org/web/ /http://oracle-vm.ku-eichstaett.de: /epigr/epieinzel_en?p_belegstelle=d+ &r_sortierung=belegstelle ] (nepos), [https://web.archive.org/web/ /http://oracle-vm.ku-eichstaett.de: /epigr/epieinzel_en?p_belegstelle=d+ &r_sortierung=belegstelle ] (priscus); birley, ''marcus aurelius'', p. .|group=note}} in other times of famine, the emperors are said to have provided for the italian communities out of the roman granaries.''ha marcus'' xi. , cited in birley, ''marcus aurelius'', p. n. . fronto's letters continued through marcus's early reign. fronto felt that, because of marcus's prominence and public duties, lessons were more important now than they had ever been before. he believed marcus was 'beginning to feel the wish to be eloquent once more, in spite of having for a time lost interest in eloquence'.''ad antoninum imperator'' . . (= haines . ), qtd. and tr. birley, ''marcus aurelius'', p. . fronto would again remind his pupil of the tension between his role and his philosophic pretensions: 'suppose, caesar, that you can attain to the wisdom of [[cleanthes]] and [[zeno of citium|zeno]], yet, against your will, not the philosopher's woolen cape'.''de eloquentia'' . (= haines . – ), qtd. and tr. birley, ''marcus aurelius'', p. . the early days of marcus's reign were the happiest of fronto's life: marcus was beloved by the people of rome, an excellent emperor, a fond pupil, and perhaps most importantly, as eloquent as could be wished.''ad antoninum imperator'' . . (= haines . ); birley, ''marcus aurelius'', pp. – . marcus had displayed rhetorical skill in his speech to the senate after an earthquake at [[cyzicus]]. it had conveyed the drama of the disaster, and the senate had been awed: 'not more suddenly or violently was the city stirred by the earthquake than the minds of your hearers by your speech'. fronto was hugely pleased.''ad antoninum imperator'' . . (= haines . – ), tr. haines; birley, ''marcus aurelius'', p. . ===war with parthia ( – )=== {{main|roman–parthian war of – }} {{see also|roman–persian wars}} [[image:vologasesiv.jpg|thumb| px|coin of [[vologases iv of parthia]]. inscription: above ΒΑΣΙΛΕΩΣ ΒΑΣΙΛΕΩΝ ΔΟΥ, right ΑΡΣΑΚΟΥ ΒΟΛΑΓΑΣΟΥ, left ΕΠΙΦΑΝΟΥΣ ΦΙΛΕΛΛΗΝΟΣ, below ΔΙΟΥ (greek inscription for king of kings – arsakis volagases – illustrius philellene). year ΔΟΥ = ΥΟΔ΄ = = – .]] on his deathbed, antoninus spoke of nothing but the state and the foreign kings who had wronged him.''ha antoninus pius'' xii. ; birley, ''marcus aurelius'', pp. , . one of those kings, [[vologases iv of parthia]], made his move in late summer or early autumn .event: ''ha marcus'' viii. ; birley, ''marcus aurelius'', p. . date: jaap-jan flinterman, 'the date of lucian's visit to abonuteichos,' ''zeitschrift für papyrologie und epigraphik'' ( ): p. . vologases entered the [[kingdom of armenia (antiquity)|kingdom of armenia]] (then a roman client state), expelled its king and installed his own – [[bakur|pacorus]], an [[arsacid empire|arsacid]] like himself.''ha marcus'' viii. ; birley, ''marcus aurelius'', p. . the governor of cappadocia, the frontline in all armenian conflicts, was [[marcus sedatius severianus]], a gaul with much experience in military matters.lucian, ''alexander'' ; birley, ''marcus aurelius'', p. . convinced by the prophet [[alexander of abonutichus]] that he could defeat the parthians easily and win glory for himself,lucian, ''alexander'' ; birley, ''marcus aurelius'', pp. – . on alexander, see: robin lane fox, ''pagans and christians'' (harmondsworth: penguin, ), pp. – . severianus led a legion (perhaps the [[legio ix hispana|ix hispana]]birley, ''marcus aurelius'', p. n. .) into armenia, but was trapped by the great parthian general chosrhoes at [[elegeia]], a town just beyond the cappadocian frontiers, high up past the headwaters of the euphrates. after severianus made some unsuccessful efforts to engage chosrhoes, he committed suicide, and his legion was massacred. the campaign had lasted only three days.dio . . ; lucian, ''historia quomodo conscribenda'' , , ; birley, ''marcus aurelius'', pp. – . there was threat of war on other frontiers as well – in britain, and in [[raetia]] and upper germany, where the [[chatti]] of the [[taunus]] mountains had recently crossed over the ''[[limes (roman empire)|limes]]''.''ha marcus'' viii. ; birley, ''marcus aurelius'', p. . marcus was unprepared. antoninus seems to have given him no military experience; the biographer writes that marcus spent the whole of antoninus's twenty-three-year reign at his emperor's side and not in the provinces, where most previous emperors had spent their early careers.''ha antoninus pius'' vii. ; ''marcus'' vii. ; birley, ''marcus aurelius'', pp. – , .{{refn|[[alan cameron (classical scholar)|alan cameron]] adduces the th-century writer [[sidonius apollinaris]]'s comment that marcus commanded 'countless legions' ''vivente pio'' (while antoninus was alive) while contesting birley's contention that marcus had no military experience. (neither apollinaris nor the ''historia augusta'' (birley's source) are particularly reliable on nd-century history.''pan. ath.'' – , qtd. and tr. alan cameron, review of anthony birley's ''marcus aurelius'', ''the classical review'' : ( ): p. .)|group=note}} more bad news arrived: the syrian governor's army had been defeated by the parthians, and retreated in disarray.''ha marcus'' viii. ; birley, ''marcus aurelius'', p. . reinforcements were dispatched for the parthian frontier. p. julius geminius marcianus, an african senator commanding [[legio x gemina|x gemina]] at [[vindobona]] ([[vienna]]), left for cappadocia with detachments from the danubian legions.''corpus inscriptionum latinarum'' [https://web.archive.org/web/ /http://oracle-vm.ku-eichstaett.de: /epigr/epieinzel_en?p_belegstelle=cil+ ,+ &r_sortierung=belegstelle . ]–[https://web.archive.org/web/ /http://oracle-vm.ku-eichstaett.de: /epigr/epieinzel_en?p_belegstelle=cil+ ,+ &r_sortierung=belegstelle ]; birley, ''marcus aurelius'', p. . three full legions were also sent east: [[legio i minervia|i minervia]] from bonn in upper germany,''incriptiones latinae selectae'' [https://web.archive.org/web/ /http://oracle-vm.ku-eichstaett.de: /epigr/epieinzel_en?p_belegstelle=d+ &r_sortierung=belegstelle ]–[https://web.archive.org/web/ /http://oracle-vm.ku-eichstaett.de: /epigr/epieinzel_en?p_belegstelle=d+ &r_sortierung=belegstelle ]; birley, ''marcus aurelius'', p. . [[legio ii adiutrix|ii adiutrix]] from aquincum,''incriptiones latinae selectae'' [https://web.archive.org/web/ /http://oracle-vm.ku-eichstaett.de: /epigr/epieinzel_en?p_belegstelle=d+ &r_sortierung=belegstelle ]; birley, ''marcus aurelius'', p. . and [[legio v macedonica|v macedonica]] from troesmis.''incriptiones latinae selectae'' [https://web.archive.org/web/ /http://oracle-vm.ku-eichstaett.de: /epigr/epieinzel_en?p_belegstelle=d+ &r_sortierung=belegstelle ]; birley, ''marcus aurelius'', p. . the northern frontiers were strategically weakened; frontier governors were told to avoid conflict wherever possible.''ha marcus'' xii. ; birley, ''marcus aurelius'', p. . [[marcus annius libo (consul )|m. annius libo]], marcus's first cousin, was sent to replace the syrian governor. his first consulship was in , so he was probably in his early thirties,''l'année Épigraphique'' . {{cite web |url=http://oracle-vm.ku-eichstaett.de: /epigr/epieinzel_en?p_belegstelle=ae+ ,+ &r_sortierung=belegstelle |title=epigraphik-datenbank clauss/slaby |access-date= november |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/ /http://oracle-vm.ku-eichstaett.de: /epigr/epieinzel_en?p_belegstelle=ae+ ,+ &r_sortierung=belegstelle |archive-date= april |url-status=dead}}; birley, ''marcus aurelius'', p. . and as a patrician, he lacked military experience. marcus had chosen a reliable man rather than a talented one.''ha verus'' . ; birley, ''marcus aurelius'', p. . [[file:marcus aurelius, aureus, ad , ric iii .jpg|thumb| px|aureus of marcus aurelius (ad ). on the reverse, [[victoria (mythology)|victoria]] is holding a shield inscribed 'vic(toria) par(thica)', referring to his victory against the parthians. inscription: m. antoninvs avg. / tr. p. xx, imp. iiii, co[n]s. iii.mattingly & sydenham, ''roman imperial coinage'', vol. iii, p. .|alt=coin of marcus aurelius. victoria appears on the reverse, commemorating marcus's parthian victory.]] marcus took a four-day public holiday at [[alsium]], a resort town on the coast of etruria. he was too anxious to relax. writing to fronto, he declared that he would not speak about his holiday.''de feriis alsiensibus'' (= haines . ); birley, ''marcus aurelius'', p. . fronto replied: 'what? do i not know that you went to alsium with the intention of devoting yourself to games, joking, and complete leisure for four whole days?'''de feriis alsiensibus'' . (= haines . ), qtd. and tr. birley, ''marcus aurelius'', p. . he encouraged marcus to rest, calling on the example of his predecessors (antoninus had enjoyed exercise in the ''[[palaestra]]'', fishing, and comedy),''de feriis alsiensibus'' . (= haines . ); birley, ''marcus aurelius'', pp. – . going so far as to write up a fable about the gods' division of the day between morning and evening – marcus had apparently been spending most of his evenings on judicial matters instead of at leisure.''de feriis alsiensibus'' . – (= haines . – ); birley, ''marcus aurelius'', pp. – . marcus could not take fronto's advice. 'i have duties hanging over me that can hardly be begged off', he wrote back.''de feriis alsiensibus'' , tr. haines . ; birley, ''marcus aurelius'', p. . marcus aurelius put on fronto's voice to chastise himself: 'leaves, the wind scatters some on the face of the ground; like unto them are the children of men. – ''iliad'' vi.
[marcus] did not meet with the good fortune that he deserved, for he was not strong in body and was involved in a multitude of troubles throughout practically his entire reign. but for my part, i admire him all the more for this very reason, that amid unusual and extraordinary difficulties he both survived himself and preserved the empire. just one thing prevented him from being completely happy, namely, that after rearing and educating his son in the best possible way he was vastly disappointed in him. this matter must be our next topic; for our history now descends from a kingdom of gold to one of iron and rust, as affairs did for the romans of that day. :–dio lxxi. . –dio adds that from marcus's first days as counsellor to antoninus to his final days as emperor of rome, "he remained the same [person] and did not change in the least."dio lxxii. , . [[michael grant (classicist)|michael grant]], in ''the climax of rome'', writes of commodus:
the youth turned out to be very erratic, or at least so anti-traditional that disaster was inevitable. but whether or not marcus ought to have known this to be so, the rejections of his son's claims in favour of someone else would almost certainly have involved one of the civil wars which were to proliferate so disastrously around future successions.grant, ''the climax of rome'', p. .==legacy and reputation== marcus acquired the reputation of a [[philosopher king]] within his lifetime, and the title would remain after his death; both dio and the biographer call him 'the philosopher'.''ha marcus'' i. , xxvii. ; dio lxxi. . ; james francis, ''subversive virtue: asceticism and authority in the second-century pagan world'' (university park: pennsylvania state university press, ), n. .mark, joshua. [https://www.worldhistory.org/article/ /marcus-aurelius-platos-philosopher-king/ 'marcus aurelius: plato's philosopher king']. ''world history encyclopedia''. may . christians such as [[justin martyr]], athenagoras, and eusebius also gave him the title.francis, p. n. , citing justin, '' apologia'' ; athenagoras, ''leg''. ; eusebius, ''historia ecclesiastica'' . . – . the last-named went so far as to call him "more philanthropic and philosophic" than antoninus and hadrian, and set him against the persecuting emperors domitian and nero to make the contrast bolder.eusebius, ''historia ecclesiastica'' . . – , qtd. and tr. francis, n. . the historian herodian wrote:
"alone of the emperors, he gave proof of his learning not by mere words or knowledge of philosophical doctrines but by his blameless character and temperate way of life."herodian, ''ab excessu divi marci'' i. . , tr. echols.[[iain king]] explains that marcus's legacy was tragic:
"[the emperor's] stoic philosophy – which is about self-restraint, duty, and respect for others – was so abjectly abandoned by the imperial line he anointed on his death."thinkers at war.==attitude towards christians== in the first two centuries of the christian era, it was local roman officials who were largely responsible for the [[persecution of christians in the roman empire|persecution]] of [[christians]]. in the second century, the emperors treated christianity as a local problem to be dealt with by their subordinates.barnes, 'legislation against the christians'. the number and severity of persecutions of christians in various locations of the empire seemingly increased during the reign of marcus. the extent to which marcus himself directed, encouraged, or was aware of these persecutions is unclear and much debated by historians.mclynn, ''marcus aurelius: a life'', p. . the early christian apologist, justin martyr, includes within his first apology (written between and a.d.) a letter from marcus aurelius to the roman senate (prior to his reign) describing a battlefield incident in which marcus believed christian prayer had saved his army from thirst when "water poured from heaven," after which, "immediately we recognized the presence of god." marcus goes on to request the senate desist from earlier courses of christian persecution by rome.the first apology of justin martyr, chapter lxviii =={{anchor|marriage and issue}}marriage and children== {{multiple image |image =commodus-anniusverus tarsos - ae cng.jpg |caption =coin of [[commodus]] and [[marcus annius verus caesar|annius]], – . inscription: [ΝΕΩ]ΚΟΡΟΙ cΕΒΑcΤΟΥ i.e. the city (of tarsus in cilicia) had a temple of augustus. |alt =coin of marcus's sons commodus and annius facing each other |image =busto de vibia sabina (m. prado) .jpg |caption =bust of [[vibia aurelia sabina]], [[museo del prado|prado museum]] |alt =bust of vibia aurelia sabina, marcus's daughter |total_width= }} marcus and his [[cousin marriage|cousin-wife]] [[faustina the younger|faustina]] had at least children during their -year marriage,stephens, p. . including two sets of twins. one son and four daughters outlived their father.ackermann, schroeder, terry, lo upshur and whitters, p. . their children included: * domitia faustina ( – )mclynn, ''marcus aurelius: a life'', p. . * titus aelius antoninus ( )lendering, jona. [https://www.livius.org/articles/person/antoninus-and-aelius/ 'antoninus and aelius']. livius.org.levick, p. . * titus aelius aurelius ( ) * [[lucilla|annia aurelia galeria lucilla]] ( – lendering, jona. [https://www.livius.org/articles/person/lucilla/ 'lucilla']. livius.org.), married her father's co-ruler [[lucius verus]], then [[tiberius claudius pompeianus]], had issue from both marriages * [[annia galeria aurelia faustina]] (born ), married [[gnaeus claudius severus (consul )|gnaeus claudius severus]], had a son * tiberius aelius antoninus (born , died before ) * unknown child (died before ) * [[fadilla|annia aurelia fadilla]] (born ), married [[marcus peducaeus plautius quintillus]], had issue * [[annia cornificia faustina minor]] (born ), married [[marcus petronius sura mamertinus]], had a son * titus aurelius fulvus antoninus ( – ), elder twin brother of commodus * [[lucius aurelius commodus antoninus]] (commodus) ( – ),gagarin, p. . twin brother of titus aurelius fulvus antoninus, later emperor,benario, herbert w. [http://www.roman-emperors.org/marcaur.htm 'marcus aurelius (a.d. – )']. roman emperors. married [[bruttia crispina]], no issue * [[marcus annius verus caesar]] ( – adams, p. .) * hadrianus * [[vibia aurelia sabina]] ( – died before levick, p. .), married [[lucius antistius burrus]], no issue {{nerva-antonine family tree}} ==writings== {{main|meditations}} while on campaign between and , marcus wrote his ''[[meditations]]'' in greek as a source for his own guidance and self-improvement. the original title of this work, if it had one, is unknown. 'meditations' – as well as other titles including 'to himself' – were adopted later. he had a logical mind and his notes were representative of stoic philosophy and spirituality. ''meditations'' is still revered as a literary monument to a government of service and duty. according to hays, the book was a favourite of [[christina of sweden]], [[frederick the great]], [[john stuart mill]], [[matthew arnold]], and [[goethe]], and is admired by modern figures such as [[wen jiabao]] and [[bill clinton]].hays, p. xlix. it has been considered by many commentators to be one of the greatest works of philosophy.collins, p. . it is not known how widely marcus's writings were circulated after his death. there are stray references in the ancient literature to the popularity of his precepts, and [[julian the apostate]] was well aware of his reputation as a philosopher, though he does not specifically mention ''meditations''.stertz, p. , citing themistius, ''oratio'' . ; ''ha cassius'' . ; victor, ''de caesaribus'' . . it survived in the scholarly traditions of the eastern church and the first surviving quotes of the book, as well as the first known reference of it by name ('marcus's writings to himself') are from [[arethas of caesarea]] in the th century and in the byzantine [[suda]] (perhaps inserted by arethas himself). it was first published in in zurich by [[wilhelm xylander|wilhelm xylander (ne holzmann)]], from a manuscript reportedly lost shortly afterwards.hays, pp. xlviii–xlix. the oldest surviving complete manuscript copy is in the [[vatican library]] and dates to the th century.hadot, p. . ==equestrian statue of marcus aurelius== {{main|equestrian statue of marcus aurelius}} [[file:marcus aurelius, aureus, ad , ric iii .jpg|thumb| px|[[aureus]] of marcus aurelius (ad december – june ), with his equestrian statue on the reverse. inscription: m. antoninvs avg. tr. p. xxviii / imp. vi, co[n]s iii.mattingly & sydenham, ''roman imperial coinage'', vol. iii, p. .|alt=aureus of marcus aurelius]] [[file:marc aurel column detailed view .jpg|thumb|detailed view of the [[column of marcus aurelius]]|alt=column of marcus aurelius]] the [[equestrian statue of marcus aurelius]] in rome is the only roman equestrian statue which has survived into the modern period.equestrian statue of marcus aurelius. this may be due to it being wrongly identified during the [[middle ages]] as a depiction of the [[christianity in the th century|christian emperor]] [[constantine the great]], and spared the destruction which statues of [[pagan]] figures suffered. crafted of bronze in circa , it stands {{cvt| . |ft|m}} and is now located in the [[capitoline museums]] of rome. the emperor's hand is outstretched in an act of clemency offered to a bested enemy, while his weary facial expression due to the stress of leading rome into nearly constant battles perhaps represents a break with the [[ancient greek art|classical tradition]] of [[ancient greek sculpture|sculpture]].kleiner, p. .
another daughter was born on march , [[lucilla|annia aurelia galeria lucilla]]. at some time between and , probably soon after , marcus's mother domitia lucilla died.birley, ''marcus aurelius'', p. . faustina probably had another daughter in , but the child, [[annia galeria aurelia faustina]], might not have been born until .birley, ''marcus aurelius'', pp. – . another son, tiberius aelius antoninus, was born in . a coin issue celebrates ''fecunditati augustae'', 'to augusta's fertility', depicting two girls and an infant. the boy did not survive long, as evidenced by coins from , only depicting the two girls. he might have died in , the same year as marcus's sister cornificia.birley, ''marcus aurelius'', p. . by march , when marcus replied, another of his children was dead. marcus thanked the temple synod, 'even though this turned out otherwise'. the child's name is unknown.''inscriptiones graecae ad res romanas pertinentes'' . , qtd. and tr. birley, ''marcus aurelius'', p. . in and , faustina gave birth to daughters: fadilla and cornificia, named respectively after faustina's and marcus's dead sisters.birley, ''marcus aurelius'', p. . return to marcus aurelius. retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/marcus_aurelius" navigation menu personal tools not logged in talk contributions create account log in namespaces article talk variants views read edit view history more search navigation main page contents current events random article about wikipedia contact us donate contribute help learn to edit community portal recent changes upload file tools what links here related changes upload file special pages page information wikidata item languages privacy policy about wikipedia disclaimers contact wikipedia mobile view developers statistics cookie statement view source for marcus aurelius - wikipedia view source for marcus aurelius ← marcus aurelius jump to navigation jump to search you do not have permission to edit this page, for the following reasons: your ip address is in a range that has been blocked on all wikimedia foundation wikis. the block was made by jon kolbert (meta.wikimedia.org). the reason given is open proxy: webhost: contact stewards if you are affected . start of block: : , july expiry of block: : , january your current ip address is . . . and the blocked range is . . . / . please include all above details in any queries you make. if you believe you were blocked by mistake, you can find additional information and instructions in the no open proxies global policy. otherwise, to discuss the block please post a request for review on meta-wiki or send an email to the stewards otrs queue at stewards@wikimedia.org including all above details. you are currently unable to edit wikipedia due to a block affecting this ip address. this does not affect your ability to read wikipedia pages. most people who see this message have done nothing wrong. some kinds of blocks restrict editing from specific service providers or telecom companies in response to recent abuse or vandalism, and affect other users who are unrelated to that abuse. see below if you do not believe you have done anything wrong. editing from . . . / has been blocked (disabled) by sql for the following reason(s): the ip address that you are currently using has been blocked because it is believed to be a web host provider or colocation provider. to prevent abuse, web hosts and colocation providers may be blocked from editing wikipedia. you will not be able to edit wikipedia using a web host or colocation provider because it hides your ip address, much like a proxy or vpn. we recommend that you attempt to use another connection to edit. for example, if you use a proxy or vpn to connect to the internet, turn it off when editing wikipedia. if you edit using a mobile connection, try using a wi-fi connection, and vice versa. if you have a wikipedia account, please log in. if you do not have any other way to edit wikipedia, you will need to request an ip block exemption. if you are confident that you are not using a web host, you may appeal this block by adding the following text on your talk page: {{unblock|reason=caught by a colocation web host block but this host or ip is not a web host. my ip address is _______. place any further information here. ~~~~}}. you must fill in the blank with your ip address for this block to be investigated. your ip address can be determined here. alternatively, if you wish to keep your ip address private you can use the unblock ticket request system. there are several reasons you might be editing using the ip address of a web host or colocation provider (such as if you are using vpn software or a business network); please use this method of appeal only if you think your ip address is in fact not a web host or colocation provider. administrators: the ip block exemption user right should only be applied to allow users to edit using web host in exceptional circumstances, and requests should usually be directed to the functionaries team via email. if you intend to give the ipbe user right, a checkuser needs to take a look at the account. this can be requested most easily at spi quick checkuser requests. unblocking an ip or ip range with this template is highly discouraged without at least contacting the blocking administrator. this block has been set to expire: : , june . even when blocked, you will usually still be able to edit your user talk page and email other editors and administrators. for information on how to proceed, first see the faq for blocked users and the guideline on block appeals. the guide to appealing blocks may also be helpful. other useful links: blocking policy · help:i have been blocked you can view and copy the source of this page: ==equestrian statue of marcus aurelius== {{main|equestrian statue of marcus aurelius}} [[file:marcus aurelius, aureus, ad , ric iii .jpg|thumb| px|[[aureus]] of marcus aurelius (ad december – june ), with his equestrian statue on the reverse. inscription: m. antoninvs avg. tr. p. xxviii / imp. vi, co[n]s iii.mattingly & sydenham, ''roman imperial coinage'', vol. iii, p. .|alt=aureus of marcus aurelius]] [[file:marc aurel column detailed view .jpg|thumb|detailed view of the [[column of marcus aurelius]]|alt=column of marcus aurelius]] the [[equestrian statue of marcus aurelius]] in rome is the only roman equestrian statue which has survived into the modern period.equestrian statue of marcus aurelius. this may be due to it being wrongly identified during the [[middle ages]] as a depiction of the [[christianity in the th century|christian emperor]] [[constantine the great]], and spared the destruction which statues of [[pagan]] figures suffered. crafted of bronze in circa , it stands {{cvt| . |ft|m}} and is now located in the [[capitoline museums]] of rome. the emperor's hand is outstretched in an act of clemency offered to a bested enemy, while his weary facial expression due to the stress of leading rome into nearly constant battles perhaps represents a break with the [[ancient greek art|classical tradition]] of [[ancient greek sculpture|sculpture]].kleiner, p. .leaves, the wind scatters some on the face of the ground; like unto them are the children of men. – ''iliad'' vi.