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		This article is about Mother Teresa of Calcutta, Catholic nun and saint. For other uses, see Mother Teresa (disambiguation).




Albanian-Indian Roman Catholic nun and missionary (1910–1997)





	Saint

Teresa of Calcutta

MC

	Mother Teresa in June 1995

	Consecrated religious, nun
	Born	Anjezë Gonxhe Bojaxhiu
(1910-08-26)26 August 1910
Skopje, Kosovo Vilayet, Ottoman Empire
(present-day Skopje, North Macedonia)
	Died	5 September 1997(1997-09-05) (aged 87)
Calcutta, West Bengal, India (present-day Kolkata)
	Venerated in	Roman Catholic Church
	Beatified	19 October 2003, Saint Peter's Square, Vatican City by Pope John Paul II
	Canonized	4 September 2016, Saint Peter's Square, Vatican City by Pope Francis
	Major shrine	Mother House of the Missionaries of Charity, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
	Feast	5 September[1]
	Attributes		Nun's habit
	Rosary



	Patronage		World Youth Day
	Missionaries of Charity
	Archdiocese of Calcutta (co-patron) [2][3]



	
	Title	Superior general
	Personal
	Religion	Christianity
	Nationality	Ottoman subject (1910–1912)
Serbian subject (1912–1915)
Bulgarian subject (1915–1918)
Yugoslavian subject (1918–1943)
Yugoslavian citizen (1943–1948)
Indian subject (1948–1950)
Indian citizen[4] (1950–1997)
Albanian citizen[5] (1991–1997)
honorary American citizenship (awarded 1996)

	Denomination	Roman Catholicism
	Signature	
	Institute	Sisters of Loreto
(1928–1948)
Missionaries of Charity
(1950–1997)
	Senior posting
	Period in office	1950–1997
	Successor	Sr. Nirmala Joshi, MC
	


Mother Mary Teresa Bojaxhiu[6] (born Anjezë Gonxhe Bojaxhiu, Albanian: [aˈɲɛzə ˈɡɔndʒɛ bɔjaˈdʒiu]; 26 August 1910 – 5 September 1997), honoured in the Catholic Church as Saint Teresa of Calcutta,[7] was an Albanian-Indian[4] Roman Catholic nun and missionary.[8] She was born in Skopje (now the capital of North Macedonia), then part of the Kosovo Vilayet of the Ottoman Empire. After living in Skopje for eighteen years, she moved to Ireland and then to India, where she lived for most of her life.

In 1950, Teresa founded the Missionaries of Charity, a Roman Catholic religious congregation that had over 4,500 nuns and was active in 133 countries in 2012. The congregation manages homes for people who are dying of HIV/AIDS, leprosy and tuberculosis. It also runs soup kitchens, dispensaries, mobile clinics, children's and family counselling programmes, as well as orphanages and schools. Members take vows of chastity, poverty, and obedience, and also profess a fourth vow – to give "wholehearted free service to the poorest of the poor."[9]

Teresa received a number of honors, including the 1962 Ramon Magsaysay Peace Prize and 1979 Nobel Peace Prize. She was canonised on 4 September 2016, and the anniversary of her death (5 September) is her feast day. A controversial figure during her life and after her death, Teresa was admired by many for her charitable work. She was praised and criticized on various counts, such as for her views on abortion and contraception, and was criticized for poor conditions in her houses for the dying. Her authorized biography was written by Navin Chawla and published in 1992, and she has been the subject of films and other books. On 6 September 2017, Teresa and St. Francis Xavier were named co-patrons of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Calcutta.


Contents


	1 Biography
	1.1 Early life
	1.2 Missionaries of Charity
	1.3 International charity
	1.4 Declining health and death



	2 Recognition and reception
	2.1 India
	2.2 Elsewhere



	3 Criticism
	4 Spiritual life
	5 Canonisation
	5.1 Miracle and beatification
	5.2 Canonisation



	6 Co-Patron of Calcutta Archdiocese
	7 Legacy and depictions in popular culture
	7.1 Commemorations
	7.2 Film and literature
	7.2.1 Documentaries and books
	7.2.2 Dramatic films and television






	8 See also
	9 References
	10 Sources
	11 External links





Biography

Early life

	Part of a series on
	Christianity in India
	
	
Communities

	Bengali Christians
	Bettiah Christians
	Marathi Christians
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People

	Saint Thomas the Apostle
	Saint Alphonsa
	Saint Francis Xavier
	Saint Gonsalo Garcia
	Saint Euphrasia Eluvathingal
	Saint Kuriakose Elias Chavara
	Saint Mother Teresa
	Bl.Devasahayam Pillai
	Mar Sabor and Mar Proth
	Mar Baselios Eldho
	Paremmakkal Thoma Kathanar
	Thomas of Cana
	Ignatius Elias III
	Mar Gregorios of Parumala
	Mar Varghese Payyappilly Palakkappilly
	Mar Joseph C. Panjikaran
	Mathews Mar Athanasius Metropolitan
	Mar Geevarghese Dionysius
	Abraham Malpan
	Giuseppe Maria Bernini
	Sadhu Sundar Singh
	Palackal Thoma Malpan
	Mar Augustine Kandathil
	William Carey
	K. C. John




	
Denominations

Saint Thomas Christian denominations



	Catholic



Syro-Malabar Catholic, Syro-Malankara Catholic, Latin Catholic


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Mar Thoma Syrian, St. Thomas Evangelical

Protestant denominations

Andhra Evangelical Lutheran, Assemblies Jehovah Shammah, Christian Revival Church, Church of North India, Church of South India, Garo Baptist, Indian Brethren, Indian Pentecostal Church of God, Church of God (Full Gospel), North Bank Baptist Christian, Northern Evangelical Lutheran, Methodist Church, Presbyterian, The Pentecostal Mission, Seventh-day Adventist, United Evangelical Lutheran






	
Organisations

	National Council of Churches in India
	All India Conference of Indian Christians
	All India Catholic Union




		v
	t
	e





  
Memorial House of Mother Teresa in her native Skopje



Teresa was born Anjezë Gonxhe (or Gonxha)[10][page needed] Bojaxhiu (Albanian: [aˈɲɛzə ˈɡɔndʒɛ bɔjaˈdʒiu]; Anjezë is a cognate of "Agnes"; Gonxhe means "rosebud" or "little flower" in Albanian) on 26 August 1910 into a Kosovar Albanian family[11][12][13] in Skopje, Ottoman Empire (now the capital of North Macedonia).[14][15] She was baptised in Skopje, the day after her birth.[10][page needed] She later considered 27 August, the day she was baptised, her "true birthday".[14]

She was the youngest child of Nikollë and Dranafile Bojaxhiu (Bernai).[16] Her father, who was involved in Albanian-community politics in Ottoman Macedonia, died in 1919 when she was eight years old.[14][17] He was born in Prizren (today in Kosovo), however, his family was from Mirdita (present-day Albania).[18][19] Her mother may have been from a village near Gjakova.[20]

According to a biography by Joan Graff Clucas, Teresa was in her early years when she was fascinated by stories of the lives of missionaries and their service in Bengal; by age 12, she was convinced that she should commit herself to religious life.[21] Her resolve strengthened on 15 August 1928 as she prayed at the shrine of the Black Madonna of Vitina-Letnice, where she often went on pilgrimages.[22]

Teresa left home in 1928 at age 18 to join the Sisters of Loreto at Loreto Abbey in Rathfarnham, Ireland, to learn English with the intent of becoming a missionary; English was the language of instruction of the Sisters of Loreto in India.[23] She neither saw her mother, nor her sister again.[24] Her family lived in Skopje until 1934, when they moved to Tirana.[25]

She arrived in India in 1929[26] and began her novitiate in Darjeeling, in the lower Himalayas,[27] where she learned Bengali and taught at St. Teresa's School near her convent.[28] Teresa took her first religious vows on 24 May 1931. She chose to be named after Thérèse de Lisieux, the patron saint of missionaries;[29][30] because a nun in the convent had already chosen that name, she opted for its Spanish spelling (Teresa).[31]

Teresa took her solemn vows on 14 May 1937 while she was a teacher at the Loreto convent school in Entally, eastern Calcutta.[14][32][33] She served there for nearly twenty years and was appointed its headmistress in 1944.[34] Although Teresa enjoyed teaching at the school, she was increasingly disturbed by the poverty surrounding her in Calcutta.[35] The Bengal famine of 1943 brought misery and death to the city, and the August 1946 Direct Action Day began a period of Muslim-Hindu violence.[36]

During this visit to Darjeeling by train, she heard the call of her inner conscious. She felt that she should serve the poor by staying with them. She left the school. In 1950 she founded ‘Missionaries of Charity'. She went out to serve humanity with two saris with a blue border.[37]


Missionaries of Charity

Main article: Missionaries of Charity

  
Missionaries of Charity motherhouse in Kolkata



On 10 September 1946, Teresa experienced what she later described as "the call within the call" when she traveled by train to the Loreto convent in Darjeeling from Calcutta for her annual retreat. "I was to leave the convent and help the poor while living among them. It was an order. To fail would have been to break the faith."[38] Joseph Langford later wrote, "Though no one knew it at the time, Sister Teresa had just become Mother Teresa".[39]

She began missionary work with the poor in 1948,[26] replacing her traditional Loreto habit with a simple, white cotton sari with a blue border. Teresa adopted Indian citizenship, spent several months in Patna to receive basic medical training at Holy Family Hospital and ventured into the slums.[40][41] She founded a school in Motijhil, Kolkata, before she began tending to the poor and hungry.[42] At the beginning of 1949 Teresa was joined in her effort by a group of young women, and she laid the foundation for a new religious community helping the "poorest among the poor".[43]

Her efforts quickly caught the attention of Indian officials, including the prime minister.[44] Teresa wrote in her diary that her first year was fraught with difficulty. With no income, she begged for food and supplies and experienced doubt, loneliness and the temptation to return to the comfort of convent life during these early months:


Our Lord wants me to be a free nun covered with the poverty of the cross. Today, I learned a good lesson. The poverty of the poor must be so hard for them. While looking for a home I walked and walked till my arms and legs ached. I thought how much they must ache in body and soul, looking for a home, food and health. Then, the comfort of Loreto [her former congregation] came to tempt me. "You have only to say the word and all that will be yours again", the Tempter kept on saying. ... Of free choice, my God, and out of love for you, I desire to remain and do whatever be your Holy will in my regard. I did not let a single tear come.[45]


  
Missionaries of Charity in traditional saris



On 7 October 1950, Teresa received Vatican permission for the diocesan congregation, which would become the Missionaries of Charity.[46] In her words, it would care for "the hungry, the naked, the homeless, the crippled, the blind, the lepers, all those people who feel unwanted, unloved, uncared for throughout society, people that have become a burden to the society and are shunned by everyone".[47]

In 1952, Teresa opened her first hospice with help from Calcutta officials. She converted an abandoned Hindu temple into the Kalighat Home for the Dying, free for the poor, and renamed it Kalighat, the Home of the Pure Heart (Nirmal Hriday).[48] Those brought to the home received medical attention and the opportunity to die with dignity in accordance with their faith: Muslims were read the Quran, Hindus received water from the Ganges, and Catholics received extreme unction.[49] "A beautiful death", Teresa said, "is for people who lived like animals to die like angels—loved and wanted."[49]


  
Nirmal Hriday, Mother Teresa's Calcutta hospice, in 2007



She opened a hospice for those with leprosy, calling it Shanti Nagar (City of Peace).[50] The Missionaries of Charity established leprosy-outreach clinics throughout Calcutta, providing medication, dressings and food.[51] The Missionaries of Charity took in an increasing number of homeless children; in 1955 Teresa opened Nirmala Shishu Bhavan, the Children's Home of the Immaculate Heart, as a haven for orphans and homeless youth.[52]

The congregation began to attract recruits and donations, and by the 1960s it had opened hospices, orphanages and leper houses throughout India. Teresa then expanded the congregation abroad, opening a house in Venezuela in 1965 with five sisters.[53] Houses followed in Italy (Rome), Tanzania and Austria in 1968, and during the 1970s the congregation opened houses and foundations in the United States and dozens of countries in Asia, Africa and Europe.[54]

The Missionaries of Charity Brothers was founded in 1963, and a contemplative branch of the Sisters followed in 1976. Lay Catholics and non-Catholics were enrolled in the Co-Workers of Mother Teresa, the Sick and Suffering Co-Workers, and the Lay Missionaries of Charity. Responding to requests by many priests, in 1981 Mother Teresa founded the Corpus Christi Movement for Priests[55] and with Joseph Langford the Missionaries of Charity Fathers in 1984, to combine the vocational aims of the Missionaries of Charity with the resources of the priesthood.[56]

By 1997, the 13-member Calcutta congregation had grown to more than 4,000 sisters who managed orphanages, AIDS hospices and charity centers worldwide, caring for refugees, the blind, disabled, aged, alcoholics, the poor and homeless and victims of floods, epidemics and famine.[57] By 2007, the Missionaries of Charity numbered about 450 brothers and 5,000 sisters worldwide, operating 600 missions, schools and shelters in 120 countries.[58]


International charity

Teresa said, "By blood, I am Albanian. By citizenship, an Indian. By faith, I am a Catholic nun. As to my calling, I belong to the world. As to my heart, I belong entirely to the Heart of Jesus."[4] Fluent in five languages – Bengali,[59] Albanian, Serbian, English and Hindi – she made occasional trips outside India for humanitarian reasons.[60]

At the height of the Siege of Beirut in 1982, Teresa rescued 37 children trapped in a front-line hospital by brokering a temporary cease-fire between the Israeli army and Palestinian guerrillas.[61] Accompanied by Red Cross workers, she travelled through the war zone to the hospital to evacuate the young patients.[62]

When Eastern Europe experienced increased openness in the late 1980s, Teresa expanded her efforts to Communist countries which had rejected the Missionaries of Charity. She began dozens of projects, undeterred by criticism of her stands against abortion and divorce: "No matter who says what, you should accept it with a smile and do your own work." She visited Armenia after the 1988 earthquake[63] and met with Nikolai Ryzhkov, Chairman of the Council of Ministers.[64]

Teresa travelled to assist the hungry in Ethiopia, radiation victims at Chernobyl and earthquake victims in Armenia.[65][66][67] In 1991 she returned to Albania for the first time, opening a Missionaries of Charity Brothers home in Tirana.[68]

By 1996, Teresa operated 517 missions in over 100 countries.[69] Her Missionaries of Charity grew from twelve to thousands, serving the "poorest of the poor" in 450 centres worldwide. The first Missionaries of Charity home in the United States was established in the South Bronx area of New York City, and by 1984 the congregation operated 19 establishments throughout the country.[70]


Declining health and death

Teresa had a heart attack in Rome in 1983 while she was visiting Pope John Paul II. Following a second attack in 1989, she received an artificial pacemaker. In 1991, after a bout of pneumonia in Mexico, she had additional heart problems. Although Teresa offered to resign as head of the Missionaries of Charity, in a secret ballot the sisters of the congregation voted for her to stay and she agreed to continue.[71]

In April 1996 she fell, breaking her collarbone, and four months later she had malaria and heart failure. Although Teresa had heart surgery, her health was clearly declining. According to Archbishop of Calcutta Henry Sebastian D'Souza, he ordered a priest to perform an exorcism (with her permission) when she was first hospitalized with cardiac problems because he thought she might be under attack by the devil.[72]

On 13 March 1997 Teresa resigned as head of the Missionaries of Charity, and she died on 5 September.[73] At the time of her death, the Missionaries of Charity had over 4,000 sisters and an associated brotherhood of 300 members operating 610 missions in 123 countries.[74] These included hospices and homes for people with HIV/AIDS, leprosy and tuberculosis, soup kitchens, children's-and family-counselling programmes, orphanages and schools. The Missionaries of Charity were aided by co-workers numbering over one million by the 1990s.[75]

Teresa lay in repose in an open casket in St Thomas, Calcutta, for a week before her funeral. She received a state funeral from the Indian government in gratitude for her service to the poor of all religions in the country.[76] Assisted by five priests, Cardinal Secretary of State Angelo Sodano, the Pope's representative, performed the last rites.[77] Teresa's death was mourned in the secular and religious communities. Prime Minister of Pakistan Nawaz Sharif called her "a rare and unique individual who lived long for higher purposes. Her life-long devotion to the care of the poor, the sick, and the disadvantaged was one of the highest examples of service to our humanity."[78] According to former U.N. Secretary-General Javier Pérez de Cuéllar, "She is the United Nations. She is peace in the world."[78]


Recognition and reception

India

Teresa was first recognised by the Indian government more than a third of a century earlier, receiving the Padma Shri in 1962 and the Jawaharlal Nehru Award for International Understanding in 1969.[79] She later received other Indian awards, including the Bharat Ratna (India's highest civilian award) in 1980.[80] Teresa's official biography, by Navin Chawla, was published in 1992.[81] In Kolkata, she is worshipped as a deity by some Hindus.[82]

To commemorate the 100th anniversary of her birth, the government of India issued a special ₹5 coin (the amount of money Teresa had when she arrived in India) on 28 August 2010. President Pratibha Patil said, "Clad in a white sari with a blue border, she and the sisters of Missionaries of Charity became a symbol of hope to many – the aged, the destitute, the unemployed, the diseased, the terminally ill, and those abandoned by their families."[83]

Indian views of Teresa are not uniformly favorable. Aroup Chatterjee, a physician born and raised in Calcutta who was an activist in the city's slums for years around 1980 before moving to the UK, said that he "never even saw any nuns in those slums".[84] His research, involving more than 100 interviews with volunteers, nuns and others familiar with the Missionaries of Charity, was described in a 2003 book critical of Teresa.[84] Chatterjee criticized her for promoting a "cult of suffering" and a distorted, negative image of Calcutta, exaggerating work done by her mission and misusing funds and privileges at her disposal.[84][85] According to him, some of the hygiene problems he had criticized (needle reuse, for example) improved after Teresa's death in 1997.[84]

Bikash Ranjan Bhattacharya, mayor of Kolkata from 2005 to 2010, said that "she had no significant impact on the poor of this city", glorified illness instead of treating it and misrepresented the city: "No doubt there was poverty in Calcutta, but it was never a city of lepers and beggars, as Mother Teresa presented it."[86] On the Hindu right, the Bharatiya Janata Party clashed with Teresa over the Christian Dalits but praised her in death and sent a representative to her funeral.[87] Vishwa Hindu Parishad, however, opposed the government decision to grant her a state funeral. Secretary Giriraj Kishore said that "her first duty was to the Church and social service was incidental", accusing her of favoring Christians and conducting "secret baptisms" of the dying.[88][89] In a front-page tribute, the Indian fortnightly Frontline dismissed the charges as "patently false" and said that they had "made no impact on the public perception of her work, especially in Calcutta". Praising her "selfless caring", energy and bravery, the author of the tribute criticized Teresa's public campaign against abortion and her claim to be non-political.[90]

In February 2015 Mohan Bhagwat, leader of the Hindu right-wing organization Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh, said that Teresa's objective was "to convert the person, who was being served, into a Christian".[91] Former RSS spokesperson M. G. Vaidhya supported Bhagwat's assessment, and the organization accused the media of "distorting facts about Bhagwat's remarks". Trinamool Congress MP Derek O'Brien, CPI leader Atul Anjan and Delhi chief minister Arvind Kejriwal protested Bhagwat's statement.[92]


Elsewhere

  
President Ronald Reagan presents Mother Teresa with the Presidential Medal of Freedom at a White House ceremony as First Lady Nancy Reagan looks on, 20 June 1985.



Teresa received the Ramon Magsaysay Award for Peace and International Understanding, given for work in South or East Asia, in 1962. According to its citation, "The Board of Trustees recognises her merciful cognisance of the abject poor of a foreign land, in whose service she has led a new congregation".[93] By the early 1970s, she was an international celebrity. Teresa's fame may be partially attributed to Malcolm Muggeridge's 1969 documentary, Something Beautiful for God, and his 1971 book of the same name. Muggeridge was undergoing a spiritual journey of his own at the time.[94] During filming, footage shot in poor lighting (particularly at the Home for the Dying) was thought unlikely to be usable by the crew. In England, the footage was found to be extremely well-lit and Muggeridge called it a miracle of "divine light" from Teresa.[95] Other crew members said that it was due to a new type of ultra-sensitive Kodak film.[96] Muggeridge later converted to Catholicism.[97]

Around this time, the Catholic world began to honour Teresa publicly. Pope Paul VI gave her the inaugural Pope John XXIII Peace Prize in 1971, commending her work with the poor, display of Christian charity and efforts for peace,[98] and she received the Pacem in Terris Award in 1976.[99] After her death, Teresa progressed rapidly on the road to sainthood.

She was honoured by governments and civilian organisations, and appointed an honorary Companion of the Order of Australia in 1982 "for service to the community of Australia and humanity at large".[100] The United Kingdom and the United States bestowed a number of awards, culminating in the Order of Merit in 1983 and honorary citizenship of the United States on 16 November 1996.[101] Teresa's Albanian homeland gave her the Golden Honour of the Nation in 1994,[90] but her acceptance of this and the Haitian Legion of Honour was controversial. Teresa was criticised for implicitly supporting the Duvaliers and corrupt businessmen such as Charles Keating and Robert Maxwell; she wrote to the judge of Keating's trial, requesting clemency.[90][102]

Universities in India and the West granted her honorary degrees.[90] Other civilian awards included the Balzan Prize for promoting humanity, peace and brotherhood among peoples (1978)[103] and the Albert Schweitzer International Prize (1975).[104] In April 1976 Teresa visited the University of Scranton in northeastern Pennsylvania, where she received the La Storta Medal for Human Service from university president William J. Byron.[105] She challenged an audience of 4,500 to "know poor people in your own home and local neighbourhood", feeding others or simply spreading joy and love,[106] and continued: "The poor will help us grow in sanctity, for they are Christ in the guise of distress".[105] In August 1987 Teresa received an honorary doctor of social science degree, in recognition of her service and her ministry to help the destitute and sick, from the university.[107] She spoke to over 4,000 students and members of the Diocese of Scranton[108] about her service to the "poorest of the poor", telling them to "do small things with great love".[109]


	External video
	
	 Mother Teresa's 1979 Nobel Peace Prize acceptance speech


In 1979, Teresa received the Nobel Peace Prize "for work undertaken in the struggle to overcome poverty and distress, which also constitutes a threat to peace".[110] She refused the conventional ceremonial banquet for laureates, asking that its $192,000 cost be given to the poor in India[111] and saying that earthly rewards were important only if they helped her to help the world's needy. When Teresa received the prize she was asked, "What can we do to promote world peace?" She answered, "Go home and love your family." Building on this theme in her Nobel lecture, she said: "Around the world, not only in the poor countries, but I found the poverty of the West so much more difficult to remove. When I pick up a person from the street, hungry, I give him a plate of rice, a piece of bread, I have satisfied. I have removed that hunger. But a person that is shut out, that feels unwanted, unloved, terrified, the person that has been thrown out from society – that poverty is so hurtable  [sic] and so much, and I find that very difficult." Teresa singled out abortion as "the greatest destroyer of peace today. Because if a mother can kill her own child – what is left for me to kill you and you kill me – there is nothing between."[112]

Barbara Smoker of the secular humanist magazine The Freethinker criticised Teresa after the Peace Prize award, saying that her promotion of Catholic moral teachings on abortion and contraception diverted funds from effective methods to solve India's problems.[113] At the Fourth World Conference on Women in Beijing, Teresa said: "Yet we can destroy this gift of motherhood, especially by the evil of abortion, but also by thinking that other things like jobs or positions are more important than loving."[114]

During her lifetime, Teresa was among the top 10 women in the annual Gallup's most admired man and woman poll 18 times, finishing first several times in the 1980s and 1990s.[115] In 1999 she headed Gallup's List of Most Widely Admired People of the 20th Century,[116] out-polling all other volunteered answers by a wide margin, and was first in all major demographic categories except the very young.[116][117]


Criticism

Main article: Criticism of Mother Teresa

According to a paper by Canadian academics Serge Larivée, Geneviève Chénard and Carole Sénéchal, Teresa's clinics received millions of dollars in donations but lacked medical care, systematic diagnosis, necessary nutrition and sufficient analgesics for those in pain;[118] in the opinion of the three academics, "Mother Teresa believed the sick must suffer like Christ on the cross".[119] It was said that the additional money might have transformed the health of the city's poor by creating advanced palliative care facilities.[120][121]

One of Teresa's most outspoken critics was English journalist, literary critic and antitheist Christopher Hitchens, host of the documentary Hell's Angel (1994) and author of the essay The Missionary Position: Mother Teresa in Theory and Practice (1995) who wrote in a 2003 article: "This returns us to the medieval corruption of the church, which sold indulgences to the rich while preaching hellfire and continence to the poor. [Mother Teresa] was not a friend of the poor. She was a friend of poverty. She said that suffering was a gift from God. She spent her life opposing the only known cure for poverty, which is the empowerment of women and the emancipation of them from a livestock version of compulsory reproduction."[122] He accused her of hypocrisy for choosing advanced treatment for her heart condition.[123][124] Hitchens said that "her intention was not to help people", and that she lied to donors about how their contributions were used. "It was by talking to her that I discovered, and she assured me, that she wasn't working to alleviate poverty", he said, "She was working to expand the number of Catholics. She said, 'I'm not a social worker. I don't do it for this reason. I do it for Christ. I do it for the church.'"[125] Although Hitchens thought he was the only witness called by the Vatican, Aroup Chatterjee (author of Mother Teresa: The Untold Story) was also called to present evidence opposing Teresa's beatification and canonisation;[126] the Vatican had abolished the traditional "devil's advocate", which served a similar purpose.[126]

Abortion-rights groups have also criticised Teresa's stance against abortion and contraception.[127][128][129]


Spiritual life

Analysing her deeds and achievements, Pope John Paul II said: "Where did Mother Teresa find the strength and perseverance to place herself completely at the service of others? She found it in prayer and in the silent contemplation of Jesus Christ, his Holy Face, his Sacred Heart."[130] Privately, Teresa experienced doubts and struggle in her religious beliefs which lasted nearly 50 years until the end of her life.[131] Teresa expressed grave doubts about God's existence and pain over her lack of faith: 

Where is my faith? Even deep down ... there is nothing but emptiness and darkness. ... If there be God – please forgive me. When I try to raise my thoughts to Heaven, there is such convicting emptiness that those very thoughts return like sharp knives and hurt my very soul.[132]


  
Plaque dedicated to Mother Teresa in Wenceslas Square, Olomouc, Czech Republic



Teresa may have experienced something similar to Jesus, who said when he was crucified: "Eli Eli lama sabachthani?" ("My God, my God, why have you forsaken me?").[133] Other saints (including Teresa's namesake Thérèse of Lisieux, who called it a "night of nothingness") had similar experiences of spiritual dryness.[134] According to James Langford, these doubts were typical and would not be an impediment to canonisation.[134]

After ten years of doubt, Teresa described a brief period of renewed faith. After Pope Pius XII's death in 1958, she was praying  for him at a requiem mass when she was relieved of "the long darkness: that strange suffering." However, five weeks later her spiritual dryness returned.[135]

Teresa wrote many letters to her confessors and superiors over a 66-year period, most notably to Calcutta Archbishop Ferdinand Perier and Jesuit priest Celeste van Exem (her spiritual advisor since the formation of the Missionaries of Charity).[136] She requested that her letters be destroyed, concerned that "people will think more of me – less of Jesus."[94][137]


  
Semi-abstract painting honoring Mother Teresa



However, the correspondence has been compiled in Mother Teresa: Come Be My Light.[94][138] Teresa wrote to spiritual confidant Michael van der Peet, "Jesus has a very special love for you. [But] as for me, the silence and the emptiness is so great, that I look and do not see – listen and do not hear – the tongue moves [in prayer] but does not speak. ... I want you to pray for me – that I let Him have [a] free hand."

In Deus caritas est (his first encyclical), Pope Benedict XVI mentioned Teresa three times and used her life to clarify one of the encyclical's main points: "In the example of Blessed Teresa of Calcutta we have a clear illustration of the fact that time devoted to God in prayer not only does not detract from effective and loving service to our neighbour but is in fact the inexhaustible source of that service."[139] She wrote, "It is only by mental prayer and spiritual reading that we can cultivate the gift of prayer."[140]

Although her order was not connected with the Franciscan orders, Teresa admired Francis of Assisi[141] and was influenced by Franciscan spirituality. The Sisters of Charity recite the prayer of Saint Francis every morning at Mass during the thanksgiving after Communion, and their emphasis on ministry and many of their vows are similar.[141] Francis emphasised poverty, chastity, obedience and submission to Christ. He devoted much of his life to serving the poor, particularly lepers.[142]


Canonisation

Miracle and beatification

After Teresa's death in 1997, the Holy See began the process of beatification (the second of three steps towards canonisation) and Kolodiejchuk was appointed postulator by the Diocese of Calcutta. Although he said, "We didn't have to prove that she was perfect or never made a mistake ...", he had to prove that Teresa's virtue was heroic. Kolodiejchuk submitted 76 documents, totalling 35,000 pages, which were based on interviews with 113 witnesses who were asked to answer 263 questions.[143]


  
Stained glass depiction of key moments in the lifetime of Mother Teresa at the Cathedral of Saint Mother Teresa in Prishtinë, Kosovo



The process of canonisation requires the documentation of a miracle resulting from the intercession of the prospective saint.[144] In 2002 the Vatican recognised as a miracle the healing of a tumour in the abdomen of Monica Besra, an Indian woman, after the application of a locket containing Teresa's picture. According to Besra, a beam of light emanated from the picture and her cancerous tumour was cured; however, her husband and some of her medical staff said that conventional medical treatment eradicated the tumour.[145] Dr. Ranjan Mustafi, who told The New York Times he had treated Besra, said that the cyst was caused by tuberculosis: "It was not a miracle ... She took medicines for nine months to one year."[146] According to Besra's husband, "My wife was cured by the doctors and not by any miracle ... This miracle is a hoax."[147] Besra said that her medical records, including sonograms, prescriptions and physicians' notes, were confiscated by Sister Betta of the Missionaries of Charity. According to Time, calls to Sister Betta and the office of Sister Nirmala (Teresa's successor as head of the order) elicited no comment. Officials at Balurghat Hospital, where Besra sought medical treatment, said that they were pressured by the order to call her cure miraculous.[147] In February 2000, former West Bengal health minister Partho De ordered a review of Besra's medical records at the Department of Health in Kolkata. According to De, there was nothing unusual about her illness and cure based on her lengthy treatment. He said that he had refused to give the Vatican the name of a doctor who would certify that Monica Besra's healing was a miracle.[148]

During Teresa's beatification and canonisation, the Roman Curia (the Vatican) studied published and unpublished criticism of her life and work. Hitchens and Chatterjee (author of The Final Verdict, a book critical of Teresa) spoke to the tribunal; according to Vatican officials, the allegations raised were investigated by the Congregation for the Causes of Saints.[143] The group found no obstacle to Teresa's canonisation, and issued its nihil obstat on 21 April 1999.[149][150] Because of the attacks on her, some Catholic writers called her a sign of contradiction.[151] Teresa was beatified on 19 October 2003, and was known by Catholics as "Blessed".[152]


Canonisation

On 17 December 2015, the Vatican Press Office confirmed that Pope Francis recognised a second miracle attributed to Teresa: the healing of a Brazilian man with multiple brain tumours back in 2008.[153] The miracle first came to the attention of the postulation (officials managing the cause) during the events of World Youth Day 2013 when the pope was in Brazil that July. A subsequent investigation took place in Brazil from 19–26 June 2015 which was later transferred to the Congregation for the Causes of Saints who issued a decree recognizing the investigation to be completed.[153]

Francis canonised her at a ceremony on 4 September 2016 in St. Peter's Square in Vatican City. Tens of thousands of people witnessed the ceremony, including 15 government delegations and 1,500 homeless people from across Italy.[154][155] It was televised live on the Vatican channel and streamed online; Skopje, Teresa's hometown, announced a week-long celebration of her canonisation.[154] In India, a special Mass was celebrated by the Missionaries of Charity in Kolkata.[155]


Co-Patron of Calcutta Archdiocese

On 4 September 2017, during a celebration honoring the 1st anniversary of her canonization, Sister Mary Prema Pierick, Superior-General of the Missionaries of Charity, announced that Teresa would be made the co-patron of the Calcutta Archdiocese during a Mass in the Cathedral of the Most Holy Rosary at 5.30 pm on 6 September 2017.[156]  On 5 September 2017, Archbishop Thomas D'Souza, who serves as head of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Calcutta, confirmed that Teresa will be named co-patron of the Calcutta Diocese, alongside Francis Xavier.[157][158]  On 6 September 2017, about 500 people attended the Mass at a cathedral where Dominique Gomes, the local Vicar General,[159] read the decree instituting her as the second patron saint of the archdiocese.[160]  The ceremony was also presided over by D'Souza and the Vatican's ambassador to India, Giambattista Diquattro, who lead the Mass and inaugurated a bronze statue in the church of Mother Teresa carrying a child.[160]

The Roman Catholic Church declared St. Francis Xavier the first patron saint of Calcutta in 1986.[160]


Legacy and depictions in popular culture

Commemorations

Main article: Commemorations of Mother Teresa

  
Tirana International Airport Nënë Tereza



Teresa has been commemorated by museums and named the patroness of a number of churches. She has had buildings, roads and complexes named after her, including Albania's international airport. Mother Teresa Day (Dita e Nënë Terezës), 19 October, is a public holiday in Albania. In 2009 the Memorial House of Mother Teresa was opened in her hometown of Skopje, North Macedonia. The Roman Catholic cathedral in Pristina, Kosovo, is named in her honour.[161] Its construction, begun in 2011, sparked controversy in Muslim circles who saw it as oversized relative to the number of Catholics in the area. An initiative to erect a monument to Teresa in the town of Peć (according to activists, 98 percent Muslim) was opposed by Kosovo Muslims.[161]


  
Cathedral of Saint Mother Teresa, Prishtinë



Mother Teresa Women's University,[162] in Kodaikanal, was established in 1984 as a public university by the government of Tamil Nadu. The Mother Theresa Postgraduate and Research Institute of Health Sciences,[163] in Pondicherry, was established in 1999 by the government of Puducherry. The charitable organisation Sevalaya runs the Mother Teresa Girls Home, providing poor and orphaned girls near the underserved village of Kasuva in Tamil Nadu with free food, clothing, shelter and education.[164] A number of tributes by Teresa's biographer, Navin Chawla, have appeared in Indian newspapers and magazines.[165][166][167] Indian Railways introduced the "Mother Express", a new train named after Mother Teresa, on 26 August 2010 to commemorate the centenary of her birth.[168] The Tamil Nadu government organised centenary celebrations honouring Teresa on 4 December 2010 in Chennai, headed by chief minister M Karunanidhi.[169][170] Beginning on 5 September 2013, the anniversary of her death has been designated the International Day of Charity by the United Nations General Assembly.[171]

In 2012, Teresa was ranked number 5 in Outlook India's poll of the Greatest Indian.[172]

On 5 September 2017, St. Teresa Cathedral, the first Roman Catholic cathedral named in Teresa's honor, was consecrated in Kosovo.[173] The Cathedral is also Kosovo's first Roman Catholic cathedral as well.[173]


Film and literature

Documentaries and books

	Teresa is the subject of the 1969 documentary film and 1972 book, Something Beautiful for God, by Malcolm Muggeridge.[174] The film has been credited with drawing the Western world's attention to Mother Teresa.
	Christopher Hitchens' 1994 documentary, Hell's Angel, argues that Teresa urged the poor to accept their fate; the rich are portrayed as favoured by God.[175][176] It was the precursor of Hitchens' essay, The Missionary Position: Mother Teresa in Theory and Practice.


Dramatic films and television

	Geraldine Chaplin played Teresa in Mother Teresa: In the Name of God's Poor, which received a 1997 Art Film Festival award.[177]
	She was played by Olivia Hussey in a 2003 Italian television miniseries, Mother Teresa of Calcutta.[178] Re-released in 2007, it received a CAMIE award.[179]
	Teresa was played by Juliet Stevenson in the 2014 film The Letters, which was based on her letters to Vatican priest Celeste van Exem.[180]
	Mother Teresa, played by Cara Francis the FantasyGrandma, rap battled Sigmund Freud in Epic Rap Battles of History, a comedy rap YouTube series created by Nice Peter and Epic Lloyd. The Rap was released on YouTube September 22, 2019.[181]


See also


	Christianity portal
	Religion portal



	Abdul Sattar Edhi
	Albanians
	List of Albanians
	List of female Nobel laureates
	The Greatest Indian
	Roman Catholicism in Albania
	Roman Catholicism in Kosovo
	Roman Catholicism in North Macedonia


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	^ a b c "Vatican declares Mother Teresa a patron saint of Calcutta".


	^ a b Petrit Collaku (26 May 2011). "Kosovo Muslims Resent New Mother Teresa Statue". Balkan Insight. Retrieved 16 December 2014.


	^ ":: Welcome To Mother Teresa Women's University ::".


	^ "Mother Theresa Post Graduate And Research Institute of Health Sciences, Pondicherry". Mtihs.Pondicherry.gov.in. Archived from the original on 24 March 2019. Retrieved 28 August 2011.


	^ "Activities: Children home". Sevalaya. Archived from the original on 1 November 2014.


	^ "Memories of Mother Teresa". Hinduonnet.com. 26 August 2006. Archived from the original on 23 May 2011. Retrieved 22 October 2011.


	^ "Touch the Poor ..." India-today.com. 15 September 1997. Archived from the original on 3 September 2010. Retrieved 24 August 2010.


	^ Navin Chawla (11 April 2008). "Mission Possible". Indiatoday.digitaltoday.in. Retrieved 24 August 2010.


	^ ""Mother Express" to be launched on Aug 26". IBN Live. 2 August 2010. Archived from the original on 12 August 2011. Retrieved 5 August 2010.


	^ "Centre could have done more for Mother Teresa: Karunanidhi". The Times of India. 4 December 2010.


	^ "Centenary Celebrations of Mother Teresa". The New Indian Express. 5 December 2010. Archived from the original on 23 February 2015. Retrieved 28 August 2011.


	^ "Charity contributes to the promotion of dialogue, solidarity and mutual understanding among people". International Day of Charity: 5 September. United Nations.


	^ "A Measure Of The Man | Outlook India Magazine". OutlookIndia. Retrieved 11 March 2020.


	^ a b "First cathedral for Mother Teresa is consecrated in Kosovo".


	^ Muggeridge, Malcolm (1986). Something beautiful for God : Mother Teresa of Calcutta (1st Harper & Row pbk. ed.). New York: Harper & Row. ISBN 0-06-066043-0.


	^ "Mother Teresa Dies". BBC.


	^ "Seeker of Souls". Time. 24 June 2001. Retrieved 4 May 2010.


	^ "Actress draws on convent experience for 'Teresa' role". Chicago Tribune.


	^ Greydanus, Steven D. "Mother Teresa (2003) | Decent Films – SDG Reviews". Decent Films.


	^ "CAMIE awards". 6 July 2007. Archived from the original on 6 July 2007. Retrieved 31 December 2016.


	^ Schager, Nick (4 December 2015). "Film Review: 'The Letters'". Variety. Retrieved 21 December 2016.


	^ Battles of History, Epic Rap (22 September 2019). "Mother Teresa vs Sigmund Freud. Epic Rap Battles of History". Retrieved 5 November 2019.





Sources


	Alpion, Gezim. Mother Teresa: Saint or Celebrity?. London: Routledge Press, 2007. 
ISBN 0-415-39247-0
	Banerjee, Sumanta (2004), "Revisiting Kolkata as an 'NRB' [non-resident Bengali]", Economic and Political Weekly, Vol. 39, No. 49 ( 4–10 Dec 2004), pp. 5203–5205
	Benenate, Becky and Joseph Durepos (eds). Mother Teresa: No Greater Love (Fine Communications, 2000) 
ISBN 1-56731-401-5
	Bindra, Satinder (7 September 2001). "Archbishop: Mother Teresa underwent exorcism". CNN.com World. Archived from the original on 17 December 2006. Retrieved 23 October 2006.

	Chatterjee, Aroup. Mother Teresa: The Final Verdict (Meteor Books, 2003). 
ISBN 81-88248-00-2, introduction and first three chapters of fourteen (without pictures). Critical examination of Agnes Bojaxhiu's life and work.
	Chawla, Navin. Mother Teresa. Rockport, Mass: Element Books, 1996. 
ISBN 1-85230-911-3
	Chawla, Navin. Mother Teresa: The Authorized Biography. Diane Pub Co. (March 1992). 
ISBN 978-0-7567-5548-5. First published by Sinclair-Stevenson, UK (1992), since translated into 14 languages in India and abroad. Indian language editions include Hindi, Bengali, Gujarati, Malayalam, Tamil, Telugu, and Kannada. The foreign language editions include French, German, Dutch, Spanish, Italian, Polish, Japanese, and Thai. In both Indian and foreign languages, there have been multiple editions. The bulk of royalty income goes to charity.
	Chawla, Navin. The miracle of faith, article in the Hindu dated 25 August 2007 "The miracle of faith"
	Chawla, Navin. Touch the Poor ... – article in India Today dated 15 September 1997 " Touch the Poor ..."
	Chawla, Navin. The path to Sainthood, article in The Hindu dated Saturday, 4 October 2003 " The path to Sainthood "
	Chawla, Navin. In the shadow of a saint, article in The Indian Express dated 5 September 2007 " In the shadow of a saint "
	Chawla, Navin. Mother Teresa and the joy of giving, article in The Hindu dated 26 August 2008 " Mother Teresa and the joy of giving"
	Clark, David, (2002), "Between Hope And Acceptance: The Medicalisation Of Dying", British Medical Journal, Vol. 324, No. 7342 (13 April 2002), pp. 905–907
	Clucas, Joan. Mother Teresa. New York: Chelsea House, 1988. 
ISBN 1-55546-855-1
	Dwivedi, Brijal. Mother Teresa: Woman of the Century
	Egan, Eileen and Kathleen Egan, OSB. Prayertimes with Mother Teresa: A New Adventure in Prayer, Doubleday, 1989. 
ISBN 978-0-385-26231-6.
	Greene, Meg. Mother Teresa: A Biography, Greenwood Press, 2004. 
ISBN 0-313-32771-8
	Hitchens, Christopher (1995). The Missionary Position: Mother Teresa in Theory and Practice. London: Verso. ISBN 978-1-85984-054-2. Retrieved 22 August 2014.

	Hitchens, Christopher (20 October 2003). "Mommie Dearest". Slate. Archived from the original on 13 August 2014. Retrieved 5 September 2014.

	Kwilecki, Susan and Loretta S. Wilson, "Was Mother Teresa Maximizing Her Utility? An Idiographic Application of Rational Choice Theory", Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, Vol. 37, No. 2 (Jun. 1998), pp. 205–221
	(in French) Larivée, Serge (Université de Montréal), Carole Sénéchal (University of Ottawa), and Geneviève Chénard (Université de Montréal). "Les côtés ténébreux de Mère Teresa." Studies in Religion/Sciences Religieuses. September 2013 vol. 42 no. 3, p. 319–345. Published online before print 15 January 2013, doi:10.1177/0008429812469894. Available at SAGE Journals.
	Le Joly, Edward. Mother Teresa of Calcutta. San Francisco: Harper & Row, 1983. 
ISBN 0-06-065217-9.
	Livermore, Colette, Hope Endures: Leaving Mother Teresa, Losing Faith, and Searching for Meaning. Free Press (2008) 
ISBN 1-4165-9361-6.
	Macpherson, C. (2009) "Undertreating pain violates ethical principles", Journal of Medical Ethics, Vol. 35, No. 10 (October 2009), pp. 603–606
	McCarthy, Colman, The Washington Post, 6 September 1997 Nobel Winner Aided the Poorest, accessed 2 February 2014
	Mehta & Veerendra Raj & Vimla, Mother Teresa Inspiring Incidents, Publications division, Ministry of I&B, Govt. of India, 2004, 
ISBN 81-230-1167-9.
	Muggeridge, Malcolm. Something Beautiful for God. London: Collins, 1971. 
ISBN 0-06-066043-0.
	Muntaykkal, T.T. Blessed Mother Teresa: Her Journey to Your Heart. 
ISBN 1-903650-61-5. 
ISBN 0-7648-1110-X. "Book Review". Archived from the original on 9 February 2006.
.
	Panke, Joan T. (2002), "Not a Sad Place", The American Journal of Nursing, Vol. 102, No. 9 (Sep. 2002), p. 13
	Raghu Rai and Navin Chawla. Faith and Compassion: The Life and Work of Mother Teresa. Element Books Ltd. (December 1996). 
ISBN 978-1-85230-912-1. Translated also into Dutch and Spanish.
	Rajagopal MR, Joranson DE, and Gilson AM (2001), "Medical use, misuse and diversion of opioids in India", The Lancet, Vol. 358, 14 July 2001, pp. 139–143
	Rajagopal MR, and Joranson DE (2007), "India: Opioid availability – An update", The Journal of Pain Symptom Management, Vol. 33:615–622.
	Rajagopal MR (2011), interview with the UN Office on Drugs and Crime, April 2011 India: The principle of balance to make opioids accessible for palliative care
	Scott, David. A Revolution of Love: The Meaning of Mother Teresa. Chicago: Loyola Press, 2005. 
ISBN 0-8294-2031-2.
	Sebba, Anne. Mother Teresa: Beyond the Image. New York: Doubleday, 1997. 
ISBN 0-385-48952-8.
	Slavicek, Louise. Mother Teresa. New York: Infobase Publishing, 2007. 
ISBN 0-7910-9433-2.
	Smoker, Barbara (1 February 1980). "Mother Teresa – Sacred Cow?". The Freethinker. Archived from the original on 5 September 2014. Retrieved 5 September 2014.

	Spink, Kathryn. Mother Teresa: A Complete Authorized Biography. New York: HarperCollins, 1997. 
ISBN 0-06-250825-3
	Teresa, Mother et al., Mother Teresa: In My Own Words. Gramercy Books, 1997. 
ISBN 0-517-20169-0.
	Teresa, Mother, Mother Teresa: Come Be My Light: The Private Writings of the "Saint of Calcutta", edited with commentary by Brian Kolodiejchuk, New York: Doubleday, 2007. 
ISBN 0-385-52037-9.
	Williams, Paul.  Mother Teresa. Indianapolis: Alpha Books, 2002. 
ISBN 0-02-864278-3.
	Wüllenweber, Walter. "Nehmen ist seliger denn geben. Mutter Teresa—wo sind ihre Millionen?" Stern (illustrated German weekly), 10 September 1998. English translation.




External links

		Wikimedia Commons has media related to Mother Teresa.


		Wikiquote has quotations related to: Mother Teresa


	Official website
	Mother Teresa memorial at Eternal Word Television Network (EWTN)
	Mother Teresa memorial with gallery (in Russian)
	Mother Teresa on Nobelprize.org 
	"Mother Teresa collected news and commentary". The New York Times.

	Appearances on C-SPAN
	Mother Teresa at Missionaries of Charity Fathers
	"Whatsoever You Do ..." Speech at National Prayer Breakfast. Washington, D.C.: Priests for Life. 3 February 1994.

	Noonan, Peggy (February 1998). "Still, Small Voice". Crisis. 16 (2): 12–17. Mother Teresa broke almost all the rules of good speech writing during her National Prayer Breakfast address in 1994, but delivered an enormously powerful and deeply memorable speech.

	Parenti, Michael (22 October 2007). "Mother Teresa, John Paul II, and the Fast-Track Saints". Common Dreams.

	Mother Teresa contrasts:
	Van Biema, David (23 August 2007). "Mother Teresa's Crisis of Faith". Time. Jesus has a very special love for you. [But] as for me —The silence and the emptiness is so great —that I look and do not see, —Listen and do not hear.

	"From Sister to Mother to Saint: The journey of Mother Teresa". News Karnataka. 31 August 2016. By blood, I am Albanian. By citizenship, an Indian. By faith, I am a Catholic nun. As to my calling, I belong to the world. As to my heart, I belong entirely to the Heart of Jesus.





	Catholic Church titles

	New creation
	 Superior General of the Missionaries of Charity
1950–1997
	Succeeded by
Sister Nirmala Joshi, M.C.

	Awards

	Preceded by
Genevieve Caulfield
	 Ramon Magsaysay Award
1962
	Succeeded by
Peace Corps

	New award
	 Templeton Prize
1973
	Succeeded by
Frère Roger

	Preceded by
Anwar El Sadat, Menachem Begin
	 Nobel Peace Prize
1979
	Succeeded by
Adolfo Pérez Esquivel

	Preceded by
K. Kamaraj
	 Bharat Ratna
1980
	Succeeded by
Vinoba Bhave



	
	v
	t
	e


Saints of the Catholic Church

	Stages of canonization: Servant of God   →   Venerable   →   Blessed   →   Saint

	Virgin Mary	
	Mother of God (Theotokos)
	Immaculate Conception
	Perpetual virginity
	Assumption
	Marian apparition
	Titles of Mary
	Joseph (husband)




	Apostles	
	Andrew
	Barnabas
	Bartholomew
	James of Alphaeus
	James the Great
	John
	Jude
	Matthew
	Matthias
	Paul
	Peter
	Philip
	Simon
	Thomas




	Archangels	
	Gabriel
	Michael
	Raphael




	Confessors	
	Anatolius
	Anthony of Kiev
	Athanasius the Confessor
	Chariton the Confessor
	Dominic
	Edward the Confessor
	Francis of Assisi
	Francis Borgia
	Louis Bertrand
	Maximus the Confessor
	Michael of Synnada
	Paphnutius the Confessor
	Paul I of Constantinople
	Peter Claver
	Salonius
	Seraphim of Sarov
	Theophanes the Confessor




	Disciples	
	Apollos
	Mary Magdalene
	Priscilla and Aquila
	Silvanus
	Stephen
	Timothy
	Titus
	Seventy disciples




	Doctors	
	Gregory the Great
	Ambrose
	Augustine of Hippo
	Jerome
	John Chrysostom
	Basil of Caesarea
	Gregory of Nazianzus
	Athanasius of Alexandria
	Cyril of Alexandria
	Cyril of Jerusalem
	John of Damascus
	Bede the Venerable
	Ephrem the Syrian
	Thomas Aquinas
	Bonaventure
	Anselm of Canterbury
	Isidore of Seville
	Peter Chrysologus
	Leo the Great
	Peter Damian
	Bernard of Clairvaux
	Hilary of Poitiers
	Alphonsus Liguori
	Francis de Sales
	Peter Canisius
	John of the Cross
	Robert Bellarmine
	Albertus Magnus
	Anthony of Padua
	Lawrence of Brindisi
	Teresa of Ávila
	Catherine of Siena
	Thérèse of Lisieux
	John of Ávila
	Hildegard of Bingen
	Gregory of Narek




	Evangelists	
	Matthew
	Mark
	Luke
	John




	Church
Fathers	
	Alexander of Alexandria
	Alexander of Jerusalem
	Ambrose of Milan
	Anatolius
	Athanasius of Alexandria
	Augustine of Hippo
	Caesarius of Arles
	Caius
	Cappadocian Fathers
	Clement of Alexandria
	Clement of Rome
	Cyprian of Carthage
	Cyril of Alexandria
	Cyril of Jerusalem
	Damasus I
	Desert Fathers
	Desert Mothers
	Dionysius of Alexandria
	Dionysius of Corinth
	Dionysius
	Ephrem the Syrian
	Epiphanius of Salamis
	Fulgentius of Ruspe
	Gregory the Great
	Gregory of Nazianzus
	Gregory of Nyssa
	Hilary of Poitiers
	Hippolytus of Rome
	Ignatius of Antioch
	Irenaeus of Lyons
	Isidore of Seville
	Jerome of Stridonium
	John Chrysostom
	John of Damascus
	Maximus the Confessor
	Melito of Sardis
	Quadratus of Athens
	Papias of Hierapolis
	Peter Chrysologus
	Polycarp of Smyrna
	Theophilus of Antioch
	Victorinus of Pettau
	Vincent of Lérins
	Zephyrinus




	Martyrs	
	Canadian Martyrs
	Carthusian Martyrs
	Child Martyrs of Tlaxcala
	Christina of Persia
	Dismas the Good Thief
	Forty Martyrs of England and Wales
	Four Crowned Martyrs
	Gerard of Csanád
	Great Martyr
	The Holy Innocents
	Irish Martyrs
	Joan of Arc
	John Fisher
	Korean Martyrs
	Lorenzo Ruiz
	Lübeck martyrs
	Luigi Versiglia
	Martyrology
	Martyrs of Albania
	Martyrs of China
	Martyrs of Japan
	Martyrs of Laos
	Martyrs of Natal
	Martyrs of Otranto
	Martyrs of the Spanish Civil War
	Maximilian Kolbe
	Óscar Romero
	Pedro Calungsod
	Perpetua and Felicity
	Peter Chanel
	Pietro Parenzo
	Philomena
	Saints of the Cristero War
	Stephen
	Teresa Benedicta of the Cross
	Thomas Becket
	Thomas More
	Three Martyrs of Chimbote
	Uganda Martyrs
	Vietnamese Martyrs
	Valentine of Rome
	Victor and Corona




	Missionaries	
	Augustine of Canterbury
	Boniface
	Damien of Molokai
	Francis Xavier
	François de Laval
	Gregory the Illuminator
	Junípero Serra
	Nico of Georgia
	Patrick of Ireland
	Remigius




	Patriarchs	
	Adam
	Abel
	Abraham
	Isaac
	Jacob
	Joseph
	Joseph (father of Jesus)
	David
	Noah
	Solomon
	Matriarchs




	Popes	
	Adeodatus I
	Adeodatus II
	Adrian III
	Agapetus I
	Agatho
	Alexander I
	Anacletus
	Anastasius I
	Anicetus
	Anterus
	Benedict II
	Boniface I
	Boniface IV
	Caius
	Callixtus I
	Celestine I
	Celestine V
	Clement I
	Cornelius
	Damasus I
	Dionysius
	Eleuterus
	Eugene I
	Eusebius
	Eutychian
	Evaristus
	Fabian
	Felix I
	Felix III
	Felix IV
	Gelasius I
	Gregory I
	Gregory II
	Gregory III
	Gregory VII
	Hilarius
	Hormisdas
	Hyginus
	Innocent I
	John I
	John XXIII
	John Paul II
	Julius I
	Leo I
	Leo II
	Leo III
	Leo IV
	Leo IX
	Linus
	Lucius I
	Marcellinus
	Marcellus I
	Mark
	Martin I
	Miltiades
	Nicholas I
	Paschal I
	Paul I
	Paul VI
	Peter
	Pius I
	Pius V
	Pius X
	Pontian
	Sergius I
	Silverius
	Simplicius
	Siricius
	Sixtus I
	Sixtus II
	Sixtus III
	Soter
	Stephen I
	Stephen IV
	Sylvester I
	Symmachus
	Telesphorus
	Urban I
	Victor I
	Vitalian
	Zachary
	Zephyrinus
	Zosimus




	Prophets	
	Agabus
	Amos
	Anna
	Baruch ben Neriah
	David
	Dalua
	Elijah
	Ezekiel
	Habakkuk
	Haggai
	Hosea
	Isaiah
	Jeremiah
	Job
	Joel
	John the Baptist
	Jonah
	Judas Barsabbas
	Malachi
	Melchizedek
	Micah
	Moses
	Nahum
	Obadiah
	Samuel
	Seven Maccabees and their mother
	Simeon
	Zechariah (prophet)
	Zechariah (NT)
	Zephaniah




	Virgins	
	Agatha of Sicily
	Agnes of Rome
	Angela of the Cross
	Æthelthryth
	Bernadette Soubirous
	Brigid of Kildare
	Catherine Labouré
	Catherine of Siena
	Cecilia
	Clare of Assisi
	Eulalia of Mérida
	Euphemia
	Faustina Kowalska
	Genevieve
	Kateri Tekakwitha
	Lucy of Syracuse
	Maria Goretti
	Teresa of Calcutta
	Narcisa de Jesús
	Rose of Lima




	See also	
	Calendar of saints
	Fourteen Holy Helpers
	Military saints
	Athleta Christi
	Miles Christianus
	Church Militant


	Virtuous pagan




	
	 Catholic Church portal
	 Saints portal







	Awards for Mother Teresa

	
	
	v
	t
	e


Recipients of Padma Shri in Social Work

	1950s	
	Mary Clubwala Jadhav (1955)
	R. S. Subbalakshmi (1958)
	Sailabala Das (1959)
	Lakshman Singh Jangpangi (1959)




	1960s	
	Nanabhai Bhatt (1960)
	Bina Das (1960)
	Sophia Wadia (1960)
	Kamalabai Hospet (1961)
	Mithuben Petit (1961)
	N. Ramaswami Ayyar (1962)
	Mother Teresa (1962)
	Brij Krishna Chandiwala (1963)
	Leela Sumant Moolgaokar (1963)
	Brij Krishna Chandiwala (1963)
	Leela Sumant Moolgaokar (1963)
	Ambujammal (1964)
	Mona Chandravati Gupta (1965)
	Lakshmi Mazumdar (1965)
	Gordhandas Bhagwandas Narottamdas (1965)
	John Richardson (1965)
	Manibhai Desai (1968)
	Bhaurao Gaikwad (1968)
	Shalini Moghe (1968)
	Sis Ram Ola (1968)
	Kalyan Singh Gupta (1969)
	Mangru Ganu Uikey (1969)




	1970s	
	Indumati Chimanlal Sheth (1970)
	Maniben Kara (1970)
	Baba Amte (1971)
	Robin Banerjee (1971)
	Lila Ramkumar Bhargava (1971)
	Savita Behen (1971)
	Pandurang Dharmaji Jadhav (1971)
	Yudhvir Singh (1971)
	Avabai Bomanji Wadia (1971)
	Badri Prasad Bajoria (1972)
	Kanta Saroop Krishen (1972)
	Iyyanki Venkata Ramanayya (1972)
	Chandraprabha Saikiani (1972)
	Sarojini Varadappan (1973)
	Queenie H. C. Captain (1974)
	L. Kijungluba Ao (1976)
	Bishambhar Nath Pande (1976)
	Ismail Ahmed Cachalia (1977)
	Dhani Prem (1977)




	1980s	
	Kunwar Singh Negi (1981)
	Bhagat Puran Singh (1981)
	Claire Vellut (1981)
	Swami Kalyandev (1982)
	Shiv Dutt Upadhyaya (1982)
	M. P. Nachimuthu (1983)
	Omem Moyong Deori (1984)
	Zainulabedin Gulamhusain Rangoonwala (1984)
	Ela Bhatt (1985)
	Ratnappa Kumbhar (1985)
	Anutai Wagh (1985)
	Chandi Prasad Bhatt (1986)
	Mahasweta Devi (1986)
	Krishan Dev Dewan (1986)
	Tushar Kanjilal (1986)
	Avdhash Kaushal (1986)
	Narayan Singh Manaklao (1986)
	Bunker Roy (1986)
	Begum Zaffar Ali (1987)
	Jaya Arunachalam (1987)
	Darshan Singh Vohra (1988)
	Mithu Alur (1989)
	Vedaratnam Appakutti (1989)
	Rajmohini Devi (1989)
	Krishnammal Jagannathan (1989)
	Mag Raj Jain (1989)
	Edward Kutchat (1989)




	1990s	
	Anna Hazare (1990)
	Renana Jhabvala (1990)
	Silverine Swer (1990)
	Silverine Swer (1991)
	Vimla Dang (1991)
	T. G. K. Menon (1991)
	Jagdish Kashibhai Patel (1991)
	D. Y. Patil (1991)
	Sundaram Ramakrishnan (1991)
	Kantilal Hastimal Sancheti (1991)
	Shanthi Ranganathan (1992)
	Vidyaben Shah (1992)
	Leonarda Angela Casiraghi (1998)
	Antony Padiyara (1998)
	Shantha Sinha (1998)
	Kanta Tyagi (1998)
	Acharya Ramamurti (1999)
	T. Sailo (1999)
	Natwar Thakkar (1999)




	2000s	
	Neidonuo Angami (2000)
	Jagan Nath Kaul (2000)
	Patricia Mukhim (2000)
	Janaky Athi Nahappan (2000)
	Hanumappa Sudarshan (2000)
	Rabindra Nath Upadhyay (2000)
	Tulasi Munda (2001)
	Norma Alvares (2002)
	Prakash Amte (2002)
	Kiran Martin (2002)
	Prema Narendra Purao (2002)
	Sivananda Rajaram (2002)
	Verna Elizabeth Watre Ingty (2003)
	Queenie Rynjah (2004)
	Hema Bharali (2005)
	Nana Chudasama (2005)
	Lalsawma (2005)
	Theilin Phanbuh (2005)
	Gladys Staines (2005)
	Suwalal Bafna (2006)
	Anil Prakash Joshi (2006)
	Sudha Murty (2006)
	Sudha Varghese (2006)
	Melhupra Vero (2006)
	Runa Banerjee (2007)
	S. M. Cyril (2007)
	M. A. Yusuff Ali (2008)
	Sheela Borthakur (2008)
	Karuna Mary Braganza (2008)
	V. R. Gowrishankar (2008)
	Kshama Metre (2008)
	Kutikuppala Surya Rao (2008)
	Madan Mohan Sabharwal (2008)
	Vikramjit Singh Sahney (2008)
	Bilkees Latif (2009)
	Keepu Tsering Lepcha (2009)
	C. K. Menon (2009)
	Joseph H. Pereira (2009)
	Sunil Kanti Roy (2009)
	Mitraniketan Viswanathan (2009)




	2010s	
	Anu Aga (2010)
	J. R. Gangaramani (2010)
	Deep Joshi (2010)
	Sudha Kaul (2010)
	Ayekpam Tomba Meetei (2010)
	Kurian John Melamparambil (2010)
	Sudhir M. Parikh (2010)
	Kranti Shah (2010)
	Baba Sewa Singh (2010)
	Mamraj Agrawal (2011)
	Jockin Arputham (2011)
	Nomita Chandy (2011)
	Martha Chen (2011)
	Azad Moopen (2011)
	Sheela Patel (2011)
	Anita Reddy (2011)
	Kanubhai Hasmukhbhai Tailor (2011)
	Shamshad Begum (2012)
	Reeta Devi (2012)
	P. K. Gopal (2012)
	G. Muniratnam (2012)
	Niranjan Pranshankar Pandya (2012)
	Uma Tuli (2012)
	S. P. Varma (2012)
	Phoolbasan Bai Yadav (2012)
	Binny Yanga (2012)
	Jharna Dhara Chowdhury (2013)
	S. K. M. Maeilanandhan (2013)
	Nileema Mishra (2013)
	Reema Nanavati (2013)
	Manju Bharat Ram (2013)
	Narendra Dabholkar (2014)
	Mukul Chandra Goswami (2014)
	Durga Jain (2014)
	J. L. Kaul (2014)
	Mathur Savani (2014)
	Ashok Bhagat (2015)
	Janak Palta McGilligan (2015)
	Meetha Lal Mehta (2015)
	Veerendra Raj Mehta (2015)
	Bimla Poddar (2015)
	Madeleine Herman de Blic (2016)
	Madhu Pandit Dasa (2016)
	Ajoy Kumar Dutta (2016)
	Damal Kandalai Srinivasan (2016)
	Sunitha Krishnan (2016)
	Sundar Menon (2016)
	Arunachalam Muruganantham (2016)
	P. Gopinathan Nair (2016)
	Sudharak Olwe (2016)
	Girish Bharadwaj (2017)
	Appasaheb Dharmadhikari (2017)
	Bipin Ganatra (2017)
	Karimul Haque (2017)
	Anuradha Koirala (2017)
	Suhas Vitthal Mapuskar (2017)
	Daripalli Ramaiah (2017)
	Balbir Singh Seechewal (2017)
	Damodar Ganesh Bapat (2018)
	Sitavva Joddati (2018)
	Subhasini Mistry (2018)
	Sulagitti Narasamma (2018)
	Abdullah Bin Othman (2018)
	Sampat Ramteke (2018)
	Draupadi Ghimiray (2019)
	Bulu Imam (2019)
	Friederike Irina Bruning (2019)
	Chinna Pillai (2019)
	Shabbir Sayyad (2019)
	Jyoti Kumar Sinha (2019)
	Saalumarada Thimmakka (2019)
	Jamuna Tudu (2019)
	Muktaben Pankajkumar Dagli (2019)




	2020s	
	Jagdish Lal Ahuja (2020)
	Popatrao Baguji Pawar (2020)
	Usha Chaumar (2020)
	Lia Diskin (2020)
	Tulsi Gowda (2020)
	Harekala Hajabba (2020)
	Tetsu Nakamura (2020)
	S. Ramakrishnan (2020)
	Sayed Mehboob Shah Qadri (2020)
	Mohammed Sharif (2020)
	Ramjee Singh (2020)
	Javed Ahmed Tak (2020)
	Agus Indra Udayana (2020)
	Sundaram Verma (2020)







	
	v
	t
	e


Laureates of the Nobel Peace Prize

	1901–1925	
	1901: Henry Dunant / Frédéric Passy
	1902: Élie Ducommun / Charles Gobat
	1903: Randal Cremer
	1904: Institut de Droit International
	1905: Bertha von Suttner
	1906: Theodore Roosevelt
	1907: Ernesto Moneta / Louis Renault
	1908: Klas Arnoldson / Fredrik Bajer
	1909: A. M. F. Beernaert / Paul Estournelles de Constant
	1910: International Peace Bureau
	1911: Tobias Asser / Alfred Fried
	1912: Elihu Root
	1913: Henri La Fontaine
	1914
	1915
	1916
	1917: International Committee of the Red Cross
	1918
	1919: Woodrow Wilson
	1920: Léon Bourgeois
	1921: Hjalmar Branting / Christian Lange
	1922: Fridtjof Nansen
	1923
	1924
	1925: Austen Chamberlain / Charles Dawes




	1926–1950	
	1926: Aristide Briand / Gustav Stresemann
	1927: Ferdinand Buisson / Ludwig Quidde
	1928
	1929: Frank B. Kellogg
	1930: Nathan Söderblom
	1931: Jane Addams / Nicholas Butler
	1932
	1933: Norman Angell
	1934: Arthur Henderson
	1935: Carl von Ossietzky
	1936: Carlos Saavedra Lamas
	1937: Robert Cecil
	1938: Nansen International Office for Refugees
	1939
	1940
	1941
	1942
	1943
	1944: International Committee of the Red Cross
	1945: Cordell Hull
	1946: Emily Balch / John Mott
	1947: Friends Service Council / American Friends Service Committee
	1948
	1949: John Boyd Orr
	1950: Ralph Bunche




	1951–1975	
	1951: Léon Jouhaux
	1952: Albert Schweitzer
	1953: George Marshall
	1954: United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees
	1955
	1956
	1957: Lester B. Pearson
	1958: Georges Pire
	1959: Philip Noel-Baker
	1960: Albert Lutuli
	1961: Dag Hammarskjöld
	1962: Linus Pauling
	1963: International Committee of the Red Cross / League of Red Cross Societies
	1964: Martin Luther King Jr.
	1965: UNICEF
	1966
	1967
	1968: René Cassin
	1969: International Labour Organization
	1970: Norman Borlaug
	1971: Willy Brandt
	1972
	1973: Lê Đức Thọ (declined award) / Henry Kissinger
	1974: Seán MacBride / Eisaku Satō
	1975: Andrei Sakharov




	1976–2000	
	1976: Betty Williams / Mairead Corrigan
	1977: Amnesty International
	1978: Anwar Sadat / Menachem Begin
	1979: Mother Teresa
	1980: Adolfo Pérez Esquivel
	1981: United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees
	1982: Alva Myrdal / Alfonso García Robles
	1983: Lech Wałęsa
	1984: Desmond Tutu
	1985: International Physicians for the Prevention of Nuclear War
	1986: Elie Wiesel
	1987: Óscar Arias
	1988: UN Peacekeeping Forces
	1989: Tenzin Gyatso (14th Dalai Lama)
	1990: Mikhail Gorbachev
	1991: Aung San Suu Kyi
	1992: Rigoberta Menchú
	1993: Nelson Mandela / F. W. de Klerk
	1994: Shimon Peres / Yitzhak Rabin / Yasser Arafat
	1995: Pugwash Conferences / Joseph Rotblat
	1996: Carlos Belo / José Ramos-Horta
	1997: International Campaign to Ban Landmines / Jody Williams
	1998: John Hume / David Trimble
	1999: Médecins Sans Frontières
	2000: Kim Dae-jung




	2001–present	
	2001: United Nations / Kofi Annan
	2002: Jimmy Carter
	2003: Shirin Ebadi
	2004: Wangari Maathai
	2005: International Atomic Energy Agency / Mohamed ElBaradei
	2006: Grameen Bank / Muhammad Yunus
	2007: Al Gore / Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change 
	2008: Martti Ahtisaari
	2009: Barack Obama
	2010: Liu Xiaobo
	2011: Ellen Johnson Sirleaf / Leymah Gbowee / Tawakkol Karman
	2012: European Union
	2013: Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons
	2014: Kailash Satyarthi / Malala Yousafzai
	2015: Tunisian National Dialogue Quartet
	2016: Juan Manuel Santos
	2017: International Campaign to Abolish Nuclear Weapons
	2018: Denis Mukwege / Nadia Murad
	2019: Abiy Ahmed
	2020: World Food Programme







	
	v
	t
	e


Templeton Prize laureates

	1970s	
	Mother Teresa (1973)
	Brother Roger (1974)
	Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan (1975)
	Leo Josef Suenens (1976)
	Chiara Lubich (1977)
	Thomas F. Torrance (1978)
	Nikkyō Niwano (1979)




	1980s	
	Ralph Wendell Burhoe (1980)
	Cicely Saunders (1981)
	Billy Graham (1982)
	Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn (1983)
	Michael Bourdeaux (1984)
	Alister Hardy (1985)
	James I. McCord (1986)
	Stanley Jaki (1987)
	Inamullah Khan (1988)
	Carl Friedrich von Weizsäcker & George MacLeod (1989)




	1990s	
	Baba Amte & Charles Birch (1990)
	Immanuel Jakobovits (1991)
	Kyung-Chik Han (1992)
	Charles Colson (1993)
	Michael Novak (1994)
	Paul Davies (1995)
	Bill Bright (1996)
	Pandurang Shastri Athavale (1997)
	Sigmund Sternberg (1998)
	Ian Barbour (1999)




	2000s	
	Freeman Dyson (2000)
	Arthur Peacocke (2001)
	John Polkinghorne (2002)
	Holmes Rolston III (2003)
	George F. R. Ellis (2004)
	Charles H. Townes (2005)
	John D. Barrow (2006)
	Charles Taylor (2007)
	Michał Heller (2008)
	Bernard d'Espagnat (2009)




	2010s	
	Francisco J. Ayala (2010)
	Martin Rees (2011)
	14th Dalai Lama (2012)
	Desmond Tutu (2013)
	Tomáš Halík (2014)
	Jean Vanier (2015)
	Jonathan Sacks (2016)
	Alvin Plantinga (2017)
	Abdullah II of Jordan (2018)
	Marcelo Gleiser (2019)
	Francis Collins (2020)







	
	v
	t
	e


Bharat Ratna laureates

	1954–1960	
	C. Rajagopalachari, Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan, and C. V. Raman (1954)
	Bhagwan Das, Mokshagundam Visvesvarayya, and Jawaharlal Nehru (1955)
	Govind Ballabh Pant (1957)
	Dhondo Keshav Karve (1958)



	

	1961–1980	
	Bidhan Chandra Roy and Purushottam Das Tandon (1961)
	Rajendra Prasad (1962)
	Zakir Husain and Pandurang Vaman Kane (1963)
	Lal Bahadur Shastri (1966)
	Indira Gandhi (1971)
	V. V. Giri (1975)
	K. Kamaraj (1976)
	Mother Teresa (1980)




	1981–2000	
	Vinoba Bhave (1983)
	Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan (1987)
	M. G. Ramachandran (1988)
	B. R. Ambedkar and Nelson Mandela (1990)
	Rajiv Gandhi, Vallabhbhai Patel, and Morarji Desai (1991)
	Abul Kalam Azad, J. R. D. Tata, and Satyajit Ray (1992)
	Gulzarilal Nanda, Aruna Asaf Ali, and A. P. J. Abdul Kalam (1997)
	M. S. Subbulakshmi  and Chidambaram Subramaniam (1998)
	Jayaprakash Narayan, Amartya Sen, Gopinath Bordoloi, and Ravi Shankar (1999)




	2001–2019	
	Lata Mangeshkar and Bismillah Khan (2001)
	Bhimsen Joshi (2008)
	C. N. R. Rao and Sachin Tendulkar (2014)
	Madan Mohan Malaviya and Atal Bihari Vajpayee (2015)
	Nanaji Deshmukh, Bhupen Hazarika, and Pranab Mukherjee (2019)







	
	v
	t
	e


Ramon Magsaysay Award winners of India

	
	Amitabha Chowdhury
	Anshu Gupta
	Aruna Roy
	Arun Shourie
	Arvind Kejriwal
	Baba Amte
	Banoo Jehangir Coyaji
	Bezwada Wilson
	Bharat Vatwani
	B. G. Verghese
	Chandi Prasad Bhatt
	C. D. Deshmukh
	Dara Nusserwanji Khurody
	Deep Joshi
	Ela Bhatt
	Gour Kishore Ghosh
	Harish Hande
	Jockin Arputham
	James Michael Lyngdoh
	Jayaprakash Narayan
	Kamaladevi Chattopadhyay
	Kiran Bedi
	Kulandei Francis
	K. V. Subbanna
	Lakshmi Chand Jain
	Laxminarayan Ramdas
	Mabelle Arole
	Mahasweta Devi
	Mahesh Chandra Mehta
	Manibhai Desai
	Mandakini Amte
	Mother Teresa
	M. S. Subbulakshmi
	M. S. Swaminathan
	Nileema Mishra
	Palagummi Sainath
	Pandurang Shastri Athavale
	Prakash Amte
	P. K. Sethi
	Rajendra Singh
	Ravi Shankar
	Ravish Kumar
	R. K. Laxman
	Rajanikant Arole
	Sanjiv Chaturvedi
	Satyajit Ray
	Sombhu Mitra
	Sandeep Pandey
	Shantha Sinha
	Sonam Wangchuk
	T. M. Krishna
	T. N. Seshan
	Tribhuvandas Kishibhai Patel
	V. Shanta
	Verghese Kurien
	Vinoba Bhave




	List of Ramon Magsaysay Award winners




	
	v
	t
	e


Pacem in Terris Peace and Freedom Award laureates

	1960s	
	1964 John Howard Griffin / John F. Kennedy
	1965 Martin Luther King Jr.
	1966 R. Sargent Shriver
	1967 A. Philip Randolph
	1968 James Groppi
	1969 Saul Alinsky




	1970s	
	1971 Dorothy Day
	1974 Harold Hughes
	1975 Hélder Câmara
	1976 Mother Teresa
	1979 Thomas Gumbleton




	1980s	
	1980 Crystal Lee Sutton / Ernest Leo Unterkoefler
	1982 George F. Kennan
	1983 Helen Caldicott
	1985 Joseph Bernardin
	1986 Maurice John Dingman
	1987 Desmond Tutu
	1989 Eileen Egan




	1990s	
	1990 Mairead Maguire
	1991 María Julia Hernández
	1992 César Chávez
	1993 Daniel Berrigan
	1995 Jim Wallis
	1996 Samuel Ruiz
	1997 Jim and Shelley Douglass




	2000s	
	2000 George G. Higgins
	2001 Lech Wałęsa
	2002 Gwen Hennessey / Dorothy Hennessey
	2004 Arthur Simon
	2005 Donald Mosley
	2007 Salim Ghazal
	2008 Marvin Mottet
	2009 Hildegard Goss-Mayr




	2010s	
	2010 John Dear
	2011 Álvaro Leonel Ramazzini Imeri
	2012 Kim Bobo
	2013 Jean Vanier
	2014 Simone Campbell
	2015 Thích Nhất Hạnh
	2016 Gustavo Gutiérrez
	2017 Widad Akreyi
	2019 Dalai Lama




	 Catholicism portal








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Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mother_Teresa&oldid=994262918"


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