Vasopressin - Wikipedia Vasopressin From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to navigation Jump to search This article is about the endogenous peptide. For the exogenous peptide, see Vasopressin (medication). Not to be confused with Antihypotensive agent. Vasopressin Clinical data Pronunciation /ˌveɪzoʊˈprɛsɪn/ Other names Antidiuretic hormone (ADH); arginine vasopressin (AVP); argipressin ATC code H01BA01 (WHO) Physiological data Source tissues Supraoptic nucleus; paraventricular nucleus of hypothalamus Target tissues System-wide Receptors V1A, V1B, V2, OXTR Agonists Felypressin, desmopressin Antagonists Diuretics Metabolism Predominantly in the liver and kidneys Pharmacokinetic data Protein binding 1% Metabolism Predominantly in the liver and kidneys Elimination half-life 10–20 minutes Excretion Urine Identifiers IUPAC name 1-{[(4R,7S,10S,13S,16S,19R)-19-Amino-7-(2-amino-2-oxoethyl)-10-(3-amino-3-oxopropyl)-13-benzyl-16-(4-hydroxybenzyl)-6,9,12,15,18-pentaoxo-1,2-dithia-5,8,11,14,17-pentaazacycloicosan-4-yl]carbonyl}-L-p rolyl-L-arginylglycinamide CAS Number 11000-17-2 Y PubChem CID 644077 IUPHAR/BPS 2168 DrugBank DB00067 Y ChemSpider 559126 Y UNII Y4907O6MFD KEGG D00101 Y ChEBI CHEBI:9937 Y ChEMBL ChEMBL373742 Y Chemical and physical data Formula C46H65N15O12S2 Molar mass 1084.24 g·mol−1 3D model (JSmol) Interactive image Density 1.6±0.1 g/cm3 SMILES c1ccc(cc1)C[C@H]2C(=O)N[C@H](C(=O)N[C@H](C(=O)N[C@@H](CSSC[C@@H](C(=O)N[C@H](C(=O)N2)Cc3ccc(cc3)O)N)C(=O)N4CCC[C@H]4C(=O)N[C@@H](CCCN=C(N)N)C(=O)NCC(=O)N)CC(=O)N)CCC(=O)N InChI InChI=1S/C46H65N15O12S2 /c47-27-22-74-75-23-33(45(73)61-17-5-9-34(61)44(72)56-28(8-4-16-53-46(51)52)39(67)54-21-37(50)65)60-43(71)32(20-36(49)64)59-40(68)29(14-15-35(48)63)55-41(69)31(18-24-6-2-1-3-7-24)58-42(70)30(57-38(27)66)19-25-10-12-26(62)13-11-25/h1-3,6-7,10-13,27-34,62H,4-5,8-9,14-23,47H2,(H2,48,63)(H2,49,64)(H2,50,65)(H,54,67)(H,55,69)(H,56,72)(H,57,66)(H,58,70)(H,59,68)(H,60,71)(H4,51,52,53)/t27-,28-,29-,30-,31-,32-,33-,34-/m0/s1 Y Key:KBZOIRJILGZLEJ-LGYYRGKSSA-N Y AVP Identifiers Aliases AVP, ADH, ARVP, AVP-NPII, AVRP, VP, arginine vasopressin, Vasopressin External IDs OMIM: 192340 MGI: 88121 HomoloGene: 417 GeneCards: AVP Gene location (Human) Chr. Chromosome 20 (human)[1] Band 20p13 Start 3,082,556 bp[1] End 3,084,724 bp[1] Gene location (Mouse) Chr. Chromosome 2 (mouse)[2] Band 2 F1|2 63.24 cM Start 130,580,620 bp[2] End 130,582,554 bp[2] RNA expression pattern More reference expression data Gene ontology Molecular function • protein kinase activity • hormone activity • cysteine-type endopeptidase inhibitor activity involved in apoptotic process • neurohypophyseal hormone activity • receptor binding • V1A vasopressin receptor binding • V1B vasopressin receptor binding • neuropeptide hormone activity Cellular component • extracellular region • cytosol • clathrin-coated vesicle membrane • extracellular • secretory granule • dendrite Biological process • negative regulation of cysteine-type endopeptidase activity involved in apoptotic process • vasoconstriction • negative regulation of release of cytochrome c from mitochondria • ERK1 and ERK2 cascade • water transport • cell-cell signaling • negative regulation of apoptotic process • protein kinase C signaling • generation of precursor metabolites and energy • positive regulation of peptidyl-serine phosphorylation • positive regulation of gene expression • renal water homeostasis • signal transduction • apoptotic process • membrane organization • regulation of receptor activity • G-protein coupled receptor signaling pathway • maternal aggressive behavior • positive regulation of systemic arterial blood pressure • positive regulation of cytosolic calcium ion concentration • negative regulation of female receptivity • personal grooming • locomotory behavior • positive regulation of cell proliferation • positive regulation of glutamate secretion • response to organic cyclic compound • positive regulation of cell growth • positive regulation of prostaglandin biosynthetic process • positive regulation of cellular pH reduction • response to testosterone • response to nicotine • social organism behavior • regulation of renal sodium excretion • hyperosmotic salinity response • maternal behavior • penile erection • response to ethanol • positive regulation of vasoconstriction • multicellular organismal water homeostasis • negative regulation of transmission of nerve impulse Sources:Amigo / QuickGO Orthologs Species Human Mouse Entrez 551 11998 Ensembl ENSG00000101200 ENSMUSG00000037727 UniProt P01185 P35455 RefSeq (mRNA) NM_000490 NM_009732 RefSeq (protein) NP_000481 NP_033862 Location (UCSC) Chr 20: 3.08 – 3.08 Mb Chr 2: 130.58 – 130.58 Mb PubMed search [3] [4] Wikidata View/Edit Human View/Edit Mouse Vasopressin, also called antidiuretic hormone (ADH), arginine vasopressin (AVP) or argipressin,[5] is a hormone synthesized as a peptide prohormone in neurons in the hypothalamus, and is converted to AVP. It then travels down the axon of that cell, which terminates in the posterior pituitary, and is released from vesicles into the circulation in response to extracellular fluid hypertonicity (hyperosmolality). AVP has two primary functions. First, it increases the amount of solute-free water reabsorbed back into the circulation from the filtrate in the kidney tubules of the nephrons. Second, AVP constricts arterioles, which increases peripheral vascular resistance and raises arterial blood pressure.[6][7][8] A third function is possible. Some AVP may be released directly into the brain from the hypothalamus, and may play an important role in social behavior, sexual motivation and pair bonding, and maternal responses to stress.[9] Vasopressin induces differentiation of stem cells into cardiomyocytes and promotes heart muscle homeostasis.[10] It has a very short half-life, between 16–24 minutes.[8] Contents 1 Physiology 1.1 Function 1.1.1 Kidney 1.1.2 Central nervous system 1.2 Regulation 1.3 Production and secretion 1.4 Vasopressin during surgery and anaesthesia 1.5 Receptors 1.6 Structure and relation to oxytocin 2 Medical use 2.1 Pharmacokinetics 2.2 Side effects 2.3 Contraindications 2.4 Interactions 3 Role in disease 3.1 Deficiency 3.2 Excess 4 History 5 Animal studies 6 Human studies 7 See also 8 References 9 Further reading Physiology[edit] Further information: Renal physiology Function[edit] Vasopressin regulates the tonicity of body fluids. It is released from the posterior pituitary in response to hypertonicity and causes the kidneys to reabsorb solute-free water and return it to the circulation from the tubules of the nephron, thus returning the tonicity of the body fluids toward normal. An incidental consequence of this renal reabsorption of water is concentrated urine and reduced urine volume. AVP released in high concentrations may also raise blood pressure by inducing moderate vasoconstriction. AVP also may have a variety of neurological effects on the brain. It may influence pair-bonding in voles. The high-density distributions of vasopressin receptor AVPr1a in prairie vole ventral forebrain regions have been shown to facilitate and coordinate reward circuits during partner preference formation, critical for pair bond formation.[11] A very similar substance, lysine vasopressin (LVP) or lypressin, has the same function in pigs and its synthetic version was used in human AVP deficiency, although it has been largely replaced by desmopressin.[12] Kidney[edit] Vasopressin has three main effects which are: Increasing the water permeability of proximal and cortical collecting tubules (PCT & CCT), as well as outer and inner medullary collecting duct (OMCD & IMCD) in the kidney, thus allowing water reabsorption and excretion of more concentrated urine, i.e., antidiuresis. This occurs through increased transcription and insertion of water channels (Aquaporin-2) into the apical membrane of collecting tubule and collecting duct epithelial cells.[13] Aquaporins allow water to move down their osmotic gradient and out of the nephron, increasing the amount of water re-absorbed from the filtrate (forming urine) back into the bloodstream. This effect is mediated by V2 receptors. Vasopressin also increases the concentration of calcium in the collecting duct cells, by episodic release from intracellular stores. Vasopressin, acting through cAMP, also increases transcription of the aquaporin-2 gene, thus increasing the total number of aquaporin-2 molecules in collecting duct cells.[14] Increasing permeability of the inner medullary portion of the collecting duct to urea by regulating the cell surface expression of urea transporters,[15] which facilitates its reabsorption into the medullary interstitium as it travels down the concentration gradient created by removing water from the connecting tubule, cortical collecting duct, and outer medullary collecting duct. Acute increase of sodium absorption across the ascending loop of Henle. This adds to the countercurrent multiplication which aids in proper water reabsorption later in the distal tubule and collecting duct.[16] Central nervous system[edit] Vasopressin released within the brain may have several actions: Vasopressin is released into the brain in a circadian rhythm by neurons of the suprachiasmatic nucleus.[17] Vasopressin released from posterior pituitary is associated with nausea.[18] Recent evidence suggests that vasopressin may have analgesic effects. The analgesia effects of vasopressin were found to be dependent on both stress and sex.[19] Regulation[edit] Many factors influence the secretion of vasopressin: Ethanol (alcohol) reduces the calcium-dependent secretion of AVP by blocking voltage-gated calcium channels in neurohypophyseal nerve terminals in rats.[20] Angiotensin II stimulates AVP secretion, in keeping with its general pressor and pro-volumic effects on the body.[21] Atrial natriuretic peptide inhibits AVP secretion, in part by inhibiting Angiotensin II-induced stimulation of AVP secretion.[21] Cortisol inhibits secretion of antidiuretic hormone.[22] Production and secretion[edit] The physiologic stimulus for secretion of vasopressin is increased osmolality of the plasma, monitored by the hypothalamus. A decreased arterial blood volume, (such as can occur in cirrhosis, nephrosis and heart failure), stimulates secretion, even in the face of decreased osmolality of the plasma: it supersedes osmolality, but with a milder effect. In other words, vasopressin is secreted in spite of the presence of hypoosmolality (hyponatremia) when the arterial blood volume is low. The AVP that is measured in peripheral blood is almost all derived from secretion from the posterior pituitary gland (except in cases of AVP-secreting tumours). Vasopressin is produced by magnocellular neurosecretory neurons in the paraventricular nucleus of hypothalamus (PVN) and supraoptic nucleus (SON). It then travels down the axon through the infundibulum within neurosecretory granules that are found within Herring bodies, localized swellings of the axons and nerve terminals. These carry the peptide directly to the posterior pituitary gland, where it is stored until released into the blood. There are other sources of AVP, beyond the hypothalamic magnocellular neurons. For example, AVP is also synthesized by parvocellular neurosecretory neurons of the PVN, transported and released at the median eminence, from which it travels through the hypophyseal portal system to the anterior pituitary, where it stimulates corticotropic cells synergistically with CRH to produce ACTH (by itself it is a weak secretagogue).[23] Vasopressin during surgery and anaesthesia[edit] Vasopressin concentration is used to measure surgical stress for evaluation of surgical techniques. Plasma vasopressin concentration is elevated by noxious stimuli,[24][25] predominantly during abdominal surgery,[26][27][28] especially at gut manipulation and traction of viscera.[29][30][31] Receptors[edit] Types of AVP receptors and their actions: Type Second messenger system Locations Actions Agonists Antagonists AVPR1A Phosphatidylinositol/calcium Liver, kidney, peripheral vasculature, brain Vasoconstriction, gluconeogenesis, platelet aggregation, and release of factor VIII and von Willebrand factor; social recognition,[32] circadian tau[33] Felypressin AVPR1B or AVPR3 Phosphatidylinositol/calcium Pituitary gland, brain Adrenocorticotropic hormone secretion in response to stress;[34] social interpretation of olfactory cues[35] AVPR2 Adenylate cyclase/cAMP Basolateral membrane of the cells lining the collecting ducts of the kidneys (especially the cortical and outer medullary collecting ducts) Insertion of aquaporin-2 (AQP2) channels (water channels). This allows water to be reabsorbed down an osmotic gradient, and so the urine is more concentrated. Release of von Willebrand factor and surface expression of P-selectin through exocytosis of Weibel-Palade bodies from endothelial cells[36][37] AVP, desmopressin "-vaptan" diuretics, i.e. tolvaptan Structure and relation to oxytocin[edit] Chemical structure of the arginine vasopressin (argipressin) with an arginine at the 8th amino acid position. Lysine vasopressin differs only in having a lysine in this position. Chemical structure of oxytocin. Differs from AVP at only the 3rd and 8th position. The vasopressins are peptides consisting of nine amino acids (nonapeptides). The amino acid sequence of arginine vasopressin (argipressin) is Cys-Tyr-Phe-Gln-Asn-Cys-Pro-Arg-Gly-NH2, with the cysteine residues forming a disulfide bond and the C-terminus of the sequence converted to a primary amide.[38] Lysine vasopressin (lypressin) has a lysine in place of the arginine as the eighth amino acid, and is found in pigs and some related animals, whereas arginine vasopressin is found in humans.[39] The structure of oxytocin is very similar to that of the vasopressins: It is also a nonapeptide with a disulfide bridge and its amino acid sequence differs at only two positions. The two genes are located on the same chromosome separated by a relatively small distance of less than 15,000 bases in most species. The magnocellular neurons that secrete vasopressin are adjacent to magnocellular neurons that secrete oxytocin, and are similar in many respects. The similarity of the two peptides can cause some cross-reactions: oxytocin has a slight antidiuretic function, and high levels of AVP can cause uterine contractions.[40][41] Comparison of vasopressin and oxytocin neuropeptide families: Vertebrate Vasopressin Family Cys-Tyr-Phe-Gln-Asn-Cys-Pro-Arg-Gly-NH2 Argipressin (AVP, ADH) Most mammals Cys-Tyr-Phe-Gln-Asn-Cys-Pro-Lys-Gly-NH2 Lypressin (LVP) Pigs, hippos, warthogs, some marsupials Cys-Phe-Phe-Gln-Asn-Cys-Pro-Arg-Gly-NH2 Phenypressin Some marsupials Cys-Tyr-Ile-Gln-Asn-Cys-Pro-Arg-Gly-NH2 Vasotocin† Non-mammals Vertebrate Oxytocin Family Cys-Tyr-Ile-Gln-Asn-Cys-Pro-Leu-Gly-NH2 Oxytocin (OXT) Most mammals, ratfish Cys-Tyr-Ile-Gln-Asn-Cys-Pro-Pro-Gly-NH2 Prol-Oxytocin Some New World monkeys, northern tree shrews Cys-Tyr-Ile-Gln-Asn-Cys-Pro-Ile-Gly-NH2 Mesotocin Most marsupials, all birds, reptiles, amphibians, lungfishes, coelacanths Cys-Tyr-Ile-Gln-Ser-Cys-Pro-Ile-Gly-NH2 Seritocin Frogs Cys-Tyr-Ile-Ser-Asn-Cys-Pro-Ile-Gly-NH2 Isotocin Bony fishes Cys-Tyr-Ile-Ser-Asn-Cys-Pro-Gln-Gly-NH2 Glumitocin skates Cys-Tyr-Ile-Asn/Gln-Asn-Cys-Pro-Leu/Val-Gly-NH2 Various tocins Sharks Invertebrate VP/OT Superfamily Cys-Leu-Ile-Thr-Asn-Cys-Pro-Arg-Gly-NH2 Inotocin Locust Cys-Phe-Val-Arg-Asn-Cys-Pro-Thr-Gly-NH2 Annetocin Earthworm Cys-Phe-Ile-Arg-Asn-Cys-Pro-Lys-Gly-NH2 Lys-Connopressin Geography & imperial cone snail, pond snail, sea hare, leech Cys-Ile-Ile-Arg-Asn-Cys-Pro-Arg-Gly-NH2 Arg-Connopressin Striped cone snail Cys-Tyr-Phe-Arg-Asn-Cys-Pro-Ile-Gly-NH2 Cephalotocin Octopus Cys-Phe-Trp-Thr-Ser-Cys-Pro-Ile-Gly-NH2 Octopressin Octopus †Vasotocin is the evolutionary progenitor of all the vertebrate neurohypophysial hormones.[42] Medical use[edit] Main article: Vasopressin (medication) Vasopressin is used to manage anti-diuretic hormone deficiency. Vasopressin is used to treat diabetes insipidus related to low levels of antiduretic hormone. It is available as Pressyn.[43] Vasopressin has off-label uses and is used in the treatment of vasodilatory shock, gastrointestinal bleeding, ventricular tachycardia and ventricular fibrillation. Vasopressin agonists are used therapeutically in various conditions, and its long-acting synthetic analogue desmopressin is used in conditions featuring low vasopressin secretion, as well as for control of bleeding (in some forms of von Willebrand disease and in mild haemophilia A) and in extreme cases of bedwetting by children. Terlipressin and related analogues are used as vasoconstrictors in certain conditions. Use of vasopressin analogues for esophageal varices commenced in 1970.[44] Vasopressin infusions are also used as second line therapy for septic shock patients not responding to fluid resuscitation or infusions of catecholamines (e.g., dopamine or norepinephrine) to increase the blood pressure while sparing the use of catecholamines. These argipressins have much shorter elimination half-life (around 20 minutes) comparing to synthetic non-arginine vasopresines with much longer elimination half-life of many hours. Further, argipressins act on V1a, V1b, and V2 reseptors which consequently lead to higher eGFR and lower vascular resistance in the lungs. A number of injectable arginine vasopressins are currently in clinical use in the United States and in Europe. Pharmacokinetics[edit] Vasopressin is administered through an intravenous device, intramuscular injection or a subcutaneous injection. The duration of action depends on the mode of administration and ranges from thirty minutes to two hours. It has a half life of ten to twenty minutes. It is widely distributed throughout the body and remains in the extracellular fluid. It is degraded by the liver and excreted through the kidneys.[43] Arginin vasopressins for use in septic shock are intended for intravenous use only. Side effects[edit] The most common side effects during treatment with vasopressin are dizziness, angina, chest pain, abdominal cramps, heartburn, nausea, vomiting, trembling, fever, water intoxication, pounding sensation in the head, diarrhoea, sweating, paleness, and flatulence. The most severe adverse reactions are myocardial infarction and hypersensitivity.[43] Contraindications[edit] The use of lysine vasopressin is contraindicated in the presence of hypersensitivity to beef or pork proteins, increased BUN and chronic kidney failure. It is recommended that it be cautiously used in instances of perioperative polyuria, sensitivity to the drug, asthma, seizures, heart failure, a comatose state, migraine headaches, and cardiovascular disease.[43] Interactions[edit] alcohol - may lower the antidiuretic effect carbamazepine, chloropropamide, clofibrate, tricyclic antidepressants and fludrocortisone may raise the diuretic effect lithium, demeclocycline, heparin or norepinephrine may lower the antidiuretic effect vasopressor effect may be higher with the concurrent use of ganglionic blocking medications[43] Role in disease[edit] There may be a connection between arginine vasopressin and autism.[45] Deficiency[edit] Decreased AVP release (neurogenic — i.e. due to alcohol intoxication or tumour) or decreased renal sensitivity to AVP (nephrogenic, i.e. by mutation of V2 receptor or AQP) leads to diabetes insipidus, a condition featuring hypernatremia (increased blood sodium concentration), polyuria (excess urine production), and polydipsia (thirst). Excess[edit] Main article: Syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion Syndrome of Inappropriate Antidiuretic Hormone secretion (SIADH) in turn can be caused by a number of problems. Some forms of cancer can cause SIADH, particularly small cell lung carcinoma but also a number of other tumors. A variety of diseases affecting the brain or the lung (infections, bleeding) can be the driver behind SIADH. A number of drugs have been associated with SIADH, such as certain antidepressants (serotonin reuptake inhibitors and tricyclic antidepressants), the anticonvulsant carbamazepine, oxytocin (used to induce and stimulate labor), and the chemotherapy drug vincristine. It has also been associated with fluoroquinolones (including ciprofloxacin and moxifloxacin).[8] Finally, it can occur without a clear explanation.[46] Hyponatremia can be treated pharmaceutically through the use of vasopressin receptor antagonists.[46] History[edit] Vasopressin was elucidated and synthesized for the first time by Vincent du Vigneaud. Animal studies[edit] Evidence for an effect of AVP on monogamy vs promiscuity comes from experimental studies in several species, which indicate that the precise distribution of vasopressin and vasopressin receptors in the brain is associated with species-typical patterns of social behavior. In particular, there are consistent differences between monogamous species and promiscuous species in the distribution of AVP receptors, and sometimes in the distribution of vasopressin-containing axons, even when closely related species are compared.[47] Human studies[edit] Vasopressin has shown nootropic effects on pain perception and cognitive function.[48] Vasopressin also plays a role in autism, major depressive disorder, bipolar disorder, and schizophrenia.[49] See also[edit] Syndrome of Inappropriate Antidiuretic Hormone secretion (SIADH) Oxytocin Sexual motivation and hormones Vasopressin receptor Vasopressin receptor antagonists Copeptin References[edit] ^ a b c GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000101200 - Ensembl, May 2017 ^ a b c GRCm38: Ensembl release 89: ENSMUSG00000037727 - Ensembl, May 2017 ^ "Human PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine. ^ "Mouse PubMed Reference:". 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"A review of the nonpressor and nonantidiuretic actions of the hormone vasopressin". Frontiers in Medicine. 2: 19. doi:10.3389/fmed.2015.00019. PMC 4371647. PMID 25853137. ^ Iovino M, Messana T, De Pergola G, Iovino E, Dicuonzo F, Guastamacchia E, Giagulli VA, Triggiani V (2018). "The Role of Neurohypophyseal Hormones Vasopressin and Oxytocin in Neuropsychiatric Disorders". Endocrine, Metabolic & Immune Disorders Drug Targets. 18 (4): 341–347. doi:10.2174/1871530318666180220104900. PMID 29468985. Further reading[edit] Rector FC, Brenner BM (2004). Brenner & Rector's the kidney (7th ed.). Philadelphia: Saunders. ISBN 978-0-7216-0164-9. v t e PDB gallery 1jk4: DES 1-6 BOVINE NEUROPHYSIN II COMPLEX WITH VASOPRESSIN 1jk6: UNCOMPLEXED DES 1-6 BOVINE NEUROPHYSIN 1npo: BOVINE NEUROPHYSIN II COMPLEX WITH OXYTOCIN 2bn2: CRYSTAL STRUCTURE OF BOVINE NEUROPHYSIN II COMPLEXED WITH THE VASOPRESSIN ANALOGUE PHE-TYR AMIDE v t e Hormones Endocrine glands Hypothalamic- pituitary Hypothalamus GnRH TRH Dopamine CRH GHRH Somatostatin (GHIH) MCH Posterior pituitary Oxytocin Vasopressin Anterior pituitary FSH LH TSH Prolactin POMC CLIP ACTH MSH Endorphins Lipotropin GH Adrenal axis Adrenal cortex Aldosterone Cortisol Cortisone DHEA DHEA-S Androstenedione Adrenal medulla Epinephrine Norepinephrine Thyroid Thyroid hormones T3 T4 Calcitonin Thyroid axis Parathyroid PTH Gonadal axis Testis Testosterone AMH Inhibin Ovary Estradiol Progesterone Activin Inhibin Relaxin GnSAF Placenta hCG HPL Estrogen Progesterone Pancreas Glucagon Insulin Amylin Somatostatin Pancreatic polypeptide Pineal gland Melatonin N,N-Dimethyltryptamine 5-Methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine Other Thymus Thymosins Thymosin α1 Beta thymosins Thymopoietin Thymulin Digestive system Stomach Gastrin Ghrelin Duodenum CCK Incretins GIP GLP-1 Secretin Motilin VIP Ileum Enteroglucagon Peptide YY Liver/other Insulin-like growth factor IGF-1 IGF-2 Adipose tissue Leptin Adiponectin Resistin Skeleton Osteocalcin Kidney Renin EPO Calcitriol Prostaglandin Heart Natriuretic peptide ANP BNP v t e Physiology of the kidneys and acid–base physiology Creating urine Secretion clearance Pharmacokinetics Clearance of medications Urine flow rate Reabsorption Solvent drag sodium chloride urea glucose oligopeptides protein Filtration Renal blood flow Ultrafiltration Countercurrent exchange Filtration fraction Other functions Hormones Antidiuretic hormone Aldosterone Atrial natriuretic peptide Renin Erythropoietin Calcitriol Prostaglandins Fluid balance Body water: Intracellular fluid/Cytosol Extracellular fluid (Interstitial fluid Plasma Transcellular fluid) Acid–base balance Darrow Yannet diagram Base excess Davenport diagram Anion gap (Delta ratio) Winters' formula Buffering Bicarbonate buffer system Respiratory compensation Renal compensation Assessment and measurement Glomerular filtration rate Creatinine clearance Augmented renal clearance Renal clearance ratio Urea reduction ratio Kt/V Standardized Kt/V Dialysis adequacy Hemodialysis product PAH clearance (Effective renal plasma flow Extraction ratio) Other Fractional excretion of sodium BUN-to-creatinine ratio Tubuloglomerular feedback Natriuresis Urine v t e Peptides: neuropeptides Hormones see hormones Opioid peptides Dynorphins Dynorphin A Dynorphin A1–8 Dynorphin B Big dynorphin Leumorphin α-Neoendorphin β-Neoendorphin Endomorphins Endomorphin-1 Endomorphin-2 Endorphins α-Endorphin β-Endorphin γ-Endorphin Enkephalins Met-enkephalin Leu-enkephalin Others Adrenorphin Amidorphin Hemorphin Hemorphin-4 Nociceptin Opiorphin Spinorphin Valorphin Other neuropeptides Kinins Bradykinins Tachykinins: mammal Substance P Neurokinin A Neurokinin B amphibian Kassinin Physalaemin Neuromedins B N S U Orexins A B Other Angiotensin Bombesin Calcitonin gene-related peptide Carnosine Cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript Delta sleep-inducing peptide FMRFamide Galanin Galanin-like peptide Gastrin-releasing peptide Ghrelin Neuropeptide AF Neuropeptide FF Neuropeptide SF Neuropeptide VF Neuropeptide S Neuropeptide Y Neurophysins Neurotensin Pancreatic polypeptide Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating peptide RVD-Hpα VGF v t e Neurotransmitters Amino acid-derived Major excitatory/inhibitory systems Glutamate system Agmatine Aspartic acid (aspartate) Glutamic acid (glutamate) Glutathione Glycine GSNO GSSG Kynurenic acid NAA NAAG Proline Serine GABA system GABA GABOB GHB Glycine system α-Alanine β-Alanine Glycine Hypotaurine Proline Sarcosine Serine Taurine GHB system GHB T-HCA (GHC) Biogenic amines Monoamines 6-OHM Dopamine Epinephrine (adrenaline) NAS (normelatonin) Norepinephrine (noradrenaline) Serotonin (5-HT) Trace amines 3-Iodothyronamine N-Methylphenethylamine N-Methyltryptamine m-Octopamine p-Octopamine Phenylethanolamine Phenethylamine Synephrine Tryptamine m-Tyramine p-Tyramine Others Histamine Neuropeptides See here instead. Lipid-derived Endocannabinoids 2-AG 2-AGE (noladin ether) 2-ALPI 2-OG AA-5-HT Anandamide (AEA) DEA LPI NADA NAGly OEA Oleamide PEA RVD-Hpα SEA Virodhamine (O-AEA) Neurosteroids See here instead. Nucleobase-derived Nucleosides Adenosine system Adenosine ADP AMP ATP Vitamin-derived Cholinergic system Acetylcholine Miscellaneous Gasotransmitters Carbon monoxide (CO) Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) Nitric oxide (NO) Candidates Acetaldehyde Ammonia (NH3) Carbonyl sulfide (COS) Nitrous oxide (N2O) Sulfur dioxide (SO2) v t e Oxytocin and vasopressin receptor modulators Oxytocin Agonists: Peptide: Aspartocin Carbetocin Cargutocin Demoxytocin Lipo-oxytocin-1 Merotocin Nacartocin Oxytocin PF-06478939 PF-06655075 (PF1) TGOT Vasotocin (argiprestocin); Non-peptide: TC OT 39 WAY-267464 Antagonists: Peptide: Atosiban Tocinoic acid; Non-peptide: Barusiban Cligosiban Epelsiban Erlosiban IX-01 L-368,899 L-371,257 L-372,662 Nolasiban Retosiban SSR-126768 WAY-162720 Catabolism inhibitors: Amastatin Bestatin (ubenimex) EDTA L-Methionine Leupeptin o-Phenanthroline Phosphoramidon Puromycin Vasopressin V1A Agonists: Felypressin Lypressin Ornipressin Selepressin Terlipressin Vasopressin (argipressin) Vasotocin (argiprestocin) Antagonists: Atosiban Balovaptan Conivaptan FR-218944 JNJ-17079166 JNJ-17308616 LY-307174 PF-184563 Relcovaptan SRX246 SRX251 TC OT 39 WAY-267464 YM-218 YM-471 YM-35471 V1B Agonists: Desmopressin Felypressin Lypressin Ornipressin Terlipressin Vasopressin (argipressin) Vasotocin (argiprestocin) Antagonists: ABT-436 ABT-558 Nelivaptan ORG-52186 (SCH-740935) TASP-0233278 TASP-0390325 TS-121 Ligands: TASP-699 V2 Agonists: Desmopressin Felypressin Lypressin Ornipressin TC OT 39 Terlipressin Vasopressin (argipressin) Vasotocin (argiprestocin) Antagonists: Conivaptan JNJ-17079166 Lixivaptan Mozavaptan RWJ-351647 Satavaptan Tolvaptan YM-471 YM-35471 Unsorted Antagonists: Balovaptan Ribuvaptan RWJ-339489 VMAX-367 VMAX-372 VMAX-382 YM-222546 Other inhibitors: Demeclocycline Lithium (lithium carbonate) Others Carrier proteins: Neurophysin (I, II) See also Receptor/signaling modulators Signaling peptide/protein receptor modulators Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vasopressin&oldid=990993914" Categories: Genes on human chromosome 20 Neuropeptides Posterior pituitary hormones Neuroendocrinology Renal physiology Vasopressin receptor agonists Orgasm Antidiuretics Hidden categories: Infobox drug articles with contradicting parameter input Drugs with no legal status Drugboxes which contain changes to watched fields Articles containing unverified chemical infoboxes Drugs that are a physiological drug Navigation menu Personal tools Not logged in Talk Contributions Create account Log in Namespaces Article Talk Variants Views Read Edit View history More Search Navigation Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Donate Contribute Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Tools What links here Related changes Upload file Special pages Permanent link Page information Cite this page Wikidata item Print/export Download as PDF Printable version Languages العربية Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه বাংলা Беларуская Български Bosanski Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch ދިވެހިބަސް Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Қазақша Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Македонски Nederlands 日本語 Oʻzbekcha/ўзбекча Polski Português Română Русский Shqip සිංහල Slovenčina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் Тоҷикӣ Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 27 November 2020, at 18:15 (UTC). 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