id sid tid token lemma pos en-wikipedia-org-6976 1 1 Dopamine Dopamine NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1 2 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-6976 1 3 Wikipedia Wikipedia NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1 4 Dopamine Dopamine NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1 5 From from IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1 6 Wikipedia Wikipedia NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1 7 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 1 8 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 1 9 free free JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 1 10 encyclopedia encyclopedia NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1 11 Jump Jump NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1 12 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1 13 navigation navigation NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1 14 Jump Jump NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1 15 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-6976 1 16 search search VB en-wikipedia-org-6976 1 17 This this DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 1 18 article article NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1 19 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-6976 1 20 about about IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1 21 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 1 22 neurotransmitter neurotransmitter NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1 23 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 2 1 For for IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 2 2 medical medical JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 2 3 uses use NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 2 4 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 2 5 see see VB en-wikipedia-org-6976 2 6 dopamine dopamine NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 2 7 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 2 8 medication medication NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 2 9 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 2 10 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 3 1 For for IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 3 2 other other JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 3 3 uses use NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 3 4 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 3 5 see see VB en-wikipedia-org-6976 3 6 Dopamine Dopamine NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 3 7 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 3 8 disambiguation disambiguation NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 3 9 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 3 10 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 4 1 Organic organic JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 4 2 chemical chemical NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 4 3 that that WDT en-wikipedia-org-6976 4 4 functions function VBZ en-wikipedia-org-6976 4 5 both both CC en-wikipedia-org-6976 4 6 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 4 7 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 4 8 hormone hormone NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 4 9 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-6976 4 10 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 4 11 neurotransmitter neurotransmitter NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 4 12 Dopamine Dopamine NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 4 13 Clinical Clinical NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 4 14 data datum NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 4 15 Other other JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 4 16 names name NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 4 17 DA DA NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 4 18 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 4 19 2-(3,4-Dihydroxyphenyl)ethylamine 2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)ethylamine CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 4 20 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 4 21 3,4-Dihydroxyphenethylamine 3,4-dihydroxyphenethylamine CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 4 22 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 4 23 3-Hydroxytyramine 3-hydroxytyramine CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 4 24 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 4 25 Oxytyramine Oxytyramine NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 4 26 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 4 27 Prolactin Prolactin NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 4 28 inhibiting inhibit VBG en-wikipedia-org-6976 4 29 factor factor NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 4 30 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 4 31 Prolactin Prolactin NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 4 32 inhibiting inhibit VBG en-wikipedia-org-6976 4 33 hormone hormone NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 4 34 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 4 35 Intropin Intropin NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 4 36 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 4 37 Revivan Revivan NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 4 38 Physiological Physiological NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 4 39 data datum NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 4 40 Source Source NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 4 41 tissues tissue NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 4 42 Substantia Substantia NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 4 43 nigra nigra NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 4 44 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-6976 4 45 ventral ventral JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 4 46 tegmental tegmental JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 4 47 area area NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 4 48 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-6976 4 49 many many JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 4 50 others other NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 4 51 Target target VBP en-wikipedia-org-6976 4 52 tissues tissue NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 4 53 System system NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 4 54 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-6976 4 55 wide wide JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 4 56 Receptors receptor NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 4 57 D1 d1 NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 4 58 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 4 59 D2 D2 NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 4 60 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 4 61 D3 D3 NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 4 62 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 4 63 D4 D4 NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 4 64 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 4 65 D5 d5 NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 4 66 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 4 67 TAAR1[1 taar1[1 NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 4 68 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 4 69 Agonists Agonists NNPS en-wikipedia-org-6976 4 70 Direct Direct NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 4 71 : : : en-wikipedia-org-6976 4 72 apomorphine apomorphine NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 4 73 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 4 74 bromocriptine bromocriptine NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 4 75 Indirect indirect JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 4 76 : : : en-wikipedia-org-6976 4 77 cocaine cocaine NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 4 78 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 4 79 amphetamine amphetamine NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 4 80 Antagonists Antagonists NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 4 81 Neuroleptics Neuroleptics NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 4 82 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 4 83 metoclopramide metoclopramide VB en-wikipedia-org-6976 4 84 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 4 85 domperidone domperidone NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 4 86 Precursor Precursor NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 4 87 Phenylalanine Phenylalanine NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 4 88 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 4 89 tyrosine tyrosine NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 4 90 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 4 91 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-6976 4 92 L l NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 4 93 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-6976 4 94 DOPA DOPA NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 4 95 Biosynthesis Biosynthesis NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 4 96 DOPA dopa NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 4 97 decarboxylase decarboxylase NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 4 98 Metabolism Metabolism NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 4 99 MAO MAO NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 4 100 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 4 101 COMT[1 COMT[1 NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 4 102 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 4 103 Identifiers Identifiers NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 4 104 IUPAC IUPAC NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 4 105 name name NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 4 106 4-(2-Aminoethyl)benzene-1,2-diol 4-(2-aminoethyl)benzene-1,2-diol CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 4 107 CAS CAS NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 4 108 Number Number NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 4 109 51 51 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 4 110 - - SYM en-wikipedia-org-6976 4 111 61 61 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 4 112 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-6976 4 113 6 6 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 4 114 62 62 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 4 115 - - SYM en-wikipedia-org-6976 4 116 31 31 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 4 117 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-6976 4 118 7 7 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 4 119 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 4 120 hydrochloride hydrochloride NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 4 121 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 4 122 PubChem PubChem NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 4 123 CID CID NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 4 124 681 681 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 4 125 IUPHAR IUPHAR NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 4 126 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-6976 4 127 BPS BPS NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 4 128 940 940 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 4 129 DrugBank DrugBank NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 4 130 DB00988 db00988 NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 4 131 ChemSpider ChemSpider NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 4 132 661 661 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 4 133 UNII UNII NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 4 134 VTD58H1Z2X VTD58H1Z2X NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 4 135 KEGG KEGG NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 4 136 C03758 C03758 NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 4 137 CompTox CompTox NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 4 138 Dashboard Dashboard NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 4 139 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 4 140 EPA EPA NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 4 141 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 4 142 DTXSID6022420 DTXSID6022420 NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 4 143 ECHA ECHA NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 4 144 InfoCard InfoCard NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 4 145 100.000.101 100.000.101 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 4 146 Chemical chemical NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 4 147 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-6976 4 148 physical physical JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 4 149 data datum NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 4 150 Formula Formula NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 4 151 C8H11NO2 c8h11no2 NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 4 152 Molar molar JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 4 153 mass mass NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 4 154 153.181 153.181 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 4 155   _SP en-wikipedia-org-6976 4 156 g·mol−1 g·mol−1 VBP en-wikipedia-org-6976 4 157 3D 3D NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 4 158 model model NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 4 159 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 4 160 JSmol JSmol NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 4 161 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 4 162 Interactive interactive JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 4 163 image image NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 4 164 SMILES smile NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 4 165 C1 c1 NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 4 166 = = -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 4 167 CC(=C(C CC(=C(C . en-wikipedia-org-6976 4 168 = = SYM en-wikipedia-org-6976 4 169 C1CCN)O)O C1CCN)O)O NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 4 170 InChI InChI NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 4 171 InChI=1S inchi=1 NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 4 172 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-6976 4 173 C8H11NO2 C8H11NO2 NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 4 174 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-6976 4 175 c9 c9 NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 4 176 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-6976 4 177 4 4 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 4 178 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-6976 4 179 3 3 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 4 180 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-6976 4 181 6 6 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 4 182 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-6976 4 183 1 1 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 4 184 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-6976 4 185 2 2 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 4 186 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-6976 4 187 7(10)8(11)5 7(10)8(11)5 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 4 188 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-6976 4 189 6 6 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 4 190 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-6976 4 191 h1 h1 NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 4 192 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-6976 4 193 2,5,10 2,5,10 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 4 194 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-6976 4 195 11H,3 11H,3 NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 4 196 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-6976 4 197 4,9H2 4,9h2 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 4 198 Key key NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 4 199 : : : en-wikipedia-org-6976 4 200 VYFYYTLLBUKUHU vyfyytllbukuhu JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 4 201 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-6976 4 202 UHFFFAOYSA UHFFFAOYSA NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 4 203 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-6976 4 204 N N NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 4 205 Dopamine Dopamine NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 4 206 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 4 207 DA DA NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 4 208 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 4 209 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 4 210 contraction contraction NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 4 211 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 4 212 3,4-dihydroxyphenethylamine 3,4-dihydroxyphenethylamine NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 4 213 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 4 214 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-6976 4 215 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 4 216 hormone hormone NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 4 217 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-6976 4 218 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 4 219 neurotransmitter neurotransmitter NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 4 220 that that WDT en-wikipedia-org-6976 4 221 plays play VBZ en-wikipedia-org-6976 4 222 several several JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 4 223 important important JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 4 224 roles role NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 4 225 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 4 226 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 4 227 brain brain NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 4 228 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-6976 4 229 body body NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 4 230 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 5 1 It -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-6976 5 2 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-6976 5 3 an an DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 5 4 organic organic JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 5 5 chemical chemical NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 5 6 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 5 7 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 5 8 catecholamine catecholamine NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 5 9 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-6976 5 10 phenethylamine phenethylamine NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 5 11 families family NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 5 12 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 6 1 Dopamine dopamine NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 6 2 constitutes constitute VBZ en-wikipedia-org-6976 6 3 about about IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 6 4 80 80 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 6 5 % % NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 6 6 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 6 7 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 6 8 catecholamine catecholamine NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 6 9 content content NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 6 10 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 6 11 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 6 12 brain brain NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 6 13 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 7 1 It -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-6976 7 2 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-6976 7 3 an an DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 7 4 amine amine NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 7 5 synthesized synthesize VBN en-wikipedia-org-6976 7 6 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 7 7 removing remove VBG en-wikipedia-org-6976 7 8 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 7 9 carboxyl carboxyl NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 7 10 group group NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 7 11 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 7 12 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 7 13 molecule molecule NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 7 14 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 7 15 its -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-6976 7 16 precursor precursor NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 7 17 chemical chemical NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 7 18 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 7 19 L L NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 7 20 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-6976 7 21 DOPA DOPA NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 7 22 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 7 23 which which WDT en-wikipedia-org-6976 7 24 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-6976 7 25 synthesized synthesize VBN en-wikipedia-org-6976 7 26 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 7 27 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 7 28 brain brain NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 7 29 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-6976 7 30 kidneys kidney NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 7 31 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 8 1 Dopamine dopamine NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 8 2 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-6976 8 3 also also RB en-wikipedia-org-6976 8 4 synthesized synthesize VBN en-wikipedia-org-6976 8 5 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 8 6 plants plant NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 8 7 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-6976 8 8 most most JJS en-wikipedia-org-6976 8 9 animals animal NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 8 10 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 9 1 In in IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 9 2 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 9 3 brain brain NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 9 4 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 9 5 dopamine dopamine NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 9 6 functions function NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 9 7 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 9 8 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 9 9 neurotransmitter neurotransmitter NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 9 10 — — : en-wikipedia-org-6976 9 11 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 9 12 chemical chemical NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 9 13 released release VBN en-wikipedia-org-6976 9 14 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 9 15 neurons neuron NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 9 16 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 9 17 nerve nerve NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 9 18 cells cell NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 9 19 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 9 20 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-6976 9 21 send send VB en-wikipedia-org-6976 9 22 signals signal NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 9 23 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 9 24 other other JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 9 25 nerve nerve NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 9 26 cells cell NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 9 27 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 10 1 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 10 2 brain brain NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 10 3 includes include VBZ en-wikipedia-org-6976 10 4 several several JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 10 5 distinct distinct JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 10 6 dopamine dopamine NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 10 7 pathways pathway NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 10 8 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 10 9 one one CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 10 10 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 10 11 which which WDT en-wikipedia-org-6976 10 12 plays play VBZ en-wikipedia-org-6976 10 13 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 10 14 major major JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 10 15 role role NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 10 16 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 10 17 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 10 18 motivational motivational JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 10 19 component component NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 10 20 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 10 21 reward reward NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 10 22 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-6976 10 23 motivated motivated JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 10 24 behavior behavior NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 10 25 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 11 1 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 11 2 anticipation anticipation NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 11 3 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 11 4 most most JJS en-wikipedia-org-6976 11 5 types type NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 11 6 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 11 7 rewards reward NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 11 8 increases increase VBZ en-wikipedia-org-6976 11 9 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 11 10 level level NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 11 11 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 11 12 dopamine dopamine NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 11 13 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 11 14 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 11 15 brain,[2 brain,[2 NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 11 16 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 11 17 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-6976 11 18 many many JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 11 19 addictive addictive JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 11 20 drugs drug NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 11 21 increase increase VBP en-wikipedia-org-6976 11 22 dopamine dopamine NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 11 23 release release NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 11 24 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-6976 11 25 block block VB en-wikipedia-org-6976 11 26 its -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-6976 11 27 reuptake reuptake NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 11 28 into into IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 11 29 neurons neuron NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 11 30 following follow VBG en-wikipedia-org-6976 11 31 release release NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 11 32 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 12 1 Other other JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 12 2 brain brain NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 12 3 dopamine dopamine NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 12 4 pathways pathway NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 12 5 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-6976 12 6 involved involve VBN en-wikipedia-org-6976 12 7 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 12 8 motor motor NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 12 9 control control NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 12 10 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-6976 12 11 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 12 12 controlling control VBG en-wikipedia-org-6976 12 13 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 12 14 release release NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 12 15 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 12 16 various various JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 12 17 hormones hormone NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 12 18 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 13 1 These these DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 13 2 pathways pathway NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 13 3 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-6976 13 4 cell cell NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 13 5 groups group NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 13 6 form form VBP en-wikipedia-org-6976 13 7 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 13 8 dopamine dopamine NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 13 9 system system NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 13 10 which which WDT en-wikipedia-org-6976 13 11 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-6976 13 12 neuromodulatory neuromodulatory JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 13 13 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 14 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 14 2 citation citation NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 14 3 needed need VBN en-wikipedia-org-6976 14 4 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 14 5 In in IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 14 6 popular popular JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 14 7 culture culture NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 14 8 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-6976 14 9 media medium NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 14 10 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 14 11 dopamine dopamine NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 14 12 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-6976 14 13 usually usually RB en-wikipedia-org-6976 14 14 seen see VBN en-wikipedia-org-6976 14 15 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 14 16 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 14 17 main main JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 14 18 chemical chemical NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 14 19 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 14 20 pleasure pleasure NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 14 21 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 14 22 but but CC en-wikipedia-org-6976 14 23 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 14 24 current current JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 14 25 opinion opinion NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 14 26 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 14 27 pharmacology pharmacology NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 14 28 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-6976 14 29 that that DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 14 30 dopamine dopamine NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 14 31 instead instead RB en-wikipedia-org-6976 14 32 confers confer VBZ en-wikipedia-org-6976 14 33 motivational motivational JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 14 34 salience;[3][4][5 salience;[3][4][5 NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 14 35 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 14 36 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 14 37 other other JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 14 38 words word NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 14 39 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 14 40 dopamine dopamine NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 14 41 signals signal NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 14 42 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 14 43 perceived perceive VBN en-wikipedia-org-6976 14 44 motivational motivational JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 14 45 prominence prominence NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 14 46 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 14 47 i.e. i.e. FW en-wikipedia-org-6976 14 48 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 14 49 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 14 50 desirability desirability NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 14 51 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-6976 14 52 aversiveness aversiveness NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 14 53 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 14 54 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 14 55 an an DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 14 56 outcome outcome NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 14 57 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 14 58 which which WDT en-wikipedia-org-6976 14 59 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 14 60 turn turn NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 14 61 propels propel VBZ en-wikipedia-org-6976 14 62 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 14 63 organism organism NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 14 64 's 's POS en-wikipedia-org-6976 14 65 behavior behavior NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 14 66 toward toward IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 14 67 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-6976 14 68 away away RB en-wikipedia-org-6976 14 69 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 14 70 achieving achieve VBG en-wikipedia-org-6976 14 71 that that DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 14 72 outcome outcome NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 14 73 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 15 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 15 2 5][6 5][6 VBN en-wikipedia-org-6976 15 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 15 4 Outside outside IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 15 5 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 15 6 central central JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 15 7 nervous nervous JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 15 8 system system NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 15 9 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 15 10 dopamine dopamine NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 15 11 functions function NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 15 12 primarily primarily RB en-wikipedia-org-6976 15 13 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 15 14 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 15 15 local local JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 15 16 paracrine paracrine JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 15 17 messenger messenger NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 15 18 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 16 1 In in IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 16 2 blood blood NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 16 3 vessels vessel NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 16 4 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 16 5 it -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-6976 16 6 inhibits inhibit VBZ en-wikipedia-org-6976 16 7 norepinephrine norepinephrine NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 16 8 release release NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 16 9 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-6976 16 10 acts act VBZ en-wikipedia-org-6976 16 11 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 16 12 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 16 13 vasodilator vasodilator NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 16 14 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 16 15 at at IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 16 16 normal normal JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 16 17 concentrations concentration NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 16 18 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 16 19 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-6976 16 20 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 16 21 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 16 22 kidneys kidney NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 16 23 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 16 24 it -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-6976 16 25 increases increase VBZ en-wikipedia-org-6976 16 26 sodium sodium NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 16 27 excretion excretion NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 16 28 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-6976 16 29 urine urine NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 16 30 output output NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 16 31 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-6976 16 32 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 16 33 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 16 34 pancreas pancrea NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 16 35 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 16 36 it -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-6976 16 37 reduces reduce VBZ en-wikipedia-org-6976 16 38 insulin insulin NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 16 39 production production NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 16 40 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-6976 16 41 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 16 42 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 16 43 digestive digestive JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 16 44 system system NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 16 45 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 16 46 it -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-6976 16 47 reduces reduce VBZ en-wikipedia-org-6976 16 48 gastrointestinal gastrointestinal JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 16 49 motility motility NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 16 50 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-6976 16 51 protects protect VBZ en-wikipedia-org-6976 16 52 intestinal intestinal JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 16 53 mucosa mucosa NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 16 54 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-6976 16 55 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-6976 16 56 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 16 57 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 16 58 immune immune JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 16 59 system system NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 16 60 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 16 61 it -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-6976 16 62 reduces reduce VBZ en-wikipedia-org-6976 16 63 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 16 64 activity activity NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 16 65 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 16 66 lymphocytes lymphocyte NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 16 67 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 17 1 With with IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 17 2 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 17 3 exception exception NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 17 4 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 17 5 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 17 6 blood blood NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 17 7 vessels vessel NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 17 8 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 17 9 dopamine dopamine NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 17 10 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 17 11 each each DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 17 12 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 17 13 these these DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 17 14 peripheral peripheral JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 17 15 systems system NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 17 16 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-6976 17 17 synthesized synthesize VBN en-wikipedia-org-6976 17 18 locally locally RB en-wikipedia-org-6976 17 19 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-6976 17 20 exerts exert VBZ en-wikipedia-org-6976 17 21 its -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-6976 17 22 effects effect NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 17 23 near near IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 17 24 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 17 25 cells cell NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 17 26 that that WDT en-wikipedia-org-6976 17 27 release release VBP en-wikipedia-org-6976 17 28 it -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-6976 17 29 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 18 1 Several several JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 18 2 important important JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 18 3 diseases disease NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 18 4 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 18 5 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 18 6 nervous nervous JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 18 7 system system NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 18 8 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-6976 18 9 associated associate VBN en-wikipedia-org-6976 18 10 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 18 11 dysfunctions dysfunction NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 18 12 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 18 13 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 18 14 dopamine dopamine NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 18 15 system system NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 18 16 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 18 17 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-6976 18 18 some some DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 18 19 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 18 20 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 18 21 key key JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 18 22 medications medication NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 18 23 used use VBN en-wikipedia-org-6976 18 24 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-6976 18 25 treat treat VB en-wikipedia-org-6976 18 26 them -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-6976 18 27 work work NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 18 28 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 18 29 altering alter VBG en-wikipedia-org-6976 18 30 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 18 31 effects effect NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 18 32 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 18 33 dopamine dopamine NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 18 34 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 19 1 Parkinson Parkinson NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 19 2 's 's POS en-wikipedia-org-6976 19 3 disease disease NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 19 4 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 19 5 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 19 6 degenerative degenerative JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 19 7 condition condition NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 19 8 causing cause VBG en-wikipedia-org-6976 19 9 tremor tremor NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 19 10 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-6976 19 11 motor motor NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 19 12 impairment impairment NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 19 13 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 19 14 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-6976 19 15 caused cause VBN en-wikipedia-org-6976 19 16 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 19 17 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 19 18 loss loss NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 19 19 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 19 20 dopamine dopamine NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 19 21 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-6976 19 22 secreting secrete VBG en-wikipedia-org-6976 19 23 neurons neuron NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 19 24 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 19 25 an an DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 19 26 area area NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 19 27 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 19 28 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 19 29 midbrain midbrain NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 19 30 called call VBD en-wikipedia-org-6976 19 31 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 19 32 substantia substantia NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 19 33 nigra nigra RB en-wikipedia-org-6976 19 34 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 20 1 Its -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-6976 20 2 metabolic metabolic JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 20 3 precursor precursor NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 20 4 L L NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 20 5 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-6976 20 6 DOPA DOPA NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 20 7 can can MD en-wikipedia-org-6976 20 8 be be VB en-wikipedia-org-6976 20 9 manufactured manufacture VBN en-wikipedia-org-6976 20 10 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-6976 20 11 Levodopa Levodopa NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 20 12 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 20 13 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 20 14 pure pure JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 20 15 form form NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 20 16 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 20 17 L l NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 20 18 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-6976 20 19 DOPA DOPA NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 20 20 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 20 21 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-6976 20 22 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 20 23 most most RBS en-wikipedia-org-6976 20 24 widely widely RB en-wikipedia-org-6976 20 25 used use VBN en-wikipedia-org-6976 20 26 treatment treatment NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 20 27 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 20 28 Parkinson Parkinson NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 20 29 's 's POS en-wikipedia-org-6976 20 30 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 21 1 There there EX en-wikipedia-org-6976 21 2 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-6976 21 3 evidence evidence NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 21 4 that that IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 21 5 schizophrenia schizophrenia NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 21 6 involves involve VBZ en-wikipedia-org-6976 21 7 altered alter VBN en-wikipedia-org-6976 21 8 levels level NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 21 9 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 21 10 dopamine dopamine NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 21 11 activity activity NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 21 12 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 21 13 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-6976 21 14 most most JJS en-wikipedia-org-6976 21 15 antipsychotic antipsychotic JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 21 16 drugs drug NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 21 17 used use VBD en-wikipedia-org-6976 21 18 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-6976 21 19 treat treat VB en-wikipedia-org-6976 21 20 this this DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 21 21 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-6976 21 22 dopamine dopamine NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 21 23 antagonists antagonist NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 21 24 which which WDT en-wikipedia-org-6976 21 25 reduce reduce VBP en-wikipedia-org-6976 21 26 dopamine dopamine NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 21 27 activity activity NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 21 28 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 22 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 22 2 7 7 LS en-wikipedia-org-6976 22 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 22 4 Similar similar JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 22 5 dopamine dopamine NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 22 6 antagonist antagonist NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 22 7 drugs drug NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 22 8 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-6976 22 9 also also RB en-wikipedia-org-6976 22 10 some some DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 22 11 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 22 12 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 22 13 most most RBS en-wikipedia-org-6976 22 14 effective effective JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 22 15 anti anti JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 22 16 - - JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 22 17 nausea nausea JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 22 18 agents agent NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 22 19 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 23 1 Restless restless JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 23 2 legs leg NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 23 3 syndrome syndrome NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 23 4 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-6976 23 5 attention attention NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 23 6 deficit deficit NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 23 7 hyperactivity hyperactivity NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 23 8 disorder disorder NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 23 9 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 23 10 ADHD ADHD NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 23 11 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 23 12 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-6976 23 13 associated associate VBN en-wikipedia-org-6976 23 14 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 23 15 decreased decreased JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 23 16 dopamine dopamine NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 23 17 activity activity NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 23 18 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 24 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 24 2 8 8 LS en-wikipedia-org-6976 24 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 24 4 Dopaminergic dopaminergic JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 24 5 stimulants stimulant NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 24 6 can can MD en-wikipedia-org-6976 24 7 be be VB en-wikipedia-org-6976 24 8 addictive addictive JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 24 9 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 24 10 high high JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 24 11 doses dose NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 24 12 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 24 13 but but CC en-wikipedia-org-6976 24 14 some some DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 24 15 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-6976 24 16 used use VBN en-wikipedia-org-6976 24 17 at at IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 24 18 lower low JJR en-wikipedia-org-6976 24 19 doses dose NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 24 20 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-6976 24 21 treat treat VB en-wikipedia-org-6976 24 22 ADHD ADHD NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 24 23 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 25 1 Dopamine dopamine NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 25 2 itself -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-6976 25 3 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-6976 25 4 available available JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 25 5 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 25 6 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 25 7 manufactured manufacture VBN en-wikipedia-org-6976 25 8 medication medication NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 25 9 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 25 10 intravenous intravenous JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 25 11 injection injection NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 25 12 : : : en-wikipedia-org-6976 25 13 although although IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 25 14 it -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-6976 25 15 can can MD en-wikipedia-org-6976 25 16 not not RB en-wikipedia-org-6976 25 17 reach reach VB en-wikipedia-org-6976 25 18 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 25 19 brain brain NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 25 20 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 25 21 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 25 22 bloodstream bloodstream NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 25 23 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 25 24 its -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-6976 25 25 peripheral peripheral JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 25 26 effects effect NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 25 27 make make VBP en-wikipedia-org-6976 25 28 it -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-6976 25 29 useful useful JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 25 30 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 25 31 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 25 32 treatment treatment NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 25 33 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 25 34 heart heart NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 25 35 failure failure NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 25 36 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-6976 25 37 shock shock NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 25 38 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 25 39 especially especially RB en-wikipedia-org-6976 25 40 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 25 41 newborn newborn JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 25 42 babies baby NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 25 43 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 26 1 Contents content NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 26 2 1 1 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 26 3 Structure structure NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 26 4 2 2 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 26 5 Biochemistry Biochemistry NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 26 6 2.1 2.1 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 26 7 Synthesis synthesis NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 26 8 2.2 2.2 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 26 9 Degradation degradation NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 26 10 3 3 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 26 11 Functions Functions NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 26 12 3.1 3.1 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 26 13 Cellular cellular JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 26 14 effects effect NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 26 15 3.1.1 3.1.1 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 26 16 Storage storage NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 26 17 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 26 18 release release NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 26 19 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 26 20 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-6976 26 21 reuptake reuptake VB en-wikipedia-org-6976 26 22 3.2 3.2 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 26 23 Nervous nervous JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 26 24 system system NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 26 25 3.2.1 3.2.1 NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 26 26 Basal Basal NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 26 27 ganglia ganglia NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 26 28 3.2.2 3.2.2 NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 26 29 Reward Reward NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 26 30 3.2.3 3.2.3 NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 26 31 Pleasure pleasure NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 26 32 3.3 3.3 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 26 33 Outside outside IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 26 34 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 26 35 nervous nervous JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 26 36 system system NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 26 37 4 4 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 26 38 Medical medical JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 26 39 uses use VBZ en-wikipedia-org-6976 26 40 5 5 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 26 41 Disease Disease NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 26 42 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 26 43 disorders disorder NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 26 44 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 26 45 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-6976 26 46 pharmacology pharmacology NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 26 47 5.1 5.1 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 26 48 Aging age VBG en-wikipedia-org-6976 26 49 brain brain NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 26 50 5.2 5.2 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 26 51 Multiple multiple JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 26 52 sclerosis sclerosis NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 26 53 5.3 5.3 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 26 54 Parkinson Parkinson NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 26 55 's 's POS en-wikipedia-org-6976 26 56 disease disease NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 26 57 5.4 5.4 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 26 58 Drug drug NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 26 59 addiction addiction NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 26 60 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-6976 26 61 psychostimulants psychostimulant NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 26 62 5.5 5.5 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 26 63 Psychosis psychosis NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 26 64 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-6976 26 65 antipsychotic antipsychotic JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 26 66 drugs drug NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 26 67 5.6 5.6 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 26 68 Attention attention NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 26 69 deficit deficit NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 26 70 hyperactivity hyperactivity NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 26 71 disorder disorder NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 26 72 5.7 5.7 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 26 73 Pain Pain NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 26 74 5.8 5.8 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 26 75 Nausea Nausea NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 26 76 6 6 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 26 77 Comparative comparative JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 26 78 biology biology NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 26 79 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-6976 26 80 evolution evolution NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 26 81 6.1 6.1 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 26 82 Microorganisms microorganism NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 26 83 6.2 6.2 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 26 84 Animals animal NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 26 85 6.3 6.3 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 26 86 Plants plant NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 26 87 6.4 6.4 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 26 88 As as IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 26 89 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 26 90 precursor precursor NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 26 91 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 26 92 melanin melanin NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 26 93 7 7 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 26 94 History history NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 26 95 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-6976 26 96 development development NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 26 97 7.1 7.1 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 26 98 Polydopamine Polydopamine NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 26 99 8 8 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 26 100 See see VBP en-wikipedia-org-6976 26 101 also also RB en-wikipedia-org-6976 26 102 9 9 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 26 103 References reference NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 26 104 10 10 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 26 105 External external JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 26 106 links link NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 26 107 Structure[edit Structure[edit '' en-wikipedia-org-6976 26 108 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 26 109 A a DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 26 110 dopamine dopamine NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 26 111 molecule molecule NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 26 112 consists consist VBZ en-wikipedia-org-6976 26 113 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 26 114 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 26 115 catechol catechol NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 26 116 structure structure NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 26 117 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 26 118 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 26 119 benzene benzene NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 26 120 ring ring NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 26 121 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 26 122 two two CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 26 123 hydroxyl hydroxyl NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 26 124 side side NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 26 125 groups group NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 26 126 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 26 127 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 26 128 one one CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 26 129 amine amine NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 26 130 group group NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 26 131 attached attach VBN en-wikipedia-org-6976 26 132 via via IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 26 133 an an DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 26 134 ethyl ethyl NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 26 135 chain chain NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 26 136 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 27 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 27 2 9 9 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 27 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 27 4 As as IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 27 5 such such JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 27 6 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 27 7 dopamine dopamine NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 27 8 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-6976 27 9 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 27 10 simplest simple JJS en-wikipedia-org-6976 27 11 possible possible JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 27 12 catecholamine catecholamine NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 27 13 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 27 14 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 27 15 family family NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 27 16 that that WDT en-wikipedia-org-6976 27 17 also also RB en-wikipedia-org-6976 27 18 includes include VBZ en-wikipedia-org-6976 27 19 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 27 20 neurotransmitters neurotransmitter NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 27 21 norepinephrine norepinephrine NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 27 22 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-6976 27 23 epinephrine epinephrine NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 27 24 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 28 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 28 2 10 10 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 28 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 28 4 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 28 5 presence presence NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 28 6 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 28 7 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 28 8 benzene benzene NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 28 9 ring ring NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 28 10 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 28 11 this this DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 28 12 amine amine NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 28 13 attachment attachment NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 28 14 makes make VBZ en-wikipedia-org-6976 28 15 it -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-6976 28 16 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 28 17 substituted substitute VBN en-wikipedia-org-6976 28 18 phenethylamine phenethylamine NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 28 19 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 28 20 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 28 21 family family NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 28 22 that that WDT en-wikipedia-org-6976 28 23 includes include VBZ en-wikipedia-org-6976 28 24 numerous numerous JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 28 25 psychoactive psychoactive JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 28 26 drugs drug NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 28 27 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 29 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 29 2 11 11 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 29 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 29 4 Like like IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 29 5 most most JJS en-wikipedia-org-6976 29 6 amines amine NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 29 7 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 29 8 dopamine dopamine NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 29 9 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-6976 29 10 an an DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 29 11 organic organic JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 29 12 base base NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 29 13 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 30 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 30 2 12 12 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 30 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 30 4 As as IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 30 5 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 30 6 base base NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 30 7 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 30 8 it -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-6976 30 9 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-6976 30 10 generally generally RB en-wikipedia-org-6976 30 11 protonated protonate VBN en-wikipedia-org-6976 30 12 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 30 13 acidic acidic JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 30 14 environments environment NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 30 15 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 30 16 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 30 17 an an DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 30 18 acid acid JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 30 19 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-6976 30 20 base base NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 30 21 reaction reaction NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 30 22 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 30 23 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 31 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 31 2 12 12 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 31 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 31 4 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 31 5 protonated protonate VBN en-wikipedia-org-6976 31 6 form form NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 31 7 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-6976 31 8 highly highly RB en-wikipedia-org-6976 31 9 water water NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 31 10 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-6976 31 11 soluble soluble JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 31 12 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-6976 31 13 relatively relatively RB en-wikipedia-org-6976 31 14 stable stable JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 31 15 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 31 16 but but CC en-wikipedia-org-6976 31 17 can can MD en-wikipedia-org-6976 31 18 become become VB en-wikipedia-org-6976 31 19 oxidized oxidize VBN en-wikipedia-org-6976 31 20 if if IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 31 21 exposed expose VBN en-wikipedia-org-6976 31 22 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 31 23 oxygen oxygen NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 31 24 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-6976 31 25 other other JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 31 26 oxidants oxidant NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 31 27 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 32 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 32 2 12 12 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 32 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 32 4 In in IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 32 5 basic basic JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 32 6 environments environment NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 32 7 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 32 8 dopamine dopamine NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 32 9 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-6976 32 10 not not RB en-wikipedia-org-6976 32 11 protonated protonate VBN en-wikipedia-org-6976 32 12 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 33 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 33 2 12 12 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 33 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 33 4 In in IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 33 5 this this DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 33 6 free free JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 33 7 base base NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 33 8 form form NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 33 9 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 33 10 it -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-6976 33 11 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-6976 33 12 less less JJR en-wikipedia-org-6976 33 13 water water NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 33 14 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-6976 33 15 soluble soluble JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 33 16 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-6976 33 17 also also RB en-wikipedia-org-6976 33 18 more more RBR en-wikipedia-org-6976 33 19 highly highly RB en-wikipedia-org-6976 33 20 reactive reactive JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 33 21 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 34 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 34 2 12 12 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 34 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 34 4 Because because IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 34 5 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 34 6 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 34 7 increased increase VBN en-wikipedia-org-6976 34 8 stability stability NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 34 9 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-6976 34 10 water water NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 34 11 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-6976 34 12 solubility solubility NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 34 13 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 34 14 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 34 15 protonated protonate VBN en-wikipedia-org-6976 34 16 form form NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 34 17 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 34 18 dopamine dopamine NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 34 19 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-6976 34 20 supplied supply VBN en-wikipedia-org-6976 34 21 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 34 22 chemical chemical NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 34 23 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-6976 34 24 pharmaceutical pharmaceutical NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 34 25 use use NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 34 26 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 34 27 dopamine dopamine NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 34 28 hydrochloride hydrochloride NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 34 29 — — : en-wikipedia-org-6976 34 30 that that RB en-wikipedia-org-6976 34 31 is is RB en-wikipedia-org-6976 34 32 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 34 33 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 34 34 hydrochloride hydrochloride NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 34 35 salt salt NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 34 36 that that WDT en-wikipedia-org-6976 34 37 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-6976 34 38 created create VBN en-wikipedia-org-6976 34 39 when when WRB en-wikipedia-org-6976 34 40 dopamine dopamine NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 34 41 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-6976 34 42 combined combine VBN en-wikipedia-org-6976 34 43 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 34 44 hydrochloric hydrochloric JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 34 45 acid acid NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 34 46 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 35 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 35 2 12 12 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 35 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 35 4 In in IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 35 5 dry dry JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 35 6 form form NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 35 7 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 35 8 dopamine dopamine NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 35 9 hydrochloride hydrochloride NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 35 10 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-6976 35 11 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 35 12 fine fine JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 35 13 powder powder NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 35 14 which which WDT en-wikipedia-org-6976 35 15 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-6976 35 16 white white JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 35 17 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-6976 35 18 yellow yellow VB en-wikipedia-org-6976 35 19 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 35 20 color color NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 35 21 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 36 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 36 2 13 13 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 36 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 36 4 Dopamine Dopamine NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 36 5 structure structure NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 36 6 Phenethylamine Phenethylamine NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 36 7 structure structure NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 36 8 Catechol Catechol NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 36 9 structure structure NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 36 10 Biochemistry[edit biochemistry[edit NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 36 11 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 36 12 Biosynthetic biosynthetic JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 36 13 pathways pathway NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 36 14 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 36 15 catecholamines catecholamine NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 36 16 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-6976 36 17 trace trace NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 36 18 amines amine NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 36 19 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 36 20 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 36 21 human human NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 36 22 brain[14][15][16 brain[14][15][16 NFP en-wikipedia-org-6976 36 23 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 36 24 L L NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 36 25 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-6976 36 26 Phenylalanine Phenylalanine NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 36 27 L L NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 36 28 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-6976 36 29 Tyrosine Tyrosine NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 36 30 L L NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 36 31 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-6976 36 32 DOPA DOPA NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 36 33 Epinephrine Epinephrine NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 36 34 Phenethylamine Phenethylamine NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 36 35 p p NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 36 36 - - : en-wikipedia-org-6976 36 37 Tyramine Tyramine NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 36 38 Dopamine Dopamine NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 36 39 Norepinephrine Norepinephrine NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 36 40 N N NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 36 41 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-6976 36 42 Methylphenethylamine Methylphenethylamine NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 36 43 N N NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 36 44 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-6976 36 45 Methyltyramine Methyltyramine NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 36 46 p p NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 36 47 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-6976 36 48 Octopamine Octopamine NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 36 49 Synephrine Synephrine NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 36 50 3-Methoxytyramine 3-methoxytyramine CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 36 51 AADC aadc NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 36 52 AADC aadc NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 36 53 AADC aadc NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 36 54 primary primary JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 36 55 pathway pathway NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 36 56 PNMT PNMT NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 36 57 PNMT PNMT NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 36 58 PNMT pnmt RB en-wikipedia-org-6976 36 59 PNMT PNMT NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 36 60 AAAH AAAH NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 36 61 AAAH AAAH NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 36 62 brain brain NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 36 63 CYP2D6 CYP2D6 . en-wikipedia-org-6976 36 64 minor minor JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 36 65 pathway pathway NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 36 66 COMT COMT NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 36 67 DBH DBH NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 36 68 DBH DBH NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 36 69 In in IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 36 70 humans human NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 36 71 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 36 72 catecholamines catecholamine NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 36 73 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-6976 36 74 phenethylaminergic phenethylaminergic JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 36 75 trace trace NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 36 76 amines amine NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 36 77 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-6976 36 78 derived derive VBN en-wikipedia-org-6976 36 79 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 36 80 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 36 81 amino amino JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 36 82 acid acid NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 36 83 phenylalanine phenylalanine NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 36 84 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 37 1 It -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-6976 37 2 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-6976 37 3 well well RB en-wikipedia-org-6976 37 4 established establish VBN en-wikipedia-org-6976 37 5 that that IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 37 6 dopamine dopamine NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 37 7 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-6976 37 8 produced produce VBN en-wikipedia-org-6976 37 9 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 37 10 L l NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 37 11 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-6976 37 12 tyrosine tyrosine NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 37 13 via via IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 37 14 L l NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 37 15 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-6976 37 16 DOPA DOPA NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 37 17 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-6976 37 18 however however RB en-wikipedia-org-6976 37 19 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 37 20 recent recent JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 37 21 evidence evidence NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 37 22 has have VBZ en-wikipedia-org-6976 37 23 shown show VBN en-wikipedia-org-6976 37 24 that that IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 37 25 CYP2D6 CYP2D6 NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 37 26 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-6976 37 27 expressed express VBN en-wikipedia-org-6976 37 28 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 37 29 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 37 30 human human JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 37 31 brain brain NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 37 32 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-6976 37 33 catalyzes catalyze VBZ en-wikipedia-org-6976 37 34 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 37 35 biosynthesis biosynthesis NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 37 36 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 37 37 dopamine dopamine NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 37 38 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 37 39 L l NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 37 40 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-6976 37 41 tyrosine tyrosine NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 37 42 via via IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 37 43 p p NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 37 44 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-6976 37 45 tyramine tyramine NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 37 46 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 38 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 38 2 16 16 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 38 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 38 4 Synthesis[edit Synthesis[edit VBN en-wikipedia-org-6976 38 5 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 38 6 Dopamine dopamine NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 38 7 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-6976 38 8 synthesized synthesize VBN en-wikipedia-org-6976 38 9 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 38 10 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 38 11 restricted restricted JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 38 12 set set NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 38 13 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 38 14 cell cell NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 38 15 types type NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 38 16 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 38 17 mainly mainly RB en-wikipedia-org-6976 38 18 neurons neuron NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 38 19 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-6976 38 20 cells cell NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 38 21 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 38 22 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 38 23 medulla medulla NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 38 24 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 38 25 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 38 26 adrenal adrenal JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 38 27 glands gland NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 38 28 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 39 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 39 2 17 17 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 39 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 39 4 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 39 5 primary primary JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 39 6 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-6976 39 7 minor minor JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 39 8 metabolic metabolic JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 39 9 pathways pathway NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 39 10 respectively respectively RB en-wikipedia-org-6976 39 11 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-6976 39 12 : : : en-wikipedia-org-6976 39 13 Primary primary JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 39 14 : : : en-wikipedia-org-6976 39 15 L L NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 39 16 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-6976 39 17 Phenylalanine Phenylalanine NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 39 18 → → SYM en-wikipedia-org-6976 39 19 L L NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 39 20 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-6976 39 21 Tyrosine Tyrosine NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 39 22 → → SYM en-wikipedia-org-6976 39 23 L l NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 39 24 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-6976 39 25 DOPA DOPA NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 39 26 → → SYM en-wikipedia-org-6976 39 27 Dopamine[14][15 Dopamine[14][15 NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 39 28 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 39 29 Minor Minor NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 39 30 : : : en-wikipedia-org-6976 39 31 L L NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 39 32 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-6976 39 33 Phenylalanine Phenylalanine NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 39 34 → → SYM en-wikipedia-org-6976 39 35 L L NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 39 36 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-6976 39 37 Tyrosine tyrosine NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 39 38 → → SYM en-wikipedia-org-6976 39 39 p p NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 39 40 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-6976 39 41 Tyramine tyramine NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 39 42 → → SYM en-wikipedia-org-6976 39 43 Dopamine[14][15][16 dopamine[14][15][16 ADD en-wikipedia-org-6976 39 44 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 39 45 Minor minor JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 39 46 : : : en-wikipedia-org-6976 39 47 L L NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 39 48 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-6976 39 49 Phenylalanine Phenylalanine NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 39 50 → → SYM en-wikipedia-org-6976 39 51 m m NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 39 52 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-6976 39 53 Tyrosine tyrosine NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 39 54 → → SYM en-wikipedia-org-6976 39 55 m m NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 39 56 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-6976 39 57 Tyramine Tyramine NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 39 58 → → SYM en-wikipedia-org-6976 39 59 Dopamine[16][18][19 dopamine[16][18][19 FW en-wikipedia-org-6976 39 60 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 39 61 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 39 62 direct direct JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 39 63 precursor precursor NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 39 64 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 39 65 dopamine dopamine NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 39 66 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 39 67 L L NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 39 68 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-6976 39 69 DOPA DOPA NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 39 70 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 39 71 can can MD en-wikipedia-org-6976 39 72 be be VB en-wikipedia-org-6976 39 73 synthesized synthesize VBN en-wikipedia-org-6976 39 74 indirectly indirectly RB en-wikipedia-org-6976 39 75 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 39 76 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 39 77 essential essential JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 39 78 amino amino NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 39 79 acid acid NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 39 80 phenylalanine phenylalanine NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 39 81 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-6976 39 82 directly directly RB en-wikipedia-org-6976 39 83 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 39 84 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 39 85 non non JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 39 86 - - JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 39 87 essential essential JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 39 88 amino amino NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 39 89 acid acid NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 39 90 tyrosine tyrosine NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 39 91 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 40 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 40 2 20 20 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 40 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 40 4 These these DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 40 5 amino amino JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 40 6 acids acid NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 40 7 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-6976 40 8 found find VBN en-wikipedia-org-6976 40 9 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 40 10 nearly nearly RB en-wikipedia-org-6976 40 11 every every DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 40 12 protein protein NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 40 13 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-6976 40 14 so so RB en-wikipedia-org-6976 40 15 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-6976 40 16 readily readily RB en-wikipedia-org-6976 40 17 available available JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 40 18 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 40 19 food food NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 40 20 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 40 21 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 40 22 tyrosine tyrosine NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 40 23 being be VBG en-wikipedia-org-6976 40 24 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 40 25 most most RBS en-wikipedia-org-6976 40 26 common common JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 40 27 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 41 1 Although although IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 41 2 dopamine dopamine NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 41 3 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-6976 41 4 also also RB en-wikipedia-org-6976 41 5 found find VBN en-wikipedia-org-6976 41 6 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 41 7 many many JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 41 8 types type NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 41 9 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 41 10 food food NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 41 11 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 41 12 it -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-6976 41 13 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-6976 41 14 incapable incapable JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 41 15 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 41 16 crossing cross VBG en-wikipedia-org-6976 41 17 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 41 18 blood blood NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 41 19 – – : en-wikipedia-org-6976 41 20 brain brain NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 41 21 barrier barrier NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 41 22 that that WDT en-wikipedia-org-6976 41 23 surrounds surround VBZ en-wikipedia-org-6976 41 24 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-6976 41 25 protects protect VBZ en-wikipedia-org-6976 41 26 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 41 27 brain brain NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 41 28 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 42 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 42 2 21 21 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 42 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 42 4 It -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-6976 42 5 must must MD en-wikipedia-org-6976 42 6 therefore therefore RB en-wikipedia-org-6976 42 7 be be VB en-wikipedia-org-6976 42 8 synthesized synthesize VBN en-wikipedia-org-6976 42 9 inside inside IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 42 10 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 42 11 brain brain NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 42 12 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-6976 42 13 perform perform VB en-wikipedia-org-6976 42 14 its -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-6976 42 15 neuronal neuronal JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 42 16 activity activity NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 42 17 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 43 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 43 2 21 21 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 43 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 43 4 L L NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 43 5 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-6976 43 6 Phenylalanine Phenylalanine NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 43 7 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-6976 43 8 converted convert VBN en-wikipedia-org-6976 43 9 into into IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 43 10 L l NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 43 11 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-6976 43 12 tyrosine tyrosine NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 43 13 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 43 14 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 43 15 enzyme enzyme NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 43 16 phenylalanine phenylalanine NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 43 17 hydroxylase hydroxylase NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 43 18 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 43 19 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 43 20 molecular molecular JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 43 21 oxygen oxygen NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 43 22 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 43 23 O2 o2 NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 43 24 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 43 25 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-6976 43 26 tetrahydrobiopterin tetrahydrobiopterin NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 43 27 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 43 28 cofactors cofactor NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 43 29 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 44 1 L L NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 44 2 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-6976 44 3 Tyrosine Tyrosine NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 44 4 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-6976 44 5 converted convert VBN en-wikipedia-org-6976 44 6 into into IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 44 7 L l NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 44 8 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-6976 44 9 DOPA DOPA NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 44 10 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 44 11 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 44 12 enzyme enzyme NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 44 13 tyrosine tyrosine VBP en-wikipedia-org-6976 44 14 hydroxylase hydroxylase NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 44 15 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 44 16 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 44 17 tetrahydrobiopterin tetrahydrobiopterin NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 44 18 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 44 19 O2 O2 NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 44 20 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 44 21 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-6976 44 22 iron iron NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 44 23 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 44 24 Fe2 Fe2 NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 44 25 + + SYM en-wikipedia-org-6976 44 26 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 44 27 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 44 28 cofactors cofactor NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 44 29 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 45 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 45 2 20 20 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 45 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 45 4 L l NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 45 5 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-6976 45 6 DOPA DOPA NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 45 7 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-6976 45 8 converted convert VBN en-wikipedia-org-6976 45 9 into into IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 45 10 dopamine dopamine NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 45 11 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 45 12 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 45 13 enzyme enzyme NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 45 14 aromatic aromatic NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 45 15 L L NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 45 16 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-6976 45 17 amino amino NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 45 18 acid acid NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 45 19 decarboxylase decarboxylase NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 45 20 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 45 21 also also RB en-wikipedia-org-6976 45 22 known know VBN en-wikipedia-org-6976 45 23 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 45 24 DOPA DOPA NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 45 25 decarboxylase decarboxylase NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 45 26 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 45 27 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 45 28 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 45 29 pyridoxal pyridoxal NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 45 30 phosphate phosphate NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 45 31 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 45 32 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 45 33 cofactor cofactor NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 45 34 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 46 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 46 2 20 20 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 46 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 46 4 Dopamine Dopamine NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 46 5 itself -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-6976 46 6 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-6976 46 7 used use VBN en-wikipedia-org-6976 46 8 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 46 9 precursor precursor NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 46 10 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 46 11 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 46 12 synthesis synthesis NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 46 13 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 46 14 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 46 15 neurotransmitters neurotransmitters NNPS en-wikipedia-org-6976 46 16 norepinephrine norepinephrine NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 46 17 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-6976 46 18 epinephrine epinephrine NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 46 19 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 47 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 47 2 20 20 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 47 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 47 4 Dopamine Dopamine NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 47 5 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-6976 47 6 converted convert VBN en-wikipedia-org-6976 47 7 into into IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 47 8 norepinephrine norepinephrine NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 47 9 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 47 10 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 47 11 enzyme enzyme NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 47 12 dopamine dopamine NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 47 13 β β NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 47 14 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-6976 47 15 hydroxylase hydroxylase NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 47 16 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 47 17 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 47 18 O2 O2 NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 47 19 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-6976 47 20 L l NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 47 21 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-6976 47 22 ascorbic ascorbic NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 47 23 acid acid NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 47 24 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 47 25 cofactors cofactor NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 47 26 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 48 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 48 2 20 20 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 48 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 48 4 Norepinephrine Norepinephrine NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 48 5 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-6976 48 6 converted convert VBN en-wikipedia-org-6976 48 7 into into IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 48 8 epinephrine epinephrine NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 48 9 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 48 10 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 48 11 enzyme enzyme NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 48 12 phenylethanolamine phenylethanolamine NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 48 13 N N NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 48 14 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-6976 48 15 methyltransferase methyltransferase NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 48 16 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 48 17 S S NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 48 18 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-6976 48 19 adenosyl adenosyl NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 48 20 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-6976 48 21 L l NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 48 22 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-6976 48 23 methionine methionine NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 48 24 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 48 25 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 48 26 cofactor cofactor NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 48 27 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 49 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 49 2 20 20 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 49 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 49 4 Some some DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 49 5 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 49 6 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 49 7 cofactors cofactor NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 49 8 also also RB en-wikipedia-org-6976 49 9 require require VBP en-wikipedia-org-6976 49 10 their -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-6976 49 11 own own JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 49 12 synthesis synthesis NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 49 13 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 50 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 50 2 20 20 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 50 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 50 4 Deficiency deficiency NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 50 5 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 50 6 any any DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 50 7 required require VBN en-wikipedia-org-6976 50 8 amino amino NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 50 9 acid acid NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 50 10 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-6976 50 11 cofactor cofactor NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 50 12 can can MD en-wikipedia-org-6976 50 13 impair impair VB en-wikipedia-org-6976 50 14 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 50 15 synthesis synthesis NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 50 16 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 50 17 dopamine dopamine NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 50 18 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 50 19 norepinephrine norepinephrine NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 50 20 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 50 21 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-6976 50 22 epinephrine epinephrine NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 50 23 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 51 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 51 2 20 20 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 51 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 51 4 Degradation[edit degradation[edit JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 51 5 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 51 6 Dopamine dopamine NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 51 7 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-6976 51 8 broken break VBN en-wikipedia-org-6976 51 9 down down RP en-wikipedia-org-6976 51 10 into into IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 51 11 inactive inactive JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 51 12 metabolites metabolite NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 51 13 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 51 14 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 51 15 set set NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 51 16 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 51 17 enzymes enzyme NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 51 18 — — : en-wikipedia-org-6976 51 19 monoamine monoamine NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 51 20 oxidase oxidase NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 51 21 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 51 22 MAO MAO NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 51 23 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 51 24 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 51 25 catechol catechol NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 51 26 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-6976 51 27 O O NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 51 28 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-6976 51 29 methyl methyl NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 51 30 transferase transferase NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 51 31 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 51 32 COMT COMT NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 51 33 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 51 34 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 51 35 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-6976 51 36 aldehyde aldehyde JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 51 37 dehydrogenase dehydrogenase JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 51 38 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 51 39 ALDH ALDH NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 51 40 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 51 41 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 51 42 acting act VBG en-wikipedia-org-6976 51 43 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 51 44 sequence sequence NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 51 45 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 52 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 52 2 22 22 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 52 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 52 4 Both both DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 52 5 isoforms isoform NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 52 6 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 52 7 monoamine monoamine NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 52 8 oxidase oxidase NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 52 9 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 52 10 MAO MAO NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 52 11 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-6976 52 12 A A NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 52 13 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-6976 52 14 MAO MAO NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 52 15 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-6976 52 16 B B NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 52 17 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 52 18 effectively effectively RB en-wikipedia-org-6976 52 19 metabolize metabolize VB en-wikipedia-org-6976 52 20 dopamine dopamine NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 52 21 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 53 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 53 2 20 20 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 53 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 53 4 Different different JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 53 5 breakdown breakdown NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 53 6 pathways pathway NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 53 7 exist exist VBP en-wikipedia-org-6976 53 8 but but CC en-wikipedia-org-6976 53 9 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 53 10 main main JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 53 11 end end NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 53 12 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-6976 53 13 product product NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 53 14 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-6976 53 15 homovanillic homovanillic JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 53 16 acid acid NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 53 17 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 53 18 HVA HVA NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 53 19 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 53 20 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 53 21 which which WDT en-wikipedia-org-6976 53 22 has have VBZ en-wikipedia-org-6976 53 23 no no DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 53 24 known known JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 53 25 biological biological JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 53 26 activity activity NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 53 27 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 54 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 54 2 22 22 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 54 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 54 4 From from IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 54 5 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 54 6 bloodstream bloodstream NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 54 7 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 54 8 homovanillic homovanillic JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 54 9 acid acid NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 54 10 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-6976 54 11 filtered filter VBN en-wikipedia-org-6976 54 12 out out RP en-wikipedia-org-6976 54 13 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 54 14 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 54 15 kidneys kidney NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 54 16 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-6976 54 17 then then RB en-wikipedia-org-6976 54 18 excreted excrete VBD en-wikipedia-org-6976 54 19 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 54 20 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 54 21 urine urine NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 54 22 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 55 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 55 2 22 22 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 55 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 55 4 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 55 5 two two CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 55 6 primary primary JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 55 7 metabolic metabolic JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 55 8 routes route NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 55 9 that that WDT en-wikipedia-org-6976 55 10 convert convert VBP en-wikipedia-org-6976 55 11 dopamine dopamine NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 55 12 into into IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 55 13 HVA HVA NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 55 14 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-6976 55 15 : : : en-wikipedia-org-6976 55 16 Dopamine dopamine NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 55 17 → → SYM en-wikipedia-org-6976 55 18 DOPAL dopal NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 55 19 → → SYM en-wikipedia-org-6976 55 20 DOPAC dopac NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 55 21 → → SYM en-wikipedia-org-6976 55 22 HVA HVA NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 55 23   _SP en-wikipedia-org-6976 55 24 – – : en-wikipedia-org-6976 55 25 catalyzed catalyze VBN en-wikipedia-org-6976 55 26 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 55 27 MAO MAO NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 55 28 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 55 29 ALDH ALDH NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 55 30 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 55 31 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-6976 55 32 COMT COMT NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 55 33 respectively respectively RB en-wikipedia-org-6976 55 34 Dopamine dopamine NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 55 35 → → SYM en-wikipedia-org-6976 55 36 3-Methoxytyramine 3-methoxytyramine CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 55 37 → → SYM en-wikipedia-org-6976 55 38 HVA HVA NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 55 39   _SP en-wikipedia-org-6976 55 40 – – : en-wikipedia-org-6976 55 41 catalyzed catalyze VBN en-wikipedia-org-6976 55 42 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 55 43 COMT COMT NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 55 44 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-6976 55 45 MAO+ALDH MAO+ALDH NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 55 46 respectively respectively RB en-wikipedia-org-6976 55 47 In in IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 55 48 clinical clinical JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 55 49 research research NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 55 50 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 55 51 schizophrenia schizophrenia NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 55 52 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 55 53 measurements measurement NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 55 54 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 55 55 homovanillic homovanillic JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 55 56 acid acid NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 55 57 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 55 58 plasma plasma NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 55 59 have have VBP en-wikipedia-org-6976 55 60 been be VBN en-wikipedia-org-6976 55 61 used use VBN en-wikipedia-org-6976 55 62 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-6976 55 63 estimate estimate VB en-wikipedia-org-6976 55 64 levels level NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 55 65 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 55 66 dopamine dopamine NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 55 67 activity activity NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 55 68 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 55 69 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 55 70 brain brain NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 55 71 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 56 1 A a DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 56 2 difficulty difficulty NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 56 3 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 56 4 this this DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 56 5 approach approach NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 56 6 however however RB en-wikipedia-org-6976 56 7 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 56 8 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-6976 56 9 separating separate VBG en-wikipedia-org-6976 56 10 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 56 11 high high JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 56 12 level level NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 56 13 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 56 14 plasma plasma NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 56 15 homovanillic homovanillic NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 56 16 acid acid NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 56 17 contributed contribute VBN en-wikipedia-org-6976 56 18 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 56 19 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 56 20 metabolism metabolism NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 56 21 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 56 22 norepinephrine norepinephrine NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 56 23 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 57 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 57 2 23][24 23][24 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 57 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 57 4 Although although IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 57 5 dopamine dopamine NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 57 6 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-6976 57 7 normally normally RB en-wikipedia-org-6976 57 8 broken break VBN en-wikipedia-org-6976 57 9 down down RP en-wikipedia-org-6976 57 10 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 57 11 an an DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 57 12 oxidoreductase oxidoreductase NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 57 13 enzyme enzyme NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 57 14 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 57 15 it -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-6976 57 16 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-6976 57 17 also also RB en-wikipedia-org-6976 57 18 susceptible susceptible JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 57 19 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 57 20 oxidation oxidation NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 57 21 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 57 22 direct direct JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 57 23 reaction reaction NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 57 24 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 57 25 oxygen oxygen NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 57 26 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 57 27 yielding yield VBG en-wikipedia-org-6976 57 28 quinones quinone NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 57 29 plus plus CC en-wikipedia-org-6976 57 30 various various JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 57 31 free free JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 57 32 radicals radical NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 57 33 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 57 34 products product NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 57 35 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 58 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 58 2 25 25 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 58 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 58 4 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 58 5 rate rate NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 58 6 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 58 7 oxidation oxidation NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 58 8 can can MD en-wikipedia-org-6976 58 9 be be VB en-wikipedia-org-6976 58 10 increased increase VBN en-wikipedia-org-6976 58 11 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 58 12 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 58 13 presence presence NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 58 14 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 58 15 ferric ferric JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 58 16 iron iron NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 58 17 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-6976 58 18 other other JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 58 19 factors factor NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 58 20 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 59 1 Quinones quinone NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 59 2 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-6976 59 3 free free JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 59 4 radicals radical NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 59 5 produced produce VBN en-wikipedia-org-6976 59 6 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 59 7 autoxidation autoxidation NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 59 8 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 59 9 dopamine dopamine NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 59 10 can can MD en-wikipedia-org-6976 59 11 poison poison NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 59 12 cells cell NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 59 13 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 59 14 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-6976 59 15 there there EX en-wikipedia-org-6976 59 16 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-6976 59 17 evidence evidence NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 59 18 that that IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 59 19 this this DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 59 20 mechanism mechanism NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 59 21 may may MD en-wikipedia-org-6976 59 22 contribute contribute VB en-wikipedia-org-6976 59 23 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 59 24 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 59 25 cell cell NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 59 26 loss loss NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 59 27 that that WDT en-wikipedia-org-6976 59 28 occurs occur VBZ en-wikipedia-org-6976 59 29 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 59 30 Parkinson Parkinson NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 59 31 's 's POS en-wikipedia-org-6976 59 32 disease disease NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 59 33 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-6976 59 34 other other JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 59 35 conditions condition NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 59 36 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 60 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 60 2 26 26 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 60 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 60 4 Functions[edit functions[edit CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 60 5 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 60 6 Cellular cellular JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 60 7 effects[edit effects[edit VB en-wikipedia-org-6976 60 8 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 60 9 Main main JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 60 10 articles article NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 60 11 : : : en-wikipedia-org-6976 60 12 Dopamine dopamine NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 60 13 receptor receptor NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 60 14 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-6976 60 15 TAAR1 taar1 NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 60 16 Primary primary JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 60 17 targets target NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 60 18 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 60 19 dopamine dopamine NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 60 20 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 60 21 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 60 22 human human JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 60 23 brain[1][27 brain[1][27 NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 60 24 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 60 25 Family Family NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 60 26 Receptor Receptor NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 60 27 Gene Gene NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 60 28 Type Type NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 60 29 Mechanism Mechanism NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 60 30 D1-like D1-like NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 60 31 D1 d1 NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 60 32 DRD1 DRD1 NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 60 33 Gs gs NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 60 34 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-6976 60 35 coupled couple VBN en-wikipedia-org-6976 60 36 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 61 1 Increase increase VB en-wikipedia-org-6976 61 2 intracellular intracellular JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 61 3 levels level NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 61 4 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 61 5 cAMP camp NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 61 6 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 61 7 activating activate VBG en-wikipedia-org-6976 61 8 adenylate adenylate NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 61 9 cyclase cyclase NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 61 10 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 62 1 D5 D5 NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 62 2 DRD5 DRD5 NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 62 3 D2-like d2-like UH en-wikipedia-org-6976 62 4 D2 D2 NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 62 5 DRD2 DRD2 NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 62 6 Gi Gi NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 62 7 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-6976 62 8 coupled couple VBN en-wikipedia-org-6976 62 9 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 63 1 Decrease decrease VB en-wikipedia-org-6976 63 2 intracellular intracellular JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 63 3 levels level NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 63 4 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 63 5 cAMP camp NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 63 6 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 63 7 inhibiting inhibit VBG en-wikipedia-org-6976 63 8 adenylate adenylate NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 63 9 cyclase cyclase NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 63 10 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 64 1 D3 D3 NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 64 2 DRD3 DRD3 NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 64 3 D4 D4 NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 64 4 DRD4 DRD4 NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 64 5 TAAR TAAR NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 64 6 TAAR1 taar1 NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 64 7 TAAR1 taar1 NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 64 8 Gs gs NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 64 9 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-6976 64 10 coupled couple VBN en-wikipedia-org-6976 64 11 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 65 1 Gq Gq NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 65 2 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-6976 65 3 coupled couple VBN en-wikipedia-org-6976 65 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 66 1 Increase increase VB en-wikipedia-org-6976 66 2 intracellular intracellular JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 66 3 levels level NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 66 4 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 66 5 cAMP camp NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 66 6 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-6976 66 7 intracellular intracellular JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 66 8 calcium calcium NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 66 9 concentration concentration NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 66 10 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 67 1 Dopamine dopamine NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 67 2 exerts exert VBZ en-wikipedia-org-6976 67 3 its -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-6976 67 4 effects effect NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 67 5 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 67 6 binding bind VBG en-wikipedia-org-6976 67 7 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 67 8 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-6976 67 9 activating activate VBG en-wikipedia-org-6976 67 10 cell cell NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 67 11 surface surface NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 67 12 receptors receptor NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 67 13 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 68 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 68 2 17 17 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 68 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 68 4 In in IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 68 5 humans human NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 68 6 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 68 7 dopamine dopamine NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 68 8 has have VBZ en-wikipedia-org-6976 68 9 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 68 10 high high JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 68 11 binding bind VBG en-wikipedia-org-6976 68 12 affinity affinity NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 68 13 at at IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 68 14 dopamine dopamine NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 68 15 receptors receptor NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 68 16 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-6976 68 17 human human JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 68 18 trace trace NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 68 19 amine amine NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 68 20 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-6976 68 21 associated associate VBN en-wikipedia-org-6976 68 22 receptor receptor NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 68 23 1 1 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 68 24 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 68 25 hTAAR1 htaar1 NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 68 26 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 68 27 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 69 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 69 2 1][27 1][27 LS en-wikipedia-org-6976 69 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 69 4 In in IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 69 5 mammals mammal NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 69 6 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 69 7 five five CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 69 8 subtypes subtype NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 69 9 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 69 10 dopamine dopamine NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 69 11 receptors receptor NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 69 12 have have VBP en-wikipedia-org-6976 69 13 been be VBN en-wikipedia-org-6976 69 14 identified identify VBN en-wikipedia-org-6976 69 15 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 69 16 labeled label VBN en-wikipedia-org-6976 69 17 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 69 18 D1 d1 NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 69 19 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 69 20 D5 d5 NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 69 21 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 70 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 70 2 17 17 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 70 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 70 4 All all DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 70 5 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 70 6 them -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-6976 70 7 function function VBP en-wikipedia-org-6976 70 8 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 70 9 metabotropic metabotropic JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 70 10 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 70 11 G G NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 70 12 protein protein NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 70 13 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-6976 70 14 coupled couple VBN en-wikipedia-org-6976 70 15 receptors receptor NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 70 16 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 70 17 meaning mean VBG en-wikipedia-org-6976 70 18 that that IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 70 19 they -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-6976 70 20 exert exert VBP en-wikipedia-org-6976 70 21 their -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-6976 70 22 effects effect NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 70 23 via via IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 70 24 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 70 25 complex complex JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 70 26 second second JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 70 27 messenger messenger NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 70 28 system system NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 70 29 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 71 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 71 2 28 28 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 71 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 71 4 These these DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 71 5 receptors receptor NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 71 6 can can MD en-wikipedia-org-6976 71 7 be be VB en-wikipedia-org-6976 71 8 divided divide VBN en-wikipedia-org-6976 71 9 into into IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 71 10 two two CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 71 11 families family NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 71 12 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 71 13 known know VBN en-wikipedia-org-6976 71 14 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 71 15 D1-like d1-like NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 71 16 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-6976 71 17 D2-like d2-like NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 71 18 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 72 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 72 2 17 17 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 72 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 72 4 For for IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 72 5 receptors receptor NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 72 6 located locate VBN en-wikipedia-org-6976 72 7 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 72 8 neurons neuron NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 72 9 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 72 10 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 72 11 nervous nervous JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 72 12 system system NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 72 13 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 72 14 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 72 15 ultimate ultimate JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 72 16 effect effect NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 72 17 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 72 18 D1-like D1-like NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 72 19 activation activation NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 72 20 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 72 21 D1 d1 NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 72 22 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-6976 72 23 D5 d5 NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 72 24 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 72 25 can can MD en-wikipedia-org-6976 72 26 be be VB en-wikipedia-org-6976 72 27 excitation excitation NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 72 28 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 72 29 via via IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 72 30 opening opening NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 72 31 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 72 32 sodium sodium NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 72 33 channels channel NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 72 34 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 72 35 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-6976 72 36 inhibition inhibition NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 72 37 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 72 38 via via IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 72 39 opening opening NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 72 40 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 72 41 potassium potassium NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 72 42 channels channel NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 72 43 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 72 44 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-6976 72 45 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 72 46 ultimate ultimate JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 72 47 effect effect NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 72 48 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 72 49 D2-like D2-like NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 72 50 activation activation NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 72 51 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 72 52 D2 D2 NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 72 53 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 72 54 D3 D3 NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 72 55 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 72 56 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-6976 72 57 D4 D4 NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 72 58 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 72 59 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-6976 72 60 usually usually RB en-wikipedia-org-6976 72 61 inhibition inhibition NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 72 62 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 72 63 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 72 64 target target NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 72 65 neuron neuron NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 72 66 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 73 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 73 2 28 28 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 73 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 73 4 Consequently consequently RB en-wikipedia-org-6976 73 5 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 73 6 it -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-6976 73 7 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-6976 73 8 incorrect incorrect JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 73 9 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-6976 73 10 describe describe VB en-wikipedia-org-6976 73 11 dopamine dopamine NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 73 12 itself -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-6976 73 13 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 73 14 either either CC en-wikipedia-org-6976 73 15 excitatory excitatory NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 73 16 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-6976 73 17 inhibitory inhibitory NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 73 18 : : : en-wikipedia-org-6976 73 19 its -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-6976 73 20 effect effect NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 73 21 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 73 22 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 73 23 target target NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 73 24 neuron neuron NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 73 25 depends depend VBZ en-wikipedia-org-6976 73 26 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 73 27 which which WDT en-wikipedia-org-6976 73 28 types type NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 73 29 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 73 30 receptors receptor NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 73 31 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-6976 73 32 present present JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 73 33 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 73 34 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 73 35 membrane membrane NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 73 36 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 73 37 that that DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 73 38 neuron neuron NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 73 39 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-6976 73 40 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 73 41 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 73 42 internal internal JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 73 43 responses response NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 73 44 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 73 45 that that DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 73 46 neuron neuron NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 73 47 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 73 48 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 73 49 second second JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 73 50 messenger messenger NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 73 51 cAMP camp NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 73 52 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 74 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 74 2 28 28 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 74 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 74 4 D1 d1 NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 74 5 receptors receptor NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 74 6 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-6976 74 7 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 74 8 most most RBS en-wikipedia-org-6976 74 9 numerous numerous JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 74 10 dopamine dopamine NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 74 11 receptors receptor NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 74 12 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 74 13 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 74 14 human human JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 74 15 nervous nervous JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 74 16 system system NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 74 17 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-6976 74 18 D2 d2 NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 74 19 receptors receptor NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 74 20 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-6976 74 21 next next JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 74 22 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-6976 74 23 D3 D3 NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 74 24 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 74 25 D4 D4 NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 74 26 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 74 27 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-6976 74 28 D5 D5 NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 74 29 receptors receptor NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 74 30 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-6976 74 31 present present JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 74 32 at at IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 74 33 significantly significantly RB en-wikipedia-org-6976 74 34 lower low JJR en-wikipedia-org-6976 74 35 levels level NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 74 36 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 75 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 75 2 28 28 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 75 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 75 4 Storage storage NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 75 5 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 75 6 release release NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 75 7 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 75 8 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-6976 75 9 reuptake[edit reuptake[edit LS en-wikipedia-org-6976 75 10 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 75 11 Dopamine Dopamine NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 75 12 processing processing NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 75 13 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 75 14 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 75 15 synapse synapse NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 75 16 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 76 1 After after IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 76 2 release release NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 76 3 dopamine dopamine NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 76 4 can can MD en-wikipedia-org-6976 76 5 either either CC en-wikipedia-org-6976 76 6 be be VB en-wikipedia-org-6976 76 7 taken take VBN en-wikipedia-org-6976 76 8 up up RP en-wikipedia-org-6976 76 9 again again RB en-wikipedia-org-6976 76 10 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 76 11 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 76 12 presynaptic presynaptic JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 76 13 terminal terminal NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 76 14 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 76 15 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-6976 76 16 broken break VBN en-wikipedia-org-6976 76 17 down down RP en-wikipedia-org-6976 76 18 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 76 19 enzymes enzyme NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 76 20 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 77 1 TH th NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 77 2 : : : en-wikipedia-org-6976 77 3 tyrosine tyrosine NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 77 4 hydroxylase hydroxylase NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 77 5 DOPA dopa NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 77 6 : : : en-wikipedia-org-6976 77 7 L l NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 77 8 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-6976 77 9 DOPA DOPA NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 77 10 DAT DAT NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 77 11 : : : en-wikipedia-org-6976 77 12 dopamine dopamine NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 77 13 transporter transporter NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 77 14 DDC DDC NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 77 15 : : : en-wikipedia-org-6976 77 16 DOPA DOPA NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 77 17 decarboxylase decarboxylase NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 77 18 VMAT VMAT NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 77 19 : : : en-wikipedia-org-6976 77 20 vesicular vesicular NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 77 21 monoamine monoamine NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 77 22 transporter transporter NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 77 23 2 2 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 77 24 MAO MAO NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 77 25 : : : en-wikipedia-org-6976 77 26 Monoamine Monoamine NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 77 27 oxidase oxidase NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 77 28 COMT COMT NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 77 29 : : : en-wikipedia-org-6976 77 30 Catechol Catechol NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 77 31 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-6976 77 32 O O NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 77 33 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-6976 77 34 methyl methyl NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 77 35 transferase transferase NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 77 36 HVA HVA NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 77 37 : : : en-wikipedia-org-6976 77 38 Homovanillic homovanillic JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 77 39 acid acid NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 77 40 Inside inside IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 77 41 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 77 42 brain brain NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 77 43 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 77 44 dopamine dopamine NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 77 45 functions function NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 77 46 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 77 47 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 77 48 neurotransmitter neurotransmitter NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 77 49 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-6976 77 50 neuromodulator neuromodulator NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 77 51 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 77 52 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-6976 77 53 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-6976 77 54 controlled control VBN en-wikipedia-org-6976 77 55 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 77 56 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 77 57 set set NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 77 58 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 77 59 mechanisms mechanism NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 77 60 common common JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 77 61 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 77 62 all all DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 77 63 monoamine monoamine NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 77 64 neurotransmitters neurotransmitter NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 77 65 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 78 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 78 2 17 17 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 78 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 78 4 After after IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 78 5 synthesis synthesis NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 78 6 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 78 7 dopamine dopamine NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 78 8 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-6976 78 9 transported transport VBN en-wikipedia-org-6976 78 10 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 78 11 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 78 12 cytosol cytosol NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 78 13 into into IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 78 14 synaptic synaptic JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 78 15 vesicles vesicle NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 78 16 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 78 17 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 78 18 solute solute JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 78 19 carrier carrier NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 78 20 — — : en-wikipedia-org-6976 78 21 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 78 22 vesicular vesicular JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 78 23 monoamine monoamine NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 78 24 transporter transporter NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 78 25 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 78 26 VMAT2 VMAT2 NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 78 27 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 79 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 79 2 29 29 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 79 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 79 4 Dopamine Dopamine NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 79 5 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-6976 79 6 stored store VBN en-wikipedia-org-6976 79 7 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 79 8 these these DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 79 9 vesicles vesicle NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 79 10 until until IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 79 11 it -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-6976 79 12 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-6976 79 13 ejected eject VBN en-wikipedia-org-6976 79 14 into into IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 79 15 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 79 16 synaptic synaptic JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 79 17 cleft cleft NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 79 18 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 80 1 In in IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 80 2 most most JJS en-wikipedia-org-6976 80 3 cases case NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 80 4 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 80 5 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 80 6 release release NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 80 7 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 80 8 dopamine dopamine NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 80 9 occurs occur VBZ en-wikipedia-org-6976 80 10 through through IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 80 11 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 80 12 process process NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 80 13 called call VBN en-wikipedia-org-6976 80 14 exocytosis exocytosis NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 80 15 which which WDT en-wikipedia-org-6976 80 16 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-6976 80 17 caused cause VBN en-wikipedia-org-6976 80 18 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 80 19 action action NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 80 20 potentials potential NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 80 21 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 80 22 but but CC en-wikipedia-org-6976 80 23 it -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-6976 80 24 can can MD en-wikipedia-org-6976 80 25 also also RB en-wikipedia-org-6976 80 26 be be VB en-wikipedia-org-6976 80 27 caused cause VBN en-wikipedia-org-6976 80 28 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 80 29 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 80 30 activity activity NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 80 31 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 80 32 an an DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 80 33 intracellular intracellular JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 80 34 trace trace NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 80 35 amine amine NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 80 36 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-6976 80 37 associated associate VBN en-wikipedia-org-6976 80 38 receptor receptor NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 80 39 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 80 40 TAAR1 taar1 NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 80 41 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 81 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 81 2 27 27 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 81 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 81 4 TAAR1 taar1 NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 81 5 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-6976 81 6 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 81 7 high high JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 81 8 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-6976 81 9 affinity affinity NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 81 10 receptor receptor NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 81 11 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 81 12 dopamine dopamine NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 81 13 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 81 14 trace trace NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 81 15 amines amine NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 81 16 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 81 17 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-6976 81 18 certain certain JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 81 19 substituted substitute VBN en-wikipedia-org-6976 81 20 amphetamines amphetamine NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 81 21 that that WDT en-wikipedia-org-6976 81 22 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-6976 81 23 located locate VBN en-wikipedia-org-6976 81 24 along along IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 81 25 membranes membrane NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 81 26 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 81 27 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 81 28 intracellular intracellular JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 81 29 milieu milieu NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 81 30 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 81 31 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 81 32 presynaptic presynaptic JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 81 33 cell;[27 cell;[27 NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 81 34 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 81 35 activation activation NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 81 36 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 81 37 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 81 38 receptor receptor NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 81 39 can can MD en-wikipedia-org-6976 81 40 regulate regulate VB en-wikipedia-org-6976 81 41 dopamine dopamine NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 81 42 signaling signal VBG en-wikipedia-org-6976 81 43 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 81 44 inducing induce VBG en-wikipedia-org-6976 81 45 dopamine dopamine NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 81 46 reuptake reuptake NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 81 47 inhibition inhibition NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 81 48 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-6976 81 49 efflux efflux JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 81 50 as as RB en-wikipedia-org-6976 81 51 well well RB en-wikipedia-org-6976 81 52 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 81 53 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 81 54 inhibiting inhibit VBG en-wikipedia-org-6976 81 55 neuronal neuronal JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 81 56 firing firing NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 81 57 through through IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 81 58 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 81 59 diverse diverse JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 81 60 set set NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 81 61 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 81 62 mechanisms mechanism NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 81 63 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 82 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 82 2 27][30 27][30 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 82 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 82 4 Once once IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 82 5 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 82 6 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 82 7 synapse synapse NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 82 8 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 82 9 dopamine dopamine NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 82 10 binds bind NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 82 11 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 82 12 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-6976 82 13 activates activate VBZ en-wikipedia-org-6976 82 14 dopamine dopamine NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 82 15 receptors receptor NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 82 16 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 83 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 83 2 31 31 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 83 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 83 4 These these DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 83 5 can can MD en-wikipedia-org-6976 83 6 be be VB en-wikipedia-org-6976 83 7 postsynaptic postsynaptic JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 83 8 dopamine dopamine NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 83 9 receptors receptor NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 83 10 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 83 11 which which WDT en-wikipedia-org-6976 83 12 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-6976 83 13 located locate VBN en-wikipedia-org-6976 83 14 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 83 15 dendrites dendrite NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 83 16 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 83 17 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 83 18 postsynaptic postsynaptic JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 83 19 neuron neuron NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 83 20 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 83 21 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 83 22 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-6976 83 23 presynaptic presynaptic JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 83 24 autoreceptors autoreceptor NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 83 25 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 83 26 e.g. e.g. RB en-wikipedia-org-6976 83 27 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 83 28 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 83 29 D2sh D2sh NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 83 30 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-6976 83 31 presynaptic presynaptic JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 83 32 D3 D3 NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 83 33 receptors receptor NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 83 34 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 83 35 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 83 36 which which WDT en-wikipedia-org-6976 83 37 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-6976 83 38 located locate VBN en-wikipedia-org-6976 83 39 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 83 40 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 83 41 membrane membrane NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 83 42 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 83 43 an an DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 83 44 axon axon NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 83 45 terminal terminal NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 83 46 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 83 47 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 83 48 presynaptic presynaptic JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 83 49 neuron neuron NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 83 50 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 83 51 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 84 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 84 2 17][31 17][31 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 84 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 84 4 After after IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 84 5 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 84 6 postsynaptic postsynaptic JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 84 7 neuron neuron NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 84 8 elicits elicit VBZ en-wikipedia-org-6976 84 9 an an DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 84 10 action action NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 84 11 potential potential NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 84 12 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 84 13 dopamine dopamine NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 84 14 molecules molecule NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 84 15 quickly quickly RB en-wikipedia-org-6976 84 16 become become VB en-wikipedia-org-6976 84 17 unbound unbound JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 84 18 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 84 19 their -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-6976 84 20 receptors receptor NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 84 21 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 85 1 They -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-6976 85 2 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-6976 85 3 then then RB en-wikipedia-org-6976 85 4 absorbed absorb VBN en-wikipedia-org-6976 85 5 back back RB en-wikipedia-org-6976 85 6 into into IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 85 7 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 85 8 presynaptic presynaptic JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 85 9 cell cell NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 85 10 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 85 11 via via IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 85 12 reuptake reuptake NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 85 13 mediated mediate VBN en-wikipedia-org-6976 85 14 either either CC en-wikipedia-org-6976 85 15 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 85 16 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 85 17 dopamine dopamine NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 85 18 transporter transporter NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 85 19 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-6976 85 20 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 85 21 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 85 22 plasma plasma NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 85 23 membrane membrane NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 85 24 monoamine monoamine NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 85 25 transporter transporter NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 85 26 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 86 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 86 2 32 32 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 86 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 86 4 Once once RB en-wikipedia-org-6976 86 5 back back RB en-wikipedia-org-6976 86 6 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 86 7 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 86 8 cytosol cytosol NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 86 9 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 86 10 dopamine dopamine NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 86 11 can can MD en-wikipedia-org-6976 86 12 either either CC en-wikipedia-org-6976 86 13 be be VB en-wikipedia-org-6976 86 14 broken break VBN en-wikipedia-org-6976 86 15 down down RP en-wikipedia-org-6976 86 16 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 86 17 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 86 18 monoamine monoamine NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 86 19 oxidase oxidase NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 86 20 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-6976 86 21 repackaged repackage VBN en-wikipedia-org-6976 86 22 into into IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 86 23 vesicles vesicle NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 86 24 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 86 25 VMAT2 VMAT2 NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 86 26 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 86 27 making make VBG en-wikipedia-org-6976 86 28 it -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-6976 86 29 available available JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 86 30 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 86 31 future future JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 86 32 release release NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 86 33 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 87 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 87 2 29 29 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 87 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 87 4 In in IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 87 5 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 87 6 brain brain NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 87 7 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 87 8 level level NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 87 9 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 87 10 extracellular extracellular NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 87 11 dopamine dopamine NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 87 12 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-6976 87 13 modulated modulate VBN en-wikipedia-org-6976 87 14 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 87 15 two two CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 87 16 mechanisms mechanism NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 87 17 : : : en-wikipedia-org-6976 87 18 phasic phasic JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 87 19 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-6976 87 20 tonic tonic NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 87 21 transmission transmission NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 87 22 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 88 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 88 2 33 33 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 88 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 88 4 Phasic phasic JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 88 5 dopamine dopamine NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 88 6 release release NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 88 7 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 88 8 like like IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 88 9 most most JJS en-wikipedia-org-6976 88 10 neurotransmitter neurotransmitter NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 88 11 release release NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 88 12 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 88 13 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 88 14 nervous nervous JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 88 15 system system NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 88 16 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 88 17 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-6976 88 18 driven drive VBN en-wikipedia-org-6976 88 19 directly directly RB en-wikipedia-org-6976 88 20 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 88 21 action action NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 88 22 potentials potential NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 88 23 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 88 24 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 88 25 dopamine dopamine NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 88 26 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-6976 88 27 containing contain VBG en-wikipedia-org-6976 88 28 cells cell NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 88 29 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 89 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 89 2 33 33 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 89 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 89 4 Tonic Tonic NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 89 5 dopamine dopamine NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 89 6 transmission transmission NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 89 7 occurs occur VBZ en-wikipedia-org-6976 89 8 when when WRB en-wikipedia-org-6976 89 9 small small JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 89 10 amounts amount NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 89 11 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 89 12 dopamine dopamine NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 89 13 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-6976 89 14 released release VBN en-wikipedia-org-6976 89 15 without without IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 89 16 being be VBG en-wikipedia-org-6976 89 17 preceded precede VBN en-wikipedia-org-6976 89 18 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 89 19 presynaptic presynaptic JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 89 20 action action NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 89 21 potentials potential NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 89 22 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 90 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 90 2 33 33 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 90 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 90 4 Tonic tonic NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 90 5 transmission transmission NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 90 6 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-6976 90 7 regulated regulate VBN en-wikipedia-org-6976 90 8 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 90 9 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 90 10 variety variety NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 90 11 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 90 12 factors factor NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 90 13 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 90 14 including include VBG en-wikipedia-org-6976 90 15 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 90 16 activity activity NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 90 17 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 90 18 other other JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 90 19 neurons neuron NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 90 20 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-6976 90 21 neurotransmitter neurotransmitter NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 90 22 reuptake reuptake NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 90 23 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 91 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 91 2 33 33 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 91 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 91 4 Nervous nervous JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 91 5 system[edit system[edit VB en-wikipedia-org-6976 91 6 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 91 7 Main main JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 91 8 articles article NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 91 9 : : : en-wikipedia-org-6976 91 10 Dopaminergic dopaminergic JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 91 11 cell cell NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 91 12 groups group NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 91 13 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-6976 91 14 Dopaminergic dopaminergic JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 91 15 pathways pathway NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 91 16 See see VB en-wikipedia-org-6976 91 17 also also RB en-wikipedia-org-6976 91 18 : : : en-wikipedia-org-6976 91 19 Hypothalamic hypothalamic JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 91 20 – – : en-wikipedia-org-6976 91 21 pituitary pituitary NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 91 22 – – : en-wikipedia-org-6976 91 23 prolactin prolactin NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 91 24 axis axis IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 91 25 Major major JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 91 26 dopamine dopamine NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 91 27 pathways pathway NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 91 28 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 92 1 As as IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 92 2 part part NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 92 3 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 92 4 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 92 5 reward reward NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 92 6 pathway pathway NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 92 7 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 92 8 dopamine dopamine NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 92 9 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-6976 92 10 manufactured manufacture VBN en-wikipedia-org-6976 92 11 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 92 12 nerve nerve NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 92 13 cell cell NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 92 14 bodies body NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 92 15 located locate VBN en-wikipedia-org-6976 92 16 within within IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 92 17 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 92 18 ventral ventral JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 92 19 tegmental tegmental JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 92 20 area area NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 92 21 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 92 22 VTA VTA NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 92 23 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 92 24 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-6976 92 25 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-6976 92 26 released release VBN en-wikipedia-org-6976 92 27 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 92 28 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 92 29 nucleus nucleus NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 92 30 accumbens accumben NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 92 31 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-6976 92 32 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 92 33 prefrontal prefrontal JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 92 34 cortex cortex NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 92 35 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 93 1 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 93 2 motor motor NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 93 3 functions function NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 93 4 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 93 5 dopamine dopamine NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 93 6 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-6976 93 7 linked link VBN en-wikipedia-org-6976 93 8 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 93 9 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 93 10 separate separate JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 93 11 pathway pathway NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 93 12 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 93 13 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 93 14 cell cell NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 93 15 bodies body NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 93 16 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 93 17 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 93 18 substantia substantia NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 93 19 nigra nigra NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 93 20 that that WDT en-wikipedia-org-6976 93 21 manufacture manufacture VBP en-wikipedia-org-6976 93 22 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-6976 93 23 release release VB en-wikipedia-org-6976 93 24 dopamine dopamine NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 93 25 into into IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 93 26 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 93 27 dorsal dorsal NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 93 28 striatum striatum NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 93 29 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 94 1 Inside inside IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 94 2 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 94 3 brain brain NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 94 4 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 94 5 dopamine dopamine NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 94 6 plays play VBZ en-wikipedia-org-6976 94 7 important important JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 94 8 roles role NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 94 9 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 94 10 executive executive JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 94 11 functions function NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 94 12 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 94 13 motor motor NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 94 14 control control NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 94 15 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 94 16 motivation motivation NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 94 17 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 94 18 arousal arousal NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 94 19 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 94 20 reinforcement reinforcement NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 94 21 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 94 22 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-6976 94 23 reward reward VB en-wikipedia-org-6976 94 24 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 94 25 as as RB en-wikipedia-org-6976 94 26 well well RB en-wikipedia-org-6976 94 27 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 94 28 lower low JJR en-wikipedia-org-6976 94 29 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-6976 94 30 level level NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 94 31 functions function NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 94 32 including include VBG en-wikipedia-org-6976 94 33 lactation lactation NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 94 34 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 94 35 sexual sexual JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 94 36 gratification gratification NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 94 37 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 94 38 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-6976 94 39 nausea nausea NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 94 40 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 95 1 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 95 2 dopaminergic dopaminergic JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 95 3 cell cell NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 95 4 groups group NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 95 5 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-6976 95 6 pathways pathway NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 95 7 make make VBP en-wikipedia-org-6976 95 8 up up RP en-wikipedia-org-6976 95 9 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 95 10 dopamine dopamine NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 95 11 system system NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 95 12 which which WDT en-wikipedia-org-6976 95 13 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-6976 95 14 neuromodulatory neuromodulatory JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 95 15 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 96 1 Dopaminergic dopaminergic JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 96 2 neurons neuron NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 96 3 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 96 4 dopamine dopamine NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 96 5 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-6976 96 6 producing produce VBG en-wikipedia-org-6976 96 7 nerve nerve NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 96 8 cells cell NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 96 9 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 96 10 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-6976 96 11 comparatively comparatively RB en-wikipedia-org-6976 96 12 few few JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 96 13 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 96 14 number number NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 96 15 — — : en-wikipedia-org-6976 96 16 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 96 17 total total NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 96 18 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 96 19 around around IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 96 20 400,000 400,000 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 96 21 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 96 22 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 96 23 human human NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 96 24 brain[34]—and brain[34]—and CC en-wikipedia-org-6976 96 25 their -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-6976 96 26 cell cell NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 96 27 bodies body NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 96 28 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-6976 96 29 confined confine VBN en-wikipedia-org-6976 96 30 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 96 31 groups group NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 96 32 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 96 33 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 96 34 few few JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 96 35 relatively relatively RB en-wikipedia-org-6976 96 36 small small JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 96 37 brain brain NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 96 38 areas area NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 96 39 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 97 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 97 2 35 35 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 97 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 97 4 However however RB en-wikipedia-org-6976 97 5 their -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-6976 97 6 axons axon NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 97 7 project project NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 97 8 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 97 9 many many JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 97 10 other other JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 97 11 brain brain NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 97 12 areas area NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 97 13 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 97 14 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-6976 97 15 they -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-6976 97 16 exert exert VBP en-wikipedia-org-6976 97 17 powerful powerful JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 97 18 effects effect NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 97 19 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 97 20 their -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-6976 97 21 targets target NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 97 22 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 98 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 98 2 35 35 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 98 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 98 4 These these DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 98 5 dopaminergic dopaminergic JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 98 6 cell cell NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 98 7 groups group NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 98 8 were be VBD en-wikipedia-org-6976 98 9 first first RB en-wikipedia-org-6976 98 10 mapped map VBN en-wikipedia-org-6976 98 11 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 98 12 1964 1964 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 98 13 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 98 14 Annica Annica NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 98 15 Dahlström Dahlström NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 98 16 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-6976 98 17 Kjell Kjell NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 98 18 Fuxe Fuxe NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 98 19 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 98 20 who who WP en-wikipedia-org-6976 98 21 assigned assign VBD en-wikipedia-org-6976 98 22 them -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-6976 98 23 labels label NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 98 24 starting start VBG en-wikipedia-org-6976 98 25 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 98 26 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 98 27 letter letter NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 98 28 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-6976 98 29 A a NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 98 30 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-6976 98 31 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 98 32 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 98 33 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-6976 98 34 aminergic aminergic NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 98 35 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-6976 98 36 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 98 37 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 99 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 99 2 36 36 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 99 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 99 4 In in IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 99 5 their -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-6976 99 6 scheme scheme NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 99 7 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 99 8 areas area NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 99 9 A1 a1 VBP en-wikipedia-org-6976 99 10 through through IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 99 11 A7 A7 NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 99 12 contain contain VB en-wikipedia-org-6976 99 13 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 99 14 neurotransmitter neurotransmitter NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 99 15 norepinephrine norepinephrine NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 99 16 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 99 17 whereas whereas IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 99 18 A8 a8 NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 99 19 through through IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 99 20 A14 A14 NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 99 21 contain contain NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 99 22 dopamine dopamine NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 99 23 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 100 1 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 100 2 dopaminergic dopaminergic JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 100 3 areas area NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 100 4 they -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-6976 100 5 identified identify VBD en-wikipedia-org-6976 100 6 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-6976 100 7 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 100 8 substantia substantia NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 100 9 nigra nigra NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 100 10 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 100 11 groups group NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 100 12 8 8 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 100 13 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-6976 100 14 9 9 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 100 15 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 100 16 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-6976 100 17 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 100 18 ventral ventral JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 100 19 tegmental tegmental JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 100 20 area area NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 100 21 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 100 22 group group NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 100 23 10 10 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 100 24 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 100 25 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-6976 100 26 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 100 27 posterior posterior NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 100 28 hypothalamus hypothalamus NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 100 29 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 100 30 group group NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 100 31 11 11 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 100 32 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 100 33 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-6976 100 34 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 100 35 arcuate arcuate NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 100 36 nucleus nucleus NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 100 37 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 100 38 group group NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 100 39 12 12 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 100 40 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 100 41 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-6976 100 42 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 100 43 zona zona NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 100 44 incerta incerta NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 100 45 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 100 46 group group NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 100 47 13 13 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 100 48 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 100 49 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-6976 100 50 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 100 51 periventricular periventricular JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 100 52 nucleus nucleus NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 100 53 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 100 54 group group NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 100 55 14 14 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 100 56 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 100 57 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 101 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 101 2 36 36 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 101 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 101 4 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 101 5 substantia substantia NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 101 6 nigra nigra NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 101 7 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-6976 101 8 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 101 9 small small JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 101 10 midbrain midbrain NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 101 11 area area NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 101 12 that that WDT en-wikipedia-org-6976 101 13 forms form VBZ en-wikipedia-org-6976 101 14 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 101 15 component component NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 101 16 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 101 17 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 101 18 basal basal NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 101 19 ganglia ganglia NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 101 20 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 102 1 This this DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 102 2 has have VBZ en-wikipedia-org-6976 102 3 two two CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 102 4 parts part NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 102 5 — — : en-wikipedia-org-6976 102 6 an an DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 102 7 input input NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 102 8 area area NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 102 9 called call VBD en-wikipedia-org-6976 102 10 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 102 11 pars par NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 102 12 compacta compacta NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 102 13 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-6976 102 14 an an DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 102 15 output output NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 102 16 area area NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 102 17 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 102 18 pars par NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 102 19 reticulata reticulata NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 102 20 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 103 1 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 103 2 dopaminergic dopaminergic JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 103 3 neurons neuron NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 103 4 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-6976 103 5 found find VBN en-wikipedia-org-6976 103 6 mainly mainly RB en-wikipedia-org-6976 103 7 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 103 8 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 103 9 pars par NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 103 10 compacta compacta NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 103 11 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 103 12 cell cell NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 103 13 group group NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 103 14 A8 A8 NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 103 15 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 103 16 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-6976 103 17 nearby nearby RB en-wikipedia-org-6976 103 18 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 103 19 group group NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 103 20 A9 A9 NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 103 21 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 103 22 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 104 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 104 2 35 35 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 104 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 104 4 In in IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 104 5 humans human NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 104 6 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 104 7 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 104 8 projection projection NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 104 9 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 104 10 dopaminergic dopaminergic JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 104 11 neurons neuron NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 104 12 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 104 13 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 104 14 substantia substantia NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 104 15 nigra nigra NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 104 16 pars par NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 104 17 compacta compacta NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 104 18 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 104 19 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 104 20 dorsal dorsal NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 104 21 striatum striatum NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 104 22 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 104 23 termed term VBD en-wikipedia-org-6976 104 24 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 104 25 nigrostriatal nigrostriatal JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 104 26 pathway pathway NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 104 27 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 104 28 plays play VBZ en-wikipedia-org-6976 104 29 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 104 30 significant significant JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 104 31 role role NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 104 32 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 104 33 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 104 34 control control NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 104 35 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 104 36 motor motor NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 104 37 function function NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 104 38 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-6976 104 39 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 104 40 learning learn VBG en-wikipedia-org-6976 104 41 new new JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 104 42 motor motor NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 104 43 skills skill NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 104 44 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 105 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 105 2 37 37 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 105 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 105 4 These these DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 105 5 neurons neuron NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 105 6 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-6976 105 7 especially especially RB en-wikipedia-org-6976 105 8 vulnerable vulnerable JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 105 9 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 105 10 damage damage NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 105 11 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 105 12 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-6976 105 13 when when WRB en-wikipedia-org-6976 105 14 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 105 15 large large JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 105 16 number number NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 105 17 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 105 18 them -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-6976 105 19 die die VBP en-wikipedia-org-6976 105 20 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 105 21 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 105 22 result result NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 105 23 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-6976 105 24 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 105 25 parkinsonian parkinsonian JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 105 26 syndrome syndrome NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 105 27 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 106 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 106 2 38 38 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 106 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 106 4 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 106 5 ventral ventral JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 106 6 tegmental tegmental JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 106 7 area area NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 106 8 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 106 9 VTA VTA NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 106 10 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 106 11 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-6976 106 12 another another DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 106 13 midbrain midbrain NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 106 14 area area NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 106 15 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 107 1 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 107 2 most most RBS en-wikipedia-org-6976 107 3 prominent prominent JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 107 4 group group NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 107 5 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 107 6 VTA VTA NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 107 7 dopaminergic dopaminergic JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 107 8 neurons neuron NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 107 9 projects project NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 107 10 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 107 11 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 107 12 prefrontal prefrontal JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 107 13 cortex cortex NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 107 14 via via IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 107 15 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 107 16 mesocortical mesocortical JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 107 17 pathway pathway NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 107 18 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-6976 107 19 another another DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 107 20 smaller small JJR en-wikipedia-org-6976 107 21 group group NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 107 22 projects project NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 107 23 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 107 24 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 107 25 nucleus nucleus NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 107 26 accumbens accumben VBZ en-wikipedia-org-6976 107 27 via via IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 107 28 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 107 29 mesolimbic mesolimbic JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 107 30 pathway pathway NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 107 31 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 108 1 Together together RB en-wikipedia-org-6976 108 2 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 108 3 these these DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 108 4 two two CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 108 5 pathways pathway NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 108 6 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-6976 108 7 collectively collectively RB en-wikipedia-org-6976 108 8 termed term VBN en-wikipedia-org-6976 108 9 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 108 10 mesocorticolimbic mesocorticolimbic JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 108 11 projection projection NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 108 12 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 109 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 109 2 35][37 35][37 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 109 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 109 4 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 109 5 VTA VTA NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 109 6 also also RB en-wikipedia-org-6976 109 7 sends send VBZ en-wikipedia-org-6976 109 8 dopaminergic dopaminergic JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 109 9 projections projection NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 109 10 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 109 11 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 109 12 amygdala amygdala JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 109 13 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 109 14 cingulate cingulate JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 109 15 gyrus gyrus NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 109 16 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 109 17 hippocampus hippocampus NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 109 18 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 109 19 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-6976 109 20 olfactory olfactory JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 109 21 bulb bulb NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 109 22 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 110 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 110 2 35][37 35][37 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 110 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 110 4 Mesocorticolimbic mesocorticolimbic JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 110 5 neurons neuron NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 110 6 play play VBP en-wikipedia-org-6976 110 7 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 110 8 central central JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 110 9 role role NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 110 10 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 110 11 reward reward NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 110 12 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-6976 110 13 other other JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 110 14 aspects aspect NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 110 15 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 110 16 motivation motivation NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 110 17 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 111 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 111 2 37 37 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 111 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 111 4 Accumulating accumulate VBG en-wikipedia-org-6976 111 5 literature literature NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 111 6 shows show VBZ en-wikipedia-org-6976 111 7 that that IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 111 8 dopamine dopamine NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 111 9 also also RB en-wikipedia-org-6976 111 10 plays play VBZ en-wikipedia-org-6976 111 11 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 111 12 crucial crucial JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 111 13 role role NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 111 14 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 111 15 aversive aversive JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 111 16 learning learning NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 111 17 through through IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 111 18 its -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-6976 111 19 effects effect NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 111 20 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 111 21 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 111 22 number number NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 111 23 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 111 24 brain brain NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 111 25 regions region NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 111 26 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 112 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 112 2 39][40][41 39][40][41 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 112 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 112 4 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 112 5 posterior posterior NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 112 6 hypothalamus hypothalamus NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 112 7 has have VBZ en-wikipedia-org-6976 112 8 dopamine dopamine NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 112 9 neurons neuron NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 112 10 that that WDT en-wikipedia-org-6976 112 11 project project NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 112 12 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 112 13 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 112 14 spinal spinal JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 112 15 cord cord NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 112 16 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 112 17 but but CC en-wikipedia-org-6976 112 18 their -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-6976 112 19 function function NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 112 20 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-6976 112 21 not not RB en-wikipedia-org-6976 112 22 well well RB en-wikipedia-org-6976 112 23 established establish VBN en-wikipedia-org-6976 112 24 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 113 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 113 2 42 42 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 113 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 113 4 There there EX en-wikipedia-org-6976 113 5 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-6976 113 6 some some DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 113 7 evidence evidence NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 113 8 that that IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 113 9 pathology pathology NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 113 10 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 113 11 this this DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 113 12 area area NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 113 13 plays play VBZ en-wikipedia-org-6976 113 14 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 113 15 role role NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 113 16 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 113 17 restless restless JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 113 18 legs leg NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 113 19 syndrome syndrome NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 113 20 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 113 21 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 113 22 condition condition NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 113 23 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 113 24 which which WDT en-wikipedia-org-6976 113 25 people people NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 113 26 have have VBP en-wikipedia-org-6976 113 27 difficulty difficulty NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 113 28 sleeping sleep VBG en-wikipedia-org-6976 113 29 due due IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 113 30 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 113 31 an an DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 113 32 overwhelming overwhelming JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 113 33 compulsion compulsion NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 113 34 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-6976 113 35 constantly constantly RB en-wikipedia-org-6976 113 36 move move VB en-wikipedia-org-6976 113 37 parts part NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 113 38 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 113 39 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 113 40 body body NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 113 41 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 113 42 especially especially RB en-wikipedia-org-6976 113 43 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 113 44 legs leg NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 113 45 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 114 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 114 2 42 42 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 114 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 114 4 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 114 5 arcuate arcuate JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 114 6 nucleus nucleus NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 114 7 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-6976 114 8 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 114 9 periventricular periventricular JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 114 10 nucleus nucleus NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 114 11 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 114 12 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 114 13 hypothalamus hypothalamus NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 114 14 have have VBP en-wikipedia-org-6976 114 15 dopamine dopamine NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 114 16 neurons neuron NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 114 17 that that WDT en-wikipedia-org-6976 114 18 form form VBP en-wikipedia-org-6976 114 19 an an DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 114 20 important important JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 114 21 projection projection NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 114 22 — — : en-wikipedia-org-6976 114 23 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 114 24 tuberoinfundibular tuberoinfundibular JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 114 25 pathway pathway NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 114 26 which which WDT en-wikipedia-org-6976 114 27 goes go VBZ en-wikipedia-org-6976 114 28 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 114 29 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 114 30 pituitary pituitary JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 114 31 gland gland NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 114 32 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 114 33 where where WRB en-wikipedia-org-6976 114 34 it -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-6976 114 35 influences influence VBZ en-wikipedia-org-6976 114 36 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 114 37 secretion secretion NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 114 38 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 114 39 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 114 40 hormone hormone NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 114 41 prolactin prolactin NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 114 42 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 115 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 115 2 43 43 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 115 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 115 4 Dopamine dopamine NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 115 5 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-6976 115 6 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 115 7 primary primary JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 115 8 neuroendocrine neuroendocrine JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 115 9 inhibitor inhibitor NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 115 10 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 115 11 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 115 12 secretion secretion NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 115 13 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 115 14 prolactin prolactin NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 115 15 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 115 16 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 115 17 anterior anterior NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 115 18 pituitary pituitary NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 115 19 gland gland NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 115 20 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 116 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 116 2 43 43 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 116 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 116 4 Dopamine dopamine NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 116 5 produced produce VBN en-wikipedia-org-6976 116 6 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 116 7 neurons neuron NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 116 8 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 116 9 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 116 10 arcuate arcuate JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 116 11 nucleus nucleus NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 116 12 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-6976 116 13 secreted secrete VBN en-wikipedia-org-6976 116 14 into into IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 116 15 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 116 16 hypophyseal hypophyseal JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 116 17 portal portal JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 116 18 system system NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 116 19 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 116 20 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 116 21 median median JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 116 22 eminence eminence NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 116 23 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 116 24 which which WDT en-wikipedia-org-6976 116 25 supplies supply VBZ en-wikipedia-org-6976 116 26 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 116 27 pituitary pituitary JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 116 28 gland gland NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 116 29 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 117 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 117 2 43 43 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 117 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 117 4 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 117 5 prolactin prolactin NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 117 6 cells cell NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 117 7 that that WDT en-wikipedia-org-6976 117 8 produce produce VBP en-wikipedia-org-6976 117 9 prolactin prolactin NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 117 10 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 117 11 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 117 12 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 117 13 absence absence NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 117 14 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 117 15 dopamine dopamine NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 117 16 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 117 17 secrete secrete JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 117 18 prolactin prolactin NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 117 19 continuously continuously RB en-wikipedia-org-6976 117 20 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-6976 117 21 dopamine dopamine NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 117 22 inhibits inhibit VBZ en-wikipedia-org-6976 117 23 this this DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 117 24 secretion secretion NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 117 25 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 118 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 118 2 43 43 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 118 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 118 4 In in IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 118 5 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 118 6 context context NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 118 7 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 118 8 regulating regulate VBG en-wikipedia-org-6976 118 9 prolactin prolactin NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 118 10 secretion secretion NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 118 11 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 118 12 dopamine dopamine NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 118 13 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-6976 118 14 occasionally occasionally RB en-wikipedia-org-6976 118 15 called call VBN en-wikipedia-org-6976 118 16 prolactin prolactin NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 118 17 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-6976 118 18 inhibiting inhibit VBG en-wikipedia-org-6976 118 19 factor factor NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 118 20 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 118 21 prolactin prolactin NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 118 22 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-6976 118 23 inhibiting inhibit VBG en-wikipedia-org-6976 118 24 hormone hormone NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 118 25 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 118 26 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-6976 118 27 prolactostatin prolactostatin NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 118 28 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 119 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 119 2 43 43 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 119 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 119 4 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 119 5 zona zona NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 119 6 incerta incerta NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 119 7 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 119 8 grouped group VBN en-wikipedia-org-6976 119 9 between between IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 119 10 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 119 11 arcuate arcuate JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 119 12 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-6976 119 13 periventricular periventricular JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 119 14 nuclei nucleus NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 119 15 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 119 16 projects project NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 119 17 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 119 18 several several JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 119 19 areas area NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 119 20 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 119 21 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 119 22 hypothalamus hypothalamus NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 119 23 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 119 24 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-6976 119 25 participates participate VBZ en-wikipedia-org-6976 119 26 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 119 27 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 119 28 control control NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 119 29 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 119 30 gonadotropin gonadotropin NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 119 31 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-6976 119 32 releasing release VBG en-wikipedia-org-6976 119 33 hormone hormone NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 119 34 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 119 35 which which WDT en-wikipedia-org-6976 119 36 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-6976 119 37 necessary necessary JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 119 38 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-6976 119 39 activate activate VB en-wikipedia-org-6976 119 40 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 119 41 development development NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 119 42 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 119 43 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 119 44 male male JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 119 45 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-6976 119 46 female female JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 119 47 reproductive reproductive JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 119 48 systems system NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 119 49 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 119 50 following follow VBG en-wikipedia-org-6976 119 51 puberty puberty NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 119 52 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 120 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 120 2 43 43 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 120 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 120 4 An an DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 120 5 additional additional JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 120 6 group group NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 120 7 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 120 8 dopamine dopamine NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 120 9 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-6976 120 10 secreting secrete VBG en-wikipedia-org-6976 120 11 neurons neuron NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 120 12 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-6976 120 13 found find VBN en-wikipedia-org-6976 120 14 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 120 15 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 120 16 retina retina NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 120 17 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 120 18 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 120 19 eye eye NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 120 20 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 121 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 121 2 44 44 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 121 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 121 4 These these DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 121 5 neurons neuron NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 121 6 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-6976 121 7 amacrine amacrine JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 121 8 cells cell NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 121 9 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 121 10 meaning mean VBG en-wikipedia-org-6976 121 11 that that IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 121 12 they -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-6976 121 13 have have VBP en-wikipedia-org-6976 121 14 no no DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 121 15 axons axon NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 121 16 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 122 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 122 2 44 44 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 122 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 122 4 They -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-6976 122 5 release release VBP en-wikipedia-org-6976 122 6 dopamine dopamine NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 122 7 into into IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 122 8 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 122 9 extracellular extracellular JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 122 10 medium medium NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 122 11 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 122 12 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-6976 122 13 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-6976 122 14 specifically specifically RB en-wikipedia-org-6976 122 15 active active JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 122 16 during during IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 122 17 daylight daylight NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 122 18 hours hour NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 122 19 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 122 20 becoming become VBG en-wikipedia-org-6976 122 21 silent silent JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 122 22 at at IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 122 23 night night NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 122 24 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 123 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 123 2 44 44 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 123 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 123 4 This this DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 123 5 retinal retinal JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 123 6 dopamine dopamine NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 123 7 acts act VBZ en-wikipedia-org-6976 123 8 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-6976 123 9 enhance enhance VB en-wikipedia-org-6976 123 10 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 123 11 activity activity NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 123 12 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 123 13 cone cone NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 123 14 cells cell NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 123 15 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 123 16 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 123 17 retina retina NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 123 18 while while IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 123 19 suppressing suppress VBG en-wikipedia-org-6976 123 20 rod rod NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 123 21 cells cell NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 123 22 — — : en-wikipedia-org-6976 123 23 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 123 24 result result NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 123 25 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-6976 123 26 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-6976 123 27 increase increase VB en-wikipedia-org-6976 123 28 sensitivity sensitivity NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 123 29 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 123 30 color color NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 123 31 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-6976 123 32 contrast contrast NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 123 33 during during IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 123 34 bright bright JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 123 35 light light JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 123 36 conditions condition NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 123 37 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 123 38 at at IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 123 39 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 123 40 cost cost NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 123 41 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 123 42 reduced reduce VBN en-wikipedia-org-6976 123 43 sensitivity sensitivity NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 123 44 when when WRB en-wikipedia-org-6976 123 45 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 123 46 light light NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 123 47 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-6976 123 48 dim dim JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 123 49 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 124 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 124 2 44 44 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 124 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 124 4 Basal Basal NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 124 5 ganglia[edit ganglia[edit , en-wikipedia-org-6976 124 6 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 124 7 Main main JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 124 8 circuits circuit NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 124 9 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 124 10 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 124 11 basal basal NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 124 12 ganglia ganglia NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 124 13 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 125 1 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 125 2 dopaminergic dopaminergic JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 125 3 pathway pathway NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 125 4 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 125 5 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 125 6 substantia substantia NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 125 7 nigra nigra NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 125 8 pars par NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 125 9 compacta compacta NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 125 10 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 125 11 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 125 12 striatum striatum NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 125 13 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-6976 125 14 shown show VBN en-wikipedia-org-6976 125 15 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 125 16 light light JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 125 17 blue blue NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 125 18 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 126 1 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 126 2 largest large JJS en-wikipedia-org-6976 126 3 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-6976 126 4 most most RBS en-wikipedia-org-6976 126 5 important important JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 126 6 sources source NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 126 7 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 126 8 dopamine dopamine NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 126 9 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 126 10 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 126 11 vertebrate vertebrate NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 126 12 brain brain NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 126 13 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-6976 126 14 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 126 15 substantia substantia NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 126 16 nigra nigra NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 126 17 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-6976 126 18 ventral ventral JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 126 19 tegmental tegmental JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 126 20 area area NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 126 21 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 127 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 127 2 35 35 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 127 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 127 4 These these DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 127 5 structures structure NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 127 6 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-6976 127 7 closely closely RB en-wikipedia-org-6976 127 8 related related JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 127 9 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 127 10 each each DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 127 11 other other JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 127 12 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-6976 127 13 functionally functionally RB en-wikipedia-org-6976 127 14 similar similar JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 127 15 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 127 16 many many JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 127 17 respects respect NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 127 18 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 128 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 128 2 35 35 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 128 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 128 4 Both both DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 128 5 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-6976 128 6 components component NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 128 7 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 128 8 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 128 9 mid mid JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 128 10 brain brain NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 128 11 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 129 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 129 2 35 35 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 129 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 129 4 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 129 5 largest large JJS en-wikipedia-org-6976 129 6 component component NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 129 7 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 129 8 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 129 9 basal basal NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 129 10 ganglia ganglia NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 129 11 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-6976 129 12 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 129 13 striatum striatum NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 129 14 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 130 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 130 2 45 45 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 130 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 130 4 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 130 5 substantia substantia NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 130 6 nigra nigra RB en-wikipedia-org-6976 130 7 sends send VBZ en-wikipedia-org-6976 130 8 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 130 9 dopaminergic dopaminergic JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 130 10 projection projection NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 130 11 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 130 12 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 130 13 dorsal dorsal NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 130 14 striatum striatum NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 130 15 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 130 16 while while IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 130 17 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 130 18 ventral ventral JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 130 19 tegmental tegmental JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 130 20 area area NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 130 21 sends send VBZ en-wikipedia-org-6976 130 22 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 130 23 similar similar JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 130 24 type type NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 130 25 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 130 26 dopaminergic dopaminergic JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 130 27 projection projection NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 130 28 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 130 29 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 130 30 ventral ventral JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 130 31 striatum striatum NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 130 32 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 131 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 131 2 35 35 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 131 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 131 4 Progress progress NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 131 5 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 131 6 understanding understand VBG en-wikipedia-org-6976 131 7 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 131 8 functions function NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 131 9 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 131 10 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 131 11 basal basal NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 131 12 ganglia ganglia NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 131 13 has have VBZ en-wikipedia-org-6976 131 14 been be VBN en-wikipedia-org-6976 131 15 slow slow JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 131 16 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 132 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 132 2 45 45 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 132 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 132 4 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 132 5 most most RBS en-wikipedia-org-6976 132 6 popular popular JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 132 7 hypotheses hypothesis NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 132 8 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 132 9 broadly broadly RB en-wikipedia-org-6976 132 10 stated state VBN en-wikipedia-org-6976 132 11 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 132 12 propose propose VBP en-wikipedia-org-6976 132 13 that that IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 132 14 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 132 15 basal basal NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 132 16 ganglia ganglia NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 132 17 play play VBP en-wikipedia-org-6976 132 18 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 132 19 central central JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 132 20 role role NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 132 21 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 132 22 action action NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 132 23 selection selection NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 132 24 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 133 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 133 2 46 46 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 133 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 133 4 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 133 5 action action NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 133 6 selection selection NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 133 7 theory theory NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 133 8 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 133 9 its -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-6976 133 10 simplest simple JJS en-wikipedia-org-6976 133 11 form form NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 133 12 proposes propose VBZ en-wikipedia-org-6976 133 13 that that IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 133 14 when when WRB en-wikipedia-org-6976 133 15 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 133 16 person person NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 133 17 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-6976 133 18 animal animal NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 133 19 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-6976 133 20 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 133 21 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 133 22 situation situation NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 133 23 where where WRB en-wikipedia-org-6976 133 24 several several JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 133 25 behaviors behavior NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 133 26 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-6976 133 27 possible possible JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 133 28 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 133 29 activity activity NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 133 30 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 133 31 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 133 32 basal basal NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 133 33 ganglia ganglia NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 133 34 determines determine VBZ en-wikipedia-org-6976 133 35 which which WDT en-wikipedia-org-6976 133 36 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 133 37 them -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-6976 133 38 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-6976 133 39 executed execute VBN en-wikipedia-org-6976 133 40 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 133 41 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 133 42 releasing release VBG en-wikipedia-org-6976 133 43 that that DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 133 44 response response NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 133 45 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 133 46 inhibition inhibition NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 133 47 while while IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 133 48 continuing continue VBG en-wikipedia-org-6976 133 49 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-6976 133 50 inhibit inhibit VB en-wikipedia-org-6976 133 51 other other JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 133 52 motor motor NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 133 53 systems system NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 133 54 that that IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 133 55 if if IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 133 56 activated activate VBN en-wikipedia-org-6976 133 57 would would MD en-wikipedia-org-6976 133 58 generate generate VB en-wikipedia-org-6976 133 59 competing compete VBG en-wikipedia-org-6976 133 60 behaviors behavior NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 133 61 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 134 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 134 2 47 47 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 134 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 134 4 Thus thus RB en-wikipedia-org-6976 134 5 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 134 6 basal basal NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 134 7 ganglia ganglia NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 134 8 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 134 9 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 134 10 this this DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 134 11 concept concept NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 134 12 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 134 13 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-6976 134 14 responsible responsible JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 134 15 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 134 16 initiating initiate VBG en-wikipedia-org-6976 134 17 behaviors behavior NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 134 18 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 134 19 but but CC en-wikipedia-org-6976 134 20 not not RB en-wikipedia-org-6976 134 21 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 134 22 determining determine VBG en-wikipedia-org-6976 134 23 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 134 24 details detail NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 134 25 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 134 26 how how WRB en-wikipedia-org-6976 134 27 they -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-6976 134 28 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-6976 134 29 carried carry VBN en-wikipedia-org-6976 134 30 out out RP en-wikipedia-org-6976 134 31 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 135 1 In in IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 135 2 other other JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 135 3 words word NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 135 4 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 135 5 they -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-6976 135 6 essentially essentially RB en-wikipedia-org-6976 135 7 form form VBP en-wikipedia-org-6976 135 8 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 135 9 decision decision NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 135 10 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-6976 135 11 making make VBG en-wikipedia-org-6976 135 12 system system NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 135 13 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 136 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 136 2 47 47 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 136 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 136 4 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 136 5 basal basal NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 136 6 ganglia ganglia NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 136 7 can can MD en-wikipedia-org-6976 136 8 be be VB en-wikipedia-org-6976 136 9 divided divide VBN en-wikipedia-org-6976 136 10 into into IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 136 11 several several JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 136 12 sectors sector NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 136 13 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 136 14 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-6976 136 15 each each DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 136 16 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-6976 136 17 involved involve VBN en-wikipedia-org-6976 136 18 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 136 19 controlling control VBG en-wikipedia-org-6976 136 20 particular particular JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 136 21 types type NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 136 22 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 136 23 actions action NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 136 24 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 137 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 137 2 48 48 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 137 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 137 4 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 137 5 ventral ventral JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 137 6 sector sector NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 137 7 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 137 8 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 137 9 basal basal NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 137 10 ganglia ganglia NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 137 11 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 137 12 containing contain VBG en-wikipedia-org-6976 137 13 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 137 14 ventral ventral JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 137 15 striatum striatum NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 137 16 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-6976 137 17 ventral ventral JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 137 18 tegmental tegmental JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 137 19 area area NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 137 20 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 137 21 operates operate VBZ en-wikipedia-org-6976 137 22 at at IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 137 23 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 137 24 highest high JJS en-wikipedia-org-6976 137 25 level level NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 137 26 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 137 27 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 137 28 hierarchy hierarchy NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 137 29 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 137 30 selecting select VBG en-wikipedia-org-6976 137 31 actions action NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 137 32 at at IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 137 33 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 137 34 whole whole JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 137 35 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-6976 137 36 organism organism NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 137 37 level level NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 137 38 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 138 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 138 2 47 47 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 138 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 138 4 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 138 5 dorsal dorsal NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 138 6 sectors sector NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 138 7 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 138 8 containing contain VBG en-wikipedia-org-6976 138 9 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 138 10 dorsal dorsal NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 138 11 striatum striatum NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 138 12 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-6976 138 13 substantia substantia NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 138 14 nigra nigra NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 138 15 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 138 16 operate operate VBP en-wikipedia-org-6976 138 17 at at IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 138 18 lower low JJR en-wikipedia-org-6976 138 19 levels level NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 138 20 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 138 21 selecting select VBG en-wikipedia-org-6976 138 22 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 138 23 specific specific JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 138 24 muscles muscle NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 138 25 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-6976 138 26 movements movement NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 138 27 that that WDT en-wikipedia-org-6976 138 28 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-6976 138 29 used use VBN en-wikipedia-org-6976 138 30 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-6976 138 31 implement implement VB en-wikipedia-org-6976 138 32 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 138 33 given give VBN en-wikipedia-org-6976 138 34 behavior behavior NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 138 35 pattern pattern NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 138 36 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 139 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 139 2 48 48 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 139 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 139 4 Dopamine dopamine NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 139 5 contributes contribute VBZ en-wikipedia-org-6976 139 6 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 139 7 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 139 8 action action NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 139 9 selection selection NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 139 10 process process NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 139 11 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 139 12 at at RB en-wikipedia-org-6976 139 13 least least RBS en-wikipedia-org-6976 139 14 two two CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 139 15 important important JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 139 16 ways way NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 139 17 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 140 1 First first RB en-wikipedia-org-6976 140 2 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 140 3 it -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-6976 140 4 sets set VBZ en-wikipedia-org-6976 140 5 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 140 6 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-6976 140 7 threshold threshold NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 140 8 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-6976 140 9 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 140 10 initiating initiating NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 140 11 actions action NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 140 12 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 141 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 141 2 46 46 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 141 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 141 4 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 141 5 higher high JJR en-wikipedia-org-6976 141 6 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 141 7 level level NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 141 8 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 141 9 dopamine dopamine NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 141 10 activity activity NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 141 11 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 141 12 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 141 13 lower low JJR en-wikipedia-org-6976 141 14 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 141 15 impetus impetus NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 141 16 required require VBN en-wikipedia-org-6976 141 17 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-6976 141 18 evoke evoke VB en-wikipedia-org-6976 141 19 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 141 20 given give VBN en-wikipedia-org-6976 141 21 behavior behavior NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 141 22 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 142 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 142 2 46 46 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 142 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 142 4 As as IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 142 5 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 142 6 consequence consequence NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 142 7 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 142 8 high high JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 142 9 levels level NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 142 10 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 142 11 dopamine dopamine NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 142 12 lead lead NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 142 13 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 142 14 high high JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 142 15 levels level NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 142 16 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 142 17 motor motor NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 142 18 activity activity NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 142 19 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-6976 142 20 impulsive impulsive JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 142 21 behavior behavior NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 142 22 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-6976 142 23 low low JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 142 24 levels level NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 142 25 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 142 26 dopamine dopamine NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 142 27 lead lead NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 142 28 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 142 29 torpor torpor NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 142 30 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-6976 142 31 slowed slow VBD en-wikipedia-org-6976 142 32 reactions reaction NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 142 33 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 143 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 143 2 46 46 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 143 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 143 4 Parkinson Parkinson NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 143 5 's 's POS en-wikipedia-org-6976 143 6 disease disease NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 143 7 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 143 8 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 143 9 which which WDT en-wikipedia-org-6976 143 10 dopamine dopamine NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 143 11 levels level NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 143 12 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 143 13 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 143 14 substantia substantia NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 143 15 nigra nigra NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 143 16 circuit circuit NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 143 17 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-6976 143 18 greatly greatly RB en-wikipedia-org-6976 143 19 reduced reduce VBN en-wikipedia-org-6976 143 20 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 143 21 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-6976 143 22 characterized characterize VBN en-wikipedia-org-6976 143 23 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 143 24 stiffness stiffness NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 143 25 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-6976 143 26 difficulty difficulty NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 143 27 initiating initiating NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 143 28 movement movement NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 143 29 — — : en-wikipedia-org-6976 143 30 however however RB en-wikipedia-org-6976 143 31 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 143 32 when when WRB en-wikipedia-org-6976 143 33 people people NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 143 34 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 143 35 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 143 36 disease disease NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 143 37 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-6976 143 38 confronted confront VBN en-wikipedia-org-6976 143 39 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 143 40 strong strong JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 143 41 stimuli stimulus NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 143 42 such such JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 143 43 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 143 44 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 143 45 serious serious JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 143 46 threat threat NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 143 47 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 143 48 their -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-6976 143 49 reactions reaction NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 143 50 can can MD en-wikipedia-org-6976 143 51 be be VB en-wikipedia-org-6976 143 52 as as RB en-wikipedia-org-6976 143 53 vigorous vigorous JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 143 54 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 143 55 those those DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 143 56 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 143 57 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 143 58 healthy healthy JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 143 59 person person NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 143 60 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 144 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 144 2 49 49 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 144 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 144 4 In in IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 144 5 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 144 6 opposite opposite JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 144 7 direction direction NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 144 8 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 144 9 drugs drug NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 144 10 that that WDT en-wikipedia-org-6976 144 11 increase increase VBP en-wikipedia-org-6976 144 12 dopamine dopamine NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 144 13 release release NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 144 14 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 144 15 such such JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 144 16 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 144 17 cocaine cocaine NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 144 18 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-6976 144 19 amphetamine amphetamine NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 144 20 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 144 21 can can MD en-wikipedia-org-6976 144 22 produce produce VB en-wikipedia-org-6976 144 23 heightened heightened JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 144 24 levels level NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 144 25 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 144 26 activity activity NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 144 27 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 144 28 including include VBG en-wikipedia-org-6976 144 29 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 144 30 at at IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 144 31 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 144 32 extreme extreme JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 144 33 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 144 34 psychomotor psychomotor NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 144 35 agitation agitation NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 144 36 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-6976 144 37 stereotyped stereotyped JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 144 38 movements movement NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 144 39 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 145 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 145 2 50 50 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 145 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 145 4 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 145 5 second second JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 145 6 important important JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 145 7 effect effect NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 145 8 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 145 9 dopamine dopamine NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 145 10 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-6976 145 11 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 145 12 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 145 13 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-6976 145 14 teaching teaching NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 145 15 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-6976 145 16 signal signal NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 145 17 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 146 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 146 2 46 46 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 146 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 146 4 When when WRB en-wikipedia-org-6976 146 5 an an DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 146 6 action action NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 146 7 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-6976 146 8 followed follow VBN en-wikipedia-org-6976 146 9 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 146 10 an an DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 146 11 increase increase NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 146 12 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 146 13 dopamine dopamine NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 146 14 activity activity NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 146 15 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 146 16 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 146 17 basal basal NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 146 18 ganglia ganglia NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 146 19 circuit circuit NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 146 20 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-6976 146 21 altered alter VBN en-wikipedia-org-6976 146 22 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 146 23 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 146 24 way way NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 146 25 that that WDT en-wikipedia-org-6976 146 26 makes make VBZ en-wikipedia-org-6976 146 27 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 146 28 same same JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 146 29 response response NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 146 30 easier easy JJR en-wikipedia-org-6976 146 31 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-6976 146 32 evoke evoke VB en-wikipedia-org-6976 146 33 when when WRB en-wikipedia-org-6976 146 34 similar similar JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 146 35 situations situation NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 146 36 arise arise VBP en-wikipedia-org-6976 146 37 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 146 38 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 146 39 future future NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 146 40 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 147 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 147 2 46 46 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 147 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 147 4 This this DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 147 5 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-6976 147 6 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 147 7 form form NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 147 8 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 147 9 operant operant JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 147 10 conditioning conditioning NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 147 11 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 147 12 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 147 13 which which WDT en-wikipedia-org-6976 147 14 dopamine dopamine NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 147 15 plays play VBZ en-wikipedia-org-6976 147 16 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 147 17 role role NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 147 18 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 147 19 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 147 20 reward reward NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 147 21 signal signal NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 147 22 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 148 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 148 2 47 47 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 148 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 148 4 Reward[edit reward[edit CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 148 5 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 148 6 Illustration illustration NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 148 7 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 148 8 dopaminergic dopaminergic JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 148 9 reward reward NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 148 10 structures structure NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 148 11 In in IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 148 12 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 148 13 language language NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 148 14 used use VBN en-wikipedia-org-6976 148 15 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-6976 148 16 discuss discuss VB en-wikipedia-org-6976 148 17 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 148 18 reward reward NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 148 19 system system NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 148 20 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 148 21 reward reward NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 148 22 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-6976 148 23 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 148 24 attractive attractive JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 148 25 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-6976 148 26 motivational motivational JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 148 27 property property NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 148 28 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 148 29 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 148 30 stimulus stimulus NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 148 31 that that WDT en-wikipedia-org-6976 148 32 induces induce VBZ en-wikipedia-org-6976 148 33 appetitive appetitive JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 148 34 behavior behavior NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 148 35 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 148 36 also also RB en-wikipedia-org-6976 148 37 known know VBN en-wikipedia-org-6976 148 38 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 148 39 approach approach NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 148 40 behavior behavior NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 148 41 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 148 42 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-6976 148 43 consummatory consummatory JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 148 44 behavior behavior NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 148 45 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 149 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 149 2 51 51 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 149 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 149 4 A a DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 149 5 rewarding rewarding JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 149 6 stimulus stimulus NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 149 7 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-6976 149 8 one one NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 149 9 that that WDT en-wikipedia-org-6976 149 10 can can MD en-wikipedia-org-6976 149 11 induce induce VB en-wikipedia-org-6976 149 12 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 149 13 organism organism NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 149 14 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-6976 149 15 approach approach VB en-wikipedia-org-6976 149 16 it -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-6976 149 17 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-6976 149 18 choose choose VB en-wikipedia-org-6976 149 19 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-6976 149 20 consume consume VB en-wikipedia-org-6976 149 21 it -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-6976 149 22 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 150 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 150 2 51 51 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 150 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 150 4 Pleasure pleasure NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 150 5 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 150 6 learning learn VBG en-wikipedia-org-6976 150 7 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 150 8 e.g. e.g. RB en-wikipedia-org-6976 150 9 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 150 10 classical classical JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 150 11 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-6976 150 12 operant operant JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 150 13 conditioning conditioning NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 150 14 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 150 15 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 150 16 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-6976 150 17 approach approach NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 150 18 behavior behavior NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 150 19 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-6976 150 20 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 150 21 three three CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 150 22 main main JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 150 23 functions function NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 150 24 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 150 25 reward reward NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 150 26 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 151 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 151 2 51 51 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 151 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 151 4 As as IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 151 5 an an DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 151 6 aspect aspect NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 151 7 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 151 8 reward reward NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 151 9 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 151 10 pleasure pleasure NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 151 11 provides provide VBZ en-wikipedia-org-6976 151 12 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 151 13 definition definition NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 151 14 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 151 15 reward;[51 reward;[51 NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 151 16 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 151 17 however however RB en-wikipedia-org-6976 151 18 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 151 19 while while IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 151 20 all all DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 151 21 pleasurable pleasurable JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 151 22 stimuli stimulus NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 151 23 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-6976 151 24 rewarding rewarding JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 151 25 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 151 26 not not RB en-wikipedia-org-6976 151 27 all all DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 151 28 rewarding rewarding JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 151 29 stimuli stimulus NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 151 30 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-6976 151 31 pleasurable pleasurable JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 151 32 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 151 33 e.g. e.g. RB en-wikipedia-org-6976 151 34 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 151 35 extrinsic extrinsic NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 151 36 rewards reward NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 151 37 like like IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 151 38 money money NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 151 39 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 151 40 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 152 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 152 2 51][52 51][52 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 152 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 152 4 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 152 5 motivational motivational JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 152 6 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-6976 152 7 desirable desirable JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 152 8 aspect aspect NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 152 9 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 152 10 rewarding rewarding JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 152 11 stimuli stimulus NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 152 12 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-6976 152 13 reflected reflect VBN en-wikipedia-org-6976 152 14 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 152 15 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 152 16 approach approach NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 152 17 behavior behavior NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 152 18 that that WDT en-wikipedia-org-6976 152 19 they -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-6976 152 20 induce induce VBP en-wikipedia-org-6976 152 21 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 152 22 whereas whereas IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 152 23 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 152 24 pleasure pleasure NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 152 25 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 152 26 intrinsic intrinsic JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 152 27 rewards reward NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 152 28 results result NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 152 29 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 152 30 consuming consume VBG en-wikipedia-org-6976 152 31 them -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-6976 152 32 after after IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 152 33 acquiring acquire VBG en-wikipedia-org-6976 152 34 them -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-6976 152 35 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 153 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 153 2 51 51 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 153 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 153 4 A a DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 153 5 neuropsychological neuropsychological JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 153 6 model model NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 153 7 which which WDT en-wikipedia-org-6976 153 8 distinguishes distinguish VBZ en-wikipedia-org-6976 153 9 these these DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 153 10 two two CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 153 11 components component NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 153 12 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 153 13 an an DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 153 14 intrinsically intrinsically RB en-wikipedia-org-6976 153 15 rewarding rewarding JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 153 16 stimulus stimulus NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 153 17 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-6976 153 18 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 153 19 incentive incentive NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 153 20 salience salience NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 153 21 model model NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 153 22 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 153 23 where where WRB en-wikipedia-org-6976 153 24 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-6976 153 25 wanting want VBG en-wikipedia-org-6976 153 26 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-6976 153 27 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-6976 153 28 desire desire VB en-wikipedia-org-6976 153 29 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 153 30 less less RBR en-wikipedia-org-6976 153 31 commonly commonly RB en-wikipedia-org-6976 153 32 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 153 33 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-6976 153 34 seeking"[53 seeking"[53 NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 153 35 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 153 36 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 153 37 corresponds correspond VBZ en-wikipedia-org-6976 153 38 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 153 39 appetitive appetitive JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 153 40 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-6976 153 41 approach approach NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 153 42 behavior behavior NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 153 43 while while IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 153 44 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-6976 153 45 liking like VBG en-wikipedia-org-6976 153 46 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-6976 153 47 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-6976 153 48 pleasure pleasure VB en-wikipedia-org-6976 153 49 corresponds correspond NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 153 50 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 153 51 consummatory consummatory JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 153 52 behavior behavior NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 153 53 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 154 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 154 2 51][3][54 51][3][54 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 154 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 154 4 In in IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 154 5 human human JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 154 6 drug drug NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 154 7 addicts addict NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 154 8 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 154 9 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-6976 154 10 wanting want VBG en-wikipedia-org-6976 154 11 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-6976 154 12 becomes become VBZ en-wikipedia-org-6976 154 13 dissociated dissociate VBN en-wikipedia-org-6976 154 14 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 154 15 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-6976 154 16 liking like VBG en-wikipedia-org-6976 154 17 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-6976 154 18 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 154 19 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 154 20 desire desire NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 154 21 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-6976 154 22 use use VB en-wikipedia-org-6976 154 23 an an DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 154 24 addictive addictive JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 154 25 drug drug NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 154 26 increases increase NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 154 27 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 154 28 while while IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 154 29 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 154 30 pleasure pleasure NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 154 31 obtained obtain VBN en-wikipedia-org-6976 154 32 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 154 33 consuming consume VBG en-wikipedia-org-6976 154 34 it -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-6976 154 35 decreases decrease VBZ en-wikipedia-org-6976 154 36 due due JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 154 37 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 154 38 drug drug NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 154 39 tolerance tolerance NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 154 40 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 155 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 155 2 3 3 LS en-wikipedia-org-6976 155 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 155 4 Within within IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 155 5 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 155 6 brain brain NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 155 7 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 155 8 dopamine dopamine NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 155 9 functions function NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 155 10 partly partly RB en-wikipedia-org-6976 155 11 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 155 12 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 155 13 global global JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 155 14 reward reward NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 155 15 signal signal NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 155 16 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 156 1 An an DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 156 2 initial initial JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 156 3 dopamine dopamine NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 156 4 response response NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 156 5 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 156 6 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 156 7 rewarding rewarding JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 156 8 stimulus stimulus NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 156 9 encodes encode NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 156 10 information information NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 156 11 about about IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 156 12 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 156 13 salience salience NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 156 14 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 156 15 value value NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 156 16 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 156 17 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-6976 156 18 context context NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 156 19 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 156 20 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 156 21 reward reward NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 156 22 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 157 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 157 2 51 51 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 157 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 157 4 In in IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 157 5 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 157 6 context context NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 157 7 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 157 8 reward reward NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 157 9 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-6976 157 10 related relate VBN en-wikipedia-org-6976 157 11 learning learning NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 157 12 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 157 13 dopamine dopamine NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 157 14 also also RB en-wikipedia-org-6976 157 15 functions function NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 157 16 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 157 17 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 157 18 reward reward NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 157 19 prediction prediction NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 157 20 error error NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 157 21 signal signal NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 157 22 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 157 23 that that RB en-wikipedia-org-6976 157 24 is is RB en-wikipedia-org-6976 157 25 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 157 26 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 157 27 degree degree NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 157 28 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-6976 157 29 which which WDT en-wikipedia-org-6976 157 30 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 157 31 value value NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 157 32 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 157 33 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 157 34 reward reward NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 157 35 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-6976 157 36 unexpected unexpected JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 157 37 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 158 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 158 2 51 51 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 158 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 158 4 According accord VBG en-wikipedia-org-6976 158 5 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 158 6 this this DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 158 7 hypothesis hypothesis NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 158 8 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 158 9 Wolfram Wolfram NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 158 10 Schultz Schultz NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 158 11 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 158 12 rewards reward NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 158 13 that that WDT en-wikipedia-org-6976 158 14 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-6976 158 15 expected expect VBN en-wikipedia-org-6976 158 16 do do VBP en-wikipedia-org-6976 158 17 not not RB en-wikipedia-org-6976 158 18 produce produce VB en-wikipedia-org-6976 158 19 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 158 20 second second JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 158 21 phasic phasic JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 158 22 dopamine dopamine NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 158 23 response response NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 158 24 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 158 25 certain certain JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 158 26 dopaminergic dopaminergic JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 158 27 cells cell NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 158 28 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 158 29 but but CC en-wikipedia-org-6976 158 30 rewards reward NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 158 31 that that WDT en-wikipedia-org-6976 158 32 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-6976 158 33 unexpected unexpected JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 158 34 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 158 35 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-6976 158 36 greater great JJR en-wikipedia-org-6976 158 37 than than IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 158 38 expected expect VBN en-wikipedia-org-6976 158 39 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 158 40 produce produce VB en-wikipedia-org-6976 158 41 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 158 42 short short RB en-wikipedia-org-6976 158 43 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-6976 158 44 lasting last VBG en-wikipedia-org-6976 158 45 increase increase NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 158 46 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 158 47 synaptic synaptic JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 158 48 dopamine dopamine NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 158 49 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 158 50 whereas whereas IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 158 51 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 158 52 omission omission NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 158 53 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 158 54 an an DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 158 55 expected expected JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 158 56 reward reward NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 158 57 actually actually RB en-wikipedia-org-6976 158 58 causes cause VBZ en-wikipedia-org-6976 158 59 dopamine dopamine NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 158 60 release release NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 158 61 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-6976 158 62 drop drop VB en-wikipedia-org-6976 158 63 below below IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 158 64 its -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-6976 158 65 background background NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 158 66 level level NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 158 67 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 159 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 159 2 51 51 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 159 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 159 4 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 159 5 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-6976 159 6 prediction prediction NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 159 7 error error NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 159 8 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-6976 159 9 hypothesis hypothesis NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 159 10 has have VBZ en-wikipedia-org-6976 159 11 drawn draw VBN en-wikipedia-org-6976 159 12 particular particular JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 159 13 interest interest NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 159 14 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 159 15 computational computational JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 159 16 neuroscientists neuroscientist NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 159 17 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 159 18 because because IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 159 19 an an DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 159 20 influential influential JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 159 21 computational computational NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 159 22 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-6976 159 23 learning learning NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 159 24 method method NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 159 25 known know VBN en-wikipedia-org-6976 159 26 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 159 27 temporal temporal JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 159 28 difference difference NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 159 29 learning learning NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 159 30 makes make VBZ en-wikipedia-org-6976 159 31 heavy heavy JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 159 32 use use NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 159 33 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 159 34 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 159 35 signal signal NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 159 36 that that WDT en-wikipedia-org-6976 159 37 encodes encode VBZ en-wikipedia-org-6976 159 38 prediction prediction NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 159 39 error error NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 159 40 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 160 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 160 2 51 51 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 160 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 160 4 This this DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 160 5 confluence confluence NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 160 6 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 160 7 theory theory NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 160 8 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-6976 160 9 data datum NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 160 10 has have VBZ en-wikipedia-org-6976 160 11 led lead VBN en-wikipedia-org-6976 160 12 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 160 13 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 160 14 fertile fertile JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 160 15 interaction interaction NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 160 16 between between IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 160 17 neuroscientists neuroscientist NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 160 18 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-6976 160 19 computer computer NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 160 20 scientists scientist NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 160 21 interested interest VBN en-wikipedia-org-6976 160 22 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 160 23 machine machine NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 160 24 learning learning NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 160 25 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 161 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 161 2 51 51 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 161 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 161 4 Evidence evidence NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 161 5 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 161 6 microelectrode microelectrode NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 161 7 recordings recording NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 161 8 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 161 9 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 161 10 brains brain NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 161 11 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 161 12 animals animal NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 161 13 shows show VBZ en-wikipedia-org-6976 161 14 that that IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 161 15 dopamine dopamine NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 161 16 neurons neuron NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 161 17 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 161 18 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 161 19 ventral ventral JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 161 20 tegmental tegmental JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 161 21 area area NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 161 22 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 161 23 VTA VTA NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 161 24 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 161 25 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-6976 161 26 substantia substantia NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 161 27 nigra nigra NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 161 28 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-6976 161 29 strongly strongly RB en-wikipedia-org-6976 161 30 activated activate VBN en-wikipedia-org-6976 161 31 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 161 32 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 161 33 wide wide JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 161 34 variety variety NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 161 35 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 161 36 rewarding rewarding JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 161 37 events event NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 161 38 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 162 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 162 2 51 51 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 162 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 162 4 These these DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 162 5 reward reward NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 162 6 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-6976 162 7 responsive responsive JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 162 8 dopamine dopamine NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 162 9 neurons neuron NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 162 10 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 162 11 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 162 12 VTA VTA NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 162 13 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-6976 162 14 substantia substantia NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 162 15 nigra nigra NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 162 16 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-6976 162 17 crucial crucial JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 162 18 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 162 19 reward reward NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 162 20 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-6976 162 21 related relate VBN en-wikipedia-org-6976 162 22 cognition cognition NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 162 23 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-6976 162 24 serve serve VB en-wikipedia-org-6976 162 25 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 162 26 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 162 27 central central JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 162 28 component component NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 162 29 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 162 30 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 162 31 reward reward NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 162 32 system system NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 162 33 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 163 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 163 2 3][55][56 3][55][56 LS en-wikipedia-org-6976 163 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 163 4 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 163 5 function function NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 163 6 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 163 7 dopamine dopamine NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 163 8 varies varie NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 163 9 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 163 10 each each DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 163 11 axonal axonal JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 163 12 projection projection NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 163 13 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 163 14 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 163 15 VTA VTA NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 163 16 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-6976 163 17 substantia substantia NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 163 18 nigra;[3 nigra;[3 NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 163 19 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 163 20 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 163 21 example example NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 163 22 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 163 23 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 163 24 VTA VTA NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 163 25 – – : en-wikipedia-org-6976 163 26 nucleus nucleus NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 163 27 accumbens accumben VBZ en-wikipedia-org-6976 163 28 shell shell NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 163 29 projection projection NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 163 30 assigns assigns NNPS en-wikipedia-org-6976 163 31 incentive incentive NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 163 32 salience salience NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 163 33 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 163 34 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-6976 163 35 want want VBP en-wikipedia-org-6976 163 36 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-6976 163 37 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 163 38 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 163 39 rewarding rewarding JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 163 40 stimuli stimulus NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 163 41 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-6976 163 42 its -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-6976 163 43 associated associated JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 163 44 cues cue NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 163 45 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 163 46 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 163 47 VTA VTA NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 163 48 – – : en-wikipedia-org-6976 163 49 orbitofrontal orbitofrontal NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 163 50 cortex cortex NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 163 51 projection projection NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 163 52 updates update VBZ en-wikipedia-org-6976 163 53 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 163 54 value value NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 163 55 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 163 56 different different JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 163 57 goals goal NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 163 58 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 163 59 accordance accordance NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 163 60 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 163 61 their -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-6976 163 62 incentive incentive NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 163 63 salience salience NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 163 64 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 163 65 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 163 66 VTA VTA NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 163 67 – – : en-wikipedia-org-6976 163 68 amygdala amygdala NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 163 69 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-6976 163 70 VTA VTA NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 163 71 – – : en-wikipedia-org-6976 163 72 hippocampus hippocampus NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 163 73 projections projection NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 163 74 mediate mediate VBP en-wikipedia-org-6976 163 75 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 163 76 consolidation consolidation NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 163 77 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 163 78 reward reward VB en-wikipedia-org-6976 163 79 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-6976 163 80 related relate VBN en-wikipedia-org-6976 163 81 memories memory NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 163 82 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 163 83 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-6976 163 84 both both CC en-wikipedia-org-6976 163 85 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 163 86 VTA VTA NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 163 87 – – : en-wikipedia-org-6976 163 88 nucleus nucleus NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 163 89 accumbens accumben VBZ en-wikipedia-org-6976 163 90 core core NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 163 91 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-6976 163 92 substantia substantia NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 163 93 nigra nigra NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 163 94 – – : en-wikipedia-org-6976 163 95 dorsal dorsal NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 163 96 striatum striatum NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 163 97 pathways pathway NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 163 98 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-6976 163 99 involved involve VBN en-wikipedia-org-6976 163 100 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 163 101 learning learn VBG en-wikipedia-org-6976 163 102 motor motor NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 163 103 responses response NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 163 104 that that WDT en-wikipedia-org-6976 163 105 facilitate facilitate VBP en-wikipedia-org-6976 163 106 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 163 107 acquisition acquisition NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 163 108 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 163 109 rewarding rewarding JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 163 110 stimuli stimulus NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 163 111 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 164 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 164 2 3][57 3][57 LS en-wikipedia-org-6976 164 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 164 4 Some some DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 164 5 activity activity NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 164 6 within within IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 164 7 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 164 8 VTA VTA NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 164 9 dopaminergic dopaminergic JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 164 10 projections projection NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 164 11 appears appear VBZ en-wikipedia-org-6976 164 12 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-6976 164 13 be be VB en-wikipedia-org-6976 164 14 associated associate VBN en-wikipedia-org-6976 164 15 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 164 16 reward reward NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 164 17 prediction prediction NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 164 18 as as RB en-wikipedia-org-6976 164 19 well well RB en-wikipedia-org-6976 164 20 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 165 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 165 2 3][57 3][57 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 165 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 165 4 Pleasure[edit pleasure[edit NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 165 5 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 165 6 While while IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 165 7 dopamine dopamine NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 165 8 has have VBZ en-wikipedia-org-6976 165 9 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 165 10 central central JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 165 11 role role NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 165 12 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 165 13 causing cause VBG en-wikipedia-org-6976 165 14 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-6976 165 15 wanting want VBG en-wikipedia-org-6976 165 16 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 165 17 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-6976 165 18 associated associate VBN en-wikipedia-org-6976 165 19 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 165 20 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 165 21 appetitive appetitive NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 165 22 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-6976 165 23 approach approach NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 165 24 behavioral behavioral JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 165 25 responses response NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 165 26 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 165 27 rewarding rewarding JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 165 28 stimuli stimulus NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 165 29 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 165 30 detailed detailed JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 165 31 studies study NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 165 32 have have VBP en-wikipedia-org-6976 165 33 shown show VBN en-wikipedia-org-6976 165 34 that that DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 165 35 dopamine dopamine NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 165 36 can can MD en-wikipedia-org-6976 165 37 not not RB en-wikipedia-org-6976 165 38 simply simply RB en-wikipedia-org-6976 165 39 be be VB en-wikipedia-org-6976 165 40 equated equate VBN en-wikipedia-org-6976 165 41 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 165 42 hedonic hedonic JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 165 43 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-6976 165 44 liking like VBG en-wikipedia-org-6976 165 45 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-6976 165 46 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-6976 165 47 pleasure pleasure NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 165 48 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 165 49 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 165 50 reflected reflect VBN en-wikipedia-org-6976 165 51 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 165 52 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 165 53 consummatory consummatory JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 165 54 behavioral behavioral JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 165 55 response response NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 165 56 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 166 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 166 2 52 52 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 166 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 166 4 Dopamine dopamine NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 166 5 neurotransmission neurotransmission NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 166 6 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-6976 166 7 involved involve VBN en-wikipedia-org-6976 166 8 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 166 9 some some DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 166 10 but but CC en-wikipedia-org-6976 166 11 not not RB en-wikipedia-org-6976 166 12 all all DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 166 13 aspects aspect NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 166 14 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 166 15 pleasure pleasure NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 166 16 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-6976 166 17 related relate VBN en-wikipedia-org-6976 166 18 cognition cognition NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 166 19 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 166 20 since since IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 166 21 pleasure pleasure NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 166 22 centers center NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 166 23 have have VBP en-wikipedia-org-6976 166 24 been be VBN en-wikipedia-org-6976 166 25 identified identify VBN en-wikipedia-org-6976 166 26 both both DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 166 27 within within IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 166 28 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 166 29 dopamine dopamine NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 166 30 system system NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 166 31 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 166 32 i.e. i.e. FW en-wikipedia-org-6976 166 33 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 166 34 nucleus nucleus NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 166 35 accumbens accumbens NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 166 36 shell shell NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 166 37 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 166 38 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-6976 166 39 outside outside IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 166 40 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 166 41 dopamine dopamine NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 166 42 system system NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 166 43 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 166 44 i.e. i.e. FW en-wikipedia-org-6976 166 45 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 166 46 ventral ventral JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 166 47 pallidum pallidum NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 166 48 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-6976 166 49 parabrachial parabrachial JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 166 50 nucleus nucleus NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 166 51 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 166 52 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 167 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 167 2 52][54][58 52][54][58 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 167 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 167 4 For for IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 167 5 example example NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 167 6 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 167 7 direct direct JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 167 8 electrical electrical JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 167 9 stimulation stimulation NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 167 10 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 167 11 dopamine dopamine NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 167 12 pathways pathway NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 167 13 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 167 14 using use VBG en-wikipedia-org-6976 167 15 electrodes electrode NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 167 16 implanted implant VBN en-wikipedia-org-6976 167 17 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 167 18 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 167 19 brain brain NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 167 20 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 167 21 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-6976 167 22 experienced experience VBN en-wikipedia-org-6976 167 23 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 167 24 pleasurable pleasurable JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 167 25 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 167 26 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-6976 167 27 many many JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 167 28 types type NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 167 29 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 167 30 animals animal NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 167 31 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-6976 167 32 willing willing JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 167 33 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-6976 167 34 work work VB en-wikipedia-org-6976 167 35 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-6976 167 36 obtain obtain VB en-wikipedia-org-6976 167 37 it -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-6976 167 38 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 168 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 168 2 59 59 LS en-wikipedia-org-6976 168 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 168 4 Antipsychotic antipsychotic JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 168 5 drugs drug NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 168 6 reduce reduce VBP en-wikipedia-org-6976 168 7 dopamine dopamine NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 168 8 levels level NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 168 9 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-6976 168 10 tend tend VB en-wikipedia-org-6976 168 11 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-6976 168 12 cause cause VB en-wikipedia-org-6976 168 13 anhedonia anhedonia NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 168 14 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 168 15 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 168 16 diminished diminished JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 168 17 ability ability NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 168 18 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-6976 168 19 experience experience VB en-wikipedia-org-6976 168 20 pleasure pleasure NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 168 21 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 169 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 169 2 60 60 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 169 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 169 4 Many many JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 169 5 types type NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 169 6 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 169 7 pleasurable pleasurable JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 169 8 experiences experience NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 169 9 — — : en-wikipedia-org-6976 169 10 such such JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 169 11 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 169 12 sex sex NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 169 13 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 169 14 eating eating NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 169 15 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 169 16 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-6976 169 17 playing play VBG en-wikipedia-org-6976 169 18 video video NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 169 19 games game NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 169 20 — — : en-wikipedia-org-6976 169 21 increase increase VB en-wikipedia-org-6976 169 22 dopamine dopamine NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 169 23 release release NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 169 24 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 170 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 170 2 61 61 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 170 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 170 4 All all DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 170 5 addictive addictive JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 170 6 drugs drug NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 170 7 directly directly RB en-wikipedia-org-6976 170 8 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-6976 170 9 indirectly indirectly RB en-wikipedia-org-6976 170 10 affect affect VB en-wikipedia-org-6976 170 11 dopamine dopamine NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 170 12 neurotransmission neurotransmission NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 170 13 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 170 14 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 170 15 nucleus nucleus NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 170 16 accumbens;[3][59 accumbens;[3][59 NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 170 17 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 170 18 these these DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 170 19 drugs drug NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 170 20 increase increase VBP en-wikipedia-org-6976 170 21 drug drug NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 170 22 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-6976 170 23 wanting want VBG en-wikipedia-org-6976 170 24 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-6976 170 25 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 170 26 leading lead VBG en-wikipedia-org-6976 170 27 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 170 28 compulsive compulsive JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 170 29 drug drug NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 170 30 use use NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 170 31 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 170 32 when when WRB en-wikipedia-org-6976 170 33 repeatedly repeatedly RB en-wikipedia-org-6976 170 34 taken take VBN en-wikipedia-org-6976 170 35 in in RP en-wikipedia-org-6976 170 36 high high JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 170 37 doses dose NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 170 38 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 170 39 presumably presumably RB en-wikipedia-org-6976 170 40 through through IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 170 41 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 170 42 sensitization sensitization NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 170 43 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 170 44 incentive incentive NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 170 45 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-6976 170 46 salience salience NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 170 47 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 171 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 171 2 54 54 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 171 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 171 4 Drugs drug NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 171 5 that that WDT en-wikipedia-org-6976 171 6 increase increase VBP en-wikipedia-org-6976 171 7 synaptic synaptic JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 171 8 dopamine dopamine NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 171 9 concentrations concentration NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 171 10 include include VBP en-wikipedia-org-6976 171 11 psychostimulants psychostimulant NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 171 12 such such JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 171 13 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 171 14 methamphetamine methamphetamine NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 171 15 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-6976 171 16 cocaine cocaine NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 171 17 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 172 1 These these DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 172 2 produce produce VBP en-wikipedia-org-6976 172 3 increases increase NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 172 4 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 172 5 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-6976 172 6 wanting want VBG en-wikipedia-org-6976 172 7 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-6976 172 8 behaviors behavior NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 172 9 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 172 10 but but CC en-wikipedia-org-6976 172 11 do do VBP en-wikipedia-org-6976 172 12 not not RB en-wikipedia-org-6976 172 13 greatly greatly RB en-wikipedia-org-6976 172 14 alter alter VB en-wikipedia-org-6976 172 15 expressions expression NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 172 16 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 172 17 pleasure pleasure NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 172 18 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-6976 172 19 change change NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 172 20 levels level NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 172 21 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 172 22 satiation satiation NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 172 23 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 173 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 173 2 54][59 54][59 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 173 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 173 4 However however RB en-wikipedia-org-6976 173 5 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 173 6 opiate opiate VB en-wikipedia-org-6976 173 7 drugs drug NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 173 8 such such JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 173 9 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 173 10 heroin heroin NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 173 11 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-6976 173 12 morphine morphine NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 173 13 produce produce NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 173 14 increases increase NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 173 15 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 173 16 expressions expression NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 173 17 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 173 18 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-6976 173 19 liking like VBG en-wikipedia-org-6976 173 20 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-6976 173 21 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-6976 173 22 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-6976 173 23 wanting want VBG en-wikipedia-org-6976 173 24 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-6976 173 25 behaviors behavior NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 173 26 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 174 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 174 2 54 54 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 174 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 174 4 Moreover moreover RB en-wikipedia-org-6976 174 5 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 174 6 animals animal NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 174 7 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 174 8 which which WDT en-wikipedia-org-6976 174 9 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 174 10 ventral ventral JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 174 11 tegmental tegmental JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 174 12 dopamine dopamine NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 174 13 system system NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 174 14 has have VBZ en-wikipedia-org-6976 174 15 been be VBN en-wikipedia-org-6976 174 16 rendered render VBN en-wikipedia-org-6976 174 17 inactive inactive JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 174 18 do do VBP en-wikipedia-org-6976 174 19 not not RB en-wikipedia-org-6976 174 20 seek seek VB en-wikipedia-org-6976 174 21 food food NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 174 22 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 174 23 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-6976 174 24 will will MD en-wikipedia-org-6976 174 25 starve starve VB en-wikipedia-org-6976 174 26 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 174 27 death death NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 174 28 if if IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 174 29 left leave VBD en-wikipedia-org-6976 174 30 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 174 31 themselves -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-6976 174 32 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 174 33 but but CC en-wikipedia-org-6976 174 34 if if IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 174 35 food food NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 174 36 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-6976 174 37 placed place VBN en-wikipedia-org-6976 174 38 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 174 39 their -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-6976 174 40 mouths mouth NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 174 41 they -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-6976 174 42 will will MD en-wikipedia-org-6976 174 43 consume consume VB en-wikipedia-org-6976 174 44 it -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-6976 174 45 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-6976 174 46 show show VB en-wikipedia-org-6976 174 47 expressions expression NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 174 48 indicative indicative JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 174 49 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 174 50 pleasure pleasure NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 174 51 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 175 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 175 2 62 62 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 175 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 175 4 A a DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 175 5 clinical clinical JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 175 6 study study NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 175 7 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 175 8 January January NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 175 9 2019 2019 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 175 10 that that WDT en-wikipedia-org-6976 175 11 assessed assess VBD en-wikipedia-org-6976 175 12 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 175 13 effect effect NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 175 14 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 175 15 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 175 16 dopamine dopamine NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 175 17 precursor precursor NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 175 18 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 175 19 levodopa levodopa NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 175 20 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 175 21 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 175 22 dopamine dopamine NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 175 23 antagonist antagonist NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 175 24 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 175 25 risperidone risperidone NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 175 26 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 175 27 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 175 28 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-6976 175 29 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 175 30 placebo placebo NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 175 31 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 175 32 reward reward NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 175 33 responses response NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 175 34 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 175 35 music music NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 175 36   _SP en-wikipedia-org-6976 175 37 – – : en-wikipedia-org-6976 175 38 including include VBG en-wikipedia-org-6976 175 39 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 175 40 degree degree NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 175 41 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 175 42 pleasure pleasure NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 175 43 experienced experience VBN en-wikipedia-org-6976 175 44 during during IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 175 45 musical musical JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 175 46 chills chill NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 175 47 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 175 48 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 175 49 measured measure VBN en-wikipedia-org-6976 175 50 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 175 51 changes change NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 175 52 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 175 53 electrodermal electrodermal JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 175 54 activity activity NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 175 55 as as RB en-wikipedia-org-6976 175 56 well well RB en-wikipedia-org-6976 175 57 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 175 58 subjective subjective JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 175 59 ratings rating NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 175 60   _SP en-wikipedia-org-6976 175 61 – – : en-wikipedia-org-6976 175 62 found find VBD en-wikipedia-org-6976 175 63 that that IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 175 64 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 175 65 manipulation manipulation NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 175 66 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 175 67 dopamine dopamine NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 175 68 neurotransmission neurotransmission NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 175 69 bidirectionally bidirectionally RB en-wikipedia-org-6976 175 70 regulates regulate VBZ en-wikipedia-org-6976 175 71 pleasure pleasure NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 175 72 cognition cognition NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 175 73 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 175 74 specifically specifically RB en-wikipedia-org-6976 175 75 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 175 76 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 175 77 hedonic hedonic JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 175 78 impact impact NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 175 79 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 175 80 music music NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 175 81 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 175 82 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 175 83 human human JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 175 84 subjects subject NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 175 85 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 176 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 176 2 63][64 63][64 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 176 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 176 4 This this DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 176 5 research research NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 176 6 demonstrated demonstrate VBD en-wikipedia-org-6976 176 7 that that IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 176 8 increased increase VBN en-wikipedia-org-6976 176 9 dopamine dopamine NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 176 10 neurotransmission neurotransmission NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 176 11 acts act VBZ en-wikipedia-org-6976 176 12 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 176 13 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 176 14 sine sine NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 176 15 qua qua NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 176 16 non non JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 176 17 condition condition NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 176 18 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 176 19 pleasurable pleasurable JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 176 20 hedonic hedonic JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 176 21 reactions reaction NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 176 22 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 176 23 music music NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 176 24 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 176 25 humans human NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 176 26 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 177 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 177 2 63][64 63][64 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 177 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 177 4 Outside outside IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 177 5 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 177 6 nervous nervous JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 177 7 system[edit system[edit . en-wikipedia-org-6976 177 8 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 177 9 Dopamine dopamine NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 177 10 does do VBZ en-wikipedia-org-6976 177 11 not not RB en-wikipedia-org-6976 177 12 cross cross VB en-wikipedia-org-6976 177 13 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 177 14 blood blood NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 177 15 – – : en-wikipedia-org-6976 177 16 brain brain NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 177 17 barrier barrier NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 177 18 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 177 19 so so CC en-wikipedia-org-6976 177 20 its -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-6976 177 21 synthesis synthesis NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 177 22 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-6976 177 23 functions function NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 177 24 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 177 25 peripheral peripheral JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 177 26 areas area NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 177 27 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-6976 177 28 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 177 29 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 177 30 large large JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 177 31 degree degree NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 177 32 independent independent JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 177 33 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 177 34 its -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-6976 177 35 synthesis synthesis NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 177 36 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-6976 177 37 functions function NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 177 38 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 177 39 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 177 40 brain brain NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 177 41 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 178 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 178 2 21 21 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 178 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 178 4 A a DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 178 5 substantial substantial JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 178 6 amount amount NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 178 7 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 178 8 dopamine dopamine NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 178 9 circulates circulate NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 178 10 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 178 11 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 178 12 bloodstream bloodstream NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 178 13 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 178 14 but but CC en-wikipedia-org-6976 178 15 its -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-6976 178 16 functions function NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 178 17 there there EX en-wikipedia-org-6976 178 18 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-6976 178 19 not not RB en-wikipedia-org-6976 178 20 entirely entirely RB en-wikipedia-org-6976 178 21 clear clear JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 178 22 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 179 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 179 2 22 22 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 179 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 179 4 Dopamine Dopamine NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 179 5 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-6976 179 6 found find VBN en-wikipedia-org-6976 179 7 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 179 8 blood blood NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 179 9 plasma plasma NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 179 10 at at IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 179 11 levels level NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 179 12 comparable comparable JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 179 13 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 179 14 those those DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 179 15 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 179 16 epinephrine epinephrine NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 179 17 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 179 18 but but CC en-wikipedia-org-6976 179 19 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 179 20 humans human NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 179 21 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 179 22 over over IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 179 23 95 95 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 179 24 % % NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 179 25 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 179 26 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 179 27 dopamine dopamine NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 179 28 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 179 29 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 179 30 plasma plasma NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 179 31 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-6976 179 32 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 179 33 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 179 34 form form NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 179 35 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 179 36 dopamine dopamine NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 179 37 sulfate sulfate NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 179 38 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 179 39 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 179 40 conjugate conjugate NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 179 41 produced produce VBN en-wikipedia-org-6976 179 42 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 179 43 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 179 44 enzyme enzyme NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 179 45 sulfotransferase sulfotransferase NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 179 46 1A3/1A4 1A3/1A4 NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 179 47 acting act VBG en-wikipedia-org-6976 179 48 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 179 49 free free JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 179 50 dopamine dopamine NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 179 51 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 180 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 180 2 22 22 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 180 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 180 4 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 180 5 bulk bulk NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 180 6 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 180 7 this this DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 180 8 dopamine dopamine NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 180 9 sulfate sulfate NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 180 10 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-6976 180 11 produced produce VBN en-wikipedia-org-6976 180 12 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 180 13 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 180 14 mesentery mesentery NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 180 15 that that WDT en-wikipedia-org-6976 180 16 surrounds surround VBZ en-wikipedia-org-6976 180 17 parts part NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 180 18 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 180 19 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 180 20 digestive digestive JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 180 21 system system NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 180 22 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 181 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 181 2 22 22 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 181 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 181 4 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 181 5 production production NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 181 6 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 181 7 dopamine dopamine NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 181 8 sulfate sulfate NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 181 9 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-6976 181 10 thought think VBN en-wikipedia-org-6976 181 11 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-6976 181 12 be be VB en-wikipedia-org-6976 181 13 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 181 14 mechanism mechanism NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 181 15 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 181 16 detoxifying detoxify VBG en-wikipedia-org-6976 181 17 dopamine dopamine NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 181 18 that that WDT en-wikipedia-org-6976 181 19 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-6976 181 20 ingested ingest VBN en-wikipedia-org-6976 181 21 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 181 22 food food NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 181 23 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-6976 181 24 produced produce VBN en-wikipedia-org-6976 181 25 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 181 26 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 181 27 digestive digestive JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 181 28 process process NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 181 29 — — : en-wikipedia-org-6976 181 30 levels level NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 181 31 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 181 32 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 181 33 plasma plasma NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 181 34 typically typically RB en-wikipedia-org-6976 181 35 rise rise VBP en-wikipedia-org-6976 181 36 more more JJR en-wikipedia-org-6976 181 37 than than IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 181 38 fifty fifty CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 181 39 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-6976 181 40 fold fold VB en-wikipedia-org-6976 181 41 after after IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 181 42 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 181 43 meal meal NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 181 44 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 182 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 182 2 22 22 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 182 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 182 4 Dopamine dopamine NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 182 5 sulfate sulfate NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 182 6 has have VBZ en-wikipedia-org-6976 182 7 no no DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 182 8 known know VBN en-wikipedia-org-6976 182 9 biological biological JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 182 10 functions function NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 182 11 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-6976 182 12 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-6976 182 13 excreted excrete VBN en-wikipedia-org-6976 182 14 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 182 15 urine urine NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 182 16 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 183 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 183 2 22 22 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 183 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 183 4 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 183 5 relatively relatively RB en-wikipedia-org-6976 183 6 small small JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 183 7 quantity quantity NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 183 8 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 183 9 unconjugated unconjugated JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 183 10 dopamine dopamine NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 183 11 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 183 12 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 183 13 bloodstream bloodstream NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 183 14 may may MD en-wikipedia-org-6976 183 15 be be VB en-wikipedia-org-6976 183 16 produced produce VBN en-wikipedia-org-6976 183 17 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 183 18 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 183 19 sympathetic sympathetic JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 183 20 nervous nervous JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 183 21 system system NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 183 22 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 183 23 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 183 24 digestive digestive JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 183 25 system system NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 183 26 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 183 27 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-6976 183 28 possibly possibly RB en-wikipedia-org-6976 183 29 other other JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 183 30 organs organ NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 183 31 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 184 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 184 2 22 22 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 184 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 184 4 It -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-6976 184 5 may may MD en-wikipedia-org-6976 184 6 act act VB en-wikipedia-org-6976 184 7 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 184 8 dopamine dopamine NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 184 9 receptors receptor NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 184 10 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 184 11 peripheral peripheral JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 184 12 tissues tissue NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 184 13 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 184 14 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-6976 184 15 be be VB en-wikipedia-org-6976 184 16 metabolized metabolize VBN en-wikipedia-org-6976 184 17 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 184 18 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-6976 184 19 be be VB en-wikipedia-org-6976 184 20 converted convert VBN en-wikipedia-org-6976 184 21 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 184 22 norepinephrine norepinephrine NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 184 23 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 184 24 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 184 25 enzyme enzyme NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 184 26 dopamine dopamine NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 184 27 beta beta NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 184 28 hydroxylase hydroxylase NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 184 29 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 184 30 which which WDT en-wikipedia-org-6976 184 31 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-6976 184 32 released release VBN en-wikipedia-org-6976 184 33 into into IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 184 34 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 184 35 bloodstream bloodstream NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 184 36 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 184 37 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 184 38 adrenal adrenal JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 184 39 medulla medulla NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 184 40 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 185 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 185 2 22 22 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 185 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 185 4 Some some DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 185 5 dopamine dopamine NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 185 6 receptors receptor NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 185 7 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-6976 185 8 located locate VBN en-wikipedia-org-6976 185 9 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 185 10 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 185 11 walls wall NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 185 12 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 185 13 arteries artery NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 185 14 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 185 15 where where WRB en-wikipedia-org-6976 185 16 they -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-6976 185 17 act act VBP en-wikipedia-org-6976 185 18 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 185 19 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 185 20 vasodilator vasodilator NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 185 21 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-6976 185 22 an an DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 185 23 inhibitor inhibitor NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 185 24 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 185 25 norepinephrine norepinephrine NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 185 26 release release NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 185 27 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 186 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 186 2 65 65 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 186 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 186 4 These these DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 186 5 responses response NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 186 6 might may MD en-wikipedia-org-6976 186 7 be be VB en-wikipedia-org-6976 186 8 activated activate VBN en-wikipedia-org-6976 186 9 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 186 10 dopamine dopamine NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 186 11 released release VBN en-wikipedia-org-6976 186 12 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 186 13 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 186 14 carotid carotid JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 186 15 body body NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 186 16 under under IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 186 17 conditions condition NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 186 18 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 186 19 low low JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 186 20 oxygen oxygen NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 186 21 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 186 22 but but CC en-wikipedia-org-6976 186 23 whether whether IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 186 24 arterial arterial JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 186 25 dopamine dopamine NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 186 26 receptors receptor NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 186 27 perform perform VBP en-wikipedia-org-6976 186 28 other other JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 186 29 biologically biologically RB en-wikipedia-org-6976 186 30 useful useful JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 186 31 functions function NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 186 32 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-6976 186 33 not not RB en-wikipedia-org-6976 186 34 known know VBN en-wikipedia-org-6976 186 35 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 187 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 187 2 65 65 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 187 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 187 4 Beyond beyond IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 187 5 its -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-6976 187 6 role role NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 187 7 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 187 8 modulating modulate VBG en-wikipedia-org-6976 187 9 blood blood NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 187 10 flow flow NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 187 11 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 187 12 there there EX en-wikipedia-org-6976 187 13 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-6976 187 14 several several JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 187 15 peripheral peripheral JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 187 16 systems system NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 187 17 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 187 18 which which WDT en-wikipedia-org-6976 187 19 dopamine dopamine NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 187 20 circulates circulate NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 187 21 within within IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 187 22 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 187 23 limited limited JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 187 24 area area NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 187 25 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-6976 187 26 performs perform VBZ en-wikipedia-org-6976 187 27 an an DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 187 28 exocrine exocrine NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 187 29 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-6976 187 30 paracrine paracrine JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 187 31 function function NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 187 32 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 188 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 188 2 22 22 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 188 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 188 4 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 188 5 peripheral peripheral JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 188 6 systems system NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 188 7 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 188 8 which which WDT en-wikipedia-org-6976 188 9 dopamine dopamine NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 188 10 plays play VBZ en-wikipedia-org-6976 188 11 an an DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 188 12 important important JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 188 13 role role NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 188 14 include include VBP en-wikipedia-org-6976 188 15 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 188 16 immune immune JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 188 17 system system NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 188 18 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 188 19 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 188 20 kidneys kidney NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 188 21 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-6976 188 22 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 188 23 pancreas pancrea NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 188 24 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 189 1 In in IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 189 2 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 189 3 immune immune JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 189 4 system system NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 189 5 dopamine dopamine NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 189 6 acts act VBZ en-wikipedia-org-6976 189 7 upon upon IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 189 8 receptors receptor NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 189 9 present present JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 189 10 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 189 11 immune immune JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 189 12 cells cell NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 189 13 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 189 14 especially especially RB en-wikipedia-org-6976 189 15 lymphocytes lymphocyte VBZ en-wikipedia-org-6976 189 16 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 190 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 190 2 66 66 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 190 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 190 4 Dopamine dopamine NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 190 5 can can MD en-wikipedia-org-6976 190 6 also also RB en-wikipedia-org-6976 190 7 affect affect VB en-wikipedia-org-6976 190 8 immune immune JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 190 9 cells cell NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 190 10 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 190 11 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 190 12 spleen spleen NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 190 13 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 190 14 bone bone NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 190 15 marrow marrow NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 190 16 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 190 17 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-6976 190 18 circulatory circulatory JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 190 19 system system NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 190 20 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 191 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 191 2 67 67 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 191 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 191 4 In in IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 191 5 addition addition NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 191 6 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 191 7 dopamine dopamine NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 191 8 can can MD en-wikipedia-org-6976 191 9 be be VB en-wikipedia-org-6976 191 10 synthesized synthesize VBN en-wikipedia-org-6976 191 11 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-6976 191 12 released release VBN en-wikipedia-org-6976 191 13 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 191 14 immune immune JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 191 15 cells cell NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 191 16 themselves -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-6976 191 17 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 192 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 192 2 66 66 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 192 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 192 4 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 192 5 main main JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 192 6 effect effect NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 192 7 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 192 8 dopamine dopamine NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 192 9 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 192 10 lymphocytes lymphocyte NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 192 11 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-6976 192 12 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-6976 192 13 reduce reduce VB en-wikipedia-org-6976 192 14 their -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-6976 192 15 activation activation NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 192 16 level level NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 192 17 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 193 1 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 193 2 functional functional JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 193 3 significance significance NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 193 4 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 193 5 this this DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 193 6 system system NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 193 7 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-6976 193 8 unclear unclear JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 193 9 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 193 10 but but CC en-wikipedia-org-6976 193 11 it -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-6976 193 12 affords afford VBZ en-wikipedia-org-6976 193 13 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 193 14 possible possible JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 193 15 route route NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 193 16 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 193 17 interactions interaction NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 193 18 between between IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 193 19 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 193 20 nervous nervous JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 193 21 system system NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 193 22 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-6976 193 23 immune immune JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 193 24 system system NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 193 25 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 193 26 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-6976 193 27 may may MD en-wikipedia-org-6976 193 28 be be VB en-wikipedia-org-6976 193 29 relevant relevant JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 193 30 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 193 31 some some DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 193 32 autoimmune autoimmune JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 193 33 disorders disorder NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 193 34 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 194 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 194 2 67 67 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 194 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 194 4 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 194 5 renal renal JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 194 6 dopaminergic dopaminergic JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 194 7 system system NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 194 8 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-6976 194 9 located locate VBN en-wikipedia-org-6976 194 10 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 194 11 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 194 12 cells cell NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 194 13 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 194 14 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 194 15 nephron nephron NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 194 16 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 194 17 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 194 18 kidney kidney NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 194 19 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 194 20 where where WRB en-wikipedia-org-6976 194 21 all all DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 194 22 subtypes subtype NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 194 23 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 194 24 dopamine dopamine NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 194 25 receptors receptor NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 194 26 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-6976 194 27 present present JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 194 28 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 195 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 195 2 68 68 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 195 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 195 4 Dopamine dopamine NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 195 5 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-6976 195 6 also also RB en-wikipedia-org-6976 195 7 synthesized synthesize VBN en-wikipedia-org-6976 195 8 there there RB en-wikipedia-org-6976 195 9 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 195 10 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 195 11 tubule tubule JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 195 12 cells cell NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 195 13 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 195 14 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-6976 195 15 discharged discharge VBN en-wikipedia-org-6976 195 16 into into IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 195 17 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 195 18 tubular tubular JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 195 19 fluid fluid NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 195 20 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 196 1 Its -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-6976 196 2 actions action NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 196 3 include include VBP en-wikipedia-org-6976 196 4 increasing increase VBG en-wikipedia-org-6976 196 5 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 196 6 blood blood NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 196 7 supply supply NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 196 8 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 196 9 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 196 10 kidneys kidney NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 196 11 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 196 12 increasing increase VBG en-wikipedia-org-6976 196 13 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 196 14 glomerular glomerular JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 196 15 filtration filtration NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 196 16 rate rate NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 196 17 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 196 18 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-6976 196 19 increasing increase VBG en-wikipedia-org-6976 196 20 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 196 21 excretion excretion NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 196 22 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 196 23 sodium sodium NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 196 24 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 196 25 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 196 26 urine urine NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 196 27 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 197 1 Hence hence RB en-wikipedia-org-6976 197 2 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 197 3 defects defect NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 197 4 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 197 5 renal renal JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 197 6 dopamine dopamine NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 197 7 function function NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 197 8 can can MD en-wikipedia-org-6976 197 9 lead lead VB en-wikipedia-org-6976 197 10 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 197 11 reduced reduce VBN en-wikipedia-org-6976 197 12 sodium sodium NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 197 13 excretion excretion NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 197 14 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-6976 197 15 consequently consequently RB en-wikipedia-org-6976 197 16 result result VB en-wikipedia-org-6976 197 17 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 197 18 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 197 19 development development NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 197 20 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 197 21 high high JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 197 22 blood blood NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 197 23 pressure pressure NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 197 24 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 198 1 There there EX en-wikipedia-org-6976 198 2 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-6976 198 3 strong strong JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 198 4 evidence evidence NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 198 5 that that IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 198 6 faults fault VBZ en-wikipedia-org-6976 198 7 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 198 8 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 198 9 production production NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 198 10 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 198 11 dopamine dopamine NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 198 12 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-6976 198 13 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 198 14 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 198 15 receptors receptor NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 198 16 can can MD en-wikipedia-org-6976 198 17 result result VB en-wikipedia-org-6976 198 18 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 198 19 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 198 20 number number NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 198 21 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 198 22 pathologies pathology NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 198 23 including include VBG en-wikipedia-org-6976 198 24 oxidative oxidative JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 198 25 stress stress NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 198 26 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 198 27 edema edema NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 198 28 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 198 29 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-6976 198 30 either either CC en-wikipedia-org-6976 198 31 genetic genetic JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 198 32 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-6976 198 33 essential essential JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 198 34 hypertension hypertension NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 198 35 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 199 1 Oxidative oxidative JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 199 2 stress stress NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 199 3 can can MD en-wikipedia-org-6976 199 4 itself -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-6976 199 5 cause cause VB en-wikipedia-org-6976 199 6 hypertension hypertension NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 199 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 200 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 200 2 69 69 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 200 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 200 4 Defects defect NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 200 5 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 200 6 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 200 7 system system NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 200 8 can can MD en-wikipedia-org-6976 200 9 also also RB en-wikipedia-org-6976 200 10 be be VB en-wikipedia-org-6976 200 11 caused cause VBN en-wikipedia-org-6976 200 12 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 200 13 genetic genetic JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 200 14 factors factor NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 200 15 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-6976 200 16 high high JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 200 17 blood blood NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 200 18 pressure pressure NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 200 19 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 201 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 201 2 70 70 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 201 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 201 4 In in IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 201 5 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 201 6 pancreas pancrea NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 201 7 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 201 8 role role NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 201 9 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 201 10 dopamine dopamine NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 201 11 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-6976 201 12 somewhat somewhat RB en-wikipedia-org-6976 201 13 complex complex JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 201 14 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 202 1 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 202 2 pancreas pancreas NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 202 3 consists consist VBZ en-wikipedia-org-6976 202 4 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 202 5 two two CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 202 6 parts part NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 202 7 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 202 8 an an DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 202 9 exocrine exocrine NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 202 10 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-6976 202 11 an an DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 202 12 endocrine endocrine NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 202 13 component component NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 202 14 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 203 1 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 203 2 exocrine exocrine JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 203 3 part part NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 203 4 synthesizes synthesize NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 203 5 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-6976 203 6 secretes secrete VBZ en-wikipedia-org-6976 203 7 digestive digestive JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 203 8 enzymes enzyme NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 203 9 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-6976 203 10 other other JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 203 11 substances substance NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 203 12 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 203 13 including include VBG en-wikipedia-org-6976 203 14 dopamine dopamine NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 203 15 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 203 16 into into IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 203 17 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 203 18 small small JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 203 19 intestine intestine NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 203 20 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 204 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 204 2 71 71 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 204 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 204 4 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 204 5 function function NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 204 6 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 204 7 this this DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 204 8 secreted secrete VBN en-wikipedia-org-6976 204 9 dopamine dopamine NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 204 10 after after IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 204 11 it -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-6976 204 12 enters enter VBZ en-wikipedia-org-6976 204 13 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 204 14 small small JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 204 15 intestine intestine NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 204 16 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-6976 204 17 not not RB en-wikipedia-org-6976 204 18 clearly clearly RB en-wikipedia-org-6976 204 19 established establish VBN en-wikipedia-org-6976 204 20 — — : en-wikipedia-org-6976 204 21 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 204 22 possibilities possibility NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 204 23 include include VBP en-wikipedia-org-6976 204 24 protecting protect VBG en-wikipedia-org-6976 204 25 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 204 26 intestinal intestinal JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 204 27 mucosa mucosa NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 204 28 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 204 29 damage damage NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 204 30 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-6976 204 31 reducing reduce VBG en-wikipedia-org-6976 204 32 gastrointestinal gastrointestinal JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 204 33 motility motility NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 204 34 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 204 35 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 204 36 rate rate NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 204 37 at at IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 204 38 which which WDT en-wikipedia-org-6976 204 39 content content NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 204 40 moves move NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 204 41 through through IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 204 42 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 204 43 digestive digestive JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 204 44 system system NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 204 45 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 204 46 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 205 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 205 2 71 71 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 205 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 205 4 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 205 5 pancreatic pancreatic JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 205 6 islets islet NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 205 7 make make VBP en-wikipedia-org-6976 205 8 up up RP en-wikipedia-org-6976 205 9 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 205 10 endocrine endocrine NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 205 11 part part NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 205 12 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 205 13 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 205 14 pancreas pancreas NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 205 15 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 205 16 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-6976 205 17 synthesize synthesize VB en-wikipedia-org-6976 205 18 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-6976 205 19 secrete secrete JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 205 20 hormones hormone NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 205 21 including include VBG en-wikipedia-org-6976 205 22 insulin insulin NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 205 23 into into IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 205 24 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 205 25 bloodstream bloodstream NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 205 26 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 206 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 206 2 71 71 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 206 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 206 4 There there EX en-wikipedia-org-6976 206 5 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-6976 206 6 evidence evidence NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 206 7 that that IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 206 8 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 206 9 beta beta NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 206 10 cells cell NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 206 11 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 206 12 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 206 13 islets islet NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 206 14 that that WDT en-wikipedia-org-6976 206 15 synthesize synthesize VBP en-wikipedia-org-6976 206 16 insulin insulin NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 206 17 contain contain NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 206 18 dopamine dopamine NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 206 19 receptors receptor NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 206 20 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 206 21 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-6976 206 22 that that IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 206 23 dopamine dopamine NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 206 24 acts act VBZ en-wikipedia-org-6976 206 25 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-6976 206 26 reduce reduce VB en-wikipedia-org-6976 206 27 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 206 28 amount amount NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 206 29 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 206 30 insulin insulin NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 206 31 they -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-6976 206 32 release release VBP en-wikipedia-org-6976 206 33 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 207 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 207 2 71 71 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 207 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 207 4 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 207 5 source source NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 207 6 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 207 7 their -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-6976 207 8 dopamine dopamine NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 207 9 input input NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 207 10 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-6976 207 11 not not RB en-wikipedia-org-6976 207 12 clearly clearly RB en-wikipedia-org-6976 207 13 established establish VBN en-wikipedia-org-6976 207 14 — — : en-wikipedia-org-6976 207 15 it -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-6976 207 16 may may MD en-wikipedia-org-6976 207 17 come come VB en-wikipedia-org-6976 207 18 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 207 19 dopamine dopamine NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 207 20 that that WDT en-wikipedia-org-6976 207 21 circulates circulate NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 207 22 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 207 23 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 207 24 bloodstream bloodstream NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 207 25 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-6976 207 26 derives derive VBZ en-wikipedia-org-6976 207 27 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 207 28 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 207 29 sympathetic sympathetic JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 207 30 nervous nervous JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 207 31 system system NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 207 32 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 207 33 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-6976 207 34 it -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-6976 207 35 may may MD en-wikipedia-org-6976 207 36 be be VB en-wikipedia-org-6976 207 37 synthesized synthesize VBN en-wikipedia-org-6976 207 38 locally locally RB en-wikipedia-org-6976 207 39 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 207 40 other other JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 207 41 types type NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 207 42 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 207 43 pancreatic pancreatic JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 207 44 cells cell NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 207 45 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 208 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 208 2 71 71 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 208 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 208 4 Medical medical JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 208 5 uses[edit uses[edit VB en-wikipedia-org-6976 208 6 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 208 7 Main main JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 208 8 article article NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 208 9 : : : en-wikipedia-org-6976 208 10 Dopamine dopamine NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 208 11 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 208 12 medication medication NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 208 13 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 208 14 Dopamine Dopamine NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 208 15 HCl HCl NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 208 16 preparation preparation NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 208 17 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 208 18 single single JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 208 19 dose dose NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 208 20 vial vial JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 208 21 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 208 22 intravenous intravenous JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 208 23 administration administration NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 208 24 Dopamine Dopamine NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 208 25 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 208 26 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 208 27 manufactured manufacture VBN en-wikipedia-org-6976 208 28 medication medication NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 208 29 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-6976 208 30 sold sell VBN en-wikipedia-org-6976 208 31 under under IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 208 32 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 208 33 trade trade NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 208 34 names name NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 208 35 Intropin Intropin NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 208 36 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 208 37 Dopastat Dopastat NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 208 38 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 208 39 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-6976 208 40 Revimine Revimine NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 208 41 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 208 42 among among IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 208 43 others other NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 208 44 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 209 1 It -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-6976 209 2 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-6976 209 3 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 209 4 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 209 5 World World NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 209 6 Health Health NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 209 7 Organization Organization NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 209 8 's 's POS en-wikipedia-org-6976 209 9 List List NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 209 10 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 209 11 Essential Essential NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 209 12 Medicines Medicines NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 209 13 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 210 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 210 2 72 72 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 210 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 210 4 It -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-6976 210 5 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-6976 210 6 most most RBS en-wikipedia-org-6976 210 7 commonly commonly RB en-wikipedia-org-6976 210 8 used use VBN en-wikipedia-org-6976 210 9 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 210 10 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 210 11 stimulant stimulant JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 210 12 drug drug NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 210 13 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 210 14 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 210 15 treatment treatment NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 210 16 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 210 17 severe severe JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 210 18 low low JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 210 19 blood blood NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 210 20 pressure pressure NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 210 21 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 210 22 slow slow JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 210 23 heart heart NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 210 24 rate rate NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 210 25 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 210 26 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-6976 210 27 cardiac cardiac JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 210 28 arrest arrest NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 210 29 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 211 1 It -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-6976 211 2 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-6976 211 3 especially especially RB en-wikipedia-org-6976 211 4 important important JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 211 5 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 211 6 treating treat VBG en-wikipedia-org-6976 211 7 these these DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 211 8 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 211 9 newborn newborn JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 211 10 infants infant NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 211 11 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 212 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 212 2 73 73 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 212 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 212 4 It -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-6976 212 5 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-6976 212 6 given give VBN en-wikipedia-org-6976 212 7 intravenously intravenously RB en-wikipedia-org-6976 212 8 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 213 1 Since since IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 213 2 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 213 3 half half JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 213 4 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-6976 213 5 life life NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 213 6 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 213 7 dopamine dopamine NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 213 8 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 213 9 plasma plasma NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 213 10 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-6976 213 11 very very RB en-wikipedia-org-6976 213 12 short short JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 213 13 — — : en-wikipedia-org-6976 213 14 approximately approximately RB en-wikipedia-org-6976 213 15 one one CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 213 16 minute minute NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 213 17 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 213 18 adults adult NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 213 19 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 213 20 two two CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 213 21 minutes minute NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 213 22 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 213 23 newborn newborn JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 213 24 infants infant NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 213 25 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-6976 213 26 up up IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 213 27 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-6976 213 28 five five CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 213 29 minutes minute NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 213 30 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 213 31 preterm preterm JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 213 32 infants infant NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 213 33 — — : en-wikipedia-org-6976 213 34 it -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-6976 213 35 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-6976 213 36 usually usually RB en-wikipedia-org-6976 213 37 given give VBN en-wikipedia-org-6976 213 38 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 213 39 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 213 40 continuous continuous JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 213 41 intravenous intravenous JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 213 42 drip drip NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 213 43 rather rather RB en-wikipedia-org-6976 213 44 than than IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 213 45 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 213 46 single single JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 213 47 injection injection NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 213 48 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 214 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 214 2 74 74 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 214 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 214 4 Its -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-6976 214 5 effects effect NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 214 6 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 214 7 depending depend VBG en-wikipedia-org-6976 214 8 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 214 9 dosage dosage NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 214 10 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 214 11 include include VBP en-wikipedia-org-6976 214 12 an an DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 214 13 increase increase NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 214 14 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 214 15 sodium sodium NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 214 16 excretion excretion NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 214 17 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 214 18 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 214 19 kidneys kidney NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 214 20 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 214 21 an an DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 214 22 increase increase NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 214 23 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 214 24 urine urine JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 214 25 output output NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 214 26 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 214 27 an an DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 214 28 increase increase NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 214 29 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 214 30 heart heart NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 214 31 rate rate NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 214 32 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 214 33 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-6976 214 34 an an DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 214 35 increase increase NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 214 36 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 214 37 blood blood NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 214 38 pressure pressure NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 214 39 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 215 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 215 2 74 74 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 215 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 215 4 At at IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 215 5 low low JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 215 6 doses dose NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 215 7 it -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-6976 215 8 acts act VBZ en-wikipedia-org-6976 215 9 through through IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 215 10 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 215 11 sympathetic sympathetic JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 215 12 nervous nervous JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 215 13 system system NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 215 14 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-6976 215 15 increase increase VB en-wikipedia-org-6976 215 16 heart heart NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 215 17 muscle muscle NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 215 18 contraction contraction NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 215 19 force force NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 215 20 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-6976 215 21 heart heart NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 215 22 rate rate NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 215 23 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 215 24 thereby thereby RB en-wikipedia-org-6976 215 25 increasing increase VBG en-wikipedia-org-6976 215 26 cardiac cardiac JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 215 27 output output NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 215 28 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-6976 215 29 blood blood NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 215 30 pressure pressure NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 215 31 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 216 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 216 2 75 75 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 216 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 216 4 Higher high JJR en-wikipedia-org-6976 216 5 doses dose NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 216 6 also also RB en-wikipedia-org-6976 216 7 cause cause VB en-wikipedia-org-6976 216 8 vasoconstriction vasoconstriction NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 216 9 that that IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 216 10 further further JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 216 11 increases increase VBZ en-wikipedia-org-6976 216 12 blood blood NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 216 13 pressure pressure NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 216 14 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 217 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 217 2 75][76 75][76 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 217 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 217 4 Older old JJR en-wikipedia-org-6976 217 5 literature literature NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 217 6 also also RB en-wikipedia-org-6976 217 7 describes describe VBZ en-wikipedia-org-6976 217 8 very very RB en-wikipedia-org-6976 217 9 low low JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 217 10 doses dose NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 217 11 thought think VBN en-wikipedia-org-6976 217 12 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-6976 217 13 improve improve VB en-wikipedia-org-6976 217 14 kidney kidney NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 217 15 function function NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 217 16 without without IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 217 17 other other JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 217 18 consequences consequence NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 217 19 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 217 20 but but CC en-wikipedia-org-6976 217 21 recent recent JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 217 22 reviews review NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 217 23 have have VBP en-wikipedia-org-6976 217 24 concluded conclude VBN en-wikipedia-org-6976 217 25 that that IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 217 26 doses dose NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 217 27 at at IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 217 28 such such JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 217 29 low low JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 217 30 levels level NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 217 31 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-6976 217 32 not not RB en-wikipedia-org-6976 217 33 effective effective JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 217 34 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-6976 217 35 may may MD en-wikipedia-org-6976 217 36 sometimes sometimes RB en-wikipedia-org-6976 217 37 be be VB en-wikipedia-org-6976 217 38 harmful harmful JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 217 39 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 218 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 218 2 77 77 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 218 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 218 4 While while IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 218 5 some some DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 218 6 effects effect NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 218 7 result result VBP en-wikipedia-org-6976 218 8 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 218 9 stimulation stimulation NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 218 10 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 218 11 dopamine dopamine NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 218 12 receptors receptor NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 218 13 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 218 14 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 218 15 prominent prominent JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 218 16 cardiovascular cardiovascular JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 218 17 effects effect NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 218 18 result result VBP en-wikipedia-org-6976 218 19 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 218 20 dopamine dopamine NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 218 21 acting acting NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 218 22 at at IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 218 23 α1 α1 NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 218 24 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 218 25 β1 β1 NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 218 26 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 218 27 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-6976 218 28 β2 β2 JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 218 29 adrenergic adrenergic JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 218 30 receptors receptor NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 218 31 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 219 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 219 2 78][79 78][79 LS en-wikipedia-org-6976 219 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 219 4 Side side JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 219 5 effects effect NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 219 6 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 219 7 dopamine dopamine NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 219 8 include include VBP en-wikipedia-org-6976 219 9 negative negative JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 219 10 effects effect NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 219 11 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 219 12 kidney kidney NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 219 13 function function NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 219 14 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-6976 219 15 irregular irregular JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 219 16 heartbeats heartbeat NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 219 17 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 220 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 220 2 75 75 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 220 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 220 4 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 220 5 LD50 LD50 NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 220 6 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 220 7 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-6976 220 8 lethal lethal JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 220 9 dose dose NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 220 10 which which WDT en-wikipedia-org-6976 220 11 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-6976 220 12 expected expect VBN en-wikipedia-org-6976 220 13 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-6976 220 14 prove prove VB en-wikipedia-org-6976 220 15 fatal fatal JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 220 16 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 220 17 50 50 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 220 18 % % NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 220 19 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 220 20 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 220 21 population population NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 220 22 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 220 23 has have VBZ en-wikipedia-org-6976 220 24 been be VBN en-wikipedia-org-6976 220 25 found find VBN en-wikipedia-org-6976 220 26 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-6976 220 27 be be VB en-wikipedia-org-6976 220 28 : : : en-wikipedia-org-6976 220 29 59 59 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 220 30   _SP en-wikipedia-org-6976 220 31 mg mg NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 220 32 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-6976 220 33 kg kg NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 220 34 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 220 35 mouse mouse NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 220 36 ; ; , en-wikipedia-org-6976 220 37 administered administer VBN en-wikipedia-org-6976 220 38 intravenously intravenously RB en-wikipedia-org-6976 220 39 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 220 40 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-6976 220 41 95 95 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 220 42   _SP en-wikipedia-org-6976 220 43 mg mg NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 220 44 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-6976 220 45 kg kg NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 220 46 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 220 47 mouse mouse NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 220 48 ; ; , en-wikipedia-org-6976 220 49 administered administer VBN en-wikipedia-org-6976 220 50 intraperitoneally intraperitoneally RB en-wikipedia-org-6976 220 51 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 220 52 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-6976 220 53 163 163 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 220 54   _SP en-wikipedia-org-6976 220 55 mg mg NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 220 56 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-6976 220 57 kg kg NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 220 58 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 220 59 rat rat NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 220 60 ; ; , en-wikipedia-org-6976 220 61 administered administer VBN en-wikipedia-org-6976 220 62 intraperitoneally intraperitoneally RB en-wikipedia-org-6976 220 63 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 220 64 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-6976 220 65 79 79 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 220 66   _SP en-wikipedia-org-6976 220 67 mg mg NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 220 68 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-6976 220 69 kg kg NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 220 70 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 220 71 dog dog NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 220 72 ; ; , en-wikipedia-org-6976 220 73 administered administer VBN en-wikipedia-org-6976 220 74 intravenously intravenously RB en-wikipedia-org-6976 220 75 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 220 76 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 221 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 221 2 80 80 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 221 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 221 4 A a DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 221 5 fluorinated fluorinate VBN en-wikipedia-org-6976 221 6 form form NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 221 7 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 221 8 L l NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 221 9 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-6976 221 10 DOPA DOPA NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 221 11 known know VBN en-wikipedia-org-6976 221 12 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 221 13 fluorodopa fluorodopa NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 221 14 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-6976 221 15 available available JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 221 16 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 221 17 use use NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 221 18 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 221 19 positron positron NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 221 20 emission emission NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 221 21 tomography tomography NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 221 22 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-6976 221 23 assess assess VB en-wikipedia-org-6976 221 24 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 221 25 function function NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 221 26 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 221 27 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 221 28 nigrostriatal nigrostriatal JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 221 29 pathway pathway NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 221 30 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 222 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 222 2 81 81 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 222 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 222 4 Disease Disease NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 222 5 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 222 6 disorders disorder NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 222 7 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 222 8 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-6976 222 9 pharmacology[edit pharmacology[edit LS en-wikipedia-org-6976 222 10 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 222 11 See see VB en-wikipedia-org-6976 222 12 also also RB en-wikipedia-org-6976 222 13 : : : en-wikipedia-org-6976 222 14 List list NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 222 15 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 222 16 dopaminergic dopaminergic JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 222 17 drugs drug NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 222 18 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 222 19 dopamine dopamine NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 222 20 system system NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 222 21 plays play VBZ en-wikipedia-org-6976 222 22 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 222 23 central central JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 222 24 role role NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 222 25 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 222 26 several several JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 222 27 significant significant JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 222 28 medical medical JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 222 29 conditions condition NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 222 30 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 222 31 including include VBG en-wikipedia-org-6976 222 32 Parkinson Parkinson NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 222 33 's 's POS en-wikipedia-org-6976 222 34 disease disease NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 222 35 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 222 36 attention attention NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 222 37 deficit deficit NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 222 38 hyperactivity hyperactivity NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 222 39 disorder disorder NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 222 40 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 222 41 Tourette Tourette NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 222 42 syndrome syndrome NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 222 43 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 222 44 schizophrenia schizophrenia NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 222 45 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 222 46 bipolar bipolar JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 222 47 disorder disorder NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 222 48 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 222 49 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-6976 222 50 addiction addiction NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 222 51 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 223 1 Aside aside RB en-wikipedia-org-6976 223 2 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 223 3 dopamine dopamine NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 223 4 itself -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-6976 223 5 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 223 6 there there EX en-wikipedia-org-6976 223 7 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-6976 223 8 many many JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 223 9 other other JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 223 10 important important JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 223 11 drugs drug NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 223 12 that that WDT en-wikipedia-org-6976 223 13 act act VBP en-wikipedia-org-6976 223 14 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 223 15 dopamine dopamine NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 223 16 systems system NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 223 17 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 223 18 various various JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 223 19 parts part NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 223 20 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 223 21 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 223 22 brain brain NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 223 23 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-6976 223 24 body body NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 223 25 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 224 1 Some some DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 224 2 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-6976 224 3 used use VBN en-wikipedia-org-6976 224 4 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 224 5 medical medical JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 224 6 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-6976 224 7 recreational recreational JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 224 8 purposes purpose NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 224 9 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 224 10 but but CC en-wikipedia-org-6976 224 11 neurochemists neurochemist NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 224 12 have have VBP en-wikipedia-org-6976 224 13 also also RB en-wikipedia-org-6976 224 14 developed develop VBN en-wikipedia-org-6976 224 15 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 224 16 variety variety NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 224 17 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 224 18 research research NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 224 19 drugs drug NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 224 20 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 224 21 some some DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 224 22 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 224 23 which which WDT en-wikipedia-org-6976 224 24 bind bind VBP en-wikipedia-org-6976 224 25 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 224 26 high high JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 224 27 affinity affinity NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 224 28 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 224 29 specific specific JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 224 30 types type NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 224 31 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 224 32 dopamine dopamine NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 224 33 receptors receptor NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 224 34 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-6976 224 35 either either CC en-wikipedia-org-6976 224 36 agonize agonize VB en-wikipedia-org-6976 224 37 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-6976 224 38 antagonize antagonize VB en-wikipedia-org-6976 224 39 their -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-6976 224 40 effects effect NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 224 41 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 224 42 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-6976 224 43 many many JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 224 44 that that WDT en-wikipedia-org-6976 224 45 affect affect VBP en-wikipedia-org-6976 224 46 other other JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 224 47 aspects aspect NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 224 48 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 224 49 dopamine dopamine NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 224 50 physiology,[82 physiology,[82 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 224 51 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 224 52 including include VBG en-wikipedia-org-6976 224 53 dopamine dopamine NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 224 54 transporter transporter NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 224 55 inhibitors inhibitor NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 224 56 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 224 57 VMAT VMAT NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 224 58 inhibitors inhibitor NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 224 59 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 224 60 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-6976 224 61 enzyme enzyme NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 224 62 inhibitors inhibitor NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 224 63 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 225 1 Aging age VBG en-wikipedia-org-6976 225 2 brain[edit brain[edit NFP en-wikipedia-org-6976 225 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 225 4 Main main JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 225 5 article article NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 225 6 : : : en-wikipedia-org-6976 225 7 Aging age VBG en-wikipedia-org-6976 225 8 brain brain NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 225 9 A a DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 225 10 number number NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 225 11 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 225 12 studies study NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 225 13 have have VBP en-wikipedia-org-6976 225 14 reported report VBN en-wikipedia-org-6976 225 15 an an DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 225 16 age age NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 225 17 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-6976 225 18 related relate VBN en-wikipedia-org-6976 225 19 decline decline NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 225 20 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 225 21 dopamine dopamine NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 225 22 synthesis synthesis NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 225 23 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-6976 225 24 dopamine dopamine NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 225 25 receptor receptor NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 225 26 density density NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 225 27 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 225 28 i.e. i.e. FW en-wikipedia-org-6976 225 29 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 225 30 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 225 31 number number NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 225 32 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 225 33 receptors receptor NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 225 34 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 225 35 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 225 36 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 225 37 brain brain NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 225 38 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 226 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 226 2 83 83 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 226 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 226 4 This this DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 226 5 decline decline NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 226 6 has have VBZ en-wikipedia-org-6976 226 7 been be VBN en-wikipedia-org-6976 226 8 shown show VBN en-wikipedia-org-6976 226 9 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-6976 226 10 occur occur VB en-wikipedia-org-6976 226 11 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 226 12 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 226 13 striatum striatum NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 226 14 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-6976 226 15 extrastriatal extrastriatal JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 226 16 regions region NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 226 17 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 227 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 227 2 84 84 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 227 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 227 4 Decreases decrease NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 227 5 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 227 6 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 227 7 D1 d1 NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 227 8 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 227 9 D2 D2 NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 227 10 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 227 11 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-6976 227 12 D3 D3 NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 227 13 receptors receptor NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 227 14 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-6976 227 15 well well RB en-wikipedia-org-6976 227 16 documented document VBN en-wikipedia-org-6976 227 17 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 228 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 228 2 85][86][87 85][86][87 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 228 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 228 4 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 228 5 reduction reduction NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 228 6 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 228 7 dopamine dopamine NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 228 8 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 228 9 aging aging NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 228 10 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-6976 228 11 thought think VBN en-wikipedia-org-6976 228 12 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-6976 228 13 be be VB en-wikipedia-org-6976 228 14 responsible responsible JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 228 15 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 228 16 many many JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 228 17 neurological neurological JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 228 18 symptoms symptom NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 228 19 that that WDT en-wikipedia-org-6976 228 20 increase increase VBP en-wikipedia-org-6976 228 21 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 228 22 frequency frequency NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 228 23 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 228 24 age age NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 228 25 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 228 26 such such JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 228 27 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 228 28 decreased decrease VBN en-wikipedia-org-6976 228 29 arm arm NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 228 30 swing swing NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 228 31 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-6976 228 32 increased increase VBD en-wikipedia-org-6976 228 33 rigidity rigidity NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 228 34 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 229 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 229 2 88 88 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 229 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 229 4 Changes change NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 229 5 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 229 6 dopamine dopamine NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 229 7 levels level NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 229 8 may may MD en-wikipedia-org-6976 229 9 also also RB en-wikipedia-org-6976 229 10 cause cause VB en-wikipedia-org-6976 229 11 age age NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 229 12 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-6976 229 13 related relate VBN en-wikipedia-org-6976 229 14 changes change NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 229 15 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 229 16 cognitive cognitive JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 229 17 flexibility flexibility NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 229 18 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 230 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 230 2 88 88 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 230 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 230 4 Other other JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 230 5 neurotransmitters neurotransmitter NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 230 6 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 230 7 such such JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 230 8 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 230 9 serotonin serotonin NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 230 10 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-6976 230 11 glutamate glutamate NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 230 12 also also RB en-wikipedia-org-6976 230 13 show show VBP en-wikipedia-org-6976 230 14 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 230 15 decline decline NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 230 16 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 230 17 output output NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 230 18 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 230 19 aging aging NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 230 20 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 231 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 231 2 87][89 87][89 LS en-wikipedia-org-6976 231 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 231 4 Multiple multiple NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 231 5 sclerosis[edit sclerosis[edit NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 231 6 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 231 7 Studies study NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 231 8 reported report VBD en-wikipedia-org-6976 231 9 that that IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 231 10 dopamine dopamine NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 231 11 imbalance imbalance NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 231 12 influence influence NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 231 13 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 231 14 fatigue fatigue NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 231 15 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 231 16 multiple multiple JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 231 17 sclerosis sclerosis NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 231 18 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 232 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 232 2 90 90 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 232 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 232 4 Patients patient NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 232 5 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 232 6 multiple multiple JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 232 7 sclerosis sclerosis NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 232 8 dopamine dopamine NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 232 9 inhibits inhibit NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 232 10 production production NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 232 11 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 232 12 IL-17 IL-17 NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 232 13 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-6976 232 14 IFN IFN NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 232 15 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-6976 232 16 γ γ NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 232 17 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 232 18 peripheral peripheral JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 232 19 blood blood NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 232 20 mononuclear mononuclear NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 232 21 cells cell NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 232 22 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 233 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 233 2 91 91 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 233 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 233 4 Parkinson Parkinson NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 233 5 's 's POS en-wikipedia-org-6976 233 6 disease[edit disease[edit NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 233 7 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 233 8 Parkinson Parkinson NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 233 9 's 's POS en-wikipedia-org-6976 233 10 disease disease NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 233 11 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-6976 233 12 an an DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 233 13 age age NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 233 14 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-6976 233 15 related relate VBN en-wikipedia-org-6976 233 16 disorder disorder NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 233 17 characterized characterize VBN en-wikipedia-org-6976 233 18 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 233 19 movement movement NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 233 20 disorders disorder NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 233 21 such such JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 233 22 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 233 23 stiffness stiffness NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 233 24 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 233 25 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 233 26 body body NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 233 27 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 233 28 slowing slow VBG en-wikipedia-org-6976 233 29 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 233 30 movement movement NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 233 31 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 233 32 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-6976 233 33 trembling trembling NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 233 34 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 233 35 limbs limb NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 233 36 when when WRB en-wikipedia-org-6976 233 37 they -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-6976 233 38 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-6976 233 39 not not RB en-wikipedia-org-6976 233 40 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 233 41 use use NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 233 42 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 234 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 234 2 49 49 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 234 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 234 4 In in IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 234 5 advanced advanced JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 234 6 stages stage NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 234 7 it -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-6976 234 8 progresses progress VBZ en-wikipedia-org-6976 234 9 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 234 10 dementia dementia NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 234 11 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-6976 234 12 eventually eventually RB en-wikipedia-org-6976 234 13 death death NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 234 14 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 235 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 235 2 49 49 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 235 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 235 4 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 235 5 main main JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 235 6 symptoms symptom NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 235 7 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-6976 235 8 caused cause VBN en-wikipedia-org-6976 235 9 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 235 10 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 235 11 loss loss NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 235 12 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 235 13 dopamine dopamine NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 235 14 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-6976 235 15 secreting secrete VBG en-wikipedia-org-6976 235 16 cells cell NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 235 17 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 235 18 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 235 19 substantia substantia NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 235 20 nigra nigra NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 235 21 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 236 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 236 2 92 92 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 236 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 236 4 These these DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 236 5 dopamine dopamine NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 236 6 cells cell NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 236 7 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-6976 236 8 especially especially RB en-wikipedia-org-6976 236 9 vulnerable vulnerable JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 236 10 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 236 11 damage damage NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 236 12 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 236 13 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-6976 236 14 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 236 15 variety variety NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 236 16 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 236 17 insults insult NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 236 18 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 236 19 including include VBG en-wikipedia-org-6976 236 20 encephalitis encephalitis NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 236 21 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 236 22 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 236 23 depicted depict VBN en-wikipedia-org-6976 236 24 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 236 25 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 236 26 book book NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 236 27 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-6976 236 28 movie movie NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 236 29 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-6976 236 30 Awakenings awakening NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 236 31 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-6976 236 32 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 236 33 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 236 34 repeated repeat VBN en-wikipedia-org-6976 236 35 sports sport NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 236 36 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-6976 236 37 related relate VBN en-wikipedia-org-6976 236 38 concussions concussion NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 236 39 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 236 40 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-6976 236 41 some some DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 236 42 forms form NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 236 43 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 236 44 chemical chemical NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 236 45 poisoning poisoning NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 236 46 such such JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 236 47 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 236 48 MPTP MPTP NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 236 49 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 236 50 can can MD en-wikipedia-org-6976 236 51 lead lead VB en-wikipedia-org-6976 236 52 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 236 53 substantial substantial JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 236 54 cell cell NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 236 55 loss loss NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 236 56 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 236 57 producing produce VBG en-wikipedia-org-6976 236 58 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 236 59 parkinsonian parkinsonian JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 236 60 syndrome syndrome NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 236 61 that that WDT en-wikipedia-org-6976 236 62 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-6976 236 63 similar similar JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 236 64 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 236 65 its -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-6976 236 66 main main JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 236 67 features feature NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 236 68 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 236 69 Parkinson Parkinson NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 236 70 's 's POS en-wikipedia-org-6976 236 71 disease disease NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 236 72 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 237 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 237 2 93 93 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 237 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 237 4 Most Most JJS en-wikipedia-org-6976 237 5 cases case NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 237 6 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 237 7 Parkinson Parkinson NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 237 8 's 's POS en-wikipedia-org-6976 237 9 disease disease NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 237 10 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 237 11 however however RB en-wikipedia-org-6976 237 12 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 237 13 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-6976 237 14 idiopathic idiopathic JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 237 15 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 237 16 meaning mean VBG en-wikipedia-org-6976 237 17 that that IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 237 18 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 237 19 cause cause NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 237 20 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 237 21 cell cell NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 237 22 death death NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 237 23 can can MD en-wikipedia-org-6976 237 24 not not RB en-wikipedia-org-6976 237 25 be be VB en-wikipedia-org-6976 237 26 identified identify VBN en-wikipedia-org-6976 237 27 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 238 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 238 2 93 93 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 238 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 238 4 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 238 5 most most RBS en-wikipedia-org-6976 238 6 widely widely RB en-wikipedia-org-6976 238 7 used use VBN en-wikipedia-org-6976 238 8 treatment treatment NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 238 9 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 238 10 parkinsonism parkinsonism NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 238 11 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-6976 238 12 administration administration NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 238 13 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 238 14 L L NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 238 15 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-6976 238 16 DOPA DOPA NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 238 17 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 238 18 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 238 19 metabolic metabolic JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 238 20 precursor precursor NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 238 21 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 238 22 dopamine dopamine NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 238 23 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 239 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 239 2 21 21 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 239 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 239 4 L l NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 239 5 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-6976 239 6 DOPA DOPA NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 239 7 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-6976 239 8 converted convert VBN en-wikipedia-org-6976 239 9 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 239 10 dopamine dopamine NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 239 11 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 239 12 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 239 13 brain brain NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 239 14 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-6976 239 15 various various JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 239 16 parts part NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 239 17 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 239 18 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 239 19 body body NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 239 20 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 239 21 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 239 22 enzyme enzyme NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 239 23 DOPA DOPA NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 239 24 decarboxylase decarboxylase NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 239 25 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 240 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 240 2 20 20 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 240 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 240 4 L l NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 240 5 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-6976 240 6 DOPA DOPA NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 240 7 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-6976 240 8 used use VBN en-wikipedia-org-6976 240 9 rather rather RB en-wikipedia-org-6976 240 10 than than IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 240 11 dopamine dopamine VB en-wikipedia-org-6976 240 12 itself -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-6976 240 13 because because IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 240 14 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 240 15 unlike unlike IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 240 16 dopamine dopamine NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 240 17 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 240 18 it -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-6976 240 19 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-6976 240 20 capable capable JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 240 21 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 240 22 crossing cross VBG en-wikipedia-org-6976 240 23 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 240 24 blood blood NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 240 25 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-6976 240 26 brain brain NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 240 27 barrier barrier NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 240 28 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 241 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 241 2 21 21 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 241 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 241 4 It -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-6976 241 5 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-6976 241 6 often often RB en-wikipedia-org-6976 241 7 co co VBN en-wikipedia-org-6976 241 8 - - VBN en-wikipedia-org-6976 241 9 administered administer VBN en-wikipedia-org-6976 241 10 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 241 11 an an DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 241 12 enzyme enzyme NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 241 13 inhibitor inhibitor NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 241 14 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 241 15 peripheral peripheral JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 241 16 decarboxylation decarboxylation NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 241 17 such such JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 241 18 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 241 19 carbidopa carbidopa NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 241 20 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-6976 241 21 benserazide benserazide NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 241 22 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 241 23 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-6976 241 24 reduce reduce VB en-wikipedia-org-6976 241 25 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 241 26 amount amount NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 241 27 converted convert VBN en-wikipedia-org-6976 241 28 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 241 29 dopamine dopamine NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 241 30 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 241 31 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 241 32 periphery periphery NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 241 33 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-6976 241 34 thereby thereby RB en-wikipedia-org-6976 241 35 increase increase VB en-wikipedia-org-6976 241 36 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 241 37 amount amount NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 241 38 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 241 39 L l NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 241 40 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-6976 241 41 DOPA DOPA NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 241 42 that that WDT en-wikipedia-org-6976 241 43 enters enter VBZ en-wikipedia-org-6976 241 44 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 241 45 brain brain NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 241 46 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 242 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 242 2 21 21 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 242 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 242 4 When when WRB en-wikipedia-org-6976 242 5 L L NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 242 6 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-6976 242 7 DOPA DOPA NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 242 8 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-6976 242 9 administered administer VBN en-wikipedia-org-6976 242 10 regularly regularly RB en-wikipedia-org-6976 242 11 over over IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 242 12 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 242 13 long long JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 242 14 time time NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 242 15 period period NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 242 16 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 242 17 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 242 18 variety variety NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 242 19 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 242 20 unpleasant unpleasant JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 242 21 side side NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 242 22 effects effect NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 242 23 such such JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 242 24 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 242 25 dyskinesia dyskinesia NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 242 26 often often RB en-wikipedia-org-6976 242 27 begin begin VBP en-wikipedia-org-6976 242 28 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-6976 242 29 appear appear VB en-wikipedia-org-6976 242 30 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-6976 242 31 even even RB en-wikipedia-org-6976 242 32 so so RB en-wikipedia-org-6976 242 33 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 242 34 it -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-6976 242 35 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-6976 242 36 considered consider VBN en-wikipedia-org-6976 242 37 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 242 38 best well RBS en-wikipedia-org-6976 242 39 available available JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 242 40 long long JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 242 41 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-6976 242 42 term term NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 242 43 treatment treatment NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 242 44 option option NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 242 45 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 242 46 most most JJS en-wikipedia-org-6976 242 47 cases case NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 242 48 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 242 49 Parkinson Parkinson NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 242 50 's 's POS en-wikipedia-org-6976 242 51 disease disease NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 242 52 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 243 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 243 2 21 21 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 243 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 243 4 L l NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 243 5 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-6976 243 6 DOPA dopa NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 243 7 treatment treatment NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 243 8 can can MD en-wikipedia-org-6976 243 9 not not RB en-wikipedia-org-6976 243 10 restore restore VB en-wikipedia-org-6976 243 11 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 243 12 dopamine dopamine NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 243 13 cells cell NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 243 14 that that WDT en-wikipedia-org-6976 243 15 have have VBP en-wikipedia-org-6976 243 16 been be VBN en-wikipedia-org-6976 243 17 lost lose VBN en-wikipedia-org-6976 243 18 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 243 19 but but CC en-wikipedia-org-6976 243 20 it -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-6976 243 21 causes cause VBZ en-wikipedia-org-6976 243 22 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 243 23 remaining remain VBG en-wikipedia-org-6976 243 24 cells cell NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 243 25 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-6976 243 26 produce produce VB en-wikipedia-org-6976 243 27 more more JJR en-wikipedia-org-6976 243 28 dopamine dopamine NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 243 29 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 243 30 thereby thereby RB en-wikipedia-org-6976 243 31 compensating compensate VBG en-wikipedia-org-6976 243 32 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 243 33 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 243 34 loss loss NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 243 35 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 243 36 at at IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 243 37 least least JJS en-wikipedia-org-6976 243 38 some some DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 243 39 degree degree NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 243 40 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 244 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 244 2 21 21 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 244 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 244 4 In in IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 244 5 advanced advanced JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 244 6 stages stage NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 244 7 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 244 8 treatment treatment NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 244 9 begins begin VBZ en-wikipedia-org-6976 244 10 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-6976 244 11 fail fail VB en-wikipedia-org-6976 244 12 because because IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 244 13 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 244 14 cell cell NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 244 15 loss loss NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 244 16 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-6976 244 17 so so RB en-wikipedia-org-6976 244 18 severe severe JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 244 19 that that IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 244 20 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 244 21 remaining remain VBG en-wikipedia-org-6976 244 22 ones one NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 244 23 can can MD en-wikipedia-org-6976 244 24 not not RB en-wikipedia-org-6976 244 25 produce produce VB en-wikipedia-org-6976 244 26 enough enough JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 244 27 dopamine dopamine NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 244 28 regardless regardless RB en-wikipedia-org-6976 244 29 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 244 30 L l NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 244 31 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-6976 244 32 DOPA DOPA NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 244 33 levels level NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 244 34 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 245 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 245 2 21 21 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 245 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 245 4 Other other JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 245 5 drugs drug NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 245 6 that that WDT en-wikipedia-org-6976 245 7 enhance enhance VBP en-wikipedia-org-6976 245 8 dopamine dopamine NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 245 9 function function NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 245 10 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 245 11 such such JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 245 12 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 245 13 bromocriptine bromocriptine NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 245 14 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-6976 245 15 pergolide pergolide NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 245 16 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 245 17 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-6976 245 18 also also RB en-wikipedia-org-6976 245 19 sometimes sometimes RB en-wikipedia-org-6976 245 20 used use VBN en-wikipedia-org-6976 245 21 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-6976 245 22 treat treat VB en-wikipedia-org-6976 245 23 Parkinsonism parkinsonism NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 245 24 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 245 25 but but CC en-wikipedia-org-6976 245 26 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 245 27 most most JJS en-wikipedia-org-6976 245 28 cases case NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 245 29 L L NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 245 30 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-6976 245 31 DOPA DOPA NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 245 32 appears appear VBZ en-wikipedia-org-6976 245 33 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-6976 245 34 give give VB en-wikipedia-org-6976 245 35 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 245 36 best good JJS en-wikipedia-org-6976 245 37 trade trade NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 245 38 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-6976 245 39 off off NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 245 40 between between IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 245 41 positive positive JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 245 42 effects effect NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 245 43 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-6976 245 44 negative negative JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 245 45 side side NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 245 46 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-6976 245 47 effects effect NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 245 48 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 246 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 246 2 21 21 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 246 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 246 4 Dopaminergic dopaminergic JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 246 5 medications medication NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 246 6 that that WDT en-wikipedia-org-6976 246 7 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-6976 246 8 used use VBN en-wikipedia-org-6976 246 9 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-6976 246 10 treat treat VB en-wikipedia-org-6976 246 11 Parkinson Parkinson NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 246 12 's 's POS en-wikipedia-org-6976 246 13 disease disease NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 246 14 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-6976 246 15 sometimes sometimes RB en-wikipedia-org-6976 246 16 associated associate VBN en-wikipedia-org-6976 246 17 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 246 18 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 246 19 development development NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 246 20 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 246 21 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 246 22 dopamine dopamine NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 246 23 dysregulation dysregulation NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 246 24 syndrome syndrome NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 246 25 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 246 26 which which WDT en-wikipedia-org-6976 246 27 involves involve VBZ en-wikipedia-org-6976 246 28 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 246 29 overuse overuse NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 246 30 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 246 31 dopaminergic dopaminergic JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 246 32 medication medication NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 246 33 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-6976 246 34 medication medication NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 246 35 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-6976 246 36 induced induce VBN en-wikipedia-org-6976 246 37 compulsive compulsive JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 246 38 engagement engagement NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 246 39 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 246 40 natural natural JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 246 41 rewards reward NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 246 42 like like IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 246 43 gambling gambling NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 246 44 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-6976 246 45 sexual sexual JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 246 46 activity activity NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 246 47 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 247 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 247 2 94][95 94][95 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 247 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 247 4 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 247 5 latter latter JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 247 6 behaviors behavior NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 247 7 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-6976 247 8 similar similar JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 247 9 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 247 10 those those DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 247 11 observed observe VBN en-wikipedia-org-6976 247 12 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 247 13 individuals individual NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 247 14 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 247 15 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 247 16 behavioral behavioral JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 247 17 addiction addiction NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 247 18 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 248 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 248 2 94 94 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 248 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 248 4 Drug drug NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 248 5 addiction addiction NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 248 6 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-6976 248 7 psychostimulants[edit psychostimulants[edit LS en-wikipedia-org-6976 248 8 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 248 9 Main Main NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 248 10 article article NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 248 11 : : : en-wikipedia-org-6976 248 12 Addiction addiction NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 248 13 Cocaine Cocaine NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 248 14 increases increase VBZ en-wikipedia-org-6976 248 15 dopamine dopamine NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 248 16 levels level NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 248 17 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 248 18 blocking block VBG en-wikipedia-org-6976 248 19 dopamine dopamine NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 248 20 transporters transporter NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 248 21 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 248 22 DAT DAT NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 248 23 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 248 24 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 248 25 which which WDT en-wikipedia-org-6976 248 26 transport transport VBP en-wikipedia-org-6976 248 27 dopamine dopamine NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 248 28 back back RB en-wikipedia-org-6976 248 29 into into IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 248 30 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 248 31 synaptic synaptic JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 248 32 terminal terminal NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 248 33 after after IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 248 34 it -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-6976 248 35 has have VBZ en-wikipedia-org-6976 248 36 been be VBN en-wikipedia-org-6976 248 37 emitted emit VBN en-wikipedia-org-6976 248 38 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 249 1 Cocaine cocaine NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 249 2 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 249 3 substituted substitute VBD en-wikipedia-org-6976 249 4 amphetamines amphetamine NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 249 5 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 249 6 including include VBG en-wikipedia-org-6976 249 7 methamphetamine methamphetamine NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 249 8 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 249 9 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 249 10 Adderall Adderall NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 249 11 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 249 12 methylphenidate methylphenidate NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 249 13 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 249 14 marketed market VBN en-wikipedia-org-6976 249 15 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 249 16 Ritalin Ritalin NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 249 17 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-6976 249 18 Concerta Concerta NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 249 19 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 249 20 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 249 21 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-6976 249 22 other other JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 249 23 psychostimulants psychostimulant NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 249 24 exert exert VBP en-wikipedia-org-6976 249 25 their -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-6976 249 26 effects effect NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 249 27 primarily primarily RB en-wikipedia-org-6976 249 28 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-6976 249 29 partly partly RB en-wikipedia-org-6976 249 30 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 249 31 increasing increase VBG en-wikipedia-org-6976 249 32 dopamine dopamine NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 249 33 levels level NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 249 34 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 249 35 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 249 36 brain brain NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 249 37 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 249 38 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 249 39 variety variety NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 249 40 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 249 41 mechanisms mechanism NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 249 42 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 250 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 250 2 96 96 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 250 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 250 4 Cocaine Cocaine NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 250 5 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-6976 250 6 methylphenidate methylphenidate NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 250 7 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-6976 250 8 dopamine dopamine NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 250 9 transporter transporter NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 250 10 blockers blocker NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 250 11 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-6976 250 12 reuptake reuptake NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 250 13 inhibitors inhibitor NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 250 14 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-6976 250 15 they -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-6976 250 16 non non JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 250 17 - - JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 250 18 competitively competitively RB en-wikipedia-org-6976 250 19 inhibit inhibit VB en-wikipedia-org-6976 250 20 dopamine dopamine NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 250 21 reuptake reuptake NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 250 22 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 250 23 resulting result VBG en-wikipedia-org-6976 250 24 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 250 25 increased increase VBN en-wikipedia-org-6976 250 26 dopamine dopamine NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 250 27 concentrations concentration NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 250 28 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 250 29 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 250 30 synaptic synaptic JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 250 31 cleft cleft NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 250 32 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 251 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 251 2 97][98]:54–58 97][98]:54–58 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 251 3 Like like IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 251 4 cocaine cocaine NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 251 5 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 251 6 substituted substitute VBD en-wikipedia-org-6976 251 7 amphetamines amphetamine NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 251 8 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-6976 251 9 amphetamine amphetamine NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 251 10 also also RB en-wikipedia-org-6976 251 11 increase increase VB en-wikipedia-org-6976 251 12 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 251 13 concentration concentration NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 251 14 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 251 15 dopamine dopamine NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 251 16 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 251 17 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 251 18 synaptic synaptic JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 251 19 cleft cleft NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 251 20 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 251 21 but but CC en-wikipedia-org-6976 251 22 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 251 23 different different JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 251 24 mechanisms mechanism NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 251 25 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 252 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 252 2 30][98]:147–150 30][98]:147–150 . en-wikipedia-org-6976 252 3 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 252 4 effects effect NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 252 5 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 252 6 psychostimulants psychostimulant NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 252 7 include include VBP en-wikipedia-org-6976 252 8 increases increase NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 252 9 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 252 10 heart heart NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 252 11 rate rate NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 252 12 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 252 13 body body NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 252 14 temperature temperature NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 252 15 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 252 16 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-6976 252 17 sweating sweat VBG en-wikipedia-org-6976 252 18 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-6976 252 19 improvements improvement NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 252 20 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 252 21 alertness alertness NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 252 22 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 252 23 attention attention NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 252 24 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 252 25 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-6976 252 26 endurance endurance NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 252 27 ; ; , en-wikipedia-org-6976 252 28 increases increase NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 252 29 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 252 30 pleasure pleasure NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 252 31 produced produce VBN en-wikipedia-org-6976 252 32 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 252 33 rewarding rewarding JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 252 34 events event NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 252 35 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-6976 252 36 but but CC en-wikipedia-org-6976 252 37 at at IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 252 38 higher high JJR en-wikipedia-org-6976 252 39 doses dose NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 252 40 agitation agitation NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 252 41 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 252 42 anxiety anxiety NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 252 43 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 252 44 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-6976 252 45 even even RB en-wikipedia-org-6976 252 46 loss loss NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 252 47 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 252 48 contact contact NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 252 49 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 252 50 reality reality NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 252 51 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 253 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 253 2 96 96 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 253 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 253 4 Drugs drug NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 253 5 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 253 6 this this DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 253 7 group group NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 253 8 can can MD en-wikipedia-org-6976 253 9 have have VB en-wikipedia-org-6976 253 10 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 253 11 high high JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 253 12 addiction addiction NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 253 13 potential potential NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 253 14 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 253 15 due due IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 253 16 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 253 17 their -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-6976 253 18 activating activate VBG en-wikipedia-org-6976 253 19 effects effect NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 253 20 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 253 21 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 253 22 dopamine dopamine NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 253 23 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-6976 253 24 mediated mediate VBN en-wikipedia-org-6976 253 25 reward reward NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 253 26 system system NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 253 27 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 253 28 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 253 29 brain brain NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 253 30 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 254 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 254 2 96 96 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 254 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 254 4 However however RB en-wikipedia-org-6976 254 5 some some DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 254 6 can can MD en-wikipedia-org-6976 254 7 also also RB en-wikipedia-org-6976 254 8 be be VB en-wikipedia-org-6976 254 9 useful useful JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 254 10 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 254 11 at at IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 254 12 lower low JJR en-wikipedia-org-6976 254 13 doses dose NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 254 14 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 254 15 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 254 16 treating treat VBG en-wikipedia-org-6976 254 17 attention attention NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 254 18 deficit deficit NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 254 19 hyperactivity hyperactivity NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 254 20 disorder disorder NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 254 21 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 254 22 ADHD ADHD NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 254 23 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 254 24 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-6976 254 25 narcolepsy narcolepsy NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 254 26 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 255 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 255 2 99][100 99][100 EX en-wikipedia-org-6976 255 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 255 4 An an DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 255 5 important important JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 255 6 differentiating differentiate VBG en-wikipedia-org-6976 255 7 factor factor NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 255 8 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-6976 255 9 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 255 10 onset onset NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 255 11 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-6976 255 12 duration duration NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 255 13 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 255 14 action action NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 255 15 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 256 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 256 2 96 96 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 256 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 256 4 Cocaine cocaine NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 256 5 can can MD en-wikipedia-org-6976 256 6 take take VB en-wikipedia-org-6976 256 7 effect effect NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 256 8 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 256 9 seconds second NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 256 10 if if IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 256 11 it -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-6976 256 12 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-6976 256 13 injected inject VBN en-wikipedia-org-6976 256 14 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-6976 256 15 inhaled inhale VBN en-wikipedia-org-6976 256 16 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 256 17 free free JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 256 18 base base NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 256 19 form form NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 256 20 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-6976 256 21 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 256 22 effects effect NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 256 23 last last JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 256 24 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 256 25 5 5 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 256 26 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-6976 256 27 90 90 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 256 28 minutes minute NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 256 29 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 257 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 257 2 101 101 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 257 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 257 4 This this DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 257 5 rapid rapid JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 257 6 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-6976 257 7 brief brief JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 257 8 action action NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 257 9 makes make VBZ en-wikipedia-org-6976 257 10 its -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-6976 257 11 effects effect NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 257 12 easily easily RB en-wikipedia-org-6976 257 13 perceived perceive VBN en-wikipedia-org-6976 257 14 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-6976 257 15 consequently consequently RB en-wikipedia-org-6976 257 16 gives give VBZ en-wikipedia-org-6976 257 17 it -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-6976 257 18 high high JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 257 19 addiction addiction NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 257 20 potential potential NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 257 21 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 258 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 258 2 96 96 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 258 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 258 4 Methylphenidate methylphenidate NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 258 5 taken take VBN en-wikipedia-org-6976 258 6 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 258 7 pill pill NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 258 8 form form NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 258 9 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 258 10 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 258 11 contrast contrast NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 258 12 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 258 13 can can MD en-wikipedia-org-6976 258 14 take take VB en-wikipedia-org-6976 258 15 two two CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 258 16 hours hour NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 258 17 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-6976 258 18 reach reach VB en-wikipedia-org-6976 258 19 peak peak NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 258 20 levels level NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 258 21 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 258 22 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 258 23 bloodstream,[99 bloodstream,[99 NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 258 24 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 258 25 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-6976 258 26 depending depend VBG en-wikipedia-org-6976 258 27 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 258 28 formulation formulation NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 258 29 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 258 30 effects effect NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 258 31 can can MD en-wikipedia-org-6976 258 32 last last VB en-wikipedia-org-6976 258 33 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 258 34 up up IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 258 35 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-6976 258 36 12 12 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 258 37   _SP en-wikipedia-org-6976 258 38 hours hour NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 258 39 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 259 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 259 2 102 102 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 259 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 259 4 These these DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 259 5 longer long RBR en-wikipedia-org-6976 259 6 acting act VBG en-wikipedia-org-6976 259 7 formulations formulation NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 259 8 have have VBP en-wikipedia-org-6976 259 9 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 259 10 benefit benefit NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 259 11 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 259 12 reducing reduce VBG en-wikipedia-org-6976 259 13 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 259 14 potential potential NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 259 15 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 259 16 abuse abuse NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 259 17 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 259 18 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-6976 259 19 improving improve VBG en-wikipedia-org-6976 259 20 adherence adherence NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 259 21 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 259 22 treatment treatment NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 259 23 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 259 24 using use VBG en-wikipedia-org-6976 259 25 more more RBR en-wikipedia-org-6976 259 26 convenient convenient JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 259 27 dosage dosage NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 259 28 regimens regimen NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 259 29 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 260 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 260 2 103 103 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 260 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 260 4 Methamphetamine Methamphetamine NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 260 5 hydrochloride hydrochloride NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 260 6 also also RB en-wikipedia-org-6976 260 7 known know VBN en-wikipedia-org-6976 260 8 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 260 9 crystal crystal NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 260 10 meth meth NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 260 11 A a DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 260 12 variety variety NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 260 13 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 260 14 addictive addictive JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 260 15 drugs drug NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 260 16 produce produce VBP en-wikipedia-org-6976 260 17 an an DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 260 18 increase increase NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 260 19 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 260 20 reward reward NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 260 21 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-6976 260 22 related relate VBN en-wikipedia-org-6976 260 23 dopamine dopamine NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 260 24 activity activity NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 260 25 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 261 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 261 2 96 96 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 261 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 261 4 Stimulants stimulant NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 261 5 such such JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 261 6 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 261 7 nicotine nicotine NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 261 8 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 261 9 cocaine cocaine NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 261 10 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-6976 261 11 methamphetamine methamphetamine NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 261 12 promote promote VB en-wikipedia-org-6976 261 13 increased increase VBN en-wikipedia-org-6976 261 14 levels level NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 261 15 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 261 16 dopamine dopamine NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 261 17 which which WDT en-wikipedia-org-6976 261 18 appear appear VBP en-wikipedia-org-6976 261 19 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-6976 261 20 be be VB en-wikipedia-org-6976 261 21 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 261 22 primary primary JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 261 23 factor factor NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 261 24 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 261 25 causing cause VBG en-wikipedia-org-6976 261 26 addiction addiction NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 261 27 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 262 1 For for IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 262 2 other other JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 262 3 addictive addictive JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 262 4 drugs drug NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 262 5 such such JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 262 6 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 262 7 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 262 8 opioid opioid JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 262 9 heroin heroin NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 262 10 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 262 11 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 262 12 increased increase VBN en-wikipedia-org-6976 262 13 levels level NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 262 14 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 262 15 dopamine dopamine NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 262 16 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 262 17 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 262 18 reward reward NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 262 19 system system NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 262 20 may may MD en-wikipedia-org-6976 262 21 only only RB en-wikipedia-org-6976 262 22 play play VB en-wikipedia-org-6976 262 23 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 262 24 minor minor JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 262 25 role role NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 262 26 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 262 27 addiction addiction NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 262 28 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 263 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 263 2 104 104 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 263 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 263 4 When when WRB en-wikipedia-org-6976 263 5 people people NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 263 6 addicted addicted JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 263 7 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 263 8 stimulants stimulant NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 263 9 go go VB en-wikipedia-org-6976 263 10 through through IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 263 11 withdrawal withdrawal NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 263 12 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 263 13 they -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-6976 263 14 do do VBP en-wikipedia-org-6976 263 15 not not RB en-wikipedia-org-6976 263 16 experience experience VB en-wikipedia-org-6976 263 17 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 263 18 physical physical JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 263 19 suffering suffering NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 263 20 associated associate VBN en-wikipedia-org-6976 263 21 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 263 22 alcohol alcohol NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 263 23 withdrawal withdrawal NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 263 24 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-6976 263 25 withdrawal withdrawal NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 263 26 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 263 27 opiates opiate NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 263 28 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-6976 263 29 instead instead RB en-wikipedia-org-6976 263 30 they -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-6976 263 31 experience experience VBP en-wikipedia-org-6976 263 32 craving craving NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 263 33 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 263 34 an an DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 263 35 intense intense JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 263 36 desire desire NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 263 37 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 263 38 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 263 39 drug drug NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 263 40 characterized characterize VBN en-wikipedia-org-6976 263 41 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 263 42 irritability irritability NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 263 43 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 263 44 restlessness restlessness NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 263 45 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 263 46 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-6976 263 47 other other JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 263 48 arousal arousal NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 263 49 symptoms,[105 symptoms,[105 NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 263 50 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 263 51 brought bring VBN en-wikipedia-org-6976 263 52 about about RP en-wikipedia-org-6976 263 53 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 263 54 psychological psychological JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 263 55 dependence dependence NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 263 56 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 264 1 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 264 2 dopamine dopamine NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 264 3 system system NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 264 4 plays play VBZ en-wikipedia-org-6976 264 5 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 264 6 crucial crucial JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 264 7 role role NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 264 8 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 264 9 several several JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 264 10 aspects aspect NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 264 11 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 264 12 addiction addiction NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 264 13 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 265 1 At at IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 265 2 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 265 3 earliest early JJS en-wikipedia-org-6976 265 4 stage stage NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 265 5 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 265 6 genetic genetic JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 265 7 differences difference NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 265 8 that that WDT en-wikipedia-org-6976 265 9 alter alter VBP en-wikipedia-org-6976 265 10 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 265 11 expression expression NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 265 12 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 265 13 dopamine dopamine NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 265 14 receptors receptor NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 265 15 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 265 16 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 265 17 brain brain NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 265 18 can can MD en-wikipedia-org-6976 265 19 predict predict VB en-wikipedia-org-6976 265 20 whether whether IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 265 21 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 265 22 person person NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 265 23 will will MD en-wikipedia-org-6976 265 24 find find VB en-wikipedia-org-6976 265 25 stimulants stimulant NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 265 26 appealing appealing JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 265 27 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-6976 265 28 aversive aversive JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 265 29 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 266 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 266 2 106 106 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 266 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 266 4 Consumption consumption NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 266 5 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 266 6 stimulants stimulant NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 266 7 produces produce VBZ en-wikipedia-org-6976 266 8 increases increase NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 266 9 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 266 10 brain brain NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 266 11 dopamine dopamine NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 266 12 levels level NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 266 13 that that WDT en-wikipedia-org-6976 266 14 last last VBP en-wikipedia-org-6976 266 15 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 266 16 minutes minute NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 266 17 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 266 18 hours hour NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 266 19 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 267 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 267 2 96 96 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 267 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 267 4 Finally finally RB en-wikipedia-org-6976 267 5 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 267 6 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 267 7 chronic chronic JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 267 8 elevation elevation NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 267 9 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 267 10 dopamine dopamine NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 267 11 that that WDT en-wikipedia-org-6976 267 12 comes come VBZ en-wikipedia-org-6976 267 13 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 267 14 repetitive repetitive JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 267 15 high high JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 267 16 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-6976 267 17 dose dose NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 267 18 stimulant stimulant JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 267 19 consumption consumption NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 267 20 triggers trigger VBZ en-wikipedia-org-6976 267 21 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 267 22 wide wide RB en-wikipedia-org-6976 267 23 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-6976 267 24 ranging range VBG en-wikipedia-org-6976 267 25 set set NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 267 26 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 267 27 structural structural JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 267 28 changes change NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 267 29 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 267 30 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 267 31 brain brain NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 267 32 that that WDT en-wikipedia-org-6976 267 33 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-6976 267 34 responsible responsible JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 267 35 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 267 36 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 267 37 behavioral behavioral JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 267 38 abnormalities abnormality NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 267 39 which which WDT en-wikipedia-org-6976 267 40 characterize characterize VBP en-wikipedia-org-6976 267 41 an an DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 267 42 addiction addiction NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 267 43 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 268 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 268 2 107 107 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 268 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 268 4 Treatment treatment NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 268 5 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 268 6 stimulant stimulant NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 268 7 addiction addiction NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 268 8 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-6976 268 9 very very RB en-wikipedia-org-6976 268 10 difficult difficult JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 268 11 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 268 12 because because IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 268 13 even even RB en-wikipedia-org-6976 268 14 if if IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 268 15 consumption consumption NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 268 16 ceases cease VBZ en-wikipedia-org-6976 268 17 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 268 18 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 268 19 craving craving NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 268 20 that that WDT en-wikipedia-org-6976 268 21 comes come VBZ en-wikipedia-org-6976 268 22 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 268 23 psychological psychological JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 268 24 withdrawal withdrawal NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 268 25 does do VBZ en-wikipedia-org-6976 268 26 not not RB en-wikipedia-org-6976 268 27 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 269 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 269 2 105 105 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 269 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 269 4 Even even RB en-wikipedia-org-6976 269 5 when when WRB en-wikipedia-org-6976 269 6 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 269 7 craving craving NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 269 8 seems seem VBZ en-wikipedia-org-6976 269 9 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-6976 269 10 be be VB en-wikipedia-org-6976 269 11 extinct extinct VBN en-wikipedia-org-6976 269 12 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 269 13 it -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-6976 269 14 may may MD en-wikipedia-org-6976 269 15 re re VB en-wikipedia-org-6976 269 16 - - VB en-wikipedia-org-6976 269 17 emerge emerge VB en-wikipedia-org-6976 269 18 when when WRB en-wikipedia-org-6976 269 19 faced face VBN en-wikipedia-org-6976 269 20 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 269 21 stimuli stimulus NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 269 22 that that WDT en-wikipedia-org-6976 269 23 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-6976 269 24 associated associate VBN en-wikipedia-org-6976 269 25 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 269 26 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 269 27 drug drug NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 269 28 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 269 29 such such JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 269 30 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 269 31 friends friend NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 269 32 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 269 33 locations location NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 269 34 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-6976 269 35 situations situation NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 269 36 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 270 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 270 2 105 105 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 270 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 270 4 Association association NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 270 5 networks network NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 270 6 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 270 7 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 270 8 brain brain NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 270 9 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-6976 270 10 greatly greatly RB en-wikipedia-org-6976 270 11 interlinked interlinked JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 270 12 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 271 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 271 2 108 108 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 271 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 271 4 Psychosis Psychosis NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 271 5 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-6976 271 6 antipsychotic antipsychotic JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 271 7 drugs[edit drugs[edit NFP en-wikipedia-org-6976 271 8 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 271 9 Main main JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 271 10 article article NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 271 11 : : : en-wikipedia-org-6976 271 12 Psychosis Psychosis NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 271 13 Psychiatrists Psychiatrists NNPS en-wikipedia-org-6976 271 14 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 271 15 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 271 16 early early JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 271 17 1950s 1950 NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 271 18 discovered discover VBD en-wikipedia-org-6976 271 19 that that IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 271 20 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 271 21 class class NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 271 22 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 271 23 drugs drug NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 271 24 known know VBN en-wikipedia-org-6976 271 25 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 271 26 typical typical JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 271 27 antipsychotics antipsychotic NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 271 28 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 271 29 also also RB en-wikipedia-org-6976 271 30 known know VBN en-wikipedia-org-6976 271 31 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 271 32 major major JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 271 33 tranquilizers tranquilizer NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 271 34 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 271 35 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 271 36 were be VBD en-wikipedia-org-6976 271 37 often often RB en-wikipedia-org-6976 271 38 effective effective JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 271 39 at at IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 271 40 reducing reduce VBG en-wikipedia-org-6976 271 41 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 271 42 psychotic psychotic JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 271 43 symptoms symptom NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 271 44 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 271 45 schizophrenia schizophrenia NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 271 46 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 272 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 272 2 109 109 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 272 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 272 4 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 272 5 introduction introduction NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 272 6 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 272 7 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 272 8 first first JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 272 9 widely widely RB en-wikipedia-org-6976 272 10 used use VBN en-wikipedia-org-6976 272 11 antipsychotic antipsychotic JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 272 12 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 272 13 chlorpromazine chlorpromazine NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 272 14 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 272 15 Thorazine Thorazine NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 272 16 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 272 17 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 272 18 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 272 19 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 272 20 1950s 1950 NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 272 21 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 272 22 led lead VBD en-wikipedia-org-6976 272 23 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 272 24 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 272 25 release release NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 272 26 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 272 27 many many JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 272 28 patients patient NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 272 29 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 272 30 schizophrenia schizophrenia NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 272 31 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 272 32 institutions institution NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 272 33 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 272 34 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 272 35 years year NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 272 36 that that WDT en-wikipedia-org-6976 272 37 followed follow VBD en-wikipedia-org-6976 272 38 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 273 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 273 2 109 109 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 273 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 273 4 By by IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 273 5 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 273 6 1970s 1970 NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 273 7 researchers researcher NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 273 8 understood understand VBD en-wikipedia-org-6976 273 9 that that IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 273 10 these these DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 273 11 typical typical JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 273 12 antipsychotics antipsychotic NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 273 13 worked work VBD en-wikipedia-org-6976 273 14 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 273 15 antagonists antagonist NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 273 16 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 273 17 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 273 18 D2 D2 NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 273 19 receptors receptor NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 273 20 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 274 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 274 2 109][110 109][110 LS en-wikipedia-org-6976 274 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 274 4 This this DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 274 5 realization realization NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 274 6 led lead VBD en-wikipedia-org-6976 274 7 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 274 8 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 274 9 so so RB en-wikipedia-org-6976 274 10 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-6976 274 11 called call VBN en-wikipedia-org-6976 274 12 dopamine dopamine NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 274 13 hypothesis hypothesis NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 274 14 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 274 15 schizophrenia schizophrenia NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 274 16 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 274 17 which which WDT en-wikipedia-org-6976 274 18 postulates postulate VBZ en-wikipedia-org-6976 274 19 that that IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 274 20 schizophrenia schizophrenia NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 274 21 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-6976 274 22 largely largely RB en-wikipedia-org-6976 274 23 caused cause VBN en-wikipedia-org-6976 274 24 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 274 25 hyperactivity hyperactivity NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 274 26 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 274 27 brain brain NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 274 28 dopamine dopamine NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 274 29 systems system NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 274 30 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 275 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 275 2 111 111 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 275 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 275 4 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 275 5 dopamine dopamine NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 275 6 hypothesis hypothesis NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 275 7 drew draw VBD en-wikipedia-org-6976 275 8 additional additional JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 275 9 support support NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 275 10 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 275 11 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 275 12 observation observation NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 275 13 that that IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 275 14 psychotic psychotic JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 275 15 symptoms symptom NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 275 16 were be VBD en-wikipedia-org-6976 275 17 often often RB en-wikipedia-org-6976 275 18 intensified intensify VBN en-wikipedia-org-6976 275 19 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 275 20 dopamine dopamine NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 275 21 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-6976 275 22 enhancing enhance VBG en-wikipedia-org-6976 275 23 stimulants stimulant NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 275 24 such such JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 275 25 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 275 26 methamphetamine methamphetamine NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 275 27 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 275 28 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-6976 275 29 that that IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 275 30 these these DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 275 31 drugs drug NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 275 32 could could MD en-wikipedia-org-6976 275 33 also also RB en-wikipedia-org-6976 275 34 produce produce VB en-wikipedia-org-6976 275 35 psychosis psychosis NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 275 36 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 275 37 healthy healthy JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 275 38 people people NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 275 39 if if IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 275 40 taken take VBN en-wikipedia-org-6976 275 41 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 275 42 large large JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 275 43 enough enough JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 275 44 doses dose NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 275 45 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 276 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 276 2 111 111 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 276 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 276 4 In in IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 276 5 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 276 6 following follow VBG en-wikipedia-org-6976 276 7 decades decade NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 276 8 other other JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 276 9 atypical atypical JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 276 10 antipsychotics antipsychotic NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 276 11 that that WDT en-wikipedia-org-6976 276 12 had have VBD en-wikipedia-org-6976 276 13 fewer few JJR en-wikipedia-org-6976 276 14 serious serious JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 276 15 side side NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 276 16 effects effect NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 276 17 were be VBD en-wikipedia-org-6976 276 18 developed develop VBN en-wikipedia-org-6976 276 19 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 277 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 277 2 109 109 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 277 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 277 4 Many many JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 277 5 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 277 6 these these DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 277 7 newer new JJR en-wikipedia-org-6976 277 8 drugs drug NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 277 9 do do VBP en-wikipedia-org-6976 277 10 not not RB en-wikipedia-org-6976 277 11 act act VB en-wikipedia-org-6976 277 12 directly directly RB en-wikipedia-org-6976 277 13 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 277 14 dopamine dopamine NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 277 15 receptors receptor NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 277 16 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 277 17 but but CC en-wikipedia-org-6976 277 18 instead instead RB en-wikipedia-org-6976 277 19 produce produce VBP en-wikipedia-org-6976 277 20 alterations alteration NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 277 21 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 277 22 dopamine dopamine NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 277 23 activity activity NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 277 24 indirectly indirectly RB en-wikipedia-org-6976 277 25 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 278 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 278 2 112 112 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 278 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 278 4 These these DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 278 5 drugs drug NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 278 6 were be VBD en-wikipedia-org-6976 278 7 also also RB en-wikipedia-org-6976 278 8 used use VBN en-wikipedia-org-6976 278 9 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-6976 278 10 treat treat VB en-wikipedia-org-6976 278 11 other other JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 278 12 psychoses psychosis NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 278 13 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 279 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 279 2 109 109 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 279 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 279 4 Antipsychotic antipsychotic JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 279 5 drugs drug NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 279 6 have have VBP en-wikipedia-org-6976 279 7 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 279 8 broadly broadly RB en-wikipedia-org-6976 279 9 suppressive suppressive JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 279 10 effect effect NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 279 11 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 279 12 most most JJS en-wikipedia-org-6976 279 13 types type NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 279 14 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 279 15 active active JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 279 16 behavior behavior NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 279 17 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 279 18 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-6976 279 19 particularly particularly RB en-wikipedia-org-6976 279 20 reduce reduce VB en-wikipedia-org-6976 279 21 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 279 22 delusional delusional JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 279 23 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-6976 279 24 agitated agitated JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 279 25 behavior behavior NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 279 26 characteristic characteristic NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 279 27 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 279 28 overt overt JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 279 29 psychosis psychosis NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 279 30 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 280 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 280 2 110 110 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 280 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 280 4 Later late JJR en-wikipedia-org-6976 280 5 observations observation NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 280 6 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 280 7 however however RB en-wikipedia-org-6976 280 8 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 280 9 have have VBP en-wikipedia-org-6976 280 10 caused cause VBN en-wikipedia-org-6976 280 11 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 280 12 dopamine dopamine NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 280 13 hypothesis hypothesis NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 280 14 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-6976 280 15 lose lose VB en-wikipedia-org-6976 280 16 popularity popularity NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 280 17 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 280 18 at at IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 280 19 least least JJS en-wikipedia-org-6976 280 20 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 280 21 its -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-6976 280 22 simple simple JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 280 23 original original JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 280 24 form form NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 280 25 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 281 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 281 2 111 111 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 281 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 281 4 For for IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 281 5 one one CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 281 6 thing thing NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 281 7 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 281 8 patients patient NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 281 9 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 281 10 schizophrenia schizophrenia NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 281 11 do do VBP en-wikipedia-org-6976 281 12 not not RB en-wikipedia-org-6976 281 13 typically typically RB en-wikipedia-org-6976 281 14 show show VB en-wikipedia-org-6976 281 15 measurably measurably RB en-wikipedia-org-6976 281 16 increased increase VBN en-wikipedia-org-6976 281 17 levels level NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 281 18 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 281 19 brain brain NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 281 20 dopamine dopamine NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 281 21 activity activity NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 281 22 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 282 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 282 2 111 111 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 282 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 282 4 Even even RB en-wikipedia-org-6976 282 5 so so RB en-wikipedia-org-6976 282 6 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 282 7 many many JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 282 8 psychiatrists psychiatrist NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 282 9 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-6976 282 10 neuroscientists neuroscientist NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 282 11 continue continue VBP en-wikipedia-org-6976 282 12 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-6976 282 13 believe believe VB en-wikipedia-org-6976 282 14 that that DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 282 15 schizophrenia schizophrenia NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 282 16 involves involve VBZ en-wikipedia-org-6976 282 17 some some DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 282 18 sort sort NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 282 19 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 282 20 dopamine dopamine NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 282 21 system system NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 282 22 dysfunction dysfunction NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 282 23 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 283 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 283 2 109 109 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 283 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 283 4 As as IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 283 5 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 283 6 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-6976 283 7 dopamine dopamine NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 283 8 hypothesis hypothesis NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 283 9 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-6976 283 10 has have VBZ en-wikipedia-org-6976 283 11 evolved evolve VBN en-wikipedia-org-6976 283 12 over over IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 283 13 time time NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 283 14 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 283 15 however however RB en-wikipedia-org-6976 283 16 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 283 17 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 283 18 sorts sort NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 283 19 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 283 20 dysfunctions dysfunction NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 283 21 it -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-6976 283 22 postulates postulate VBZ en-wikipedia-org-6976 283 23 have have VBP en-wikipedia-org-6976 283 24 tended tend VBN en-wikipedia-org-6976 283 25 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-6976 283 26 become become VB en-wikipedia-org-6976 283 27 increasingly increasingly RB en-wikipedia-org-6976 283 28 subtle subtle JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 283 29 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-6976 283 30 complex complex JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 283 31 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 284 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 284 2 109 109 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 284 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 284 4 Psychopharmacologist Psychopharmacologist NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 284 5 Stephen Stephen NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 284 6 M. M. NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 284 7 Stahl Stahl NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 284 8 suggested suggest VBD en-wikipedia-org-6976 284 9 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 284 10 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 284 11 review review NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 284 12 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 284 13 2018 2018 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 284 14 that that IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 284 15 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 284 16 many many JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 284 17 cases case NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 284 18 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 284 19 psychosis psychosis NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 284 20 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 284 21 including include VBG en-wikipedia-org-6976 284 22 schizophrenia schizophrenia NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 284 23 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 284 24 three three CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 284 25 interconnected interconnected JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 284 26 networks network NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 284 27 based base VBN en-wikipedia-org-6976 284 28 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 284 29 dopamine dopamine NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 284 30 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 284 31 serotonin serotonin NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 284 32 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 284 33 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-6976 284 34 glutamate glutamate NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 284 35 - - : en-wikipedia-org-6976 284 36 each each DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 284 37 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 284 38 its -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-6976 284 39 own own JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 284 40 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-6976 284 41 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 284 42 various various JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 284 43 combinations combination NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 284 44 - - , en-wikipedia-org-6976 284 45 contributed contribute VBD en-wikipedia-org-6976 284 46 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 284 47 an an DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 284 48 overexcitation overexcitation NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 284 49 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 284 50 dopamine dopamine NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 284 51 D2 D2 NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 284 52 receptors receptor NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 284 53 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 284 54 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 284 55 ventral ventral JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 284 56 striatum striatum NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 284 57 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 285 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 285 2 113 113 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 285 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 285 4 Attention attention NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 285 5 deficit deficit NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 285 6 hyperactivity hyperactivity NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 285 7 disorder[edit disorder[edit NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 285 8 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 285 9 Altered Altered NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 285 10 dopamine dopamine NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 285 11 neurotransmission neurotransmission NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 285 12 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-6976 285 13 implicated implicate VBN en-wikipedia-org-6976 285 14 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 285 15 attention attention NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 285 16 deficit deficit NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 285 17 hyperactivity hyperactivity NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 285 18 disorder disorder NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 285 19 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 285 20 ADHD ADHD NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 285 21 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 285 22 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 285 23 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 285 24 condition condition NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 285 25 associated associate VBN en-wikipedia-org-6976 285 26 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 285 27 impaired impaired JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 285 28 cognitive cognitive JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 285 29 control control NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 285 30 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 285 31 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 285 32 turn turn NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 285 33 leading lead VBG en-wikipedia-org-6976 285 34 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 285 35 problems problem NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 285 36 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 285 37 regulating regulate VBG en-wikipedia-org-6976 285 38 attention attention NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 285 39 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 285 40 attentional attentional JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 285 41 control control NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 285 42 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 285 43 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 285 44 inhibiting inhibit VBG en-wikipedia-org-6976 285 45 behaviors behavior NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 285 46 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 285 47 inhibitory inhibitory NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 285 48 control control NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 285 49 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 285 50 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 285 51 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-6976 285 52 forgetting forget VBG en-wikipedia-org-6976 285 53 things thing NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 285 54 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-6976 285 55 missing miss VBG en-wikipedia-org-6976 285 56 details detail NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 285 57 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 285 58 working work VBG en-wikipedia-org-6976 285 59 memory memory NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 285 60 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 285 61 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 285 62 among among IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 285 63 other other JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 285 64 problems problem NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 285 65 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 286 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 286 2 114 114 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 286 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 286 4 There there EX en-wikipedia-org-6976 286 5 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-6976 286 6 genetic genetic JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 286 7 links link NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 286 8 between between IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 286 9 dopamine dopamine NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 286 10 receptors receptor NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 286 11 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 286 12 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 286 13 dopamine dopamine NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 286 14 transporter transporter NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 286 15 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 286 16 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-6976 286 17 ADHD ADHD NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 286 18 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 286 19 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 286 20 addition addition NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 286 21 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 286 22 links link NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 286 23 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 286 24 other other JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 286 25 neurotransmitter neurotransmitter JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 286 26 receptors receptor NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 286 27 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-6976 286 28 transporters transporter NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 286 29 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 287 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 287 2 115 115 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 287 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 287 4 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 287 5 most most RBS en-wikipedia-org-6976 287 6 important important JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 287 7 relationship relationship NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 287 8 between between IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 287 9 dopamine dopamine NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 287 10 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-6976 287 11 ADHD ADHD NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 287 12 involves involve VBZ en-wikipedia-org-6976 287 13 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 287 14 drugs drug NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 287 15 that that WDT en-wikipedia-org-6976 287 16 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-6976 287 17 used use VBN en-wikipedia-org-6976 287 18 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-6976 287 19 treat treat VB en-wikipedia-org-6976 287 20 ADHD ADHD NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 287 21 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 288 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 288 2 116 116 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 288 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 288 4 Some some DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 288 5 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 288 6 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 288 7 most most RBS en-wikipedia-org-6976 288 8 effective effective JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 288 9 therapeutic therapeutic JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 288 10 agents agent NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 288 11 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 288 12 ADHD ADHD NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 288 13 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-6976 288 14 psychostimulants psychostimulant NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 288 15 such such JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 288 16 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 288 17 methylphenidate methylphenidate NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 288 18 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 288 19 Ritalin Ritalin NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 288 20 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 288 21 Concerta Concerta NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 288 22 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 288 23 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-6976 288 24 amphetamine amphetamine VB en-wikipedia-org-6976 288 25 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 288 26 Evekeo Evekeo NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 288 27 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 288 28 Adderall Adderall NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 288 29 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 288 30 Dexedrine Dexedrine NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 288 31 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 288 32 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 288 33 drugs drug NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 288 34 that that WDT en-wikipedia-org-6976 288 35 increase increase VBP en-wikipedia-org-6976 288 36 both both DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 288 37 dopamine dopamine NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 288 38 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-6976 288 39 norepinephrine norepinephrine NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 288 40 levels level NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 288 41 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 288 42 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 288 43 brain brain NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 288 44 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 289 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 289 2 116 116 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 289 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 289 4 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 289 5 clinical clinical JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 289 6 effects effect NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 289 7 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 289 8 these these DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 289 9 psychostimulants psychostimulant NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 289 10 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 289 11 treating treat VBG en-wikipedia-org-6976 289 12 ADHD ADHD NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 289 13 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-6976 289 14 mediated mediate VBN en-wikipedia-org-6976 289 15 through through IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 289 16 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 289 17 indirect indirect JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 289 18 activation activation NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 289 19 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 289 20 dopamine dopamine NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 289 21 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-6976 289 22 norepinephrine norepinephrine NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 289 23 receptors receptor NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 289 24 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 289 25 specifically specifically RB en-wikipedia-org-6976 289 26 dopamine dopamine NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 289 27 receptor receptor NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 289 28 D1 d1 NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 289 29 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-6976 289 30 adrenoceptor adrenoceptor NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 289 31 α2 α2 NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 289 32 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 289 33 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 289 34 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 289 35 prefrontal prefrontal JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 289 36 cortex cortex NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 289 37 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 290 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 290 2 114][117][118 114][117][118 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 290 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 290 4 Pain[edit pain[edit NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 290 5 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 290 6 Dopamine dopamine NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 290 7 plays play VBZ en-wikipedia-org-6976 290 8 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 290 9 role role NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 290 10 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 290 11 pain pain NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 290 12 processing processing NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 290 13 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 290 14 multiple multiple JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 290 15 levels level NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 290 16 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 290 17 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 290 18 central central JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 290 19 nervous nervous JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 290 20 system system NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 290 21 including include VBG en-wikipedia-org-6976 290 22 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 290 23 spinal spinal JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 290 24 cord cord NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 290 25 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 290 26 periaqueductal periaqueductal JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 290 27 gray gray NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 290 28 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 290 29 thalamus thalamus NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 290 30 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 290 31 basal basal NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 290 32 ganglia ganglia NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 290 33 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 290 34 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-6976 290 35 cingulate cingulate JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 290 36 cortex cortex NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 290 37 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 291 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 291 2 119 119 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 291 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 291 4 Decreased decreased JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 291 5 levels level NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 291 6 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 291 7 dopamine dopamine NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 291 8 have have VBP en-wikipedia-org-6976 291 9 been be VBN en-wikipedia-org-6976 291 10 associated associate VBN en-wikipedia-org-6976 291 11 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 291 12 painful painful JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 291 13 symptoms symptom NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 291 14 that that WDT en-wikipedia-org-6976 291 15 frequently frequently RB en-wikipedia-org-6976 291 16 occur occur VBP en-wikipedia-org-6976 291 17 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 291 18 Parkinson Parkinson NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 291 19 's 's POS en-wikipedia-org-6976 291 20 disease disease NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 291 21 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 292 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 292 2 119 119 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 292 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 292 4 Abnormalities abnormality NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 292 5 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 292 6 dopaminergic dopaminergic JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 292 7 neurotransmission neurotransmission NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 292 8 also also RB en-wikipedia-org-6976 292 9 occur occur VBP en-wikipedia-org-6976 292 10 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 292 11 several several JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 292 12 painful painful JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 292 13 clinical clinical JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 292 14 conditions condition NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 292 15 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 292 16 including include VBG en-wikipedia-org-6976 292 17 burning burn VBG en-wikipedia-org-6976 292 18 mouth mouth NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 292 19 syndrome syndrome NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 292 20 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 292 21 fibromyalgia fibromyalgia NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 292 22 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 292 23 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-6976 292 24 restless restless JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 292 25 legs leg NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 292 26 syndrome syndrome NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 292 27 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 293 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 293 2 119 119 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 293 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 293 4 Nausea[edit nausea[edit NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 293 5 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 293 6 Nausea nausea NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 293 7 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-6976 293 8 vomiting vomiting NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 293 9 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-6976 293 10 largely largely RB en-wikipedia-org-6976 293 11 determined determine VBN en-wikipedia-org-6976 293 12 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 293 13 activity activity NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 293 14 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 293 15 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 293 16 area area NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 293 17 postrema postrema NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 293 18 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 293 19 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 293 20 medulla medulla NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 293 21 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 293 22 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 293 23 brainstem brainstem NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 293 24 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 293 25 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 293 26 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 293 27 region region NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 293 28 known know VBN en-wikipedia-org-6976 293 29 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 293 30 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 293 31 chemoreceptor chemoreceptor NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 293 32 trigger trigger NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 293 33 zone zone NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 293 34 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 294 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 294 2 120 120 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 294 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 294 4 This this DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 294 5 area area NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 294 6 contains contain VBZ en-wikipedia-org-6976 294 7 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 294 8 large large JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 294 9 population population NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 294 10 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 294 11 type type NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 294 12 D2 D2 NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 294 13 dopamine dopamine NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 294 14 receptors receptor NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 294 15 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 295 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 295 2 120 120 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 295 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 295 4 Consequently consequently RB en-wikipedia-org-6976 295 5 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 295 6 drugs drug NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 295 7 that that WDT en-wikipedia-org-6976 295 8 activate activate VBP en-wikipedia-org-6976 295 9 D2 d2 NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 295 10 receptors receptor NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 295 11 have have VBP en-wikipedia-org-6976 295 12 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 295 13 high high JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 295 14 potential potential NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 295 15 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-6976 295 16 cause cause VB en-wikipedia-org-6976 295 17 nausea nausea NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 295 18 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 296 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 296 2 120 120 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 296 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 296 4 This this DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 296 5 group group NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 296 6 includes include VBZ en-wikipedia-org-6976 296 7 some some DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 296 8 medications medication NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 296 9 that that WDT en-wikipedia-org-6976 296 10 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-6976 296 11 administered administer VBN en-wikipedia-org-6976 296 12 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 296 13 Parkinson Parkinson NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 296 14 's 's POS en-wikipedia-org-6976 296 15 disease disease NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 296 16 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 296 17 as as RB en-wikipedia-org-6976 296 18 well well RB en-wikipedia-org-6976 296 19 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 296 20 other other JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 296 21 dopamine dopamine NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 296 22 agonists agonist NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 296 23 such such JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 296 24 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 296 25 apomorphine apomorphine NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 296 26 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 297 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 297 2 121 121 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 297 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 297 4 In in IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 297 5 some some DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 297 6 cases case NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 297 7 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 297 8 D2-receptor d2-receptor IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 297 9 antagonists antagonist NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 297 10 such such JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 297 11 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 297 12 metoclopramide metoclopramide NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 297 13 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-6976 297 14 useful useful JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 297 15 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 297 16 anti anti JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 297 17 - - JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 297 18 nausea nausea JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 297 19 drugs drug NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 297 20 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 298 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 298 2 120 120 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 298 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 298 4 Comparative comparative JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 298 5 biology biology NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 298 6 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-6976 298 7 evolution[edit evolution[edit LS en-wikipedia-org-6976 298 8 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 298 9 Microorganisms[edit microorganisms[edit NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 298 10 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 298 11 There there EX en-wikipedia-org-6976 298 12 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-6976 298 13 no no DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 298 14 reports report NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 298 15 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 298 16 dopamine dopamine NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 298 17 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 298 18 archaea archaea NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 298 19 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 298 20 but but CC en-wikipedia-org-6976 298 21 it -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-6976 298 22 has have VBZ en-wikipedia-org-6976 298 23 been be VBN en-wikipedia-org-6976 298 24 detected detect VBN en-wikipedia-org-6976 298 25 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 298 26 some some DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 298 27 types type NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 298 28 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 298 29 bacteria bacteria NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 298 30 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-6976 298 31 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 298 32 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 298 33 protozoan protozoan NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 298 34 called call VBN en-wikipedia-org-6976 298 35 Tetrahymena Tetrahymena NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 298 36 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 299 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 299 2 122 122 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 299 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 299 4 Perhaps perhaps RB en-wikipedia-org-6976 299 5 more more RBR en-wikipedia-org-6976 299 6 importantly importantly RB en-wikipedia-org-6976 299 7 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 299 8 there there EX en-wikipedia-org-6976 299 9 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-6976 299 10 types type NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 299 11 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 299 12 bacteria bacteria NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 299 13 that that WDT en-wikipedia-org-6976 299 14 contain contain VBP en-wikipedia-org-6976 299 15 homologs homolog NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 299 16 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 299 17 all all PDT en-wikipedia-org-6976 299 18 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 299 19 enzymes enzyme NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 299 20 that that WDT en-wikipedia-org-6976 299 21 animals animal NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 299 22 use use VBP en-wikipedia-org-6976 299 23 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-6976 299 24 synthesize synthesize VB en-wikipedia-org-6976 299 25 dopamine dopamine NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 299 26 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 300 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 300 2 123 123 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 300 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 300 4 It -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-6976 300 5 has have VBZ en-wikipedia-org-6976 300 6 been be VBN en-wikipedia-org-6976 300 7 proposed propose VBN en-wikipedia-org-6976 300 8 that that IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 300 9 animals animal NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 300 10 derived derive VBD en-wikipedia-org-6976 300 11 their -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-6976 300 12 dopamine dopamine NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 300 13 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-6976 300 14 synthesizing synthesize VBG en-wikipedia-org-6976 300 15 machinery machinery NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 300 16 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 300 17 bacteria bacteria NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 300 18 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 300 19 via via IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 300 20 horizontal horizontal JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 300 21 gene gene NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 300 22 transfer transfer NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 300 23 that that WDT en-wikipedia-org-6976 300 24 may may MD en-wikipedia-org-6976 300 25 have have VB en-wikipedia-org-6976 300 26 occurred occur VBN en-wikipedia-org-6976 300 27 relatively relatively RB en-wikipedia-org-6976 300 28 late late RB en-wikipedia-org-6976 300 29 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 300 30 evolutionary evolutionary JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 300 31 time time NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 300 32 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 300 33 perhaps perhaps RB en-wikipedia-org-6976 300 34 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 300 35 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 300 36 result result NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 300 37 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 300 38 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 300 39 symbiotic symbiotic JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 300 40 incorporation incorporation NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 300 41 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 300 42 bacteria bacteria NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 300 43 into into IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 300 44 eukaryotic eukaryotic JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 300 45 cells cell NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 300 46 that that WDT en-wikipedia-org-6976 300 47 gave give VBD en-wikipedia-org-6976 300 48 rise rise NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 300 49 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 300 50 mitochondria mitochondria NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 300 51 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 301 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 301 2 123 123 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 301 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 301 4 Animals[edit animals[edit NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 301 5 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 301 6 Dopamine dopamine NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 301 7 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-6976 301 8 used use VBN en-wikipedia-org-6976 301 9 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 301 10 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 301 11 neurotransmitter neurotransmitter NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 301 12 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 301 13 most most JJS en-wikipedia-org-6976 301 14 multicellular multicellular JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 301 15 animals animal NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 301 16 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 302 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 302 2 124 124 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 302 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 302 4 In in IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 302 5 sponges sponge NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 302 6 there there EX en-wikipedia-org-6976 302 7 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-6976 302 8 only only RB en-wikipedia-org-6976 302 9 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 302 10 single single JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 302 11 report report NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 302 12 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 302 13 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 302 14 presence presence NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 302 15 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 302 16 dopamine dopamine NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 302 17 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 302 18 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 302 19 no no DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 302 20 indication indication NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 302 21 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 302 22 its -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-6976 302 23 function;[125 function;[125 LS en-wikipedia-org-6976 302 24 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 302 25 however however RB en-wikipedia-org-6976 302 26 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 302 27 dopamine dopamine NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 302 28 has have VBZ en-wikipedia-org-6976 302 29 been be VBN en-wikipedia-org-6976 302 30 reported report VBN en-wikipedia-org-6976 302 31 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 302 32 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 302 33 nervous nervous JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 302 34 systems system NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 302 35 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 302 36 many many JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 302 37 other other JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 302 38 radially radially NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 302 39 symmetric symmetric JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 302 40 species specie NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 302 41 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 302 42 including include VBG en-wikipedia-org-6976 302 43 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 302 44 cnidarian cnidarian JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 302 45 jellyfish jellyfish NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 302 46 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 302 47 hydra hydra NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 302 48 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-6976 302 49 some some DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 302 50 corals coral NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 302 51 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 303 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 303 2 126 126 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 303 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 303 4 This this DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 303 5 dates date VBZ en-wikipedia-org-6976 303 6 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 303 7 emergence emergence NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 303 8 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 303 9 dopamine dopamine NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 303 10 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 303 11 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 303 12 neurotransmitter neurotransmitter NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 303 13 back back RB en-wikipedia-org-6976 303 14 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 303 15 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 303 16 earliest early JJS en-wikipedia-org-6976 303 17 appearance appearance NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 303 18 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 303 19 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 303 20 nervous nervous JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 303 21 system system NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 303 22 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 303 23 over over IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 303 24 500 500 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 303 25 million million CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 303 26 years year NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 303 27 ago ago RB en-wikipedia-org-6976 303 28 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 303 29 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 303 30 Cambrian cambrian JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 303 31 Period Period NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 303 32 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 304 1 Dopamine dopamine NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 304 2 functions function NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 304 3 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 304 4 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 304 5 neurotransmitter neurotransmitter NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 304 6 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 304 7 vertebrates vertebrate NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 304 8 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 304 9 echinoderms echinoderm NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 304 10 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 304 11 arthropods arthropod NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 304 12 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 304 13 molluscs molluscs NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 304 14 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 304 15 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-6976 304 16 several several JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 304 17 types type NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 304 18 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 304 19 worm worm NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 304 20 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 305 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 305 2 127][128 127][128 LS en-wikipedia-org-6976 305 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 305 4 In in IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 305 5 every every DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 305 6 type type NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 305 7 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 305 8 animal animal NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 305 9 that that WDT en-wikipedia-org-6976 305 10 has have VBZ en-wikipedia-org-6976 305 11 been be VBN en-wikipedia-org-6976 305 12 examined examine VBN en-wikipedia-org-6976 305 13 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 305 14 dopamine dopamine NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 305 15 has have VBZ en-wikipedia-org-6976 305 16 been be VBN en-wikipedia-org-6976 305 17 seen see VBN en-wikipedia-org-6976 305 18 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-6976 305 19 modify modify VB en-wikipedia-org-6976 305 20 motor motor NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 305 21 behavior behavior NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 305 22 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 306 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 306 2 124 124 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 306 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 306 4 In in IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 306 5 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 306 6 model model NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 306 7 organism organism NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 306 8 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 306 9 nematode nematode NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 306 10 Caenorhabditis Caenorhabditis NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 306 11 elegans elegan NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 306 12 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 306 13 it -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-6976 306 14 reduces reduce VBZ en-wikipedia-org-6976 306 15 locomotion locomotion NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 306 16 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-6976 306 17 increases increase VBZ en-wikipedia-org-6976 306 18 food food NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 306 19 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-6976 306 20 exploratory exploratory JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 306 21 movements movement NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 306 22 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-6976 306 23 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 306 24 flatworms flatworm NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 306 25 it -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-6976 306 26 produces produce VBZ en-wikipedia-org-6976 306 27 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-6976 306 28 screw screw NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 306 29 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-6976 306 30 like like JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 306 31 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-6976 306 32 movements movement NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 306 33 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-6976 306 34 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 306 35 leeches leech NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 306 36 it -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-6976 306 37 inhibits inhibit VBZ en-wikipedia-org-6976 306 38 swimming swimming NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 306 39 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-6976 306 40 promotes promote VBZ en-wikipedia-org-6976 306 41 crawling crawl VBG en-wikipedia-org-6976 306 42 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 307 1 Across across IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 307 2 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 307 3 wide wide JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 307 4 range range NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 307 5 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 307 6 vertebrates vertebrate NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 307 7 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 307 8 dopamine dopamine NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 307 9 has have VBZ en-wikipedia-org-6976 307 10 an an DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 307 11 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-6976 307 12 activating activating JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 307 13 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-6976 307 14 effect effect NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 307 15 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 307 16 behavior behavior NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 307 17 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-6976 307 18 switching switching NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 307 19 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-6976 307 20 response response NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 307 21 selection selection NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 307 22 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 307 23 comparable comparable JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 307 24 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 307 25 its -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-6976 307 26 effect effect NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 307 27 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 307 28 mammals mammal NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 307 29 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 308 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 308 2 124][129 124][129 LS en-wikipedia-org-6976 308 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 308 4 Dopamine dopamine NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 308 5 has have VBZ en-wikipedia-org-6976 308 6 also also RB en-wikipedia-org-6976 308 7 consistently consistently RB en-wikipedia-org-6976 308 8 been be VBN en-wikipedia-org-6976 308 9 shown show VBN en-wikipedia-org-6976 308 10 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-6976 308 11 play play VB en-wikipedia-org-6976 308 12 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 308 13 role role NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 308 14 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 308 15 reward reward NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 308 16 learning learning NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 308 17 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 308 18 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 308 19 all all DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 308 20 animal animal NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 308 21 groups group NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 308 22 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 309 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 309 2 124 124 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 309 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 309 4 As as IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 309 5 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 309 6 all all DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 309 7 vertebrates vertebrate NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 309 8 – – : en-wikipedia-org-6976 309 9 invertebrates invertebrate VBZ en-wikipedia-org-6976 309 10 such such JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 309 11 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 309 12 roundworms roundworm NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 309 13 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 309 14 flatworms flatworm NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 309 15 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 309 16 molluscs molluscs NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 309 17 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-6976 309 18 common common JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 309 19 fruit fruit NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 309 20 flies fly NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 309 21 can can MD en-wikipedia-org-6976 309 22 all all DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 309 23 be be VB en-wikipedia-org-6976 309 24 trained train VBN en-wikipedia-org-6976 309 25 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-6976 309 26 repeat repeat VB en-wikipedia-org-6976 309 27 an an DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 309 28 action action NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 309 29 if if IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 309 30 it -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-6976 309 31 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-6976 309 32 consistently consistently RB en-wikipedia-org-6976 309 33 followed follow VBN en-wikipedia-org-6976 309 34 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 309 35 an an DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 309 36 increase increase NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 309 37 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 309 38 dopamine dopamine NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 309 39 levels level NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 309 40 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 310 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 310 2 124 124 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 310 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 310 4 In in IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 310 5 fruit fruit NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 310 6 flies fly NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 310 7 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 310 8 distinct distinct JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 310 9 elements element NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 310 10 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 310 11 reward reward NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 310 12 learning learning NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 310 13 suggest suggest VBP en-wikipedia-org-6976 310 14 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 310 15 modular modular JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 310 16 structure structure NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 310 17 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 310 18 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 310 19 insect insect JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 310 20 reward reward NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 310 21 processing processing NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 310 22 system system NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 310 23 that that WDT en-wikipedia-org-6976 310 24 broadly broadly RB en-wikipedia-org-6976 310 25 parallels parallel VBZ en-wikipedia-org-6976 310 26 that that IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 310 27 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 310 28 mammalian mammalian JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 310 29 one one CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 310 30 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 311 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 311 2 130 130 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 311 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 311 4 For for IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 311 5 example example NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 311 6 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 311 7 dopamine dopamine NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 311 8 regulates regulate VBZ en-wikipedia-org-6976 311 9 short- short- NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 311 10 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-6976 311 11 long long JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 311 12 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-6976 311 13 term term NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 311 14 learning learn VBG en-wikipedia-org-6976 311 15 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 311 16 monkeys;[131 monkeys;[131 NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 311 17 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 311 18 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 311 19 fruit fruit NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 311 20 flies fly NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 311 21 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 311 22 different different JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 311 23 groups group NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 311 24 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 311 25 dopamine dopamine NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 311 26 neurons neurons NNPS en-wikipedia-org-6976 311 27 mediate mediate NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 311 28 reward reward NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 311 29 signals signal NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 311 30 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 311 31 short- short- NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 311 32 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-6976 311 33 long long JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 311 34 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-6976 311 35 term term NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 311 36 memories memory NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 311 37 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 312 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 312 2 132 132 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 312 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 312 4 It -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-6976 312 5 had have VBD en-wikipedia-org-6976 312 6 long long RB en-wikipedia-org-6976 312 7 been be VBN en-wikipedia-org-6976 312 8 believed believe VBN en-wikipedia-org-6976 312 9 that that IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 312 10 arthropods arthropod NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 312 11 were be VBD en-wikipedia-org-6976 312 12 an an DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 312 13 exception exception NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 312 14 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 312 15 this this DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 312 16 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 312 17 dopamine dopamine NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 312 18 being being NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 312 19 seen see VBN en-wikipedia-org-6976 312 20 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 312 21 having have VBG en-wikipedia-org-6976 312 22 an an DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 312 23 adverse adverse JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 312 24 effect effect NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 312 25 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 313 1 Reward reward NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 313 2 was be VBD en-wikipedia-org-6976 313 3 seen see VBN en-wikipedia-org-6976 313 4 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-6976 313 5 be be VB en-wikipedia-org-6976 313 6 mediated mediate VBN en-wikipedia-org-6976 313 7 instead instead RB en-wikipedia-org-6976 313 8 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 313 9 octopamine octopamine NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 313 10 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 313 11 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 313 12 neurotransmitter neurotransmitter NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 313 13 closely closely RB en-wikipedia-org-6976 313 14 related relate VBN en-wikipedia-org-6976 313 15 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 313 16 norepinephrine norepinephrine NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 313 17 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 314 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 314 2 133 133 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 314 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 314 4 More more RBR en-wikipedia-org-6976 314 5 recent recent JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 314 6 studies study NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 314 7 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 314 8 however however RB en-wikipedia-org-6976 314 9 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 314 10 have have VBP en-wikipedia-org-6976 314 11 shown show VBN en-wikipedia-org-6976 314 12 that that DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 314 13 dopamine dopamine NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 314 14 does do VBZ en-wikipedia-org-6976 314 15 play play VB en-wikipedia-org-6976 314 16 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 314 17 part part NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 314 18 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 314 19 reward reward NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 314 20 learning learn VBG en-wikipedia-org-6976 314 21 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 314 22 fruit fruit NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 314 23 flies fly NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 314 24 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 315 1 It -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-6976 315 2 has have VBZ en-wikipedia-org-6976 315 3 also also RB en-wikipedia-org-6976 315 4 been be VBN en-wikipedia-org-6976 315 5 found find VBN en-wikipedia-org-6976 315 6 that that IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 315 7 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 315 8 rewarding rewarding JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 315 9 effect effect NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 315 10 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 315 11 octopamine octopamine NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 315 12 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-6976 315 13 due due JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 315 14 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 315 15 its -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-6976 315 16 activating activate VBG en-wikipedia-org-6976 315 17 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 315 18 set set NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 315 19 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 315 20 dopaminergic dopaminergic JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 315 21 neurons neuron NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 315 22 not not RB en-wikipedia-org-6976 315 23 previously previously RB en-wikipedia-org-6976 315 24 accessed access VBN en-wikipedia-org-6976 315 25 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 315 26 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 315 27 research research NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 315 28 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 316 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 316 2 133 133 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 316 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 316 4 Plants[edit plants[edit NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 316 5 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 316 6 Dopamine dopamine NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 316 7 can can MD en-wikipedia-org-6976 316 8 be be VB en-wikipedia-org-6976 316 9 found find VBN en-wikipedia-org-6976 316 10 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 316 11 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 316 12 peel peel NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 316 13 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-6976 316 14 fruit fruit NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 316 15 pulp pulp NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 316 16 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 316 17 bananas banana NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 316 18 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 317 1 Many many JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 317 2 plants plant NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 317 3 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 317 4 including include VBG en-wikipedia-org-6976 317 5 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 317 6 variety variety NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 317 7 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 317 8 food food NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 317 9 plants plant NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 317 10 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 317 11 synthesize synthesize VB en-wikipedia-org-6976 317 12 dopamine dopamine NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 317 13 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 317 14 varying vary VBG en-wikipedia-org-6976 317 15 degrees degree NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 317 16 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 318 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 318 2 134 134 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 318 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 318 4 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 318 5 highest high JJS en-wikipedia-org-6976 318 6 concentrations concentration NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 318 7 have have VBP en-wikipedia-org-6976 318 8 been be VBN en-wikipedia-org-6976 318 9 observed observe VBN en-wikipedia-org-6976 318 10 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 318 11 bananas banana NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 318 12 — — : en-wikipedia-org-6976 318 13 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 318 14 fruit fruit NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 318 15 pulp pulp NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 318 16 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 318 17 red red JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 318 18 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-6976 318 19 yellow yellow JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 318 20 bananas banana NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 318 21 contains contain VBZ en-wikipedia-org-6976 318 22 dopamine dopamine NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 318 23 at at IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 318 24 levels level NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 318 25 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 318 26 40 40 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 318 27 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-6976 318 28 50 50 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 318 29 parts part NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 318 30 per per IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 318 31 million million CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 318 32 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 318 33 weight weight NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 318 34 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 319 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 319 2 134 134 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 319 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 319 4 Potatoes Potatoes NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 319 5 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 319 6 avocados avocado NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 319 7 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 319 8 broccoli broccoli NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 319 9 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 319 10 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-6976 319 11 Brussels Brussels NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 319 12 sprouts sprout NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 319 13 may may MD en-wikipedia-org-6976 319 14 also also RB en-wikipedia-org-6976 319 15 contain contain VB en-wikipedia-org-6976 319 16 dopamine dopamine NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 319 17 at at IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 319 18 levels level NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 319 19 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 319 20 1 1 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 319 21 part part NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 319 22 per per IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 319 23 million million CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 319 24 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-6976 319 25 more more JJR en-wikipedia-org-6976 319 26 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-6976 319 27 oranges orange NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 319 28 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 319 29 tomatoes tomato NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 319 30 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 319 31 spinach spinach NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 319 32 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 319 33 beans bean NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 319 34 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 319 35 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-6976 319 36 other other JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 319 37 plants plant NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 319 38 contain contain VBP en-wikipedia-org-6976 319 39 measurable measurable JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 319 40 concentrations concentration NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 319 41 less less JJR en-wikipedia-org-6976 319 42 than than IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 319 43 1 1 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 319 44 part part NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 319 45 per per IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 319 46 million million CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 319 47 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 320 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 320 2 134 134 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 320 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 320 4 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 320 5 dopamine dopamine NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 320 6 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 320 7 plants plant NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 320 8 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-6976 320 9 synthesized synthesize VBN en-wikipedia-org-6976 320 10 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 320 11 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 320 12 amino amino JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 320 13 acid acid NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 320 14 tyrosine tyrosine NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 320 15 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 320 16 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 320 17 biochemical biochemical NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 320 18 mechanisms mechanism NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 320 19 similar similar JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 320 20 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 320 21 those those DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 320 22 that that WDT en-wikipedia-org-6976 320 23 animals animal NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 320 24 use use VBP en-wikipedia-org-6976 320 25 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 321 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 321 2 134 134 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 321 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 321 4 It -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-6976 321 5 can can MD en-wikipedia-org-6976 321 6 be be VB en-wikipedia-org-6976 321 7 metabolized metabolize VBN en-wikipedia-org-6976 321 8 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 321 9 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 321 10 variety variety NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 321 11 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 321 12 ways way NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 321 13 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 321 14 producing produce VBG en-wikipedia-org-6976 321 15 melanin melanin NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 321 16 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-6976 321 17 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 321 18 variety variety NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 321 19 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 321 20 alkaloids alkaloid NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 321 21 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 321 22 byproducts byproduct NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 321 23 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 322 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 322 2 134 134 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 322 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 322 4 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 322 5 functions function NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 322 6 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 322 7 plant plant NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 322 8 catecholamines catecholamine NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 322 9 have have VBP en-wikipedia-org-6976 322 10 not not RB en-wikipedia-org-6976 322 11 been be VBN en-wikipedia-org-6976 322 12 clearly clearly RB en-wikipedia-org-6976 322 13 established establish VBN en-wikipedia-org-6976 322 14 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 322 15 but but CC en-wikipedia-org-6976 322 16 there there EX en-wikipedia-org-6976 322 17 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-6976 322 18 evidence evidence NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 322 19 that that IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 322 20 they -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-6976 322 21 play play VBP en-wikipedia-org-6976 322 22 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 322 23 role role NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 322 24 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 322 25 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 322 26 response response NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 322 27 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 322 28 stressors stressor NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 322 29 such such JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 322 30 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 322 31 bacterial bacterial JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 322 32 infection infection NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 322 33 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 322 34 act act VBP en-wikipedia-org-6976 322 35 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 322 36 growth growth NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 322 37 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-6976 322 38 promoting promote VBG en-wikipedia-org-6976 322 39 factors factor NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 322 40 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 322 41 some some DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 322 42 situations situation NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 322 43 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 322 44 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-6976 322 45 modify modify VB en-wikipedia-org-6976 322 46 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 322 47 way way NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 322 48 that that WDT en-wikipedia-org-6976 322 49 sugars sugar NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 322 50 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-6976 322 51 metabolized metabolize VBN en-wikipedia-org-6976 322 52 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 323 1 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 323 2 receptors receptor NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 323 3 that that WDT en-wikipedia-org-6976 323 4 mediate mediate VBP en-wikipedia-org-6976 323 5 these these DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 323 6 actions action NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 323 7 have have VBP en-wikipedia-org-6976 323 8 not not RB en-wikipedia-org-6976 323 9 yet yet RB en-wikipedia-org-6976 323 10 been be VBN en-wikipedia-org-6976 323 11 identified identify VBN en-wikipedia-org-6976 323 12 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 323 13 nor nor CC en-wikipedia-org-6976 323 14 have have VB en-wikipedia-org-6976 323 15 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 323 16 intracellular intracellular JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 323 17 mechanisms mechanism NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 323 18 that that WDT en-wikipedia-org-6976 323 19 they -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-6976 323 20 activate activate VBP en-wikipedia-org-6976 323 21 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 324 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 324 2 134 134 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 324 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 324 4 Dopamine Dopamine NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 324 5 consumed consume VBN en-wikipedia-org-6976 324 6 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 324 7 food food NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 324 8 can can MD en-wikipedia-org-6976 324 9 not not RB en-wikipedia-org-6976 324 10 act act VB en-wikipedia-org-6976 324 11 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 324 12 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 324 13 brain brain NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 324 14 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 324 15 because because IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 324 16 it -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-6976 324 17 can can MD en-wikipedia-org-6976 324 18 not not RB en-wikipedia-org-6976 324 19 cross cross VB en-wikipedia-org-6976 324 20 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 324 21 blood blood NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 324 22 – – : en-wikipedia-org-6976 324 23 brain brain NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 324 24 barrier barrier NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 324 25 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 325 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 325 2 21 21 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 325 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 325 4 However however RB en-wikipedia-org-6976 325 5 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 325 6 there there EX en-wikipedia-org-6976 325 7 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-6976 325 8 also also RB en-wikipedia-org-6976 325 9 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 325 10 variety variety NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 325 11 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 325 12 plants plant NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 325 13 that that WDT en-wikipedia-org-6976 325 14 contain contain VBP en-wikipedia-org-6976 325 15 L L NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 325 16 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-6976 325 17 DOPA DOPA NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 325 18 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 325 19 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 325 20 metabolic metabolic JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 325 21 precursor precursor NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 325 22 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 325 23 dopamine dopamine NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 325 24 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 326 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 326 2 135 135 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 326 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 326 4 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 326 5 highest high JJS en-wikipedia-org-6976 326 6 concentrations concentration NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 326 7 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-6976 326 8 found find VBN en-wikipedia-org-6976 326 9 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 326 10 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 326 11 leaves leave NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 326 12 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-6976 326 13 bean bean NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 326 14 pods pod NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 326 15 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 326 16 plants plant NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 326 17 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 326 18 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 326 19 genus genus JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 326 20 Mucuna Mucuna NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 326 21 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 326 22 especially especially RB en-wikipedia-org-6976 326 23 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 326 24 Mucuna Mucuna NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 326 25 pruriens prurien VBZ en-wikipedia-org-6976 326 26 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 326 27 velvet velvet JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 326 28 beans beans NNPS en-wikipedia-org-6976 326 29 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 326 30 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 326 31 which which WDT en-wikipedia-org-6976 326 32 have have VBP en-wikipedia-org-6976 326 33 been be VBN en-wikipedia-org-6976 326 34 used use VBN en-wikipedia-org-6976 326 35 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 326 36 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 326 37 source source NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 326 38 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 326 39 L L NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 326 40 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-6976 326 41 DOPA DOPA NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 326 42 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 326 43 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 326 44 drug drug NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 326 45 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 327 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 327 2 136 136 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 327 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 327 4 Another another DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 327 5 plant plant NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 327 6 containing contain VBG en-wikipedia-org-6976 327 7 substantial substantial JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 327 8 amounts amount NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 327 9 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 327 10 L l NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 327 11 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-6976 327 12 DOPA DOPA NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 327 13 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-6976 327 14 Vicia Vicia NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 327 15 faba faba NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 327 16 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 327 17 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 327 18 plant plant NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 327 19 that that WDT en-wikipedia-org-6976 327 20 produces produce VBZ en-wikipedia-org-6976 327 21 fava fava NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 327 22 beans bean NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 327 23 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 327 24 also also RB en-wikipedia-org-6976 327 25 known know VBN en-wikipedia-org-6976 327 26 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 327 27 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-6976 327 28 broad broad JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 327 29 beans bean NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 327 30 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-6976 327 31 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 327 32 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 328 1 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 328 2 level level NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 328 3 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 328 4 L l NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 328 5 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-6976 328 6 DOPA DOPA NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 328 7 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 328 8 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 328 9 beans bean NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 328 10 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 328 11 however however RB en-wikipedia-org-6976 328 12 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 328 13 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-6976 328 14 much much RB en-wikipedia-org-6976 328 15 lower low JJR en-wikipedia-org-6976 328 16 than than IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 328 17 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 328 18 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 328 19 pod pod NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 328 20 shells shell NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 328 21 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-6976 328 22 other other JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 328 23 parts part NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 328 24 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 328 25 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 328 26 plant plant NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 328 27 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 329 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 329 2 137 137 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 329 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 329 4 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 329 5 seeds seed NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 329 6 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 329 7 Cassia Cassia NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 329 8 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-6976 329 9 Bauhinia Bauhinia NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 329 10 trees tree NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 329 11 also also RB en-wikipedia-org-6976 329 12 contain contain VBP en-wikipedia-org-6976 329 13 substantial substantial JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 329 14 amounts amount NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 329 15 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 329 16 L l NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 329 17 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-6976 329 18 DOPA DOPA NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 329 19 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 330 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 330 2 135 135 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 330 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 330 4 In in IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 330 5 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 330 6 species species NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 330 7 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 330 8 marine marine JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 330 9 green green JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 330 10 algae algae NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 330 11 Ulvaria Ulvaria NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 330 12 obscura obscura NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 330 13 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 330 14 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 330 15 major major JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 330 16 component component NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 330 17 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 330 18 some some DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 330 19 algal algal JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 330 20 blooms bloom NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 330 21 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 330 22 dopamine dopamine NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 330 23 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-6976 330 24 present present JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 330 25 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 330 26 very very RB en-wikipedia-org-6976 330 27 high high JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 330 28 concentrations concentration NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 330 29 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 330 30 estimated estimate VBN en-wikipedia-org-6976 330 31 at at IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 330 32 4.4 4.4 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 330 33 % % NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 330 34 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 330 35 dry dry JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 330 36 weight weight NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 330 37 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 331 1 There there EX en-wikipedia-org-6976 331 2 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-6976 331 3 evidence evidence NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 331 4 that that IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 331 5 this this DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 331 6 dopamine dopamine NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 331 7 functions function NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 331 8 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 331 9 an an DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 331 10 anti anti JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 331 11 - - JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 331 12 herbivore herbivore JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 331 13 defense defense NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 331 14 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 331 15 reducing reduce VBG en-wikipedia-org-6976 331 16 consumption consumption NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 331 17 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 331 18 snails snail NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 331 19 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-6976 331 20 isopods isopod NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 331 21 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 332 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 332 2 138 138 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 332 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 332 4 As as IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 332 5 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 332 6 precursor precursor NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 332 7 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 332 8 melanin[edit melanin[edit NNPS en-wikipedia-org-6976 332 9 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 332 10 Melanins Melanins NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 332 11 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-6976 332 12 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 332 13 family family NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 332 14 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 332 15 dark dark RB en-wikipedia-org-6976 332 16 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-6976 332 17 pigmented pigment VBN en-wikipedia-org-6976 332 18 substances substance NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 332 19 found find VBN en-wikipedia-org-6976 332 20 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 332 21 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 332 22 wide wide JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 332 23 range range NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 332 24 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 332 25 organisms organism NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 332 26 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 333 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 333 2 139 139 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 333 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 333 4 Chemically chemically RB en-wikipedia-org-6976 333 5 they -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-6976 333 6 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-6976 333 7 closely closely RB en-wikipedia-org-6976 333 8 related related JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 333 9 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 333 10 dopamine dopamine NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 333 11 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 333 12 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-6976 333 13 there there EX en-wikipedia-org-6976 333 14 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-6976 333 15 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 333 16 type type NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 333 17 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 333 18 melanin melanin NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 333 19 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 333 20 known know VBN en-wikipedia-org-6976 333 21 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 333 22 dopamine dopamine NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 333 23 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-6976 333 24 melanin melanin NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 333 25 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 333 26 that that WDT en-wikipedia-org-6976 333 27 can can MD en-wikipedia-org-6976 333 28 be be VB en-wikipedia-org-6976 333 29 synthesized synthesize VBN en-wikipedia-org-6976 333 30 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 333 31 oxidation oxidation NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 333 32 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 333 33 dopamine dopamine NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 333 34 via via IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 333 35 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 333 36 enzyme enzyme NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 333 37 tyrosinase tyrosinase NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 333 38 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 334 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 334 2 139 139 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 334 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 334 4 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 334 5 melanin melanin NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 334 6 that that WDT en-wikipedia-org-6976 334 7 darkens darken VBZ en-wikipedia-org-6976 334 8 human human JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 334 9 skin skin NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 334 10 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-6976 334 11 not not RB en-wikipedia-org-6976 334 12 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 334 13 this this DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 334 14 type type NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 334 15 : : : en-wikipedia-org-6976 334 16 it -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-6976 334 17 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-6976 334 18 synthesized synthesize VBN en-wikipedia-org-6976 334 19 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 334 20 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 334 21 pathway pathway NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 334 22 that that WDT en-wikipedia-org-6976 334 23 uses use VBZ en-wikipedia-org-6976 334 24 L l NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 334 25 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-6976 334 26 DOPA DOPA NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 334 27 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 334 28 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 334 29 precursor precursor NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 334 30 but but CC en-wikipedia-org-6976 334 31 not not RB en-wikipedia-org-6976 334 32 dopamine dopamine NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 334 33 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 335 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 335 2 139 139 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 335 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 335 4 However however RB en-wikipedia-org-6976 335 5 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 335 6 there there EX en-wikipedia-org-6976 335 7 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-6976 335 8 substantial substantial JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 335 9 evidence evidence NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 335 10 that that IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 335 11 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 335 12 neuromelanin neuromelanin NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 335 13 that that WDT en-wikipedia-org-6976 335 14 gives give VBZ en-wikipedia-org-6976 335 15 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 335 16 dark dark JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 335 17 color color NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 335 18 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 335 19 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 335 20 brain brain NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 335 21 's 's POS en-wikipedia-org-6976 335 22 substantia substantia NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 335 23 nigra nigra NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 335 24 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-6976 335 25 at at IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 335 26 least least JJS en-wikipedia-org-6976 335 27 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 335 28 part part NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 335 29 dopamine dopamine NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 335 30 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-6976 335 31 melanin melanin NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 335 32 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 336 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 336 2 140 140 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 336 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 336 4 Dopamine dopamine NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 336 5 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-6976 336 6 derived derive VBN en-wikipedia-org-6976 336 7 melanin melanin NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 336 8 probably probably RB en-wikipedia-org-6976 336 9 appears appear VBZ en-wikipedia-org-6976 336 10 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 336 11 at at IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 336 12 least least JJS en-wikipedia-org-6976 336 13 some some DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 336 14 other other JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 336 15 biological biological JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 336 16 systems system NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 336 17 as as RB en-wikipedia-org-6976 336 18 well well RB en-wikipedia-org-6976 336 19 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 337 1 Some some DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 337 2 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 337 3 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 337 4 dopamine dopamine NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 337 5 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 337 6 plants plant NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 337 7 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-6976 337 8 likely likely JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 337 9 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-6976 337 10 be be VB en-wikipedia-org-6976 337 11 used use VBN en-wikipedia-org-6976 337 12 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 337 13 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 337 14 precursor precursor NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 337 15 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 337 16 dopamine dopamine NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 337 17 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-6976 337 18 melanin melanin NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 337 19 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 338 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 338 2 141 141 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 338 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 338 4 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 338 5 complex complex JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 338 6 patterns pattern NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 338 7 that that WDT en-wikipedia-org-6976 338 8 appear appear VBP en-wikipedia-org-6976 338 9 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 338 10 butterfly butterfly NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 338 11 wings wing NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 338 12 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 338 13 as as RB en-wikipedia-org-6976 338 14 well well RB en-wikipedia-org-6976 338 15 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 338 16 black black JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 338 17 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-6976 338 18 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-6976 338 19 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-6976 338 20 white white JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 338 21 stripes stripe NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 338 22 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 338 23 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 338 24 bodies body NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 338 25 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 338 26 insect insect NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 338 27 larvae larva NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 338 28 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 338 29 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-6976 338 30 also also RB en-wikipedia-org-6976 338 31 thought think VBN en-wikipedia-org-6976 338 32 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-6976 338 33 be be VB en-wikipedia-org-6976 338 34 caused cause VBN en-wikipedia-org-6976 338 35 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 338 36 spatially spatially RB en-wikipedia-org-6976 338 37 structured structure VBN en-wikipedia-org-6976 338 38 accumulations accumulation NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 338 39 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 338 40 dopamine dopamine NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 338 41 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-6976 338 42 melanin melanin NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 338 43 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 339 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 339 2 142 142 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 339 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 339 4 History history NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 339 5 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-6976 339 6 development[edit development[edit LS en-wikipedia-org-6976 339 7 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 339 8 Main main JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 339 9 article article NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 339 10 : : : en-wikipedia-org-6976 339 11 History history NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 339 12 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 339 13 catecholamine catecholamine NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 339 14 research research NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 339 15 Dopamine Dopamine NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 339 16 was be VBD en-wikipedia-org-6976 339 17 first first RB en-wikipedia-org-6976 339 18 synthesized synthesize VBN en-wikipedia-org-6976 339 19 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 339 20 1910 1910 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 339 21 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 339 22 George George NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 339 23 Barger Barger NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 339 24 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-6976 339 25 James James NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 339 26 Ewens Ewens NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 339 27 at at IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 339 28 Wellcome Wellcome NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 339 29 Laboratories Laboratories NNPS en-wikipedia-org-6976 339 30 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 339 31 London London NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 339 32 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 339 33 England[143 England[143 NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 339 34 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 339 35 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-6976 339 36 first first RB en-wikipedia-org-6976 339 37 identified identify VBN en-wikipedia-org-6976 339 38 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 339 39 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 339 40 human human JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 339 41 brain brain NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 339 42 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 339 43 Kathleen Kathleen NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 339 44 Montagu Montagu NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 339 45 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 339 46 1957 1957 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 339 47 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 340 1 It -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-6976 340 2 was be VBD en-wikipedia-org-6976 340 3 named name VBN en-wikipedia-org-6976 340 4 dopamine dopamine NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 340 5 because because IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 340 6 it -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-6976 340 7 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-6976 340 8 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 340 9 monoamine monoamine NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 340 10 whose whose WP$ en-wikipedia-org-6976 340 11 precursor precursor NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 340 12 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 340 13 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 340 14 Barger Barger NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 340 15 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-6976 340 16 Ewens Ewens NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 340 17 synthesis synthesis NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 340 18 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-6976 340 19 3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine 3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 340 20 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 340 21 levodopa levodopa NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 340 22 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-6976 340 23 L L NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 340 24 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-6976 340 25 DOPA DOPA NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 340 26 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 340 27 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 341 1 Dopamine Dopamine NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 341 2 's 's POS en-wikipedia-org-6976 341 3 function function NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 341 4 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 341 5 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 341 6 neurotransmitter neurotransmitter NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 341 7 was be VBD en-wikipedia-org-6976 341 8 first first RB en-wikipedia-org-6976 341 9 recognized recognize VBN en-wikipedia-org-6976 341 10 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 341 11 1958 1958 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 341 12 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 341 13 Arvid Arvid NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 341 14 Carlsson Carlsson NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 341 15 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-6976 341 16 Nils Nils NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 341 17 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-6976 341 18 Åke Åke NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 341 19 Hillarp Hillarp NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 341 20 at at IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 341 21 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 341 22 Laboratory Laboratory NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 341 23 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 341 24 Chemical Chemical NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 341 25 Pharmacology Pharmacology NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 341 26 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 341 27 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 341 28 National National NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 341 29 Heart Heart NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 341 30 Institute Institute NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 341 31 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 341 32 Sweden Sweden NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 341 33 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 342 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 342 2 144 144 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 342 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 342 4 Carlsson Carlsson NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 342 5 was be VBD en-wikipedia-org-6976 342 6 awarded award VBN en-wikipedia-org-6976 342 7 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 342 8 2000 2000 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 342 9 Nobel Nobel NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 342 10 Prize Prize NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 342 11 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 342 12 Physiology Physiology NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 342 13 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-6976 342 14 Medicine Medicine NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 342 15 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 342 16 showing show VBG en-wikipedia-org-6976 342 17 that that DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 342 18 dopamine dopamine NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 342 19 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-6976 342 20 not not RB en-wikipedia-org-6976 342 21 only only RB en-wikipedia-org-6976 342 22 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 342 23 precursor precursor NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 342 24 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 342 25 norepinephrine norepinephrine NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 342 26 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 342 27 noradrenaline noradrenaline NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 342 28 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 342 29 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-6976 342 30 epinephrine epinephrine NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 342 31 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 342 32 adrenaline adrenaline NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 342 33 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 342 34 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 342 35 but but CC en-wikipedia-org-6976 342 36 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-6976 342 37 also also RB en-wikipedia-org-6976 342 38 itself -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-6976 342 39 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 342 40 neurotransmitter neurotransmitter NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 342 41 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 343 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 343 2 145 145 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 343 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 343 4 Polydopamine[edit polydopamine[edit NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 343 5 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 343 6 Research research NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 343 7 motivated motivate VBN en-wikipedia-org-6976 343 8 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 343 9 adhesive adhesive JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 343 10 polyphenolic polyphenolic JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 343 11 proteins protein NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 343 12 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 343 13 mussels mussel NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 343 14 led lead VBD en-wikipedia-org-6976 343 15 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 343 16 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 343 17 discovery discovery NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 343 18 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 343 19 2007 2007 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 343 20 that that IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 343 21 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 343 22 wide wide JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 343 23 variety variety NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 343 24 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 343 25 materials material NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 343 26 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 343 27 if if IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 343 28 placed place VBN en-wikipedia-org-6976 343 29 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 343 30 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 343 31 solution solution NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 343 32 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 343 33 dopamine dopamine NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 343 34 at at IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 343 35 slightly slightly RB en-wikipedia-org-6976 343 36 basic basic JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 343 37 pH pH NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 343 38 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 343 39 will will MD en-wikipedia-org-6976 343 40 become become VB en-wikipedia-org-6976 343 41 coated coat VBN en-wikipedia-org-6976 343 42 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 343 43 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 343 44 layer layer NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 343 45 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 343 46 polymerized polymerize VBN en-wikipedia-org-6976 343 47 dopamine dopamine NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 343 48 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 343 49 often often RB en-wikipedia-org-6976 343 50 referred refer VBD en-wikipedia-org-6976 343 51 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 343 52 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 343 53 polydopamine polydopamine NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 343 54 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 344 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 344 2 146][147 146][147 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 344 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 344 4 This this DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 344 5 polymerized polymerize VBD en-wikipedia-org-6976 344 6 dopamine dopamine NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 344 7 forms form NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 344 8 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 344 9 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 344 10 spontaneous spontaneous JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 344 11 oxidation oxidation NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 344 12 reaction reaction NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 344 13 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 344 14 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-6976 344 15 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-6976 344 16 formally formally RB en-wikipedia-org-6976 344 17 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 344 18 type type NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 344 19 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 344 20 melanin melanin NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 344 21 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 345 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 345 2 148 148 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 345 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 345 4 Synthesis Synthesis NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 345 5 usually usually RB en-wikipedia-org-6976 345 6 involves involve VBZ en-wikipedia-org-6976 345 7 reaction reaction NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 345 8 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 345 9 dopamine dopamine NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 345 10 hydrochloride hydrochloride NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 345 11 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 345 12 Tris Tris NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 345 13 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 345 14 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 345 15 base base NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 345 16 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 345 17 water water NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 345 18 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 346 1 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 346 2 structure structure NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 346 3 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 346 4 polydopamine polydopamine NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 346 5 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-6976 346 6 unknown unknown JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 346 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 347 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 347 2 147 147 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 347 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 347 4 Polydopamine polydopamine JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 347 5 coatings coating NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 347 6 can can MD en-wikipedia-org-6976 347 7 form form VB en-wikipedia-org-6976 347 8 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 347 9 objects object NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 347 10 ranging range VBG en-wikipedia-org-6976 347 11 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 347 12 size size NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 347 13 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 347 14 nanoparticles nanoparticle NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 347 15 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 347 16 large large JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 347 17 surfaces surface NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 347 18 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 348 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 348 2 148 148 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 348 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 348 4 Polydopamine Polydopamine NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 348 5 layers layer NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 348 6 have have VBP en-wikipedia-org-6976 348 7 chemical chemical NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 348 8 properties property NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 348 9 that that WDT en-wikipedia-org-6976 348 10 have have VBP en-wikipedia-org-6976 348 11 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 348 12 potential potential NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 348 13 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-6976 348 14 be be VB en-wikipedia-org-6976 348 15 extremely extremely RB en-wikipedia-org-6976 348 16 useful useful JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 348 17 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 348 18 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-6976 348 19 numerous numerous JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 348 20 studies study NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 348 21 have have VBP en-wikipedia-org-6976 348 22 examined examine VBN en-wikipedia-org-6976 348 23 their -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-6976 348 24 possible possible JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 348 25 applications application NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 348 26 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 349 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 349 2 148 148 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 349 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 349 4 At at IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 349 5 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 349 6 simplest simple JJS en-wikipedia-org-6976 349 7 level level NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 349 8 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 349 9 they -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-6976 349 10 can can MD en-wikipedia-org-6976 349 11 be be VB en-wikipedia-org-6976 349 12 used use VBN en-wikipedia-org-6976 349 13 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 349 14 protection protection NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 349 15 against against IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 349 16 damage damage NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 349 17 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 349 18 light light NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 349 19 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 349 20 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-6976 349 21 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-6976 349 22 form form VB en-wikipedia-org-6976 349 23 capsules capsule NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 349 24 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 349 25 drug drug NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 349 26 delivery delivery NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 349 27 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 350 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 350 2 148 148 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 350 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 350 4 At at IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 350 5 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 350 6 more more RBR en-wikipedia-org-6976 350 7 sophisticated sophisticated JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 350 8 level level NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 350 9 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 350 10 their -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-6976 350 11 adhesive adhesive JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 350 12 properties property NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 350 13 may may MD en-wikipedia-org-6976 350 14 make make VB en-wikipedia-org-6976 350 15 them -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-6976 350 16 useful useful JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 350 17 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 350 18 substrates substrate NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 350 19 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 350 20 biosensors biosensor NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 350 21 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-6976 350 22 other other JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 350 23 biologically biologically RB en-wikipedia-org-6976 350 24 active active JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 350 25 macromolecules macromolecule NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 350 26 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 351 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 351 2 148 148 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 351 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 351 4 See see VB en-wikipedia-org-6976 351 5 also[edit also[edit LS en-wikipedia-org-6976 351 6 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 351 7 Breastfeeding breastfeeding NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 351 8 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-6976 351 9 fertility fertility NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 351 10 References[edit references[edit NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 351 11 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 351 12 ^ ^ FW en-wikipedia-org-6976 351 13 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 351 14 b b NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 351 15 c c NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 351 16 d d NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 351 17 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-6976 351 18 Dopamine dopamine NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 351 19 : : : en-wikipedia-org-6976 351 20 Biological biological JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 351 21 activity activity NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 351 22 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-6976 351 23 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 352 1 IUPHAR IUPHAR NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 352 2 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-6976 352 3 BPS BPS NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 352 4 guide guide VBP en-wikipedia-org-6976 352 5 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 352 6 pharmacology pharmacology NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 352 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 353 1 International International NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 353 2 Union Union NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 353 3 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 353 4 Basic Basic NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 353 5 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-6976 353 6 Clinical Clinical NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 353 7 Pharmacology Pharmacology NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 353 8 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 354 1 Retrieved retrieve VBN en-wikipedia-org-6976 354 2 29 29 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 354 3 January January NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 354 4 2016 2016 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 354 5 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 355 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 355 2 Berridge Berridge NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 355 3 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 355 4 Kent Kent NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 355 5 C. C. NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 355 6 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 355 7 April April NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 355 8 2007 2007 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 355 9 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 355 10 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 356 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-6976 356 2 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 356 3 debate debate NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 356 4 over over IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 356 5 dopamine dopamine NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 356 6 's 's POS en-wikipedia-org-6976 356 7 role role NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 356 8 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 356 9 reward reward NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 356 10 : : : en-wikipedia-org-6976 356 11 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 356 12 case case NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 356 13 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 356 14 incentive incentive NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 356 15 salience salience NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 356 16 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-6976 356 17 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 357 1 Psychopharmacology psychopharmacology NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 357 2 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 358 1 191 191 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 358 2 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 358 3 3 3 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 358 4 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 358 5 : : : en-wikipedia-org-6976 358 6 391–431 391–431 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 358 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 359 1 doi:10.1007 doi:10.1007 VB en-wikipedia-org-6976 359 2 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-6976 359 3 s00213 s00213 NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 359 4 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-6976 359 5 006 006 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 359 6 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-6976 359 7 0578-x 0578-x NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 359 8 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 360 1 ISSN issn NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 360 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-6976 360 3 0033 0033 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 360 4 - - SYM en-wikipedia-org-6976 360 5 3158 3158 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 360 6 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 361 1 PMID PMID NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 361 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-6976 361 3 17072591 17072591 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 361 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 362 1 S2CID S2CID NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 362 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-6976 362 3 468204 468204 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 362 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 363 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 363 2 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 363 3 b b NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 363 4 c c NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 363 5 d d NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 363 6 e e NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 363 7 f f NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 363 8 g g NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 363 9 h h NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 363 10 Malenka Malenka NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 363 11 RC RC NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 363 12 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 363 13 Nestler Nestler NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 363 14 EJ EJ NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 363 15 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 363 16 Hyman Hyman NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 363 17 SE SE NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 363 18 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 363 19 2009 2009 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 363 20 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 363 21 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 364 1 Sydor Sydor NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 364 2 A A NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 364 3 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 364 4 Brown Brown NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 364 5 RY RY NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 364 6 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 364 7 eds eds NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 364 8 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 364 9 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 364 10 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 365 1 Molecular Molecular NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 365 2 Neuropharmacology Neuropharmacology NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 365 3 : : : en-wikipedia-org-6976 365 4 A A NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 365 5 Foundation Foundation NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 365 6 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 365 7 Clinical Clinical NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 365 8 Neuroscience Neuroscience NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 365 9 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 365 10 2nd 2nd NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 365 11 ed ed NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 365 12 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 365 13 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 365 14 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 366 1 New New NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 366 2 York York NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 366 3 : : : en-wikipedia-org-6976 366 4 McGraw McGraw NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 366 5 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-6976 366 6 Hill Hill NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 366 7 Medical Medical NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 366 8 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 367 1 pp pp NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 367 2 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 368 1 147–48 147–48 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 368 2 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 368 3 366–67 366–67 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 368 4 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 368 5 375–76 375–76 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 368 6 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 369 1 ISBN ISBN NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 369 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-6976 369 3 978 978 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 369 4 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-6976 369 5 0 0 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 369 6 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-6976 369 7 07 07 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 369 8 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-6976 369 9 148127 148127 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 369 10 - - SYM en-wikipedia-org-6976 369 11 4 4 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 369 12 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 370 1 ^ ^ NFP en-wikipedia-org-6976 370 2 Baliki Baliki NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 370 3 MN MN NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 370 4 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 370 5 Mansour Mansour NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 370 6 A A NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 370 7 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 370 8 Baria Baria NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 370 9 AT AT NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 370 10 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 370 11 Huang Huang NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 370 12 L L NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 370 13 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 370 14 Berger Berger NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 370 15 SE SE NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 370 16 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 370 17 Fields Fields NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 370 18 HL HL NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 370 19 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 370 20 Apkarian apkarian JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 370 21 AV AV NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 370 22 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 370 23 October October NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 370 24 2013 2013 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 370 25 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 370 26 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 371 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-6976 371 2 Parceling parcel VBG en-wikipedia-org-6976 371 3 human human JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 371 4 accumbens accumben NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 371 5 into into IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 371 6 putative putative JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 371 7 core core NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 371 8 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-6976 371 9 shell shell NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 371 10 dissociates dissociate NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 371 11 encoding encode VBG en-wikipedia-org-6976 371 12 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 371 13 values value NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 371 14 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 371 15 reward reward NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 371 16 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-6976 371 17 pain pain NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 371 18 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-6976 371 19 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 372 1 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 372 2 Journal Journal NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 372 3 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 372 4 Neuroscience Neuroscience NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 372 5 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 373 1 33 33 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 373 2 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 373 3 41 41 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 373 4 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 373 5 : : : en-wikipedia-org-6976 373 6 16383–93 16383–93 LS en-wikipedia-org-6976 373 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 374 1 doi:10.1523 doi:10.1523 NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 374 2 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-6976 374 3 JNEUROSCI.1731 JNEUROSCI.1731 NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 374 4 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-6976 374 5 13.2013 13.2013 NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 374 6 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 375 1 PMC PMC NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 375 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-6976 375 3 3792469 3792469 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 375 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 376 1 PMID PMID NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 376 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-6976 376 3 24107968 24107968 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 376 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 377 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 377 2 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 377 3 b b NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 377 4 Wenzel Wenzel NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 377 5 JM JM NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 377 6 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 377 7 Rauscher Rauscher NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 377 8 NA NA NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 377 9 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 377 10 Cheer Cheer NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 377 11 JF JF NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 377 12 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 377 13 Oleson Oleson NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 377 14 EB EB NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 377 15 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 377 16 January January NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 377 17 2015 2015 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 377 18 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 377 19 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 378 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-6976 378 2 A a DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 378 3 role role NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 378 4 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 378 5 phasic phasic JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 378 6 dopamine dopamine NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 378 7 release release NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 378 8 within within IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 378 9 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 378 10 nucleus nucleus NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 378 11 accumbens accumben VBZ en-wikipedia-org-6976 378 12 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 378 13 encoding encode VBG en-wikipedia-org-6976 378 14 aversion aversion NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 378 15 : : : en-wikipedia-org-6976 378 16 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 378 17 review review NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 378 18 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 378 19 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 378 20 neurochemical neurochemical JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 378 21 literature literature NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 378 22 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-6976 378 23 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 379 1 ACS ACS NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 379 2 Chemical Chemical NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 379 3 Neuroscience Neuroscience NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 379 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 380 1 6 6 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 380 2 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 380 3 1 1 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 380 4 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 380 5 : : : en-wikipedia-org-6976 380 6 16–26 16–26 LS en-wikipedia-org-6976 380 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 381 1 doi:10.1021 doi:10.1021 LS en-wikipedia-org-6976 381 2 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-6976 381 3 cn500255p cn500255p ADD en-wikipedia-org-6976 381 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 382 1 PMC PMC NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 382 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-6976 382 3 5820768 5820768 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 382 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 383 1 PMID PMID NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 383 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-6976 383 3 25491156 25491156 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 383 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 384 1 Thus thus RB en-wikipedia-org-6976 384 2 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 384 3 fear fear NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 384 4 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-6976 384 5 evoking evoke VBG en-wikipedia-org-6976 384 6 stimuli stimulus NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 384 7 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-6976 384 8 capable capable JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 384 9 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 384 10 differentially differentially RB en-wikipedia-org-6976 384 11 altering alter VBG en-wikipedia-org-6976 384 12 phasic phasic JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 384 13 dopamine dopamine NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 384 14 transmission transmission NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 384 15 across across IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 384 16 NAcc NAcc NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 384 17 subregions subregion NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 384 18 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 385 1 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 385 2 authors author NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 385 3 propose propose VBP en-wikipedia-org-6976 385 4 that that IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 385 5 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 385 6 observed observe VBN en-wikipedia-org-6976 385 7 enhancement enhancement NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 385 8 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 385 9 NAcc NAcc NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 385 10 shell shell NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 385 11 dopamine dopamine NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 385 12 likely likely RB en-wikipedia-org-6976 385 13 reflects reflect VBZ en-wikipedia-org-6976 385 14 general general JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 385 15 motivational motivational JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 385 16 salience salience NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 385 17 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 385 18 perhaps perhaps RB en-wikipedia-org-6976 385 19 due due JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 385 20 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 385 21 relief relief NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 385 22 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 385 23 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 385 24 CS CS NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 385 25 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-6976 385 26 induced induce VBN en-wikipedia-org-6976 385 27 fear fear NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 385 28 state state NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 385 29 when when WRB en-wikipedia-org-6976 385 30 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 385 31 US US NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 385 32 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 385 33 foot foot NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 385 34 shock shock NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 385 35 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 385 36 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-6976 385 37 not not RB en-wikipedia-org-6976 385 38 delivered deliver VBN en-wikipedia-org-6976 385 39 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 386 1 This this DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 386 2 reasoning reasoning NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 386 3 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-6976 386 4 supported support VBN en-wikipedia-org-6976 386 5 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 386 6 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 386 7 report report NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 386 8 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 386 9 Budygin Budygin NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 386 10 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-6976 386 11 colleagues112 colleagues112 NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 386 12 showing show VBG en-wikipedia-org-6976 386 13 that that IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 386 14 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 386 15 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 386 16 anesthetized anesthetized JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 386 17 rats rat NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 386 18 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 386 19 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 386 20 termination termination NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 386 21 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 386 22 tail tail NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 386 23 pinch pinch NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 386 24 results result NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 386 25 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 386 26 augmented augment VBN en-wikipedia-org-6976 386 27 dopamine dopamine NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 386 28 release release NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 386 29 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 386 30 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 386 31 shell shell NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 386 32 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 387 1 ^ ^ NFP en-wikipedia-org-6976 387 2 Puglisi Puglisi NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 387 3 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-6976 387 4 Allegra Allegra NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 387 5 S S NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 387 6 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 387 7 Ventura Ventura NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 387 8 R R NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 387 9 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 387 10 June June NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 387 11 2012 2012 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 387 12 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 387 13 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 388 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-6976 388 2 Prefrontal Prefrontal NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 388 3 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-6976 388 4 accumbal accumbal JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 388 5 catecholamine catecholamine NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 388 6 system system NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 388 7 processes process VBZ en-wikipedia-org-6976 388 8 high high JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 388 9 motivational motivational JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 388 10 salience salience NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 388 11 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-6976 388 12 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 389 1 Front front NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 389 2 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 390 1 Behav Behav NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 390 2 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 391 1 Neurosci Neurosci NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 391 2 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 392 1 6 6 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 392 2 : : SYM en-wikipedia-org-6976 392 3 31 31 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 392 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 392 5 doi:10.3389 doi:10.3389 NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 392 6 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-6976 392 7 fnbeh.2012.00031 fnbeh.2012.00031 NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 392 8 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 393 1 PMC PMC NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 393 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-6976 393 3 3384081 3384081 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 393 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 394 1 PMID PMID NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 394 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-6976 394 3 22754514 22754514 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 394 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 395 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 395 2 Moncrieff Moncrieff NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 395 3 J J NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 395 4 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 395 5 2008 2008 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 395 6 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 395 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 396 1 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 396 2 myth myth NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 396 3 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 396 4 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 396 5 chemical chemical NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 396 6 cure cure NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 396 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 397 1 A a DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 397 2 critique critique NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 397 3 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 397 4 psychiatric psychiatric JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 397 5 drug drug NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 397 6 treatment treatment NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 397 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 398 1 Basingstoke basingstoke VB en-wikipedia-org-6976 398 2 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 398 3 UK UK NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 398 4 : : : en-wikipedia-org-6976 398 5 Palgrave Palgrave NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 398 6 MacMillan MacMillan NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 398 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 399 1 ISBN ISBN NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 399 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-6976 399 3 978 978 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 399 4 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-6976 399 5 0 0 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 399 6 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-6976 399 7 230 230 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 399 8 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-6976 399 9 57432 57432 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 399 10 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-6976 399 11 8 8 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 399 12 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 400 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 400 2 Volkow Volkow NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 400 3 ND ND NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 400 4 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 400 5 Wang Wang NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 400 6 GJ GJ NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 400 7 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 400 8 Kollins Kollins NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 400 9 SH SH NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 400 10 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 400 11 Wigal Wigal NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 400 12 TL TL NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 400 13 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 400 14 Newcorn Newcorn NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 400 15 JH JH NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 400 16 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 400 17 Telang Telang NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 400 18 F F NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 400 19 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 400 20 Fowler Fowler NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 400 21 JS JS NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 400 22 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 400 23 Zhu Zhu NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 400 24 W W NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 400 25 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 400 26 Logan Logan NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 400 27 J J NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 400 28 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 400 29 Ma Ma NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 400 30 Y Y NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 400 31 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 400 32 Pradhan Pradhan NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 400 33 K K NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 400 34 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 400 35 Wong Wong NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 400 36 C C NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 400 37 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 400 38 Swanson Swanson NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 400 39 JM JM NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 400 40 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 400 41 September September NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 400 42 2009 2009 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 400 43 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 400 44 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 401 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-6976 401 2 Evaluating evaluate VBG en-wikipedia-org-6976 401 3 dopamine dopamine NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 401 4 reward reward NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 401 5 pathway pathway NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 401 6 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 401 7 ADHD ADHD NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 401 8 : : : en-wikipedia-org-6976 401 9 clinical clinical JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 401 10 implications implication NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 401 11 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-6976 401 12 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 402 1 JAMA JAMA NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 402 2 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 403 1 302 302 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 403 2 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 403 3 10 10 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 403 4 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 403 5 : : : en-wikipedia-org-6976 403 6 1084–91 1084–91 LS en-wikipedia-org-6976 403 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 404 1 doi:10.1001 doi:10.1001 NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 404 2 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-6976 404 3 jama.2009.1308 jama.2009.1308 NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 404 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 405 1 PMC PMC NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 405 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-6976 405 3 2958516 2958516 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 405 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 406 1 PMID PMID NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 406 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-6976 406 3 19738093 19738093 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 406 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 407 1 ^ ^ FW en-wikipedia-org-6976 407 2 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-6976 407 3 Dopamine Dopamine NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 407 4 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-6976 407 5 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 408 1 PubChem PubChem NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 408 2 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 409 1 Retrieved Retrieved NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 409 2 21 21 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 409 3 September September NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 409 4 2015 2015 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 409 5 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 410 1 ^ ^ FW en-wikipedia-org-6976 410 2 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-6976 410 3 Catecholamine Catecholamine NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 410 4 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-6976 410 5 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 411 1 Britannica Britannica NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 411 2 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 412 1 Retrieved Retrieved NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 412 2 21 21 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 412 3 September September NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 412 4 2015 2015 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 412 5 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 413 1 ^ ^ FW en-wikipedia-org-6976 413 2 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-6976 413 3 Phenylethylamine Phenylethylamine NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 413 4 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-6976 413 5 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 414 1 ChemicalLand21.com chemicalland21.com ADD en-wikipedia-org-6976 414 2 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 415 1 Retrieved Retrieved NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 415 2 21 21 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 415 3 September September NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 415 4 2015 2015 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 415 5 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 416 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 416 2 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 416 3 b b NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 416 4 c c NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 416 5 d d NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 416 6 e e NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 416 7 f f NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 416 8 Carter Carter NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 416 9 JE JE NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 416 10 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 416 11 Johnson Johnson NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 416 12 JH JH NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 416 13 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 416 14 Baaske Baaske NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 416 15 DM DM NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 416 16 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 416 17 1982 1982 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 416 18 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 416 19 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 417 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-6976 417 2 Dopamine Dopamine NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 417 3 Hydrochloride Hydrochloride NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 417 4 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-6976 417 5 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 418 1 Analytical Analytical NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 418 2 Profiles Profiles NNPS en-wikipedia-org-6976 418 3 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 418 4 Drug Drug NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 418 5 Substances Substances NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 418 6 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 419 1 11 11 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 419 2 : : : en-wikipedia-org-6976 419 3 257–72 257–72 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 419 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 420 1 doi:10.1016 doi:10.1016 JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 420 2 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-6976 420 3 S0099 s0099 RB en-wikipedia-org-6976 420 4 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-6976 420 5 5428(08)60266-X. 5428(08)60266-X. NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 421 1 ISBN ISBN NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 421 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-6976 421 3 9780122608117 9780122608117 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 421 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 422 1 ^ ^ FW en-wikipedia-org-6976 422 2 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-6976 422 3 Specification Specification NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 422 4 Sheet Sheet NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 422 5 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-6976 422 6 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 423 1 www.sigmaaldrich.com www.sigmaaldrich.com ADD en-wikipedia-org-6976 423 2 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 424 1 Retrieved retrieve VBN en-wikipedia-org-6976 424 2 13 13 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 424 3 September September NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 424 4 2019 2019 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 424 5 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 425 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 425 2 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 425 3 b b NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 425 4 c c NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 425 5 Broadley Broadley NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 425 6 KJ KJ NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 425 7 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 425 8 March March NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 425 9 2010 2010 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 425 10 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 425 11 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 426 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-6976 426 2 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 426 3 vascular vascular JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 426 4 effects effect NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 426 5 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 426 6 trace trace NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 426 7 amines amine NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 426 8 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-6976 426 9 amphetamines amphetamine NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 426 10 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-6976 426 11 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 427 1 Pharmacology Pharmacology NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 427 2 & & CC en-wikipedia-org-6976 427 3 Therapeutics Therapeutics NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 427 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 428 1 125 125 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 428 2 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 428 3 3 3 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 428 4 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 428 5 : : : en-wikipedia-org-6976 428 6 363–375 363–375 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 428 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 429 1 doi:10.1016 doi:10.1016 NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 429 2 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-6976 429 3 j.pharmthera.2009.11.005 j.pharmthera.2009.11.005 NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 429 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 430 1 PMID PMID NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 430 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-6976 430 3 19948186 19948186 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 430 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 431 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 431 2 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 431 3 b b NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 431 4 c c NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 431 5 Lindemann Lindemann NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 431 6 L L NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 431 7 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 431 8 Hoener Hoener NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 431 9 MC MC NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 431 10 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 431 11 May May NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 431 12 2005 2005 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 431 13 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 431 14 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 432 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-6976 432 2 A a DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 432 3 renaissance renaissance NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 432 4 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 432 5 trace trace NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 432 6 amines amine NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 432 7 inspired inspire VBN en-wikipedia-org-6976 432 8 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 432 9 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 432 10 novel novel JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 432 11 GPCR GPCR NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 432 12 family family NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 432 13 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-6976 432 14 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 433 1 Trends trend NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 433 2 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 433 3 Pharmacological Pharmacological NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 433 4 Sciences Sciences NNPS en-wikipedia-org-6976 433 5 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 434 1 26 26 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 434 2 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 434 3 5 5 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 434 4 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 434 5 : : : en-wikipedia-org-6976 434 6 274–281 274–281 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 434 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 435 1 doi:10.1016 doi:10.1016 NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 435 2 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-6976 435 3 j.tips.2005.03.007 j.tips.2005.03.007 NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 435 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 436 1 PMID PMID NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 436 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-6976 436 3 15860375 15860375 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 436 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 437 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 437 2 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 437 3 b b NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 437 4 c c NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 437 5 d d NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 437 6 Wang Wang NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 437 7 X X NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 437 8 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 437 9 Li Li NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 437 10 J J NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 437 11 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 437 12 Dong Dong NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 437 13 G G NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 437 14 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 437 15 Yue Yue NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 437 16 J J NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 437 17 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 437 18 February February NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 437 19 2014 2014 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 437 20 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 437 21 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 438 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-6976 438 2 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 438 3 endogenous endogenous JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 438 4 substrates substrate NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 438 5 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 438 6 brain brain NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 438 7 CYP2D cyp2d NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 438 8 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-6976 438 9 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 439 1 European European NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 439 2 Journal Journal NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 439 3 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 439 4 Pharmacology Pharmacology NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 439 5 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 440 1 724 724 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 440 2 : : : en-wikipedia-org-6976 440 3 211–218 211–218 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 440 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 441 1 doi:10.1016 doi:10.1016 NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 441 2 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-6976 441 3 j.ejphar.2013.12.025 j.ejphar.2013.12.025 NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 441 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 442 1 PMID PMID NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 442 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-6976 442 3 24374199 24374199 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 442 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 443 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 443 2 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 443 3 b b NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 443 4 c c NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 443 5 d d NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 443 6 e e NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 443 7 f f NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 443 8 Seeman Seeman NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 443 9 P P NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 443 10 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 443 11 2009 2009 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 443 12 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 443 13 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 444 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-6976 444 2 Chapter chapter NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 444 3 1 1 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 444 4 : : : en-wikipedia-org-6976 444 5 Historical historical JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 444 6 overview overview NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 444 7 : : : en-wikipedia-org-6976 444 8 Introduction introduction NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 444 9 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 444 10 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 444 11 dopamine dopamine NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 444 12 receptors receptor NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 444 13 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-6976 444 14 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 445 1 In in IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 445 2 Neve Neve NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 445 3 K K NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 445 4 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 445 5 ed ed NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 445 6 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 445 7 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 445 8 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 446 1 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 446 2 Dopamine Dopamine NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 446 3 Receptors Receptors NNPS en-wikipedia-org-6976 446 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 447 1 Springer Springer NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 447 2 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 448 1 pp pp NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 448 2 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 449 1 1–22 1–22 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 449 2 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 450 1 ISBN ISBN NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 450 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-6976 450 3 978 978 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 450 4 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-6976 450 5 1 1 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 450 6 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-6976 450 7 60327 60327 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 450 8 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-6976 450 9 333 333 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 450 10 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-6976 450 11 6 6 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 450 12 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 451 1 ^ ^ FW en-wikipedia-org-6976 451 2 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-6976 451 3 EC EC NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 451 4 1.14.16.2 1.14.16.2 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 451 5   _SP en-wikipedia-org-6976 451 6 – – : en-wikipedia-org-6976 451 7 Tyrosine tyrosine NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 451 8 3-monooxygenase 3-monooxygenase CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 451 9 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 451 10 Homo homo NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 451 11 sapiens sapiens JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 451 12 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 451 13 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-6976 451 14 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 452 1 BRENDA BRENDA NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 452 2 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 453 1 Technische Technische NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 453 2 Universität Universität NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 453 3 Braunschweig Braunschweig NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 453 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 454 1 July July NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 454 2 2016 2016 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 454 3 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 455 1 Retrieved Retrieved NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 455 2 7 7 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 455 3 October October NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 455 4 2016 2016 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 455 5 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 456 1 Substrate substrate NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 456 2 : : : en-wikipedia-org-6976 456 3 L l NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 456 4 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-6976 456 5 phenylalanine phenylalanine NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 456 6 + + SYM en-wikipedia-org-6976 456 7 tetrahydrobiopterin tetrahydrobiopterin NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 456 8 + + CC en-wikipedia-org-6976 456 9 O2 o2 NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 456 10 Product product NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 456 11 : : : en-wikipedia-org-6976 456 12 L l NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 456 13 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-6976 456 14 tyrosine tyrosine NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 456 15 + + SYM en-wikipedia-org-6976 456 16 3-hydroxyphenylalanine 3-hydroxyphenylalanine CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 456 17 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 456 18 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 456 19 aka aka RB en-wikipedia-org-6976 456 20 m m NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 456 21 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-6976 456 22 tyrosine tyrosine NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 456 23 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 456 24 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 456 25 + + CC en-wikipedia-org-6976 456 26 dihydropteridine dihydropteridine NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 456 27 + + CC en-wikipedia-org-6976 456 28 H2O h2o NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 456 29 Organism organism NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 456 30 : : : en-wikipedia-org-6976 456 31 Homo homo NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 456 32 sapiens sapien VBZ en-wikipedia-org-6976 456 33 Reaction Reaction NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 456 34 diagram diagram NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 456 35 ^ ^ NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 456 36 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-6976 456 37 EC EC NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 456 38 4.1.1.28 4.1.1.28 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 456 39   _SP en-wikipedia-org-6976 456 40 – – : en-wikipedia-org-6976 456 41 Aromatic Aromatic NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 456 42 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-6976 456 43 L l NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 456 44 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-6976 456 45 amino amino NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 456 46 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-6976 456 47 acid acid NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 456 48 decarboxylase decarboxylase NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 456 49 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 456 50 Homo Homo NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 456 51 sapiens sapien VBZ en-wikipedia-org-6976 456 52 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 456 53 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-6976 456 54 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 457 1 BRENDA BRENDA NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 457 2 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 458 1 Technische Technische NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 458 2 Universität Universität NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 458 3 Braunschweig Braunschweig NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 458 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 459 1 July July NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 459 2 2016 2016 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 459 3 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 460 1 Retrieved Retrieved NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 460 2 7 7 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 460 3 October October NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 460 4 2016 2016 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 460 5 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 461 1 Substrate substrate NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 461 2 : : : en-wikipedia-org-6976 461 3 m m LS en-wikipedia-org-6976 461 4 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-6976 461 5 tyrosine tyrosine NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 461 6 Product product NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 461 7 : : : en-wikipedia-org-6976 461 8 m m LS en-wikipedia-org-6976 461 9 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-6976 461 10 tyramine tyramine NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 461 11 + + CC en-wikipedia-org-6976 461 12 CO2 co2 JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 461 13 Organism organism NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 461 14 : : : en-wikipedia-org-6976 461 15 Homo homo NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 461 16 sapiens sapien VBZ en-wikipedia-org-6976 461 17 Reaction Reaction NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 461 18 diagram diagram NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 461 19 ^ ^ NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 461 20 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 461 21 b b NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 461 22 c c NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 461 23 d d NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 461 24 e e NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 461 25 f f NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 461 26 g g NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 461 27 h h NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 461 28 i i NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 461 29 j j DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 461 30 Musacchio Musacchio NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 461 31 JM JM NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 461 32 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 461 33 2013 2013 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 461 34 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 461 35 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 462 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-6976 462 2 Chapter chapter NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 462 3 1 1 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 462 4 : : : en-wikipedia-org-6976 462 5 Enzymes enzyme NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 462 6 involved involve VBN en-wikipedia-org-6976 462 7 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 462 8 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 462 9 biosynthesis biosynthesis NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 462 10 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-6976 462 11 degradation degradation NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 462 12 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 462 13 catecholamines catecholamines NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 462 14 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-6976 462 15 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 463 1 In in IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 463 2 Iverson Iverson NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 463 3 L L NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 463 4 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 463 5 ed ed NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 463 6 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 463 7 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 463 8 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 464 1 Biochemistry Biochemistry NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 464 2 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 464 3 Biogenic Biogenic NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 464 4 Amines Amines NNPS en-wikipedia-org-6976 464 5 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 465 1 Springer Springer NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 465 2 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 466 1 pp pp NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 466 2 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 467 1 1–35 1–35 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 467 2 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 468 1 ISBN ISBN NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 468 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-6976 468 3 978 978 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 468 4 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-6976 468 5 1 1 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 468 6 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-6976 468 7 4684 4684 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 468 8 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-6976 468 9 3171 3171 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 468 10 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-6976 468 11 1 1 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 468 12 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 469 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 469 2 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 469 3 b b NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 469 4 c c NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 469 5 d d NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 469 6 e e NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 469 7 f f NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 469 8 g g NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 469 9 h h NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 469 10 i i NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 469 11 j j NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 469 12 k k NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 469 13 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 469 14 National National NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 469 15 Collaborating Collaborating NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 469 16 Centre Centre NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 469 17 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 469 18 Chronic Chronic NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 469 19 Conditions Conditions NNPS en-wikipedia-org-6976 469 20 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 469 21 ed ed NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 469 22 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 470 1 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 470 2 2006 2006 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 470 3 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 470 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 471 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-6976 471 2 Symptomatic symptomatic JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 471 3 pharmacological pharmacological JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 471 4 therapy therapy NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 471 5 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 471 6 Parkinson Parkinson NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 471 7 's 's POS en-wikipedia-org-6976 471 8 disease disease NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 471 9 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-6976 471 10 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 472 1 Parkinson Parkinson NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 472 2 's 's POS en-wikipedia-org-6976 472 3 Disease Disease NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 472 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 473 1 London London NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 473 2 : : : en-wikipedia-org-6976 473 3 Royal Royal NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 473 4 College College NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 473 5 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 473 6 Physicians Physicians NNPS en-wikipedia-org-6976 473 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 474 1 pp pp NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 474 2 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 475 1 59–100 59–100 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 475 2 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 476 1 ISBN ISBN NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 476 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-6976 476 3 978 978 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 476 4 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-6976 476 5 1 1 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 476 6 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-6976 476 7 86016 86016 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 476 8 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-6976 476 9 283 283 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 476 10 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-6976 476 11 1 1 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 476 12 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 477 1 Retrieved retrieve VBN en-wikipedia-org-6976 477 2 24 24 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 477 3 September September NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 477 4 2015 2015 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 477 5 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 478 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 478 2 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 478 3 b b NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 478 4 c c NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 478 5 d d NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 478 6 e e NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 478 7 f f NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 478 8 g g NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 478 9 h h NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 478 10 i i NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 478 11 j j NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 478 12 k k NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 478 13 Eisenhofer Eisenhofer NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 478 14 G G NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 478 15 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 478 16 Kopin Kopin NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 478 17 IJ IJ NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 478 18 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 478 19 Goldstein Goldstein NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 478 20 DS DS NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 478 21 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 478 22 September September NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 478 23 2004 2004 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 478 24 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 478 25 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 479 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-6976 479 2 Catecholamine Catecholamine NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 479 3 metabolism metabolism NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 479 4 : : : en-wikipedia-org-6976 479 5 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 479 6 contemporary contemporary JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 479 7 view view NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 479 8 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 479 9 implications implication NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 479 10 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 479 11 physiology physiology NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 479 12 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-6976 479 13 medicine medicine NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 479 14 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-6976 479 15 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 480 1 Pharmacological Pharmacological NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 480 2 Reviews Reviews NNPS en-wikipedia-org-6976 480 3 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 481 1 56 56 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 481 2 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 481 3 3 3 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 481 4 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 481 5 : : : en-wikipedia-org-6976 481 6 331–49 331–49 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 481 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 482 1 doi:10.1124 doi:10.1124 NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 482 2 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-6976 482 3 pr.56.3.1 pr.56.3.1 NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 482 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 483 1 PMID PMID NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 483 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-6976 483 3 15317907 15317907 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 483 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 484 1 S2CID S2CID NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 484 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-6976 484 3 12825309 12825309 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 484 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 485 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 485 2 Amin Amin NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 485 3 F F NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 485 4 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 485 5 Davidson Davidson NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 485 6 M M NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 485 7 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 485 8 Davis Davis NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 485 9 KL KL NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 485 10 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 485 11 1992 1992 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 485 12 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 485 13 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 486 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-6976 486 2 Homovanillic homovanillic JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 486 3 acid acid NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 486 4 measurement measurement NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 486 5 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 486 6 clinical clinical JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 486 7 research research NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 486 8 : : : en-wikipedia-org-6976 486 9 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 486 10 review review NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 486 11 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 486 12 methodology methodology NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 486 13 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-6976 486 14 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 487 1 Schizophrenia Schizophrenia NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 487 2 Bulletin Bulletin NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 487 3 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 488 1 18 18 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 488 2 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 488 3 1 1 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 488 4 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 488 5 : : : en-wikipedia-org-6976 488 6 123–48 123–48 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 488 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 489 1 doi:10.1093 doi:10.1093 NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 489 2 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-6976 489 3 schbul/18.1.123 schbul/18.1.123 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 489 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 490 1 PMID PMID NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 490 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-6976 490 3 1553492 1553492 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 490 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 491 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 491 2 Amin Amin NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 491 3 F F NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 491 4 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 491 5 Davidson Davidson NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 491 6 M M NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 491 7 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 491 8 Kahn Kahn NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 491 9 RS RS NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 491 10 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 491 11 Schmeidler Schmeidler NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 491 12 J J NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 491 13 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 491 14 Stern Stern NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 491 15 R R NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 491 16 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 491 17 Knott Knott NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 491 18 PJ PJ NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 491 19 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 491 20 Apter Apter NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 491 21 S S NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 491 22 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 491 23 1995 1995 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 491 24 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 491 25 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 492 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-6976 492 2 Assessment assessment NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 492 3 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 492 4 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 492 5 central central JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 492 6 dopaminergic dopaminergic JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 492 7 index index NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 492 8 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 492 9 plasma plasma NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 492 10 HVA HVA NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 492 11 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 492 12 schizophrenia schizophrenia NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 492 13 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-6976 492 14 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 493 1 Schizophrenia Schizophrenia NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 493 2 Bulletin Bulletin NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 493 3 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 494 1 21 21 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 494 2 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 494 3 1 1 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 494 4 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 494 5 : : : en-wikipedia-org-6976 494 6 53–66 53–66 NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 494 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 495 1 doi:10.1093 doi:10.1093 NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 495 2 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-6976 495 3 schbul/21.1.53 schbul/21.1.53 NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 495 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 496 1 PMID PMID NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 496 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-6976 496 3 7770741 7770741 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 496 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 497 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 497 2 Sulzer Sulzer NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 497 3 D D NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 497 4 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 497 5 Zecca Zecca NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 497 6 L L NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 497 7 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 497 8 February February NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 497 9 2000 2000 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 497 10 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 497 11 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 498 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-6976 498 2 Intraneuronal intraneuronal JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 498 3 dopamine dopamine NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 498 4 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-6976 498 5 quinone quinone NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 498 6 synthesis synthesis NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 498 7 : : : en-wikipedia-org-6976 498 8 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 498 9 review review NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 498 10 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-6976 498 11 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 499 1 Neurotoxicity Neurotoxicity NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 499 2 Research Research NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 499 3 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 500 1 1 1 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 500 2 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 500 3 3 3 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 500 4 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 500 5 : : : en-wikipedia-org-6976 500 6 181–95 181–95 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 500 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 501 1 doi:10.1007 doi:10.1007 NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 501 2 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-6976 501 3 BF03033289 bf03033289 UH en-wikipedia-org-6976 501 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 502 1 PMID PMID NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 502 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-6976 502 3 12835101 12835101 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 502 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 503 1 S2CID S2CID NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 503 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-6976 503 3 21892355 21892355 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 503 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 504 1 ^ ^ NFP en-wikipedia-org-6976 504 2 Miyazaki Miyazaki NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 504 3 I I NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 504 4 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 504 5 Asanuma Asanuma NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 504 6 M M NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 504 7 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 504 8 June June NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 504 9 2008 2008 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 504 10 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 504 11 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 505 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-6976 505 2 Dopaminergic dopaminergic JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 505 3 neuron neuron NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 505 4 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-6976 505 5 specific specific JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 505 6 oxidative oxidative JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 505 7 stress stress NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 505 8 caused cause VBN en-wikipedia-org-6976 505 9 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 505 10 dopamine dopamine NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 505 11 itself -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-6976 505 12 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-6976 505 13 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 505 14 PDF PDF NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 505 15 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 505 16 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 506 1 Acta Acta NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 506 2 Medica Medica NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 506 3 Okayama Okayama NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 506 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 507 1 62 62 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 507 2 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 507 3 3 3 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 507 4 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 507 5 : : : en-wikipedia-org-6976 507 6 141–50 141–50 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 507 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 508 1 doi:10.18926 doi:10.18926 LS en-wikipedia-org-6976 508 2 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-6976 508 3 AMO/30942 amo/30942 XX en-wikipedia-org-6976 508 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 509 1 PMID PMID NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 509 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-6976 509 3 18596830 18596830 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 509 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 510 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 510 2 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 510 3 b b NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 510 4 c c NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 510 5 d d NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 510 6 e e NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 510 7 Grandy Grandy NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 510 8 DK DK NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 510 9 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 510 10 Miller Miller NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 510 11 GM GM NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 510 12 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 510 13 Li Li NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 510 14 JX JX NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 510 15 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 510 16 February February NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 510 17 2016 2016 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 510 18 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 510 19 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 511 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-6976 511 2 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-6976 511 3 TAARgeting TAARgeting NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 511 4 Addiction Addiction NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 511 5 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-6976 511 6 – – : en-wikipedia-org-6976 511 7 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 511 8 Alamo Alamo NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 511 9 Bears bear VBZ en-wikipedia-org-6976 511 10 Witness witness NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 511 11 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 511 12 Another another DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 511 13 Revolution Revolution NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 511 14 : : : en-wikipedia-org-6976 511 15 An an DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 511 16 Overview Overview NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 511 17 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 511 18 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 511 19 Plenary Plenary NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 511 20 Symposium Symposium NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 511 21 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 511 22 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 511 23 2015 2015 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 511 24 Behavior Behavior NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 511 25 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 511 26 Biology Biology NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 511 27 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-6976 511 28 Chemistry Chemistry NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 511 29 Conference Conference NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 511 30 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-6976 511 31 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 512 1 Drug Drug NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 512 2 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-6976 512 3 Alcohol Alcohol NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 512 4 Dependence Dependence NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 512 5 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 513 1 159 159 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 513 2 : : : en-wikipedia-org-6976 513 3 9–16 9–16 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 513 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 514 1 doi:10.1016 doi:10.1016 NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 514 2 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-6976 514 3 j.drugalcdep.2015.11.014 j.drugalcdep.2015.11.014 NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 514 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 515 1 PMC PMC NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 515 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-6976 515 3 4724540 4724540 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 515 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 516 1 PMID PMID NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 516 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-6976 516 3 26644139 26644139 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 516 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 517 1 TAAR1 taar1 NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 517 2 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-6976 517 3 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 517 4 high high JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 517 5 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-6976 517 6 affinity affinity NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 517 7 receptor receptor NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 517 8 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 517 9 METH METH NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 517 10 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-6976 517 11 AMPH AMPH NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 517 12 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-6976 517 13 DA DA NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 517 14 ^ ^ NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 517 15 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 517 16 b b NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 517 17 c c NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 517 18 d d NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 517 19 Romanelli Romanelli NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 517 20 RJ RJ NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 517 21 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 517 22 Williams Williams NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 517 23 JT JT NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 517 24 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 517 25 Neve Neve NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 517 26 KA KA NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 517 27 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 517 28 2009 2009 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 517 29 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 517 30 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 518 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-6976 518 2 Chapter chapter NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 518 3 6 6 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 518 4 : : : en-wikipedia-org-6976 518 5 Dopamine dopamine NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 518 6 receptor receptor NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 518 7 signalling signal VBG en-wikipedia-org-6976 518 8 : : : en-wikipedia-org-6976 518 9 intracellular intracellular JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 518 10 pathways pathway NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 518 11 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-6976 518 12 behavior behavior NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 518 13 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-6976 518 14 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 519 1 In in IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 519 2 Neve Neve NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 519 3 KA KA NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 519 4 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 519 5 ed ed NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 519 6 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 519 7 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 519 8 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 520 1 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 520 2 Dopamine Dopamine NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 520 3 Receptors Receptors NNPS en-wikipedia-org-6976 520 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 521 1 Springer Springer NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 521 2 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 522 1 pp pp NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 522 2 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 523 1 137–74 137–74 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 523 2 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 524 1 ISBN ISBN NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 524 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-6976 524 3 978 978 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 524 4 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-6976 524 5 1 1 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 524 6 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-6976 524 7 60327 60327 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 524 8 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-6976 524 9 333 333 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 524 10 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-6976 524 11 6 6 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 524 12 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 525 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 525 2 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 525 3 b b NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 525 4 Eiden Eiden NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 525 5 LE LE NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 525 6 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 525 7 Schäfer schäfer VB en-wikipedia-org-6976 525 8 MK MK NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 525 9 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 525 10 Weihe Weihe NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 525 11 E E NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 525 12 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 525 13 Schütz Schütz NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 525 14 B B NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 525 15 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 525 16 February February NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 525 17 2004 2004 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 525 18 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 525 19 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 526 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-6976 526 2 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 526 3 vesicular vesicular JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 526 4 amine amine NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 526 5 transporter transporter NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 526 6 family family NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 526 7 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 526 8 SLC18 SLC18 NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 526 9 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 526 10 : : : en-wikipedia-org-6976 526 11 amine amine NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 526 12 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-6976 526 13 proton proton NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 526 14 antiporters antiporter NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 526 15 required require VBN en-wikipedia-org-6976 526 16 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 526 17 vesicular vesicular JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 526 18 accumulation accumulation NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 526 19 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-6976 526 20 regulated regulated JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 526 21 exocytotic exocytotic JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 526 22 secretion secretion NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 526 23 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 526 24 monoamines monoamine NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 526 25 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-6976 526 26 acetylcholine acetylcholine NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 526 27 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-6976 526 28 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 527 1 Pflügers Pflügers NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 527 2 Archiv Archiv NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 527 3 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 528 1 447 447 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 528 2 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 528 3 5 5 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 528 4 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 528 5 : : : en-wikipedia-org-6976 528 6 636–40 636–40 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 528 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 529 1 doi:10.1007 doi:10.1007 NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 529 2 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-6976 529 3 s00424 s00424 NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 529 4 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-6976 529 5 003 003 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 529 6 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-6976 529 7 1100 1100 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 529 8 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-6976 529 9 5 5 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 529 10 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 530 1 PMID PMID NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 530 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-6976 530 3 12827358 12827358 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 530 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 531 1 S2CID S2CID NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 531 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-6976 531 3 20764857 20764857 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 531 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 532 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 532 2 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 532 3 b b NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 532 4 Miller Miller NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 532 5 GM GM NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 532 6 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 532 7 January January NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 532 8 2011 2011 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 532 9 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 532 10 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 533 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-6976 533 2 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 533 3 emerging emerge VBG en-wikipedia-org-6976 533 4 role role NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 533 5 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 533 6 trace trace NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 533 7 amine amine NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 533 8 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-6976 533 9 associated associate VBN en-wikipedia-org-6976 533 10 receptor receptor NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 533 11 1 1 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 533 12 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 533 13 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 533 14 functional functional JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 533 15 regulation regulation NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 533 16 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 533 17 monoamine monoamine NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 533 18 transporters transporter NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 533 19 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-6976 533 20 dopaminergic dopaminergic JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 533 21 activity activity NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 533 22 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-6976 533 23 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 534 1 Journal Journal NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 534 2 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 534 3 Neurochemistry Neurochemistry NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 534 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 535 1 116 116 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 535 2 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 535 3 2 2 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 535 4 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 535 5 : : : en-wikipedia-org-6976 535 6 164–76 164–76 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 535 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 536 1 doi:10.1111 doi:10.1111 NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 536 2 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-6976 536 3 j.1471 j.1471 NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 536 4 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-6976 536 5 4159.2010.07109.x 4159.2010.07109.x CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 536 6 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 537 1 PMC PMC NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 537 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-6976 537 3 3005101 3005101 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 537 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 538 1 PMID PMID NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 538 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-6976 538 3 21073468 21073468 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 538 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 539 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 539 2 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 539 3 b b NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 539 4 Beaulieu Beaulieu NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 539 5 JM JM NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 539 6 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 539 7 Gainetdinov Gainetdinov NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 539 8 RR RR NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 539 9 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 539 10 March March NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 539 11 2011 2011 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 539 12 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 539 13 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 540 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-6976 540 2 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 540 3 physiology physiology NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 540 4 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 540 5 signaling signal VBG en-wikipedia-org-6976 540 6 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 540 7 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-6976 540 8 pharmacology pharmacology NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 540 9 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 540 10 dopamine dopamine NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 540 11 receptors receptor NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 540 12 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-6976 540 13 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 541 1 Pharmacological Pharmacological NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 541 2 Reviews Reviews NNPS en-wikipedia-org-6976 541 3 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 542 1 63 63 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 542 2 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 542 3 1 1 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 542 4 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 542 5 : : : en-wikipedia-org-6976 542 6 182–217 182–217 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 542 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 543 1 doi:10.1124 doi:10.1124 NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 543 2 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-6976 543 3 pr.110.002642 pr.110.002642 NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 543 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 544 1 PMID PMID NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 544 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-6976 544 3 21303898 21303898 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 544 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 545 1 S2CID S2CID NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 545 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-6976 545 3 2545878 2545878 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 545 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 546 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 546 2 Torres Torres NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 546 3 GE GE NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 546 4 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 546 5 Gainetdinov Gainetdinov NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 546 6 RR RR NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 546 7 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 546 8 Caron Caron NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 546 9 MG MG NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 546 10 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 546 11 January January NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 546 12 2003 2003 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 546 13 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 546 14 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 547 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-6976 547 2 Plasma Plasma NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 547 3 membrane membrane NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 547 4 monoamine monoamine NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 547 5 transporters transporter NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 547 6 : : : en-wikipedia-org-6976 547 7 structure structure NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 547 8 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 547 9 regulation regulation NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 547 10 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-6976 547 11 function function NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 547 12 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-6976 547 13 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 548 1 Nature Nature NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 548 2 Reviews Reviews NNPS en-wikipedia-org-6976 548 3 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 549 1 Neuroscience Neuroscience NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 549 2 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 550 1 4 4 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 550 2 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 550 3 1 1 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 550 4 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 550 5 : : : en-wikipedia-org-6976 550 6 13–25 13–25 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 550 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 551 1 doi:10.1038 doi:10.1038 NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 551 2 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-6976 551 3 nrn1008 nrn1008 NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 551 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 552 1 PMID PMID NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 552 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-6976 552 3 12511858 12511858 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 552 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 553 1 S2CID S2CID NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 553 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-6976 553 3 21545649 21545649 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 553 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 554 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 554 2 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 554 3 b b NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 554 4 c c NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 554 5 d d NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 554 6 Rice Rice NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 554 7 ME ME NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 554 8 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 554 9 Patel Patel NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 554 10 JC JC NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 554 11 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 554 12 Cragg Cragg NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 554 13 SJ SJ NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 554 14 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 554 15 December December NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 554 16 2011 2011 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 554 17 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 554 18 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 555 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-6976 555 2 Dopamine dopamine NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 555 3 release release NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 555 4 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 555 5 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 555 6 basal basal NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 555 7 ganglia ganglia NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 555 8 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-6976 555 9 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 556 1 Neuroscience Neuroscience NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 556 2 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 557 1 198 198 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 557 2 : : : en-wikipedia-org-6976 557 3 112–37 112–37 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 557 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 558 1 doi:10.1016 doi:10.1016 NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 558 2 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-6976 558 3 j.neuroscience.2011.08.066 j.neuroscience.2011.08.066 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 558 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 559 1 PMC PMC NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 559 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-6976 559 3 3357127 3357127 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 559 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 560 1 PMID PMID NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 560 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-6976 560 3 21939738 21939738 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 560 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 561 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 561 2 Schultz Schultz NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 561 3 W W NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 561 4 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 561 5 2007 2007 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 561 6 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 561 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 562 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-6976 562 2 Multiple multiple JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 562 3 dopamine dopamine NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 562 4 functions function NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 562 5 at at IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 562 6 different different JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 562 7 time time NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 562 8 courses course NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 562 9 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-6976 562 10 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 563 1 Annual Annual NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 563 2 Review Review NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 563 3 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 563 4 Neuroscience Neuroscience NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 563 5 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 564 1 30 30 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 564 2 : : SYM en-wikipedia-org-6976 564 3 259–88 259–88 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 564 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 565 1 doi:10.1146 doi:10.1146 NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 565 2 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-6976 565 3 annurev.neuro.28.061604.135722 annurev.neuro.28.061604.135722 NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 565 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 566 1 PMID PMID NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 566 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-6976 566 3 17600522 17600522 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 566 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 567 1 S2CID S2CID NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 567 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-6976 567 3 13503219 13503219 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 567 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 568 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 568 2 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 568 3 b b NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 568 4 c c NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 568 5 d d NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 568 6 e e NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 568 7 f f NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 568 8 g g NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 568 9 h h NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 568 10 i i NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 568 11 Björklund Björklund NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 568 12 A A NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 568 13 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 568 14 Dunnett Dunnett NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 568 15 SB SB NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 568 16 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 568 17 May May NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 568 18 2007 2007 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 568 19 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 568 20 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 569 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-6976 569 2 Dopamine dopamine NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 569 3 neuron neuron NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 569 4 systems system NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 569 5 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 569 6 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 569 7 brain brain NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 569 8 : : : en-wikipedia-org-6976 569 9 an an DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 569 10 update update NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 569 11 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-6976 569 12 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 570 1 Trends trend NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 570 2 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 570 3 Neurosciences Neurosciences NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 570 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 571 1 30 30 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 571 2 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 571 3 5 5 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 571 4 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 571 5 : : : en-wikipedia-org-6976 571 6 194–202 194–202 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 571 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 572 1 doi:10.1016 doi:10.1016 NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 572 2 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-6976 572 3 j.tins.2007.03.006 j.tins.2007.03.006 NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 572 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 573 1 PMID PMID NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 573 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-6976 573 3 17408759 17408759 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 573 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 574 1 S2CID S2CID NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 574 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-6976 574 3 14239716 14239716 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 574 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 575 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 575 2 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 575 3 b b NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 575 4 Dahlstroem Dahlstroem NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 575 5 A A NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 575 6 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 575 7 Fuxe Fuxe NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 575 8 K K NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 575 9 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 575 10 1964 1964 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 575 11 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 575 12 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 576 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-6976 576 2 Evidence evidence NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 576 3 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 576 4 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 576 5 existence existence NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 576 6 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 576 7 monoamine monoamine NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 576 8 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-6976 576 9 containing contain VBG en-wikipedia-org-6976 576 10 neurons neuron NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 576 11 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 576 12 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 576 13 central central JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 576 14 nervous nervous JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 576 15 system system NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 576 16 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 577 1 I. I. NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 578 1 Demonstration demonstration NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 578 2 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 578 3 monoamines monoamine NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 578 4 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 578 5 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 578 6 cell cell NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 578 7 bodies body NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 578 8 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 578 9 brain brain NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 578 10 stem stem NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 578 11 neurons neuron NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 578 12 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-6976 578 13 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 579 1 Acta Acta NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 579 2 Physiologica Physiologica NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 579 3 Scandinavica Scandinavica NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 579 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 580 1 Supplementum supplementum NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 580 2 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 581 1 232 232 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 581 2 : : : en-wikipedia-org-6976 581 3 SUPPL SUPPL NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 581 4 232:1–55 232:1–55 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 581 5 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 582 1 PMID PMID NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 582 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-6976 582 3 14229500 14229500 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 582 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 583 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 583 2 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 583 3 b b NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 583 4 c c NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 583 5 d d NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 583 6 Malenka Malenka NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 583 7 RC RC NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 583 8 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 583 9 Nestler Nestler NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 583 10 EJ EJ NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 583 11 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 583 12 Hyman Hyman NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 583 13 SE SE NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 583 14 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 583 15 2009 2009 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 583 16 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 583 17 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 584 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-6976 584 2 Chapter chapter NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 584 3 6 6 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 584 4 : : : en-wikipedia-org-6976 584 5 Widely widely RB en-wikipedia-org-6976 584 6 Projecting project VBG en-wikipedia-org-6976 584 7 Systems Systems NNPS en-wikipedia-org-6976 584 8 : : : en-wikipedia-org-6976 584 9 Monoamines monoamine NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 584 10 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 584 11 Acetylcholine Acetylcholine NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 584 12 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 584 13 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-6976 584 14 Orexin Orexin NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 584 15 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-6976 584 16 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 585 1 In in IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 585 2 Sydor Sydor NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 585 3 A A NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 585 4 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 585 5 Brown Brown NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 585 6 RY RY NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 585 7 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 585 8 eds eds NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 585 9 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 585 10 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 585 11 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 586 1 Molecular Molecular NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 586 2 Neuropharmacology Neuropharmacology NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 586 3 : : : en-wikipedia-org-6976 586 4 A A NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 586 5 Foundation Foundation NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 586 6 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 586 7 Clinical Clinical NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 586 8 Neuroscience Neuroscience NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 586 9 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 586 10 2nd 2nd NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 586 11 ed ed NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 586 12 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 586 13 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 586 14 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 587 1 New New NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 587 2 York York NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 587 3 : : : en-wikipedia-org-6976 587 4 McGraw McGraw NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 587 5 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-6976 587 6 Hill Hill NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 587 7 Medical Medical NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 587 8 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 588 1 pp pp NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 588 2 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 589 1 147–48 147–48 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 589 2 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 589 3 154–57 154–57 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 589 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 590 1 ISBN ISBN NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 590 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-6976 590 3 978 978 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 590 4 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-6976 590 5 0 0 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 590 6 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-6976 590 7 07 07 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 590 8 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-6976 590 9 148127 148127 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 590 10 - - SYM en-wikipedia-org-6976 590 11 4 4 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 590 12 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 591 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 591 2 Christine Christine NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 591 3 CW CW NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 591 4 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 591 5 Aminoff Aminoff NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 591 6 MJ MJ NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 591 7 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 591 8 September September NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 591 9 2004 2004 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 591 10 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 591 11 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 592 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-6976 592 2 Clinical clinical JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 592 3 differentiation differentiation NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 592 4 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 592 5 parkinsonian parkinsonian NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 592 6 syndromes syndrome VBZ en-wikipedia-org-6976 592 7 : : : en-wikipedia-org-6976 592 8 prognostic prognostic JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 592 9 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-6976 592 10 therapeutic therapeutic JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 592 11 relevance relevance NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 592 12 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-6976 592 13 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 593 1 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 593 2 American American NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 593 3 Journal Journal NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 593 4 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 593 5 Medicine Medicine NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 593 6 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 594 1 117 117 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 594 2 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 594 3 6 6 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 594 4 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 594 5 : : : en-wikipedia-org-6976 594 6 412–19 412–19 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 594 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 595 1 doi:10.1016 doi:10.1016 NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 595 2 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-6976 595 3 j.amjmed.2004.03.032 j.amjmed.2004.03.032 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 595 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 596 1 PMID PMID NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 596 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-6976 596 3 15380498 15380498 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 596 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 597 1 ^ ^ NFP en-wikipedia-org-6976 597 2 Fadok Fadok NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 597 3 JP JP NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 597 4 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 597 5 Dickerson Dickerson NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 597 6 TM TM NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 597 7 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 597 8 Palmiter Palmiter NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 597 9 RD RD NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 597 10 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 597 11 September September NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 597 12 2009 2009 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 597 13 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 597 14 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 598 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-6976 598 2 Dopamine dopamine NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 598 3 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-6976 598 4 necessary necessary JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 598 5 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 598 6 cue cue NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 598 7 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-6976 598 8 dependent dependent JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 598 9 fear fear NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 598 10 conditioning conditioning NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 598 11 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-6976 598 12 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 599 1 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 599 2 Journal Journal NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 599 3 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 599 4 Neuroscience Neuroscience NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 599 5 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 600 1 29 29 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 600 2 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 600 3 36 36 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 600 4 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 600 5 : : : en-wikipedia-org-6976 600 6 11089–97 11089–97 ADD en-wikipedia-org-6976 600 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 601 1 doi:10.1523 doi:10.1523 NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 601 2 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-6976 601 3 JNEUROSCI.1616 JNEUROSCI.1616 NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 601 4 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-6976 601 5 09.2009 09.2009 NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 601 6 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 602 1 PMC PMC NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 602 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-6976 602 3 2759996 2759996 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 602 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 603 1 PMID PMID NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 603 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-6976 603 3 19741115 19741115 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 603 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 604 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 604 2 Tang Tang NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 604 3 W W NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 604 4 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 604 5 Kochubey Kochubey NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 604 6 O O '' en-wikipedia-org-6976 604 7 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 604 8 Kintscher Kintscher NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 604 9 M M NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 604 10 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 604 11 Schneggenburger Schneggenburger NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 604 12 R R NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 604 13 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 604 14 April April NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 604 15 2020 2020 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 604 16 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 604 17 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 605 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-6976 605 2 A a DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 605 3 VTA VTA NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 605 4 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 605 5 basal basal NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 605 6 amygdala amygdala NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 605 7 dopamine dopamine NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 605 8 projection projection NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 605 9 contributes contribute VBZ en-wikipedia-org-6976 605 10 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-6976 605 11 signal signal VB en-wikipedia-org-6976 605 12 salient salient NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 605 13 somatosensory somatosensory NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 605 14 events event NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 605 15 during during IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 605 16 fear fear NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 605 17 learning learning NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 605 18 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-6976 605 19 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 606 1 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 606 2 Journal Journal NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 606 3 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 606 4 Neuroscience Neuroscience NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 606 5 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 607 1 40 40 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 607 2 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 607 3 20 20 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 607 4 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 607 5 : : : en-wikipedia-org-6976 607 6 JN JN NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 607 7 – – : en-wikipedia-org-6976 607 8 RM–1796 rm–1796 NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 607 9 - - SYM en-wikipedia-org-6976 607 10 19 19 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 607 11 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 608 1 doi:10.1523 doi:10.1523 NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 608 2 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-6976 608 3 JNEUROSCI.1796 JNEUROSCI.1796 NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 608 4 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-6976 608 5 19.2020 19.2020 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 608 6 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 609 1 PMC PMC NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 609 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-6976 609 3 7219297 7219297 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 609 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 610 1 PMID PMID NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 610 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-6976 610 3 32277045 32277045 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 610 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 611 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 611 2 Jo Jo NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 611 3 YS YS NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 611 4 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 611 5 Heymann Heymann NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 611 6 G G NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 611 7 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 611 8 Zweifel Zweifel NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 611 9 LS LS NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 611 10 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 611 11 November November NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 611 12 2018 2018 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 611 13 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 611 14 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 612 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-6976 612 2 Dopamine Dopamine NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 612 3 Neurons neuron NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 612 4 Reflect reflect VBP en-wikipedia-org-6976 612 5 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 612 6 Uncertainty uncertainty NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 612 7 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 612 8 Fear Fear NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 612 9 Generalization Generalization NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 612 10 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-6976 612 11 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 613 1 Neuron neuron UH en-wikipedia-org-6976 613 2 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 614 1 100 100 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 614 2 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 614 3 4 4 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 614 4 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 614 5 : : : en-wikipedia-org-6976 614 6 916–925.e3 916–925.e3 ADD en-wikipedia-org-6976 614 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 615 1 doi:10.1016 doi:10.1016 NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 615 2 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-6976 615 3 j.neuron.2018.09.028 j.neuron.2018.09.028 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 615 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 616 1 PMC PMC NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 616 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-6976 616 3 6226002 6226002 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 616 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 617 1 PMID PMID NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 617 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-6976 617 3 30318411 30318411 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 617 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 618 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 618 2 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 618 3 b b NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 618 4 Paulus Paulus NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 618 5 W W NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 618 6 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 618 7 Schomburg Schomburg NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 618 8 ED ED NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 618 9 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 618 10 June June NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 618 11 2006 2006 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 618 12 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 618 13 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 619 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-6976 619 2 Dopamine dopamine NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 619 3 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-6976 619 4 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 619 5 spinal spinal JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 619 6 cord cord NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 619 7 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 619 8 restless restless JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 619 9 legs leg NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 619 10 syndrome syndrome NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 619 11 : : : en-wikipedia-org-6976 619 12 does do VBZ en-wikipedia-org-6976 619 13 spinal spinal JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 619 14 cord cord NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 619 15 physiology physiology NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 619 16 reveal reveal VBP en-wikipedia-org-6976 619 17 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 619 18 basis basis NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 619 19 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 619 20 augmentation augmentation NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 619 21 ? ? . en-wikipedia-org-6976 619 22 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-6976 619 23 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 620 1 Sleep Sleep NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 620 2 Medicine Medicine NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 620 3 Reviews Reviews NNPS en-wikipedia-org-6976 620 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 621 1 10 10 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 621 2 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 621 3 3 3 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 621 4 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 621 5 : : : en-wikipedia-org-6976 621 6 185–96 185–96 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 621 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 622 1 doi:10.1016 doi:10.1016 NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 622 2 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-6976 622 3 j.smrv.2006.01.004 j.smrv.2006.01.004 JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 622 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 623 1 PMID PMID NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 623 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-6976 623 3 16762808 16762808 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 623 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 624 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 624 2 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 624 3 b b NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 624 4 c c NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 624 5 d d NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 624 6 e e NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 624 7 f f NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 624 8 Ben Ben NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 624 9 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-6976 624 10 Jonathan Jonathan NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 624 11 N N NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 624 12 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 624 13 Hnasko Hnasko NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 624 14 R R NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 624 15 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 624 16 December December NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 624 17 2001 2001 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 624 18 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 624 19 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 625 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-6976 625 2 Dopamine dopamine NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 625 3 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 625 4 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 625 5 prolactin prolactin NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 625 6 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 625 7 PRL PRL NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 625 8 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 625 9 inhibitor inhibitor NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 625 10 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-6976 625 11 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 626 1 Endocrine Endocrine NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 626 2 Reviews Reviews NNPS en-wikipedia-org-6976 626 3 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 627 1 22 22 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 627 2 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 627 3 6 6 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 627 4 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 627 5 : : : en-wikipedia-org-6976 627 6 724–63 724–63 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 627 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 628 1 doi:10.1210 doi:10.1210 NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 628 2 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-6976 628 3 er.22.6.724 er.22.6.724 NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 628 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 629 1 PMID PMID NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 629 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-6976 629 3 11739329 11739329 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 629 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 630 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 630 2 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 630 3 b b NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 630 4 c c NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 630 5 d d NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 630 6 Witkovsky Witkovsky NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 630 7 P P NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 630 8 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 630 9 January January NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 630 10 2004 2004 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 630 11 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 630 12 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 631 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-6976 631 2 Dopamine dopamine NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 631 3 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-6976 631 4 retinal retinal JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 631 5 function function NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 631 6 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-6976 631 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 632 1 Documenta Documenta NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 632 2 Ophthalmologica Ophthalmologica NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 632 3 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 633 1 Advances advance NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 633 2 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 633 3 Ophthalmology Ophthalmology NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 633 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 634 1 108 108 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 634 2 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 634 3 1 1 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 634 4 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 634 5 : : : en-wikipedia-org-6976 634 6 17–40 17–40 LS en-wikipedia-org-6976 634 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 635 1 doi:10.1023 doi:10.1023 NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 635 2 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-6976 635 3 B B NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 635 4 : : : en-wikipedia-org-6976 635 5 DOOP.0000019487.88486.0a DOOP.0000019487.88486.0a NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 635 6 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 636 1 PMID PMID NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 636 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-6976 636 3 15104164 15104164 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 636 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 637 1 S2CID S2CID NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 637 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-6976 637 3 10354133 10354133 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 637 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 638 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 638 2 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 638 3 b b NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 638 4 Fix Fix NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 638 5 JD JD NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 638 6 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 638 7 2008 2008 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 638 8 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 638 9 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 639 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-6976 639 2 Basal Basal NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 639 3 Ganglia Ganglia NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 639 4 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-6976 639 5 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 639 6 Striatal Striatal NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 639 7 Motor Motor NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 639 8 System System NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 639 9 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-6976 639 10 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 640 1 Neuroanatomy Neuroanatomy NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 640 2 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 640 3 Board Board NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 640 4 Review Review NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 640 5 Series Series NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 640 6 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 640 7 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 640 8 4th 4th JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 640 9 ed ed NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 640 10 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 640 11 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 640 12 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 641 1 Baltimore Baltimore NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 641 2 : : : en-wikipedia-org-6976 641 3 Wulters Wulters NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 641 4 Kluwer Kluwer NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 641 5 & & CC en-wikipedia-org-6976 641 6 Lippincott Lippincott NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 641 7 Wiliams Wiliams NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 641 8 & & CC en-wikipedia-org-6976 641 9 Wilkins Wilkins NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 641 10 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 642 1 pp pp NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 642 2 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 643 1 274–81 274–81 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 643 2 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 644 1 ISBN ISBN NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 644 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-6976 644 3 978 978 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 644 4 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-6976 644 5 0 0 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 644 6 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-6976 644 7 7817 7817 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 644 8 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-6976 644 9 7245 7245 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 644 10 - - SYM en-wikipedia-org-6976 644 11 7 7 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 644 12 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 645 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 645 2 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 645 3 b b NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 645 4 c c NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 645 5 d d NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 645 6 e e NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 645 7 f f NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 645 8 Chakravarthy Chakravarthy NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 645 9 VS VS NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 645 10 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 645 11 Joseph Joseph NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 645 12 D D NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 645 13 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 645 14 Bapi Bapi NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 645 15 RS RS NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 645 16 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 645 17 September September NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 645 18 2010 2010 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 645 19 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 645 20 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 646 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-6976 646 2 What what WP en-wikipedia-org-6976 646 3 do do VBP en-wikipedia-org-6976 646 4 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 646 5 basal basal NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 646 6 ganglia ganglia NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 646 7 do do VB en-wikipedia-org-6976 646 8 ? ? . en-wikipedia-org-6976 647 1 A a DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 647 2 modeling modeling JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 647 3 perspective perspective NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 647 4 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-6976 647 5 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 648 1 Biological Biological NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 648 2 Cybernetics cybernetic NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 648 3 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 649 1 103 103 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 649 2 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 649 3 3 3 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 649 4 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 649 5 : : : en-wikipedia-org-6976 649 6 237–53 237–53 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 649 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 650 1 doi:10.1007 doi:10.1007 NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 650 2 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-6976 650 3 s00422 s00422 NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 650 4 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-6976 650 5 010 010 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 650 6 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-6976 650 7 0401-y 0401-y NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 650 8 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 651 1 PMID PMID NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 651 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-6976 651 3 20644953 20644953 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 651 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 652 1 S2CID S2CID NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 652 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-6976 652 3 853119 853119 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 652 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 653 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 653 2 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 653 3 b b NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 653 4 c c NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 653 5 d d NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 653 6 Floresco Floresco NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 653 7 SB SB NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 653 8 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 653 9 January January NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 653 10 2015 2015 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 653 11 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 653 12 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 654 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-6976 654 2 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 654 3 nucleus nucleus NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 654 4 accumbens accumben VBZ en-wikipedia-org-6976 654 5 : : : en-wikipedia-org-6976 654 6 an an DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 654 7 interface interface NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 654 8 between between IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 654 9 cognition cognition NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 654 10 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 654 11 emotion emotion NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 654 12 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 654 13 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-6976 654 14 action action NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 654 15 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-6976 654 16 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 655 1 Annual Annual NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 655 2 Review Review NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 655 3 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 655 4 Psychology Psychology NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 655 5 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 656 1 66 66 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 656 2 : : : en-wikipedia-org-6976 656 3 25–52 25–52 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 656 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 657 1 doi:10.1146 doi:10.1146 NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 657 2 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-6976 657 3 annurev annurev JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 657 4 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-6976 657 5 psych-010213 psych-010213 NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 657 6 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-6976 657 7 115159 115159 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 657 8 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 658 1 PMID PMID NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 658 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-6976 658 3 25251489 25251489 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 658 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 659 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 659 2 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 659 3 b b NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 659 4 Balleine Balleine NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 659 5 BW BW NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 659 6 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 659 7 Dezfouli Dezfouli NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 659 8 A A NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 659 9 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 659 10 Ito Ito NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 659 11 M M NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 659 12 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 659 13 Doya Doya NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 659 14 K K NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 659 15 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 659 16 2015 2015 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 659 17 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 659 18 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 660 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-6976 660 2 Hierarchical hierarchical JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 660 3 control control NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 660 4 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 660 5 goal goal NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 660 6 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-6976 660 7 directed direct VBN en-wikipedia-org-6976 660 8 action action NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 660 9 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 660 10 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 660 11 cortical cortical NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 660 12 – – : en-wikipedia-org-6976 660 13 basal basal NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 660 14 ganglia ganglia NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 660 15 network network NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 660 16 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-6976 660 17 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 661 1 Current current JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 661 2 Opinion opinion NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 661 3 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 661 4 Behavioral Behavioral NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 661 5 Sciences Sciences NNPS en-wikipedia-org-6976 661 6 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 662 1 5 5 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 662 2 : : SYM en-wikipedia-org-6976 662 3 1–7 1–7 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 662 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 663 1 doi:10.1016 doi:10.1016 NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 663 2 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-6976 663 3 j.cobeha.2015.06.001 j.cobeha.2015.06.001 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 663 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 664 1 S2CID S2CID NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 664 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-6976 664 3 53148662 53148662 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 664 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 665 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 665 2 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 665 3 b b NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 665 4 c c NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 665 5 Jankovic Jankovic NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 665 6 J J NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 665 7 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 665 8 April April NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 665 9 2008 2008 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 665 10 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 665 11 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 666 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-6976 666 2 Parkinson Parkinson NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 666 3 's 's POS en-wikipedia-org-6976 666 4 disease disease NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 666 5 : : : en-wikipedia-org-6976 666 6 clinical clinical JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 666 7 features feature NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 666 8 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-6976 666 9 diagnosis diagnosis NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 666 10 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-6976 666 11 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 667 1 Journal Journal NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 667 2 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 667 3 Neurology Neurology NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 667 4 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 667 5 Neurosurgery Neurosurgery NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 667 6 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 667 7 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-6976 667 8 Psychiatry Psychiatry NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 667 9 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 668 1 79 79 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 668 2 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 668 3 4 4 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 668 4 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 668 5 : : : en-wikipedia-org-6976 668 6 368–76 368–76 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 668 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 669 1 doi:10.1136 doi:10.1136 NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 669 2 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-6976 669 3 jnnp.2007.131045 jnnp.2007.131045 NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 669 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 670 1 PMID PMID NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 670 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-6976 670 3 18344392 18344392 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 670 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 671 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 671 2 Pattij Pattij NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 671 3 T T NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 671 4 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 671 5 Vanderschuren Vanderschuren NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 671 6 LJ LJ NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 671 7 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 671 8 April April NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 671 9 2008 2008 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 671 10 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 671 11 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 672 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-6976 672 2 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 672 3 neuropharmacology neuropharmacology NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 672 4 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 672 5 impulsive impulsive JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 672 6 behaviour behaviour NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 672 7 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-6976 672 8 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 673 1 Trends trend NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 673 2 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 673 3 Pharmacological Pharmacological NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 673 4 Sciences Sciences NNPS en-wikipedia-org-6976 673 5 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 674 1 29 29 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 674 2 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 674 3 4 4 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 674 4 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 674 5 : : : en-wikipedia-org-6976 674 6 192–99 192–99 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 674 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 675 1 doi:10.1016 doi:10.1016 NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 675 2 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-6976 675 3 j.tips.2008.01.002 j.tips.2008.01.002 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 675 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 676 1 PMID PMID NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 676 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-6976 676 3 18304658 18304658 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 676 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 677 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 677 2 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 677 3 b b NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 677 4 c c NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 677 5 d d NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 677 6 e e NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 677 7 f f NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 677 8 g g NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 677 9 h h NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 677 10 i i NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 677 11 j j NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 677 12 k k NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 677 13 l l NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 677 14 m m NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 677 15 Schultz Schultz NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 677 16 W W NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 677 17 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 677 18 July July NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 677 19 2015 2015 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 677 20 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 677 21 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 678 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-6976 678 2 Neuronal Neuronal NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 678 3 Reward Reward NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 678 4 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-6976 678 5 Decision Decision NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 678 6 Signals Signals NNPS en-wikipedia-org-6976 678 7 : : : en-wikipedia-org-6976 678 8 From from IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 678 9 Theories Theories NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 678 10 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 678 11 Data Data NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 678 12 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-6976 678 13 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 679 1 Physiological Physiological NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 679 2 Reviews Reviews NNPS en-wikipedia-org-6976 679 3 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 680 1 95 95 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 680 2 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 680 3 3 3 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 680 4 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 680 5 : : : en-wikipedia-org-6976 680 6 853–951 853–951 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 680 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 681 1 doi:10.1152 doi:10.1152 NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 681 2 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-6976 681 3 physrev.00023.2014 physrev.00023.2014 NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 681 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 682 1 PMC PMC NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 682 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-6976 682 3 4491543 4491543 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 682 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 683 1 PMID PMID NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 683 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-6976 683 3 26109341 26109341 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 683 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 684 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 684 2 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 684 3 b b NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 684 4 c c NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 684 5 Robinson Robinson NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 684 6 TE TE NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 684 7 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 684 8 Berridge Berridge NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 684 9 KC KC NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 684 10 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 684 11 1993 1993 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 684 12 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 684 13 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 685 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-6976 685 2 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 685 3 neural neural JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 685 4 basis basis NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 685 5 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 685 6 drug drug NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 685 7 craving craving NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 685 8 : : : en-wikipedia-org-6976 685 9 an an DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 685 10 incentive incentive NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 685 11 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-6976 685 12 sensitization sensitization NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 685 13 theory theory NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 685 14 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 685 15 addiction addiction NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 685 16 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-6976 685 17 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 686 1 Brain Brain NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 686 2 Research Research NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 686 3 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 687 1 Brain Brain NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 687 2 Research Research NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 687 3 Reviews Reviews NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 687 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 688 1 18 18 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 688 2 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 688 3 3 3 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 688 4 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 688 5 : : : en-wikipedia-org-6976 688 6 247–91 247–91 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 688 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 689 1 doi:10.1016/0165 doi:10.1016/0165 NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 689 2 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-6976 689 3 0173(93)90013-p 0173(93)90013-p NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 689 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 689 5 hdl:2027.42/30601 hdl:2027.42/30601 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 689 6 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 690 1 PMID PMID NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 690 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-6976 690 3 8401595 8401595 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 690 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 691 1 S2CID S2CID NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 691 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-6976 691 3 13471436 13471436 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 691 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 692 1 ^ ^ NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 692 2 Wright Wright NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 692 3 JS JS NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 692 4 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 692 5 Panksepp Panksepp NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 692 6 J J NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 692 7 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 692 8 2012 2012 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 692 9 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 692 10 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 693 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-6976 693 2 An an DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 693 3 evolutionary evolutionary JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 693 4 framework framework NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 693 5 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-6976 693 6 understand understand VB en-wikipedia-org-6976 693 7 foraging forage VBG en-wikipedia-org-6976 693 8 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 693 9 wanting want VBG en-wikipedia-org-6976 693 10 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 693 11 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-6976 693 12 desire desire NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 693 13 : : : en-wikipedia-org-6976 693 14 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 693 15 neuropsychology neuropsychology NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 693 16 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 693 17 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 693 18 SEEKING seeking NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 693 19 system system NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 693 20 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-6976 693 21 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 694 1 Neuropsychoanalysis neuropsychoanalysis NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 694 2 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 695 1 14 14 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 695 2 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 695 3 1 1 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 695 4 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 695 5 : : : en-wikipedia-org-6976 695 6 5–39 5–39 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 695 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 696 1 doi:10.1080/15294145.2012.10773683 doi:10.1080/15294145.2012.10773683 NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 696 2 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 697 1 S2CID S2CID NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 697 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-6976 697 3 145747459 145747459 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 697 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 698 1 Retrieved retrieve VBN en-wikipedia-org-6976 698 2 24 24 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 698 3 September September NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 698 4 2015 2015 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 698 5 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 699 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 699 2 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 699 3 b b NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 699 4 c c NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 699 5 d d NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 699 6 e e NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 699 7 Berridge Berridge NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 699 8 KC KC NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 699 9 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 699 10 Robinson Robinson NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 699 11 TE TE NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 699 12 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 699 13 Aldridge Aldridge NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 699 14 JW JW NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 699 15 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 699 16 February February NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 699 17 2009 2009 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 699 18 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 699 19 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 700 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-6976 700 2 Dissecting dissecting JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 700 3 components component NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 700 4 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 700 5 reward reward NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 700 6 : : : en-wikipedia-org-6976 700 7 ' ' `` en-wikipedia-org-6976 700 8 liking like VBG en-wikipedia-org-6976 700 9 ' ' '' en-wikipedia-org-6976 700 10 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 700 11 ' ' `` en-wikipedia-org-6976 700 12 wanting want VBG en-wikipedia-org-6976 700 13 ' ' '' en-wikipedia-org-6976 700 14 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 700 15 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-6976 700 16 learning learning NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 700 17 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-6976 700 18 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 701 1 Current current JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 701 2 Opinion Opinion NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 701 3 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 701 4 Pharmacology Pharmacology NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 701 5 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 702 1 9 9 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 702 2 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 702 3 1 1 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 702 4 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 702 5 : : : en-wikipedia-org-6976 702 6 65–73 65–73 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 702 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 703 1 doi:10.1016 doi:10.1016 NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 703 2 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-6976 703 3 j.coph.2008.12.014 j.coph.2008.12.014 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 703 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 704 1 PMC PMC NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 704 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-6976 704 3 2756052 2756052 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 704 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 705 1 PMID PMID NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 705 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-6976 705 3 19162544 19162544 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 705 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 706 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 706 2 Bromberg Bromberg NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 706 3 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-6976 706 4 Martin Martin NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 706 5 ES ES NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 706 6 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 706 7 Matsumoto Matsumoto NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 706 8 M M NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 706 9 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 706 10 Hikosaka Hikosaka NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 706 11 O o NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 706 12 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 706 13 December December NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 706 14 2010 2010 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 706 15 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 706 16 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 707 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-6976 707 2 Dopamine dopamine NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 707 3 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 707 4 motivational motivational JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 707 5 control control NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 707 6 : : : en-wikipedia-org-6976 707 7 rewarding rewarding JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 707 8 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 707 9 aversive aversive JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 707 10 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 707 11 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-6976 707 12 alerting alert VBG en-wikipedia-org-6976 707 13 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-6976 707 14 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 708 1 Neuron neuron UH en-wikipedia-org-6976 708 2 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 709 1 68 68 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 709 2 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 709 3 5 5 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 709 4 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 709 5 : : : en-wikipedia-org-6976 709 6 815–34 815–34 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 709 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 710 1 doi:10.1016 doi:10.1016 NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 710 2 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-6976 710 3 j.neuron.2010.11.022 j.neuron.2010.11.022 NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 710 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 711 1 PMC PMC NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 711 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-6976 711 3 3032992 3032992 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 711 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 712 1 PMID PMID NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 712 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-6976 712 3 21144997 21144997 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 712 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 713 1 ^ ^ NFP en-wikipedia-org-6976 713 2 Yager Yager NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 713 3 LM LM NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 713 4 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 713 5 Garcia Garcia NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 713 6 AF AF NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 713 7 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 713 8 Wunsch Wunsch NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 713 9 AM AM NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 713 10 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 713 11 Ferguson Ferguson NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 713 12 SM SM NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 713 13 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 713 14 August August NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 713 15 2015 2015 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 713 16 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 713 17 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 714 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-6976 714 2 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 714 3 ins in NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 714 4 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-6976 714 5 outs out NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 714 6 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 714 7 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 714 8 striatum striatum NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 714 9 : : : en-wikipedia-org-6976 714 10 Role role NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 714 11 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 714 12 drug drug NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 714 13 addiction addiction NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 714 14 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-6976 714 15 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 715 1 Neuroscience Neuroscience NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 715 2 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 716 1 301 301 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 716 2 : : SYM en-wikipedia-org-6976 716 3 529–41 529–41 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 716 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 717 1 doi:10.1016 doi:10.1016 NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 717 2 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-6976 717 3 j.neuroscience.2015.06.033 j.neuroscience.2015.06.033 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 717 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 718 1 PMC PMC NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 718 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-6976 718 3 4523218 4523218 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 718 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 719 1 PMID PMID NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 719 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-6976 719 3 26116518 26116518 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 719 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 720 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 720 2 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 720 3 b b NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 720 4 Saddoris Saddoris NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 720 5 MP MP NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 720 6 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 720 7 Cacciapaglia Cacciapaglia NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 720 8 F F NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 720 9 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 720 10 Wightman Wightman NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 720 11 RM RM NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 720 12 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 720 13 Carelli Carelli NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 720 14 RM RM NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 720 15 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 720 16 August August NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 720 17 2015 2015 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 720 18 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 720 19 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 721 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-6976 721 2 Differential Differential NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 721 3 Dopamine Dopamine NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 721 4 Release Release NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 721 5 Dynamics Dynamics NNPS en-wikipedia-org-6976 721 6 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 721 7 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 721 8 Nucleus Nucleus NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 721 9 Accumbens Accumbens NNPS en-wikipedia-org-6976 721 10 Core Core NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 721 11 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-6976 721 12 Shell Shell NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 721 13 Reveal Reveal NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 721 14 Complementary Complementary NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 721 15 Signals Signals NNPS en-wikipedia-org-6976 721 16 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 721 17 Error Error NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 721 18 Prediction Prediction NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 721 19 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-6976 721 20 Incentive Incentive NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 721 21 Motivation Motivation NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 721 22 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-6976 721 23 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 722 1 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 722 2 Journal Journal NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 722 3 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 722 4 Neuroscience Neuroscience NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 722 5 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 723 1 35 35 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 723 2 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 723 3 33 33 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 723 4 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 723 5 : : : en-wikipedia-org-6976 723 6 11572–82 11572–82 LS en-wikipedia-org-6976 723 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 724 1 doi:10.1523 doi:10.1523 NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 724 2 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-6976 724 3 JNEUROSCI.2344 JNEUROSCI.2344 NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 724 4 - - SYM en-wikipedia-org-6976 724 5 15.2015 15.2015 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 724 6 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 725 1 PMC PMC NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 725 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-6976 725 3 4540796 4540796 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 725 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 726 1 PMID PMID NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 726 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-6976 726 3 26290234 26290234 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 726 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 727 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 727 2 Berridge Berridge NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 727 3 KC KC NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 727 4 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 727 5 Kringelbach Kringelbach NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 727 6 ML ML NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 727 7 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 727 8 May May NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 727 9 2015 2015 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 727 10 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 727 11 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 728 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-6976 728 2 Pleasure pleasure NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 728 3 systems system NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 728 4 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 728 5 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 728 6 brain brain NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 728 7 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-6976 728 8 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 729 1 Neuron neuron UH en-wikipedia-org-6976 729 2 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 730 1 86 86 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 730 2 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 730 3 3 3 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 730 4 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 730 5 : : : en-wikipedia-org-6976 730 6 646–64 646–64 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 730 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 731 1 doi:10.1016 doi:10.1016 NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 731 2 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-6976 731 3 j.neuron.2015.02.018 j.neuron.2015.02.018 NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 731 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 732 1 PMC PMC NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 732 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-6976 732 3 4425246 4425246 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 732 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 733 1 PMID PMID NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 733 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-6976 733 3 25950633 25950633 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 733 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 734 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 734 2 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 734 3 b b NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 734 4 c c NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 734 5 Wise Wise NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 734 6 RA RA NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 734 7 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 734 8 1996 1996 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 734 9 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 734 10 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 735 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-6976 735 2 Addictive addictive JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 735 3 drugs drug NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 735 4 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-6976 735 5 brain brain NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 735 6 stimulation stimulation NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 735 7 reward reward NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 735 8 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-6976 735 9 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 736 1 Annual Annual NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 736 2 Review Review NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 736 3 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 736 4 Neuroscience Neuroscience NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 736 5 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 737 1 19 19 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 737 2 : : : en-wikipedia-org-6976 737 3 319–40 319–40 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 737 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 738 1 doi:10.1146 doi:10.1146 NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 738 2 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-6976 738 3 annurev.ne.19.030196.001535 annurev.ne.19.030196.001535 FW en-wikipedia-org-6976 738 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 739 1 PMID PMID NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 739 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-6976 739 3 8833446 8833446 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 739 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 740 1 ^ ^ NFP en-wikipedia-org-6976 740 2 Wise Wise NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 740 3 RA RA NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 740 4 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 740 5 October October NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 740 6 2008 2008 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 740 7 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 740 8 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 741 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-6976 741 2 Dopamine dopamine NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 741 3 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-6976 741 4 reward reward NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 741 5 : : : en-wikipedia-org-6976 741 6 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 741 7 anhedonia anhedonia NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 741 8 hypothesis hypothesis NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 741 9 30 30 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 741 10 years year NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 741 11 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 741 12 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-6976 741 13 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 742 1 Neurotoxicity Neurotoxicity NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 742 2 Research Research NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 742 3 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 743 1 14 14 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 743 2 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 743 3 2–3 2–3 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 743 4 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 743 5 : : : en-wikipedia-org-6976 743 6 169–83 169–83 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 743 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 744 1 doi:10.1007 doi:10.1007 NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 744 2 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-6976 744 3 BF03033808 BF03033808 NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 744 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 745 1 PMC PMC NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 745 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-6976 745 3 3155128 3155128 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 745 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 746 1 PMID PMID NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 746 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-6976 746 3 19073424 19073424 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 746 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 747 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 747 2 Arias Arias NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 747 3 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-6976 747 4 Carrión Carrión NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 747 5 O o NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 747 6 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 747 7 Pöppel Pöppel NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 747 8 E e NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 747 9 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 747 10 2007 2007 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 747 11 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 747 12 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 748 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-6976 748 2 Dopamine dopamine NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 748 3 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 748 4 learning learning NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 748 5 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-6976 748 6 reward reward NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 748 7 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-6976 748 8 seeking seek VBG en-wikipedia-org-6976 748 9 behavior behavior NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 748 10 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-6976 748 11 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 749 1 Acta Acta NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 749 2 Neurobiol Neurobiol NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 749 3 Exp Exp NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 749 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 750 1 67 67 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 750 2 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 750 3 4 4 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 750 4 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 750 5 : : : en-wikipedia-org-6976 750 6 481–88 481–88 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 750 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 751 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 751 2 Ikemoto Ikemoto NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 751 3 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 751 4 Satoshi Satoshi NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 751 5 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 751 6 November November NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 751 7 2007 2007 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 751 8 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 751 9 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 752 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-6976 752 2 Dopamine dopamine NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 752 3 reward reward NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 752 4 circuitry circuitry NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 752 5 : : : en-wikipedia-org-6976 752 6 two two CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 752 7 projection projection NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 752 8 systems system NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 752 9 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 752 10 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 752 11 ventral ventral JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 752 12 midbrain midbrain NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 752 13 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 752 14 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 752 15 nucleus nucleus NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 752 16 accumbens accumben NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 752 17 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-6976 752 18 olfactory olfactory JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 752 19 tubercle tubercle NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 752 20 complex complex NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 752 21 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-6976 752 22 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 753 1 Brain Brain NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 753 2 Research Research NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 753 3 Reviews Reviews NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 753 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 754 1 56 56 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 754 2 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 754 3 1 1 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 754 4 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 754 5 : : : en-wikipedia-org-6976 754 6 27–78 27–78 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 754 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 755 1 doi:10.1016 doi:10.1016 NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 755 2 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-6976 755 3 j.brainresrev.2007.05.004 j.brainresrev.2007.05.004 NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 755 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 756 1 ISSN issn NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 756 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-6976 756 3 0165 0165 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 756 4 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-6976 756 5 0173 0173 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 756 6 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 757 1 PMC PMC NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 757 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-6976 757 3 2134972 2134972 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 757 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 758 1 PMID PMID NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 758 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-6976 758 3 17574681 17574681 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 758 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 759 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 759 2 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 759 3 b b NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 759 4 Ferreri Ferreri NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 759 5 L L NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 759 6 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 759 7 Mas Mas NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 759 8 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-6976 759 9 Herrero Herrero NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 759 10 E E NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 759 11 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 759 12 Zatorre Zatorre NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 759 13 RJ RJ NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 759 14 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 759 15 Ripollés Ripollés NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 759 16 P P NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 759 17 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 759 18 Gomez Gomez NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 759 19 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-6976 759 20 Andres Andres NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 759 21 A A NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 759 22 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 759 23 Alicart Alicart NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 759 24 H H NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 759 25 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 759 26 Olivé Olivé NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 759 27 G G NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 759 28 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 759 29 Marco Marco NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 759 30 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-6976 759 31 Pallarés Pallarés NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 759 32 J J NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 759 33 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 759 34 Antonijoan Antonijoan NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 759 35 RM RM NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 759 36 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 759 37 Valle Valle NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 759 38 M M NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 759 39 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 759 40 Riba Riba NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 759 41 J J NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 759 42 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 759 43 Rodriguez Rodriguez NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 759 44 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-6976 759 45 Fornells fornell VBZ en-wikipedia-org-6976 759 46 A a NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 759 47 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 759 48 January January NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 759 49 2019 2019 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 759 50 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 759 51 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 760 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-6976 760 2 Dopamine dopamine NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 760 3 modulates modulate VBZ en-wikipedia-org-6976 760 4 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 760 5 reward reward NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 760 6 experiences experience NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 760 7 elicited elicit VBN en-wikipedia-org-6976 760 8 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 760 9 music music NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 760 10 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-6976 760 11 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 761 1 Proceedings proceeding NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 761 2 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 761 3 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 761 4 National National NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 761 5 Academy Academy NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 761 6 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 761 7 Sciences Sciences NNPS en-wikipedia-org-6976 761 8 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 761 9 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 761 10 United United NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 761 11 States States NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 761 12 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 761 13 America America NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 761 14 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 762 1 116 116 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 762 2 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 762 3 9 9 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 762 4 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 762 5 : : : en-wikipedia-org-6976 762 6 3793–3798 3793–3798 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 762 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 763 1 doi:10.1073 doi:10.1073 NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 763 2 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-6976 763 3 pnas.1811878116 pnas.1811878116 NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 763 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 764 1 PMC PMC NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 764 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-6976 764 3 6397525 6397525 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 764 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 765 1 PMID PMID NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 765 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-6976 765 3 30670642 30670642 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 765 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 766 1 Lay Lay NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 766 2 summary summary NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 766 3 – – : en-wikipedia-org-6976 766 4 Neuroscience Neuroscience NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 766 5 News News NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 766 6 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 766 7 24 24 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 766 8 January January NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 766 9 2019 2019 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 766 10 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 766 11 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 767 1 Listening listen VBG en-wikipedia-org-6976 767 2 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-6976 767 3 pleasurable pleasurable JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 767 4 music music NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 767 5 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-6976 767 6 often often RB en-wikipedia-org-6976 767 7 accompanied accompany VBN en-wikipedia-org-6976 767 8 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 767 9 measurable measurable JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 767 10 bodily bodily JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 767 11 reactions reaction NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 767 12 such such JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 767 13 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 767 14 goose goose JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 767 15 bumps bump NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 767 16 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-6976 767 17 shivers shiver NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 767 18 down down IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 767 19 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 767 20 spine spine NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 767 21 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 767 22 commonly commonly RB en-wikipedia-org-6976 767 23 called call VBN en-wikipedia-org-6976 767 24 “ " `` en-wikipedia-org-6976 767 25 chills chill NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 767 26 ” " '' en-wikipedia-org-6976 767 27 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-6976 767 28 “ " `` en-wikipedia-org-6976 767 29 frissons frisson NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 767 30 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 767 31 ” " '' en-wikipedia-org-6976 767 32   _SP en-wikipedia-org-6976 767 33 ... ... . en-wikipedia-org-6976 768 1 Overall overall RB en-wikipedia-org-6976 768 2 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 768 3 our -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-6976 768 4 results result NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 768 5 straightforwardly straightforwardly RB en-wikipedia-org-6976 768 6 revealed reveal VBD en-wikipedia-org-6976 768 7 that that IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 768 8 pharmacological pharmacological JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 768 9 interventions intervention NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 768 10 bidirectionally bidirectionally RB en-wikipedia-org-6976 768 11 modulated modulate VBD en-wikipedia-org-6976 768 12 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 768 13 reward reward NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 768 14 responses response NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 768 15 elicited elicit VBN en-wikipedia-org-6976 768 16 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 768 17 music music NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 768 18 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 769 1 In in IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 769 2 particular particular JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 769 3 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 769 4 we -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-6976 769 5 found find VBD en-wikipedia-org-6976 769 6 that that IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 769 7 risperidone risperidone NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 769 8 impaired impair VBN en-wikipedia-org-6976 769 9 participants participant NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 769 10 ’ ’ POS en-wikipedia-org-6976 769 11 ability ability NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 769 12 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-6976 769 13 experience experience VB en-wikipedia-org-6976 769 14 musical musical JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 769 15 pleasure pleasure NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 769 16 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 769 17 whereas whereas IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 769 18 levodopa levodopa NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 769 19 enhanced enhance VBD en-wikipedia-org-6976 769 20 it -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-6976 769 21 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 770 1 ... ... NFP en-wikipedia-org-6976 771 1 Here here RB en-wikipedia-org-6976 771 2 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 771 3 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 771 4 contrast contrast NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 771 5 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 771 6 studying study VBG en-wikipedia-org-6976 771 7 responses response NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 771 8 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 771 9 abstract abstract JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 771 10 rewards reward NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 771 11 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 771 12 human human JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 771 13 subjects subject NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 771 14 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 771 15 we -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-6976 771 16 show show VBP en-wikipedia-org-6976 771 17 that that IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 771 18 manipulation manipulation NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 771 19 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 771 20 dopaminergic dopaminergic JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 771 21 transmission transmission NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 771 22 affects affect VBZ en-wikipedia-org-6976 771 23 both both DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 771 24 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 771 25 pleasure pleasure NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 771 26 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 771 27 i.e. i.e. FW en-wikipedia-org-6976 771 28 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 771 29 amount amount NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 771 30 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 771 31 time time NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 771 32 reporting reporting NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 771 33 chills chill NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 771 34 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-6976 771 35 emotional emotional JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 771 36 arousal arousal NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 771 37 measured measure VBN en-wikipedia-org-6976 771 38 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 771 39 EDA EDA NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 771 40 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 771 41 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-6976 771 42 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 771 43 motivational motivational JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 771 44 components component NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 771 45 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 771 46 musical musical JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 771 47 reward reward NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 771 48 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 771 49 money money NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 771 50 willing willing JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 771 51 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-6976 771 52 spend spend VB en-wikipedia-org-6976 771 53 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 771 54 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 772 1 These these DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 772 2 findings finding NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 772 3 suggest suggest VBP en-wikipedia-org-6976 772 4 that that IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 772 5 dopaminergic dopaminergic JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 772 6 signaling signaling NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 772 7 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-6976 772 8 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 772 9 sine sine JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 772 10 qua qua NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 772 11 non non JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 772 12 condition condition NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 772 13 not not RB en-wikipedia-org-6976 772 14 only only RB en-wikipedia-org-6976 772 15 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 772 16 motivational motivational JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 772 17 responses response NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 772 18 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 772 19 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 772 20 has have VBZ en-wikipedia-org-6976 772 21 been be VBN en-wikipedia-org-6976 772 22 shown show VBN en-wikipedia-org-6976 772 23 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 772 24 primary primary JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 772 25 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-6976 772 26 secondary secondary JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 772 27 rewards reward NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 772 28 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 772 29 but but CC en-wikipedia-org-6976 772 30 also also RB en-wikipedia-org-6976 772 31 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 772 32 hedonic hedonic JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 772 33 reactions reaction NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 772 34 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 772 35 music music NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 772 36 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 773 1 This this DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 773 2 result result NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 773 3 supports support VBZ en-wikipedia-org-6976 773 4 recent recent JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 773 5 findings finding NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 773 6 showing show VBG en-wikipedia-org-6976 773 7 that that DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 773 8 dopamine dopamine NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 773 9 also also RB en-wikipedia-org-6976 773 10 mediates mediate VBZ en-wikipedia-org-6976 773 11 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 773 12 perceived perceived JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 773 13 pleasantness pleasantness NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 773 14 attained attain VBN en-wikipedia-org-6976 773 15 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 773 16 other other JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 773 17 types type NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 773 18 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 773 19 abstract abstract JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 773 20 rewards reward NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 773 21 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 773 22 37 37 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 773 23 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 773 24 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-6976 773 25 challenges challenge VBZ en-wikipedia-org-6976 773 26 previous previous JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 773 27 findings finding NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 773 28 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 773 29 animal animal NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 773 30 models model NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 773 31 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 773 32 primary primary JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 773 33 rewards reward NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 773 34 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 773 35 such such JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 773 36 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 773 37 food food NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 773 38 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 773 39 42 42 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 773 40 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 773 41 43 43 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 773 42 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 773 43 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 774 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 774 2 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 774 3 b b NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 774 4 Goupil Goupil NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 774 5 L L NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 774 6 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 774 7 Aucouturier Aucouturier NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 774 8 JJ JJ NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 774 9 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 774 10 February February NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 774 11 2019 2019 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 774 12 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 774 13 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 775 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-6976 775 2 Musical musical JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 775 3 pleasure pleasure NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 775 4 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-6976 775 5 musical musical JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 775 6 emotions emotion NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 775 7 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-6976 775 8 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 776 1 Proceedings proceeding NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 776 2 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 776 3 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 776 4 National National NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 776 5 Academy Academy NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 776 6 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 776 7 Sciences Sciences NNPS en-wikipedia-org-6976 776 8 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 776 9 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 776 10 United United NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 776 11 States States NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 776 12 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 776 13 America America NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 776 14 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 777 1 116 116 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 777 2 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 777 3 9 9 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 777 4 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 777 5 : : : en-wikipedia-org-6976 777 6 3364–3366 3364–3366 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 777 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 778 1 doi:10.1073 doi:10.1073 NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 778 2 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-6976 778 3 pnas.1900369116 pnas.1900369116 NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 778 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 779 1 PMC PMC NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 779 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-6976 779 3 6397567 6397567 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 779 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 780 1 PMID PMID NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 780 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-6976 780 3 30770455 30770455 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 780 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 781 1 In in IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 781 2 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 781 3 pharmacological pharmacological JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 781 4 study study NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 781 5 published publish VBN en-wikipedia-org-6976 781 6 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 781 7 PNAS PNAS NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 781 8 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 781 9 Ferreri Ferreri NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 781 10 et et FW en-wikipedia-org-6976 781 11 al al NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 781 12 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 782 1 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 782 2 1 1 LS en-wikipedia-org-6976 782 3 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 782 4 present present JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 782 5 evidence evidence NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 782 6 that that IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 782 7 enhancing enhance VBG en-wikipedia-org-6976 782 8 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-6976 782 9 inhibiting inhibit VBG en-wikipedia-org-6976 782 10 dopamine dopamine NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 782 11 signaling signaling NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 782 12 using use VBG en-wikipedia-org-6976 782 13 levodopa levodopa NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 782 14 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-6976 782 15 risperidone risperidone NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 782 16 modulates modulate VBZ en-wikipedia-org-6976 782 17 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 782 18 pleasure pleasure NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 782 19 experienced experience VBN en-wikipedia-org-6976 782 20 while while IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 782 21 listening listen VBG en-wikipedia-org-6976 782 22 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 782 23 music music NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 782 24 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 783 1 ... ... NFP en-wikipedia-org-6976 784 1 In in IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 784 2 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 784 3 final final JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 784 4 salvo salvo NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 784 5 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-6976 784 6 establish establish VB en-wikipedia-org-6976 784 7 not not RB en-wikipedia-org-6976 784 8 only only RB en-wikipedia-org-6976 784 9 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 784 10 correlational correlational JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 784 11 but but CC en-wikipedia-org-6976 784 12 also also RB en-wikipedia-org-6976 784 13 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 784 14 causal causal JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 784 15 implication implication NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 784 16 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 784 17 dopamine dopamine NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 784 18 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 784 19 musical musical JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 784 20 pleasure pleasure NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 784 21 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 784 22 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 784 23 authors author NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 784 24 have have VBP en-wikipedia-org-6976 784 25 turned turn VBN en-wikipedia-org-6976 784 26 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 784 27 directly directly RB en-wikipedia-org-6976 784 28 manipulating manipulate VBG en-wikipedia-org-6976 784 29 dopaminergic dopaminergic JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 784 30 signaling signaling NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 784 31 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 784 32 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 784 33 striatum striatum NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 784 34 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 784 35 first first RB en-wikipedia-org-6976 784 36 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 784 37 applying apply VBG en-wikipedia-org-6976 784 38 excitatory excitatory NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 784 39 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-6976 784 40 inhibitory inhibitory NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 784 41 transcranial transcranial JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 784 42 magnetic magnetic JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 784 43 stimulation stimulation NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 784 44 over over IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 784 45 their -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-6976 784 46 participants participant NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 784 47 ’ ' '' en-wikipedia-org-6976 784 48 left leave VBD en-wikipedia-org-6976 784 49 dorsolateral dorsolateral JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 784 50 prefrontal prefrontal NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 784 51 cortex cortex NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 784 52 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 784 53 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 784 54 region region NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 784 55 known know VBN en-wikipedia-org-6976 784 56 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-6976 784 57 modulate modulate VB en-wikipedia-org-6976 784 58 striatal striatal JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 784 59 function function NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 784 60 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 784 61 5 5 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 784 62 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 784 63 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 784 64 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-6976 784 65 finally finally RB en-wikipedia-org-6976 784 66 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 784 67 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 784 68 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 784 69 current current JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 784 70 study study NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 784 71 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 784 72 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 784 73 administrating administrate VBG en-wikipedia-org-6976 784 74 pharmaceutical pharmaceutical JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 784 75 agents agent NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 784 76 able able JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 784 77 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-6976 784 78 alter alter VB en-wikipedia-org-6976 784 79 dopamine dopamine VB en-wikipedia-org-6976 784 80 synaptic synaptic JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 784 81 availability availability NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 784 82 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 784 83 1 1 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 784 84 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 784 85 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 784 86 both both DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 784 87 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 784 88 which which WDT en-wikipedia-org-6976 784 89 influenced influence VBD en-wikipedia-org-6976 784 90 perceived perceive VBN en-wikipedia-org-6976 784 91 pleasure pleasure NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 784 92 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 784 93 physiological physiological JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 784 94 measures measure NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 784 95 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 784 96 arousal arousal NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 784 97 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 784 98 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-6976 784 99 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 784 100 monetary monetary JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 784 101 value value NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 784 102 assigned assign VBN en-wikipedia-org-6976 784 103 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 784 104 music music NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 784 105 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 784 106 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 784 107 predicted predict VBN en-wikipedia-org-6976 784 108 direction direction NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 784 109 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 785 1 ... ... NFP en-wikipedia-org-6976 786 1 While while IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 786 2 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 786 3 question question NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 786 4 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 786 5 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 786 6 musical musical JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 786 7 expression expression NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 786 8 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 786 9 emotion emotion NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 786 10 has have VBZ en-wikipedia-org-6976 786 11 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 786 12 long long JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 786 13 history history NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 786 14 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 786 15 investigation investigation NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 786 16 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 786 17 including include VBG en-wikipedia-org-6976 786 18 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 786 19 PNAS PNAS NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 786 20 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 786 21 6 6 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 786 22 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 786 23 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 786 24 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-6976 786 25 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 786 26 1990s 1990s CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 786 27 psychophysiological psychophysiological NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 786 28 strand strand NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 786 29 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 786 30 research research NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 786 31 had have VBD en-wikipedia-org-6976 786 32 already already RB en-wikipedia-org-6976 786 33 established establish VBN en-wikipedia-org-6976 786 34 that that DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 786 35 musical musical JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 786 36 pleasure pleasure NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 786 37 could could MD en-wikipedia-org-6976 786 38 activate activate VB en-wikipedia-org-6976 786 39 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 786 40 autonomic autonomic JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 786 41 nervous nervous JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 786 42 system system NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 786 43 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 786 44 7 7 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 786 45 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 786 46 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 786 47 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 786 48 authors author NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 786 49 ’ ’ POS en-wikipedia-org-6976 786 50 demonstration demonstration NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 786 51 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 786 52 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 786 53 implication implication NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 786 54 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 786 55 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 786 56 reward reward NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 786 57 system system NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 786 58 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 786 59 musical musical JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 786 60 emotions emotion NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 786 61 was be VBD en-wikipedia-org-6976 786 62 taken take VBN en-wikipedia-org-6976 786 63 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 786 64 inaugural inaugural JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 786 65 proof proof NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 786 66 that that IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 786 67 these these DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 786 68 were be VBD en-wikipedia-org-6976 786 69 veridical veridical JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 786 70 emotions emotion NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 786 71 whose whose WP$ en-wikipedia-org-6976 786 72 study study NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 786 73 has have VBZ en-wikipedia-org-6976 786 74 full full JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 786 75 legitimacy legitimacy NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 786 76 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-6976 786 77 inform inform VB en-wikipedia-org-6976 786 78 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 786 79 neurobiology neurobiology NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 786 80 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 786 81 our -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-6976 786 82 everyday everyday JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 786 83 cognitive cognitive JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 786 84 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 786 85 social social JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 786 86 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 786 87 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-6976 786 88 affective affective JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 786 89 functions function NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 786 90 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 786 91 8) 8) CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 786 92 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 787 1 Incidentally incidentally RB en-wikipedia-org-6976 787 2 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 787 3 this this DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 787 4 line line NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 787 5 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 787 6 work work NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 787 7 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 787 8 culminating culminate VBG en-wikipedia-org-6976 787 9 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 787 10 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 787 11 article article NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 787 12 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 787 13 Ferreri Ferreri NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 787 14 et et FW en-wikipedia-org-6976 787 15 al al NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 787 16 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 788 1 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 788 2 1 1 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 788 3 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 788 4 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 788 5 has have VBZ en-wikipedia-org-6976 788 6 plausibly plausibly RB en-wikipedia-org-6976 788 7 done do VBN en-wikipedia-org-6976 788 8 more more JJR en-wikipedia-org-6976 788 9 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-6976 788 10 attract attract VB en-wikipedia-org-6976 788 11 research research NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 788 12 funding funding NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 788 13 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 788 14 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 788 15 field field NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 788 16 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 788 17 music music NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 788 18 sciences science NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 788 19 than than IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 788 20 any any DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 788 21 other other JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 788 22 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 788 23 this this DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 788 24 community community NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 788 25 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 789 1 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 789 2 evidence evidence NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 789 3 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 789 4 Ferreri Ferreri NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 789 5 et et FW en-wikipedia-org-6976 789 6 al al NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 789 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 790 1 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 790 2 1 1 LS en-wikipedia-org-6976 790 3 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 790 4 provides provide VBZ en-wikipedia-org-6976 790 5 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 790 6 latest late JJS en-wikipedia-org-6976 790 7 support support NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 790 8 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 790 9 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 790 10 compelling compelling JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 790 11 neurobiological neurobiological JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 790 12 model model NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 790 13 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 790 14 which which WDT en-wikipedia-org-6976 790 15 musical musical JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 790 16 pleasure pleasure NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 790 17 arises arise VBZ en-wikipedia-org-6976 790 18 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 790 19 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 790 20 interaction interaction NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 790 21 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 790 22 ancient ancient JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 790 23 reward reward NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 790 24 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-6976 790 25 valuation valuation NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 790 26 systems system NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 790 27 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 790 28 striatal striatal JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 790 29 – – : en-wikipedia-org-6976 790 30 limbic limbic JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 790 31 – – : en-wikipedia-org-6976 790 32 paralimbic paralimbic JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 790 33 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 790 34 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 790 35 more more RBR en-wikipedia-org-6976 790 36 phylogenetically phylogenetically RB en-wikipedia-org-6976 790 37 advanced advanced JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 790 38 perception perception NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 790 39 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-6976 790 40 predictions prediction NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 790 41 systems system NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 790 42 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 790 43 temporofrontal temporofrontal JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 790 44 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 790 45 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 791 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 791 2 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 791 3 b b NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 791 4 Missale Missale NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 791 5 C C NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 791 6 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 791 7 Nash Nash NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 791 8 SR SR NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 791 9 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 791 10 Robinson Robinson NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 791 11 SW SW NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 791 12 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 791 13 Jaber Jaber NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 791 14 M M NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 791 15 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 791 16 Caron Caron NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 791 17 MG MG NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 791 18 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 791 19 January January NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 791 20 1998 1998 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 791 21 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 791 22 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 792 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-6976 792 2 Dopamine dopamine NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 792 3 receptors receptor NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 792 4 : : : en-wikipedia-org-6976 792 5 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 792 6 structure structure NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 792 7 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-6976 792 8 function function NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 792 9 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-6976 792 10 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 792 11 PDF PDF NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 792 12 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 792 13 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 793 1 Physiological Physiological NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 793 2 Reviews Reviews NNPS en-wikipedia-org-6976 793 3 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 794 1 78 78 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 794 2 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 794 3 1 1 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 794 4 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 794 5 : : : en-wikipedia-org-6976 794 6 189–225 189–225 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 794 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 795 1 doi:10.1152 doi:10.1152 NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 795 2 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-6976 795 3 physrev.1998.78.1.189 physrev.1998.78.1.189 XX en-wikipedia-org-6976 795 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 796 1 PMID PMID NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 796 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-6976 796 3 9457173 9457173 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 796 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 797 1 S2CID S2CID NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 797 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-6976 797 3 223462 223462 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 797 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 798 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 798 2 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 798 3 b b NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 798 4 Buttarelli Buttarelli NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 798 5 FR FR NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 798 6 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 798 7 Fanciulli Fanciulli NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 798 8 A A NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 798 9 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 798 10 Pellicano Pellicano NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 798 11 C C NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 798 12 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 798 13 Pontieri Pontieri NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 798 14 FE FE NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 798 15 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 798 16 June June NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 798 17 2011 2011 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 798 18 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 798 19 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 799 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-6976 799 2 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 799 3 dopaminergic dopaminergic JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 799 4 system system NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 799 5 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 799 6 peripheral peripheral JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 799 7 blood blood NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 799 8 lymphocytes lymphocyte VBZ en-wikipedia-org-6976 799 9 : : : en-wikipedia-org-6976 799 10 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 799 11 physiology physiology NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 799 12 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 799 13 pharmacology pharmacology NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 799 14 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-6976 799 15 potential potential JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 799 16 applications application NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 799 17 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-6976 799 18 neuropsychiatric neuropsychiatric VB en-wikipedia-org-6976 799 19 disorders disorder NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 799 20 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-6976 799 21 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 800 1 Current current JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 800 2 Neuropharmacology Neuropharmacology NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 800 3 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 801 1 9 9 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 801 2 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 801 3 2 2 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 801 4 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 801 5 : : : en-wikipedia-org-6976 801 6 278–88 278–88 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 801 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 802 1 doi:10.2174/157015911795596612 doi:10.2174/157015911795596612 NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 802 2 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 803 1 PMC PMC NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 803 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-6976 803 3 3131719 3131719 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 803 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 804 1 PMID PMID NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 804 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-6976 804 3 22131937 22131937 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 804 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 805 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 805 2 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 805 3 b b NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 805 4 Sarkar Sarkar NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 805 5 C C NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 805 6 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 805 7 Basu Basu NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 805 8 B B NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 805 9 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 805 10 Chakroborty Chakroborty NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 805 11 D D NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 805 12 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 805 13 Dasgupta Dasgupta NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 805 14 PS PS NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 805 15 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 805 16 Basu Basu NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 805 17 S S NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 805 18 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 805 19 May May NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 805 20 2010 2010 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 805 21 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 805 22 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 806 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-6976 806 2 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 806 3 immunoregulatory immunoregulatory JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 806 4 role role NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 806 5 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 806 6 dopamine dopamine NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 806 7 : : : en-wikipedia-org-6976 806 8 an an DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 806 9 update update NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 806 10 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-6976 806 11 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 807 1 Brain Brain NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 807 2 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 807 3 Behavior Behavior NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 807 4 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 807 5 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-6976 807 6 Immunity immunity NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 807 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 808 1 24 24 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 808 2 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 808 3 4 4 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 808 4 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 808 5 : : : en-wikipedia-org-6976 808 6 525–28 525–28 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 808 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 809 1 doi:10.1016 doi:10.1016 NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 809 2 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-6976 809 3 j.bbi.2009.10.015 j.bbi.2009.10.015 JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 809 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 810 1 PMC PMC NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 810 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-6976 810 3 2856781 2856781 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 810 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 811 1 PMID PMID NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 811 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-6976 811 3 19896530 19896530 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 811 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 812 1 ^ ^ NFP en-wikipedia-org-6976 812 2 Hussain Hussain NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 812 3 T T NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 812 4 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 812 5 Lokhandwala Lokhandwala NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 812 6 MF MF NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 812 7 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 812 8 February February NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 812 9 2003 2003 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 812 10 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 812 11 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 813 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-6976 813 2 Renal renal JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 813 3 dopamine dopamine NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 813 4 receptors receptor NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 813 5 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-6976 813 6 hypertension hypertension NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 813 7 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-6976 813 8 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 814 1 Experimental Experimental NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 814 2 Biology Biology NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 814 3 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-6976 814 4 Medicine Medicine NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 814 5 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 815 1 228 228 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 815 2 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 815 3 2 2 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 815 4 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 815 5 : : : en-wikipedia-org-6976 815 6 134–42 134–42 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 815 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 816 1 doi:10.1177/153537020322800202 doi:10.1177/153537020322800202 NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 816 2 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 817 1 PMID PMID NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 817 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-6976 817 3 12563019 12563019 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 817 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 818 1 S2CID S2CID NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 818 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-6976 818 3 10896819 10896819 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 818 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 819 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 819 2 Choi Choi NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 819 3 MR MR NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 819 4 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 819 5 Kouyoumdzian Kouyoumdzian NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 819 6 NM NM NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 819 7 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 819 8 Rukavina Rukavina NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 819 9 Mikusic Mikusic NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 819 10 NL NL NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 819 11 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 819 12 Kravetz Kravetz NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 819 13 MC MC NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 819 14 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 819 15 Rosón Rosón NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 819 16 MI MI NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 819 17 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 819 18 Rodríguez Rodríguez NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 819 19 Fermepin Fermepin NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 819 20 M M NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 819 21 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 819 22 Fernández Fernández NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 819 23 BE BE NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 819 24 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 819 25 May May NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 819 26 2015 2015 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 819 27 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 819 28 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 820 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-6976 820 2 Renal renal JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 820 3 dopaminergic dopaminergic JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 820 4 system system NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 820 5 : : : en-wikipedia-org-6976 820 6 Pathophysiological pathophysiological JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 820 7 implications implication NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 820 8 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-6976 820 9 clinical clinical JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 820 10 perspectives perspective NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 820 11 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-6976 820 12 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 821 1 World World NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 821 2 Journal Journal NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 821 3 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 821 4 Nephrology Nephrology NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 821 5 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 822 1 4 4 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 822 2 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 822 3 2 2 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 822 4 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 822 5 : : : en-wikipedia-org-6976 822 6 196–212 196–212 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 822 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 823 1 doi:10.5527 doi:10.5527 NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 823 2 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-6976 823 3 wjn.v4.i2.196 wjn.v4.i2.196 ADD en-wikipedia-org-6976 823 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 824 1 PMC PMC NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 824 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-6976 824 3 4419129 4419129 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 824 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 825 1 PMID PMID NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 825 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-6976 825 3 25949933 25949933 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 825 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 826 1 ^ ^ NFP en-wikipedia-org-6976 826 2 Carey Carey NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 826 3 RM RM NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 826 4 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 826 5 September September NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 826 6 2001 2001 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 826 7 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 826 8 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 827 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-6976 827 2 Theodore Theodore NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 827 3 Cooper Cooper NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 827 4 Lecture Lecture NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 827 5 : : : en-wikipedia-org-6976 827 6 Renal renal JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 827 7 dopamine dopamine NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 827 8 system system NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 827 9 : : : en-wikipedia-org-6976 827 10 paracrine paracrine JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 827 11 regulator regulator NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 827 12 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 827 13 sodium sodium NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 827 14 homeostasis homeostasis NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 827 15 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-6976 827 16 blood blood NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 827 17 pressure pressure NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 827 18 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-6976 827 19 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 828 1 Hypertension hypertension NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 828 2 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 829 1 38 38 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 829 2 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 829 3 3 3 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 829 4 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 829 5 : : : en-wikipedia-org-6976 829 6 297–302 297–302 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 829 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 830 1 doi:10.1161 doi:10.1161 NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 830 2 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-6976 830 3 hy0901.096422 hy0901.096422 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 830 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 831 1 PMID PMID NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 831 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-6976 831 3 11566894 11566894 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 831 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 832 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 832 2 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 832 3 b b NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 832 4 c c NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 832 5 d d NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 832 6 e e NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 832 7 Rubí Rubí NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 832 8 B B NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 832 9 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 832 10 Maechler Maechler NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 832 11 P P NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 832 12 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 832 13 December December NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 832 14 2010 2010 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 832 15 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 832 16 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 833 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-6976 833 2 Minireview minireview NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 833 3 : : : en-wikipedia-org-6976 833 4 new new JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 833 5 roles role NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 833 6 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 833 7 peripheral peripheral JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 833 8 dopamine dopamine NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 833 9 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 833 10 metabolic metabolic JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 833 11 control control NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 833 12 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-6976 833 13 tumor tumor NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 833 14 growth growth NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 833 15 : : : en-wikipedia-org-6976 833 16 let let VB en-wikipedia-org-6976 833 17 's -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-6976 833 18 seek seek VB en-wikipedia-org-6976 833 19 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 833 20 balance balance NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 833 21 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-6976 833 22 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 834 1 Endocrinology Endocrinology NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 834 2 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 835 1 151 151 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 835 2 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 835 3 12 12 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 835 4 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 835 5 : : : en-wikipedia-org-6976 835 6 5570–81 5570–81 LS en-wikipedia-org-6976 835 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 836 1 doi:10.1210 doi:10.1210 NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 836 2 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-6976 836 3 en.2010 en.2010 NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 836 4 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-6976 836 5 0745 0745 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 836 6 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 837 1 PMID PMID NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 837 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-6976 837 3 21047943 21047943 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 837 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 838 1 ^ ^ FW en-wikipedia-org-6976 838 2 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-6976 838 3 WHO who WP en-wikipedia-org-6976 838 4 Model Model NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 838 5 List List NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 838 6 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 838 7 Essential Essential NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 838 8 Medicines Medicines NNPS en-wikipedia-org-6976 838 9 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-6976 838 10 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 838 11 PDF PDF NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 838 12 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 838 13 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 839 1 World World NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 839 2 Health Health NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 839 3 Organization Organization NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 839 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 840 1 October October NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 840 2 2013 2013 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 840 3 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 841 1 Retrieved retrieve VBN en-wikipedia-org-6976 841 2 24 24 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 841 3 September September NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 841 4 2015 2015 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 841 5 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 842 1 ^ ^ NFP en-wikipedia-org-6976 842 2 Noori Noori NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 842 3 S S NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 842 4 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 842 5 Friedlich Friedlich NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 842 6 P P NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 842 7 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 842 8 Seri Seri NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 842 9 I I NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 842 10 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 842 11 2003 2003 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 842 12 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 842 13 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 843 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-6976 843 2 Pharmacology Pharmacology NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 843 3 Review Review NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 843 4 Developmentally developmentally RB en-wikipedia-org-6976 843 5 Regulated Regulated NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 843 6 Cardiovascular Cardiovascular NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 843 7 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 843 8 Renal Renal NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 843 9 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 843 10 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-6976 843 11 Neuroendocrine Neuroendocrine NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 843 12 Effects Effects NNPS en-wikipedia-org-6976 843 13 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 843 14 Dopamine Dopamine NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 843 15 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-6976 843 16 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 844 1 NeoReviews NeoReviews NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 844 2 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 845 1 4 4 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 845 2 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 845 3 10 10 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 845 4 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 845 5 : : : en-wikipedia-org-6976 845 6 e283–e288 e283–e288 NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 845 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 846 1 doi:10.1542 doi:10.1542 JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 846 2 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-6976 846 3 neo.4 neo.4 NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 846 4 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-6976 846 5 10-e283 10-e283 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 846 6 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 847 1 Retrieved retrieve VBN en-wikipedia-org-6976 847 2 24 24 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 847 3 September September NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 847 4 2015 2015 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 847 5 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 848 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 848 2 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 848 3 b b NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 848 4 Bhatt Bhatt NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 848 5 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-6976 848 6 Mehta Mehta NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 848 7 V V NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 848 8 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 848 9 Nahata Nahata NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 848 10 MC MC NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 848 11 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 848 12 1989 1989 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 848 13 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 848 14 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 849 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-6976 849 2 Dopamine dopamine NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 849 3 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-6976 849 4 dobutamine dobutamine NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 849 5 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 849 6 pediatric pediatric JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 849 7 therapy therapy NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 849 8 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-6976 849 9 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 850 1 Pharmacotherapy Pharmacotherapy NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 850 2 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 851 1 9 9 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 851 2 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 851 3 5 5 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 851 4 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 851 5 : : : en-wikipedia-org-6976 851 6 303–14 303–14 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 851 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 852 1 doi:10.1002 doi:10.1002 NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 852 2 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-6976 852 3 j.1875 j.1875 NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 852 4 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-6976 852 5 9114.1989.tb04142.x 9114.1989.tb04142.x NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 852 6 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 853 1 PMID PMID NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 853 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-6976 853 3 2682552 2682552 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 853 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 854 1 S2CID S2CID NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 854 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-6976 854 3 25614283 25614283 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 854 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 855 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 855 2 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 855 3 b b NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 855 4 c c NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 855 5 Bronwen Bronwen NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 855 6 JB JB NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 855 7 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 855 8 Knights Knights NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 855 9 KM KM NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 855 10 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 855 11 2009 2009 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 855 12 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 855 13 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 856 1 Pharmacology pharmacology NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 856 2 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 856 3 Health Health NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 856 4 Professionals Professionals NNPS en-wikipedia-org-6976 856 5 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 856 6 2nd 2nd NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 856 7 ed ed NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 856 8 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 856 9 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 856 10 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 857 1 Elsevier Elsevier NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 857 2 Australia Australia NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 857 3 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 858 1 p. p. NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 858 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-6976 858 3 192 192 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 858 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 859 1 ISBN ISBN NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 859 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-6976 859 3 978 978 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 859 4 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-6976 859 5 0 0 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 859 6 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-6976 859 7 7295 7295 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 859 8 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-6976 859 9 3929 3929 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 859 10 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-6976 859 11 6 6 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 859 12 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 860 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 860 2 De De NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 860 3 Backer Backer NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 860 4 D D NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 860 5 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 860 6 Biston Biston NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 860 7 P P NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 860 8 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 860 9 Devriendt Devriendt NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 860 10 J J NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 860 11 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 860 12 Madl Madl NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 860 13 C C NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 860 14 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 860 15 Chochrad Chochrad NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 860 16 D D NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 860 17 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 860 18 Aldecoa Aldecoa NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 860 19 C C NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 860 20 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 860 21 Brasseur Brasseur NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 860 22 A A NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 860 23 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 860 24 Defrance Defrance NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 860 25 P P NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 860 26 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 860 27 Gottignies Gottignies NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 860 28 P P NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 860 29 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 860 30 Vincent Vincent NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 860 31 JL JL NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 860 32 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 860 33 March March NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 860 34 2010 2010 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 860 35 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 860 36 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 861 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-6976 861 2 Comparison Comparison NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 861 3 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 861 4 dopamine dopamine NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 861 5 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-6976 861 6 norepinephrine norepinephrine NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 861 7 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 861 8 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 861 9 treatment treatment NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 861 10 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 861 11 shock shock NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 861 12 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-6976 861 13 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 861 14 PDF PDF NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 861 15 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 861 16 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 862 1 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 862 2 New New NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 862 3 England England NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 862 4 Journal Journal NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 862 5 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 862 6 Medicine Medicine NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 862 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 863 1 362 362 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 863 2 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 863 3 9 9 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 863 4 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 863 5 : : : en-wikipedia-org-6976 863 6 779–89 779–89 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 863 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 864 1 doi:10.1056 doi:10.1056 NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 864 2 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-6976 864 3 NEJMoa0907118 nejmoa0907118 RB en-wikipedia-org-6976 864 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 865 1 PMID PMID NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 865 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-6976 865 3 20200382 20200382 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 865 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 866 1 S2CID S2CID NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 866 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-6976 866 3 2208904 2208904 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 866 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 867 1 ^ ^ NFP en-wikipedia-org-6976 867 2 Karthik Karthik NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 867 3 S S NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 867 4 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 867 5 Lisbon Lisbon NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 867 6 A A NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 867 7 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 867 8 2006 2006 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 867 9 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 867 10 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 868 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-6976 868 2 Low Low NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 868 3 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-6976 868 4 dose dose NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 868 5 dopamine dopamine NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 868 6 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 868 7 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 868 8 intensive intensive JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 868 9 care care NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 868 10 unit unit NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 868 11 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-6976 868 12 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 869 1 Seminars seminar NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 869 2 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 869 3 Dialysis Dialysis NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 869 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 870 1 19 19 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 870 2 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 870 3 6 6 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 870 4 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 870 5 : : : en-wikipedia-org-6976 870 6 465–71 465–71 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 870 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 871 1 doi:10.1111 doi:10.1111 NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 871 2 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-6976 871 3 j.1525 j.1525 NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 871 4 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-6976 871 5 139X.2006.00208.x 139x.2006.00208.x CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 871 6 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 872 1 PMID PMID NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 872 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-6976 872 3 17150046 17150046 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 872 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 873 1 S2CID S2CID NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 873 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-6976 873 3 22538344 22538344 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 873 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 874 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 874 2 Moses Moses NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 874 3 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 874 4 Scott Scott NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 874 5 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 875 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-6976 875 2 Dopamine Dopamine NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 875 3 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-6976 875 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 876 1 Family Family NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 876 2 Practice Practice NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 876 3 Notebook Notebook NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 876 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 877 1 Retrieved Retrieved NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 877 2 1 1 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 877 3 February February NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 877 4 2016 2016 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 877 5 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 878 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 878 2 Katritsis Katritsis NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 878 3 DG DG NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 878 4 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 878 5 Gersh Gersh NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 878 6 BJ BJ NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 878 7 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 878 8 Camm Camm NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 878 9 AJ AJ NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 878 10 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 878 11 19 19 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 878 12 September September NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 878 13 2013 2013 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 878 14 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 878 15 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 879 1 Clinical Clinical NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 879 2 Cardiology Cardiology NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 879 3 : : : en-wikipedia-org-6976 879 4 Current Current NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 879 5 Practice practice NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 879 6 Guidelines Guidelines NNPS en-wikipedia-org-6976 879 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 880 1 OUP OUP NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 880 2 Oxford Oxford NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 880 3 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 881 1 ISBN ISBN NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 881 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-6976 881 3 978 978 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 881 4 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-6976 881 5 0 0 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 881 6 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-6976 881 7 19 19 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 881 8 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-6976 881 9 150851 150851 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 881 10 - - SYM en-wikipedia-org-6976 881 11 6 6 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 881 12 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 882 1 Dopamine dopamine NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 882 2 binds bind NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 882 3 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 882 4 beta-1 beta-1 NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 882 5 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 882 6 beta-2 beta-2 NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 882 7 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 882 8 alpha-1 alpha-1 NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 882 9 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-6976 882 10 dopaminergic dopaminergic JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 882 11 receptors receptor NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 882 12 ^ ^ . en-wikipedia-org-6976 882 13 Lewis Lewis NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 882 14 RJ RJ NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 882 15 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 882 16 2004 2004 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 882 17 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 882 18 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 883 1 Sax Sax NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 883 2 's 's POS en-wikipedia-org-6976 883 3 Dangerous Dangerous NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 883 4 Properties Properties NNPS en-wikipedia-org-6976 883 5 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 883 6 Industrial Industrial NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 883 7 Materials Materials NNPS en-wikipedia-org-6976 883 8 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 883 9 11th 11th JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 883 10 ed ed NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 883 11 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 883 12 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 883 13 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 884 1 Hoboken Hoboken NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 884 2 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 884 3 NJ NJ NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 884 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 885 1 : : : en-wikipedia-org-6976 885 2 Wiley Wiley NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 885 3 & & CC en-wikipedia-org-6976 885 4 Sons Sons NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 885 5 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 886 1 p. p. NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 886 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-6976 886 3 1552 1552 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 886 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 887 1 ISBN ISBN NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 887 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-6976 887 3 978 978 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 887 4 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-6976 887 5 0 0 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 887 6 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-6976 887 7 471 471 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 887 8 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-6976 887 9 47662 47662 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 887 10 - - SYM en-wikipedia-org-6976 887 11 7 7 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 887 12 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 888 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 888 2 Deng Deng NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 888 3 WP WP NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 888 4 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 888 5 Wong Wong NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 888 6 KA KA NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 888 7 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 888 8 Kirk Kirk NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 888 9 KL KL NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 888 10 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 888 11 2002 2002 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 888 12 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 888 13 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 889 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-6976 889 2 Convenient convenient JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 889 3 syntheses synthesis NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 889 4 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 889 5 2- 2- NNPS en-wikipedia-org-6976 889 6 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 889 7 5- 5- UH en-wikipedia-org-6976 889 8 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-6976 889 9 6-fluoro- 6-fluoro- NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 889 10 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-6976 889 11 2,6-difluoro 2,6-difluoro CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 889 12 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-6976 889 13 L l NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 889 14 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-6976 889 15 DOPA DOPA NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 889 16 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-6976 889 17 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 890 1 Tetrahedron tetrahedron JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 890 2 : : : en-wikipedia-org-6976 890 3 Asymmetry asymmetry NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 890 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 891 1 13 13 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 891 2 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 891 3 11 11 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 891 4 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 891 5 : : : en-wikipedia-org-6976 891 6 1135–40 1135–40 LS en-wikipedia-org-6976 891 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 892 1 doi:10.1016 doi:10.1016 JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 892 2 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-6976 892 3 S0957 s0957 NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 892 4 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-6976 892 5 4166(02)00321-X. 4166(02)00321-x. CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 893 1 ^ ^ NFP en-wikipedia-org-6976 893 2 Standaert Standaert NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 893 3 DG DG NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 893 4 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 893 5 Walsh Walsh NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 893 6 RR RR NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 893 7 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 893 8 2011 2011 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 893 9 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 893 10 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 894 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-6976 894 2 Pharmacology pharmacology NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 894 3 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 894 4 dopaminergic dopaminergic JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 894 5 neurotransmission neurotransmission NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 894 6 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-6976 894 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 895 1 In in IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 895 2 Tashjian Tashjian NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 895 3 AH AH NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 895 4 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 895 5 Armstrong Armstrong NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 895 6 EJ EJ NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 895 7 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 895 8 Golan Golan NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 895 9 DE DE NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 895 10 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 895 11 eds eds NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 895 12 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 895 13 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 895 14 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 896 1 Principles principle NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 896 2 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 896 3 Pharmacology Pharmacology NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 896 4 : : : en-wikipedia-org-6976 896 5 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 896 6 Pathophysiologic Pathophysiologic NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 896 7 Basis Basis NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 896 8 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 896 9 Drug Drug NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 896 10 Therapy Therapy NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 896 11 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 897 1 Lippincott Lippincott NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 897 2 Williams Williams NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 897 3 & & CC en-wikipedia-org-6976 897 4 Wilkins Wilkins NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 897 5 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 898 1 pp pp NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 898 2 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 899 1 186–206 186–206 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 899 2 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 900 1 ISBN ISBN NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 900 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-6976 900 3 978 978 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 900 4 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-6976 900 5 1 1 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 900 6 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-6976 900 7 4511 4511 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 900 8 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-6976 900 9 1805 1805 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 900 10 - - SYM en-wikipedia-org-6976 900 11 6 6 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 900 12 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 901 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 901 2 Mobbs Mobbs NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 901 3 CV CV NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 901 4 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 901 5 Hof Hof NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 901 6 PR PR NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 901 7 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 901 8 2009 2009 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 901 9 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 901 10 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 902 1 Handbook Handbook VBN en-wikipedia-org-6976 902 2 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 902 3 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 902 4 neuroscience neuroscience NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 902 5 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 902 6 aging age VBG en-wikipedia-org-6976 902 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 903 1 Amsterdam Amsterdam NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 903 2 : : : en-wikipedia-org-6976 903 3 Elsevier Elsevier NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 903 4 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-6976 903 5 Academic Academic NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 903 6 Press Press NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 903 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 904 1 ISBN ISBN NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 904 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-6976 904 3 978 978 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 904 4 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-6976 904 5 0 0 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 904 6 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-6976 904 7 12 12 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 904 8 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-6976 904 9 374898 374898 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 904 10 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-6976 904 11 0 0 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 904 12 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 905 1 OCLC oclc NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 905 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-6976 905 3 299710911 299710911 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 905 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 906 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 906 2 Ota Ota NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 906 3 M M NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 906 4 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 906 5 Yasuno Yasuno NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 906 6 F F NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 906 7 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 906 8 Ito Ito NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 906 9 H H NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 906 10 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 906 11 Seki Seki NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 906 12 C C NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 906 13 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 906 14 Nozaki Nozaki NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 906 15 S S NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 906 16 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 906 17 Asada Asada NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 906 18 T T NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 906 19 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 906 20 Suhara Suhara NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 906 21 T T NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 906 22 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 906 23 July July NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 906 24 2006 2006 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 906 25 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 906 26 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 907 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-6976 907 2 Age age NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 907 3 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-6976 907 4 related relate VBN en-wikipedia-org-6976 907 5 decline decline NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 907 6 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 907 7 dopamine dopamine NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 907 8 synthesis synthesis NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 907 9 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 907 10 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 907 11 living live VBG en-wikipedia-org-6976 907 12 human human JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 907 13 brain brain NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 907 14 measured measure VBN en-wikipedia-org-6976 907 15 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 907 16 positron positron NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 907 17 emission emission NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 907 18 tomography tomography NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 907 19 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 907 20 L-[beta-11C]DOPA L-[beta-11C]DOPA NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 907 21 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-6976 907 22 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 908 1 Life Life NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 908 2 Sciences Sciences NNPS en-wikipedia-org-6976 908 3 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 909 1 79 79 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 909 2 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 909 3 8) 8) CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 909 4 : : : en-wikipedia-org-6976 909 5 730–36 730–36 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 909 6 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 910 1 doi:10.1016 doi:10.1016 NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 910 2 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-6976 910 3 j.lfs.2006.02.017 j.lfs.2006.02.017 NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 910 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 911 1 PMID PMID NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 911 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-6976 911 3 16580023 16580023 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 911 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 912 1 ^ ^ NFP en-wikipedia-org-6976 912 2 Kaasinen Kaasinen NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 912 3 V V NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 912 4 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 912 5 Vilkman Vilkman NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 912 6 H H NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 912 7 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 912 8 Hietala Hietala NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 912 9 J J NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 912 10 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 912 11 Någren Någren NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 912 12 K K NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 912 13 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 912 14 Helenius Helenius NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 912 15 H H NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 912 16 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 912 17 Olsson Olsson NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 912 18 H H NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 912 19 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 912 20 Farde Farde NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 912 21 L L NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 912 22 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 912 23 Rinne Rinne NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 912 24 J J NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 912 25 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 912 26 2000 2000 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 912 27 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 912 28 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 913 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-6976 913 2 Age age NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 913 3 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-6976 913 4 related relate VBN en-wikipedia-org-6976 913 5 dopamine dopamine NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 913 6 D2 D2 NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 913 7 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-6976 913 8 D3 D3 NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 913 9 receptor receptor NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 913 10 loss loss NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 913 11 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 913 12 extrastriatal extrastriatal JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 913 13 regions region NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 913 14 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 913 15 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 913 16 human human JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 913 17 brain brain NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 913 18 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-6976 913 19 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 914 1 Neurobiology neurobiology NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 914 2 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 914 3 Aging age VBG en-wikipedia-org-6976 914 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 915 1 21 21 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 915 2 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 915 3 5 5 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 915 4 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 915 5 : : : en-wikipedia-org-6976 915 6 683–68 683–68 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 915 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 916 1 doi:10.1016 doi:10.1016 NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 916 2 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-6976 916 3 S0197 S0197 NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 916 4 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-6976 916 5 4580(00)00149 4580(00)00149 NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 916 6 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-6976 916 7 4 4 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 916 8 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 917 1 PMID PMID NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 917 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-6976 917 3 11016537 11016537 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 917 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 918 1 S2CID S2CID NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 918 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-6976 918 3 40871554 40871554 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 918 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 919 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 919 2 Wang Wang NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 919 3 Y Y NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 919 4 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 919 5 Chan Chan NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 919 6 GL GL NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 919 7 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 919 8 Holden Holden NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 919 9 JE JE NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 919 10 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 919 11 Dobko Dobko NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 919 12 T T NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 919 13 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 919 14 Mak Mak NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 919 15 E E NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 919 16 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 919 17 Schulzer Schulzer NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 919 18 M M NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 919 19 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 919 20 Huser Huser NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 919 21 JM JM NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 919 22 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 919 23 Snow Snow NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 919 24 BJ BJ NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 919 25 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 919 26 Ruth Ruth NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 919 27 TJ TJ NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 919 28 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 919 29 Calne Calne NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 919 30 DB DB NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 919 31 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 919 32 Stoessl Stoessl NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 919 33 AJ AJ NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 919 34 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 919 35 September September NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 919 36 1998 1998 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 919 37 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 919 38 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 920 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-6976 920 2 Age age NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 920 3 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-6976 920 4 dependent dependent JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 920 5 decline decline NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 920 6 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 920 7 dopamine dopamine NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 920 8 D1 d1 NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 920 9 receptors receptor NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 920 10 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 920 11 human human JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 920 12 brain brain NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 920 13 : : : en-wikipedia-org-6976 920 14 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 920 15 PET PET NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 920 16 study study NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 920 17 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-6976 920 18 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 921 1 Synapse synapse JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 921 2 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 922 1 30 30 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 922 2 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 922 3 1 1 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 922 4 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 922 5 : : : en-wikipedia-org-6976 922 6 56–61 56–61 JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 922 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 923 1 doi:10.1002/(SICI)1098 doi:10.1002/(sici)1098 JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 923 2 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-6976 923 3 2396(199809)30:1<56::AID 2396(199809)30:1<56::aid CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 923 4 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-6976 923 5 SYN7>3.0.CO;2-J. syn7>3.0.co;2-j. NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 924 1 PMID PMID NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 924 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-6976 924 3 9704881 9704881 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 924 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 925 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 925 2 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 925 3 b b NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 925 4 Wong Wong NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 925 5 DF DF NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 925 6 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 925 7 Wagner Wagner NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 925 8 HN HN NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 925 9 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 925 10 Dannals Dannals NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 925 11 RF RF NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 925 12 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 925 13 Links Links NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 925 14 JM JM NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 925 15 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 925 16 Frost Frost NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 925 17 JJ JJ NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 925 18 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 925 19 Ravert Ravert NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 925 20 HT HT NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 925 21 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 925 22 Wilson Wilson NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 925 23 AA AA NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 925 24 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 925 25 Rosenbaum Rosenbaum NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 925 26 AE AE NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 925 27 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 925 28 Gjedde Gjedde NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 925 29 A A NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 925 30 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 925 31 Douglass Douglass NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 925 32 KH KH NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 925 33 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 925 34 December December NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 925 35 1984 1984 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 925 36 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 925 37 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 926 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-6976 926 2 Effects effect NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 926 3 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 926 4 age age NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 926 5 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 926 6 dopamine dopamine NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 926 7 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-6976 926 8 serotonin serotonin JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 926 9 receptors receptor NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 926 10 measured measure VBN en-wikipedia-org-6976 926 11 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 926 12 positron positron NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 926 13 tomography tomography NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 926 14 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 926 15 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 926 16 living live VBG en-wikipedia-org-6976 926 17 human human JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 926 18 brain brain NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 926 19 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-6976 926 20 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 927 1 Science science NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 927 2 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 928 1 226 226 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 928 2 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 928 3 4681 4681 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 928 4 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 928 5 : : : en-wikipedia-org-6976 928 6 1393–96 1393–96 LS en-wikipedia-org-6976 928 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 929 1 Bibcode:1984Sci bibcode:1984sci UH en-wikipedia-org-6976 929 2 ... ... NFP en-wikipedia-org-6976 929 3 226.1393W. 226.1393w. CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 930 1 doi:10.1126 doi:10.1126 NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 930 2 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-6976 930 3 science.6334363 science.6334363 NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 930 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 931 1 PMID PMID NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 931 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-6976 931 3 6334363 6334363 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 931 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 932 1 S2CID S2CID NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 932 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-6976 932 3 24278577 24278577 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 932 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 933 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 933 2 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 933 3 b b NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 933 4 Wang Wang NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 933 5 E E NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 933 6 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 933 7 Snyder Snyder NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 933 8 S S NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 933 9 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 933 10 1998 1998 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 933 11 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 933 12 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 934 1 Handbook Handbook VBN en-wikipedia-org-6976 934 2 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 934 3 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 934 4 aging age VBG en-wikipedia-org-6976 934 5 brain brain NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 934 6 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 935 1 San San NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 935 2 Diego Diego NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 935 3 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 935 4 California California NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 935 5 : : : en-wikipedia-org-6976 935 6 Academic Academic NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 935 7 Press Press NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 935 8 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 936 1 ISBN ISBN NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 936 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-6976 936 3 978 978 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 936 4 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-6976 936 5 0 0 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 936 6 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-6976 936 7 12 12 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 936 8 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-6976 936 9 734610 734610 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 936 10 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-6976 936 11 6 6 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 936 12 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 937 1 OCLC oclc NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 937 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-6976 937 3 636693117 636693117 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 937 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 938 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 938 2 Chang Chang NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 938 3 L L NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 938 4 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 938 5 Jiang Jiang NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 938 6 CS CS NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 938 7 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 938 8 Ernst Ernst NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 938 9 T T NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 938 10 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 938 11 January January NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 938 12 2009 2009 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 938 13 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 938 14 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 939 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-6976 939 2 Effects effect NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 939 3 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 939 4 age age NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 939 5 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-6976 939 6 sex sex NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 939 7 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 939 8 brain brain NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 939 9 glutamate glutamate NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 939 10 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-6976 939 11 other other JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 939 12 metabolites metabolite NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 939 13 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-6976 939 14 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 940 1 Magnetic magnetic JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 940 2 Resonance Resonance NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 940 3 Imaging Imaging NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 940 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 941 1 27 27 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 941 2 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 941 3 1 1 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 941 4 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 941 5 : : : en-wikipedia-org-6976 941 6 142–45 142–45 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 941 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 942 1 doi:10.1016 doi:10.1016 NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 942 2 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-6976 942 3 j.mri.2008.06.002 j.mri.2008.06.002 NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 942 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 943 1 PMC PMC NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 943 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-6976 943 3 3164853 3164853 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 943 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 944 1 PMID PMID NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 944 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-6976 944 3 18687554 18687554 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 944 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 945 1 ^ ^ NFP en-wikipedia-org-6976 945 2 Dobryakova Dobryakova NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 945 3 E E NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 945 4 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 945 5 Genova Genova NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 945 6 HM HM NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 945 7 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 945 8 DeLuca DeLuca NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 945 9 J J NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 945 10 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 945 11 Wylie Wylie NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 945 12 GR GR NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 945 13 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 945 14 12 12 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 945 15 March March NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 945 16 2015 2015 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 945 17 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 945 18 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 946 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-6976 946 2 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 946 3 dopamine dopamine NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 946 4 imbalance imbalance NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 946 5 hypothesis hypothesis NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 946 6 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 946 7 fatigue fatigue NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 946 8 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 946 9 multiple multiple JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 946 10 sclerosis sclerosis NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 946 11 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-6976 946 12 other other JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 946 13 neurological neurological JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 946 14 disorders disorder NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 946 15 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-6976 946 16 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 947 1 Frontiers Frontiers NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 947 2 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 947 3 Neurology Neurology NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 947 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 948 1 6 6 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 948 2 : : SYM en-wikipedia-org-6976 948 3 52 52 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 948 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 948 5 doi:10.3389 doi:10.3389 NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 948 6 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-6976 948 7 fneur.2015.00052 fneur.2015.00052 : en-wikipedia-org-6976 948 8 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 949 1 PMC PMC NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 949 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-6976 949 3 4357260 4357260 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 949 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 950 1 PMID PMID NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 950 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-6976 950 3 25814977 25814977 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 950 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 951 1 ^ ^ NFP en-wikipedia-org-6976 951 2 Marino Marino NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 951 3 F F NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 951 4 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 951 5 Cosentino Cosentino NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 951 6 M M NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 951 7 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 951 8 April April NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 951 9 2016 2016 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 951 10 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 951 11 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 952 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-6976 952 2 Multiple multiple JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 952 3 sclerosis sclerosis NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 952 4 : : : en-wikipedia-org-6976 952 5 Repurposing repurpose VBG en-wikipedia-org-6976 952 6 dopaminergic dopaminergic JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 952 7 drugs drug NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 952 8 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 952 9 MS MS NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 952 10 -- -- : en-wikipedia-org-6976 952 11 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 952 12 evidence evidence NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 952 13 mounts mount VBZ en-wikipedia-org-6976 952 14 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-6976 952 15 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 953 1 Nature Nature NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 953 2 Reviews Reviews NNPS en-wikipedia-org-6976 953 3 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 954 1 Neurology neurology NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 954 2 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 955 1 12 12 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 955 2 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 955 3 4 4 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 955 4 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 955 5 : : : en-wikipedia-org-6976 955 6 191–2 191–2 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 955 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 956 1 doi:10.1038 doi:10.1038 LS en-wikipedia-org-6976 956 2 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-6976 956 3 nrneurol.2016.33 nrneurol.2016.33 ADD en-wikipedia-org-6976 956 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 957 1 PMID PMID NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 957 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-6976 957 3 27020558 27020558 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 957 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 958 1 S2CID S2CID NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 958 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-6976 958 3 26319461 26319461 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 958 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 959 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 959 2 Dickson Dickson NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 959 3 DV DV NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 959 4 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 959 5 2007 2007 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 959 6 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 959 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 960 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-6976 960 2 Neuropathology neuropathology NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 960 3 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 960 4 movement movement NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 960 5 disorders disorder NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 960 6 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-6976 960 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 961 1 In in IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 961 2 Tolosa Tolosa NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 961 3 E E NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 961 4 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 961 5 Jankovic Jankovic NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 961 6 JJ JJ NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 961 7 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 961 8 eds eds NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 961 9 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 961 10 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 961 11 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 962 1 Parkinson Parkinson NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 962 2 's 's POS en-wikipedia-org-6976 962 3 disease disease NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 962 4 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-6976 962 5 movement movement NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 962 6 disorders disorder NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 962 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 963 1 Hagerstown Hagerstown NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 963 2 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 963 3 MD MD NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 963 4 : : : en-wikipedia-org-6976 963 5 Lippincott Lippincott NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 963 6 Williams Williams NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 963 7 & & CC en-wikipedia-org-6976 963 8 Wilkins Wilkins NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 963 9 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 964 1 pp pp NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 964 2 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 965 1 271–83 271–83 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 965 2 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 966 1 ISBN ISBN NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 966 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-6976 966 3 978 978 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 966 4 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-6976 966 5 0 0 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 966 6 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-6976 966 7 7817 7817 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 966 8 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-6976 966 9 7881 7881 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 966 10 - - SYM en-wikipedia-org-6976 966 11 7 7 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 966 12 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 967 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 967 2 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 967 3 b b NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 967 4 Tuite Tuite NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 967 5 PJ PJ NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 967 6 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 967 7 Krawczewski Krawczewski NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 967 8 K K NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 967 9 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 967 10 April April NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 967 11 2007 2007 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 967 12 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 967 13 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 968 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-6976 968 2 Parkinsonism parkinsonism NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 968 3 : : : en-wikipedia-org-6976 968 4 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 968 5 review review NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 968 6 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-6976 968 7 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 968 8 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-6976 968 9 systems system NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 968 10 approach approach NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 968 11 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 968 12 diagnosis diagnosis NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 968 13 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-6976 968 14 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 969 1 Seminars Seminars NNPS en-wikipedia-org-6976 969 2 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 969 3 Neurology Neurology NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 969 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 970 1 27 27 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 970 2 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 970 3 2 2 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 970 4 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 970 5 : : : en-wikipedia-org-6976 970 6 113–22 113–22 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 970 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 971 1 doi:10.1055 doi:10.1055 NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 971 2 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-6976 971 3 s-2007 s-2007 NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 971 4 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-6976 971 5 971174 971174 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 971 6 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 972 1 PMID PMID NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 972 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-6976 972 3 17390256 17390256 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 972 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 973 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 973 2 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 973 3 b b NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 973 4 Olsen Olsen NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 973 5 CM CM NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 973 6 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 973 7 December December NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 973 8 2011 2011 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 973 9 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 973 10 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 974 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-6976 974 2 Natural natural JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 974 3 rewards reward NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 974 4 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 974 5 neuroplasticity neuroplasticity NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 974 6 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 974 7 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-6976 974 8 non non JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 974 9 - - JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 974 10 drug drug JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 974 11 addictions addiction NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 974 12 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-6976 974 13 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 975 1 Neuropharmacology neuropharmacology NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 975 2 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 976 1 61 61 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 976 2 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 976 3 7 7 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 976 4 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 976 5 : : : en-wikipedia-org-6976 976 6 1109–22 1109–22 ADD en-wikipedia-org-6976 976 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 977 1 doi:10.1016 doi:10.1016 NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 977 2 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-6976 977 3 j.neuropharm.2011.03.010 j.neuropharm.2011.03.010 NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 977 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 978 1 PMC PMC NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 978 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-6976 978 3 3139704 3139704 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 978 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 979 1 PMID PMID NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 979 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-6976 979 3 21459101 21459101 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 979 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 980 1 ^ ^ NFP en-wikipedia-org-6976 980 2 Ceravolo Ceravolo NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 980 3 R R NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 980 4 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 980 5 Frosini Frosini NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 980 6 D D NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 980 7 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 980 8 Rossi Rossi NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 980 9 C C NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 980 10 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 980 11 Bonuccelli Bonuccelli NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 980 12 U U NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 980 13 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 980 14 November November NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 980 15 2010 2010 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 980 16 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 980 17 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 981 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-6976 981 2 Spectrum Spectrum NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 981 3 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 981 4 addictions addiction NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 981 5 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 981 6 Parkinson Parkinson NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 981 7 's 's POS en-wikipedia-org-6976 981 8 disease disease NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 981 9 : : : en-wikipedia-org-6976 981 10 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 981 11 dopamine dopamine NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 981 12 dysregulation dysregulation NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 981 13 syndrome syndrome NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 981 14 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 981 15 impulse impulse VB en-wikipedia-org-6976 981 16 control control NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 981 17 disorders disorder NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 981 18 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-6976 981 19 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 982 1 Journal Journal NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 982 2 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 982 3 Neurology Neurology NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 982 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 983 1 257 257 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 983 2 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 983 3 Suppl Suppl NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 983 4 2 2 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 983 5 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 983 6 : : : en-wikipedia-org-6976 983 7 S276–83 S276–83 NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 983 8 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 984 1 doi:10.1007 doi:10.1007 NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 984 2 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-6976 984 3 s00415 s00415 NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 984 4 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-6976 984 5 010 010 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 984 6 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-6976 984 7 5715 5715 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 984 8 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-6976 984 9 0 0 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 984 10 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 985 1 PMID PMID NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 985 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-6976 985 3 21080189 21080189 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 985 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 986 1 S2CID S2CID NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 986 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-6976 986 3 19277026 19277026 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 986 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 987 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 987 2 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 987 3 b b NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 987 4 c c NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 987 5 d d NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 987 6 e e NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 987 7 f f NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 987 8 g g NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 987 9 Ghodse Ghodse NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 987 10 H H NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 987 11 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 987 12 2010 2010 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 987 13 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 987 14 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 988 1 Ghodse Ghodse NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 988 2 's 's POS en-wikipedia-org-6976 988 3 Drugs Drugs NNPS en-wikipedia-org-6976 988 4 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-6976 988 5 Addictive Addictive NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 988 6 Behaviour Behaviour NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 988 7 : : : en-wikipedia-org-6976 988 8 A A NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 988 9 Guide Guide NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 988 10 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 988 11 Treatment Treatment NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 988 12 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 988 13 4th 4th JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 988 14 ed ed NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 988 15 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 988 16 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 988 17 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 989 1 Cambridge Cambridge NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 989 2 University University NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 989 3 Press Press NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 989 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 990 1 pp pp NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 990 2 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 991 1 87–92 87–92 LS en-wikipedia-org-6976 991 2 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 992 1 ISBN ISBN NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 992 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-6976 992 3 978 978 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 992 4 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-6976 992 5 1 1 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 992 6 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-6976 992 7 139 139 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 992 8 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-6976 992 9 48567 48567 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 992 10 - - SYM en-wikipedia-org-6976 992 11 8 8 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 992 12 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 993 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 993 2 Heal Heal NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 993 3 DJ DJ NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 993 4 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 993 5 Pierce Pierce NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 993 6 DM DM NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 993 7 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 993 8 2006 2006 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 993 9 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 993 10 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 994 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-6976 994 2 Methylphenidate methylphenidate NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 994 3 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-6976 994 4 its -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-6976 994 5 isomers isomer NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 994 6 : : : en-wikipedia-org-6976 994 7 their -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-6976 994 8 role role NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 994 9 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 994 10 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 994 11 treatment treatment NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 994 12 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 994 13 attention attention NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 994 14 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-6976 994 15 deficit deficit NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 994 16 hyperactivity hyperactivity NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 994 17 disorder disorder NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 994 18 using use VBG en-wikipedia-org-6976 994 19 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 994 20 transdermal transdermal JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 994 21 delivery delivery NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 994 22 system system NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 994 23 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-6976 994 24 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 995 1 CNS CNS NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 995 2 Drugs drug NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 995 3 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 996 1 20 20 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 996 2 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 996 3 9 9 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 996 4 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 996 5 : : : en-wikipedia-org-6976 996 6 713–38 713–38 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 996 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 997 1 doi:10.2165/00023210 doi:10.2165/00023210 NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 997 2 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-6976 997 3 200620090 200620090 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 997 4 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-6976 997 5 00002 00002 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 997 6 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 998 1 PMID PMID NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 998 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-6976 998 3 16953648 16953648 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 998 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 999 1 S2CID S2CID NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 999 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-6976 999 3 39535277 39535277 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 999 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 1000 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1000 2 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 1000 3 b b NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1000 4 Freye freye NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1000 5 E e NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1000 6 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 1000 7 2009 2009 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 1000 8 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 1000 9 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 1001 1 Pharmacology pharmacology NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1001 2 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-6976 1001 3 abuse abuse NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1001 4 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1001 5 cocaine cocaine NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1001 6 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 1001 7 amphetamines amphetamine NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 1001 8 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 1001 9 ecstasy ecstasy NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1001 10 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-6976 1001 11 related related JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 1001 12 designer designer NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1001 13 drugs drug VBZ en-wikipedia-org-6976 1001 14 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 1001 15 comprehensive comprehensive JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 1001 16 review review NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1001 17 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1001 18 their -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-6976 1001 19 mode mode NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1001 20 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1001 21 action action NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1001 22 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 1001 23 treatment treatment NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1001 24 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1001 25 abuse abuse NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1001 26 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-6976 1001 27 intoxication intoxication NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1001 28 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 1002 1 Dordrecht Dordrecht NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1002 2 : : : en-wikipedia-org-6976 1002 3 Springer Springer NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1002 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 1003 1 ISBN ISBN NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1003 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1003 3 978 978 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 1003 4 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-6976 1003 5 90 90 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 1003 6 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-6976 1003 7 481 481 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 1003 8 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-6976 1003 9 2448 2448 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 1003 10 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-6976 1003 11 0 0 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 1003 12 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 1004 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1004 2 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 1004 3 b b NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1004 4 Kimko Kimko NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1004 5 HC HC NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1004 6 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 1004 7 Cross Cross NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1004 8 JT JT NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1004 9 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 1004 10 Abernethy Abernethy NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1004 11 DR DR NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1004 12 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 1004 13 December December NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1004 14 1999 1999 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 1004 15 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 1004 16 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 1005 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-6976 1005 2 Pharmacokinetics pharmacokinetic NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 1005 3 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-6976 1005 4 clinical clinical JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 1005 5 effectiveness effectiveness NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1005 6 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1005 7 methylphenidate methylphenidate NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1005 8 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-6976 1005 9 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 1006 1 Clinical Clinical NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1006 2 Pharmacokinetics Pharmacokinetics NNPS en-wikipedia-org-6976 1006 3 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 1007 1 37 37 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 1007 2 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 1007 3 6 6 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 1007 4 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 1007 5 : : : en-wikipedia-org-6976 1007 6 457–70 457–70 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 1007 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 1008 1 doi:10.2165/00003088 doi:10.2165/00003088 NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1008 2 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-6976 1008 3 199937060 199937060 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 1008 4 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-6976 1008 5 00002 00002 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 1008 6 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 1009 1 PMID PMID NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1009 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1009 3 10628897 10628897 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 1009 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 1010 1 S2CID S2CID NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1010 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1010 3 397390 397390 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 1010 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 1011 1 ^ ^ NFP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1011 2 Mignot Mignot NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1011 3 EJ EJ NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1011 4 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 1011 5 October October NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1011 6 2012 2012 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 1011 7 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 1011 8 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 1012 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-6976 1012 2 A a DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 1012 3 practical practical JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 1012 4 guide guide NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1012 5 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1012 6 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 1012 7 therapy therapy NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1012 8 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1012 9 narcolepsy narcolepsy NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1012 10 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-6976 1012 11 hypersomnia hypersomnia NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1012 12 syndromes syndrome VBZ en-wikipedia-org-6976 1012 13 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-6976 1012 14 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 1013 1 Neurotherapeutics neurotherapeutic NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 1013 2 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 1014 1 9 9 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 1014 2 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 1014 3 4 4 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 1014 4 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 1014 5 : : : en-wikipedia-org-6976 1014 6 739–52 739–52 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 1014 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 1015 1 doi:10.1007 doi:10.1007 NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1015 2 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-6976 1015 3 s13311 s13311 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 1015 4 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-6976 1015 5 012 012 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 1015 6 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-6976 1015 7 0150 0150 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 1015 8 - - SYM en-wikipedia-org-6976 1015 9 9 9 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 1015 10 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 1016 1 PMC PMC NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1016 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1016 3 3480574 3480574 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 1016 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 1017 1 PMID PMID NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1017 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1017 3 23065655 23065655 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 1017 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 1018 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1018 2 Zimmerman Zimmerman NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1018 3 JL JL NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1018 4 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 1018 5 October October NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1018 6 2012 2012 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 1018 7 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 1018 8 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 1019 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-6976 1019 2 Cocaine cocaine NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1019 3 intoxication intoxication NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1019 4 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-6976 1019 5 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 1020 1 Critical critical JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 1020 2 Care care NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1020 3 Clinics clinic NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 1020 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 1021 1 28 28 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 1021 2 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 1021 3 4 4 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 1021 4 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 1021 5 : : : en-wikipedia-org-6976 1021 6 517–26 517–26 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 1021 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 1022 1 doi:10.1016 doi:10.1016 NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1022 2 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-6976 1022 3 j.ccc.2012.07.003 j.ccc.2012.07.003 JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 1022 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 1023 1 PMID PMID NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1023 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1023 3 22998988 22998988 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 1023 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 1024 1 ^ ^ FW en-wikipedia-org-6976 1024 2 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-6976 1024 3 DailyMed DailyMed NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1024 4 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-6976 1024 5 QUILLIVANT QUILLIVANT NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1024 6 XR- XR- NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1024 7 methylphenidate methylphenidate NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1024 8 hydrochloride hydrochloride NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1024 9 suspension suspension NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1024 10 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 1024 11 extended extended JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 1024 12 release release NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1024 13 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-6976 1024 14 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 1025 1 dailymed.nlm.nih.gov dailymed.nlm.nih.gov NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1025 2 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 1026 1 Retrieved retrieve VBN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1026 2 11 11 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 1026 3 July July NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1026 4 2020 2020 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 1026 5 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 1027 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1027 2 López López NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1027 3 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 1027 4 Frank Frank NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1027 5 A. A. NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1027 6 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-6976 1027 7 Leroux Leroux NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1027 8 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 1027 9 Jacques Jacques NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1027 10 R. R. NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1027 11 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 1027 12 2013 2013 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 1027 13 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 1027 14 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 1028 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-6976 1028 2 Long long RB en-wikipedia-org-6976 1028 3 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-6976 1028 4 acting act VBG en-wikipedia-org-6976 1028 5 stimulants stimulant NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 1028 6 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1028 7 treatment treatment NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1028 8 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1028 9 attention attention NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1028 10 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-6976 1028 11 deficit deficit NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1028 12 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-6976 1028 13 hyperactivity hyperactivity NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1028 14 disorder disorder NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1028 15 : : : en-wikipedia-org-6976 1028 16 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 1028 17 focus focus NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1028 18 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1028 19 extended extend VBN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1028 20 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-6976 1028 21 release release NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1028 22 formulations formulation NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 1028 23 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-6976 1028 24 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 1028 25 prodrug prodrug NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1028 26 lisdexamfetamine lisdexamfetamine NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1028 27 dimesylate dimesylate VBP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1028 28 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-6976 1028 29 address address VB en-wikipedia-org-6976 1028 30 continuing continue VBG en-wikipedia-org-6976 1028 31 clinical clinical JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 1028 32 challenges challenge NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 1028 33 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-6976 1028 34 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 1029 1 Attention attention NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1029 2 Deficit Deficit NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1029 3 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-6976 1029 4 Hyperactivity Hyperactivity NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1029 5 Disorders Disorders NNPS en-wikipedia-org-6976 1029 6 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 1030 1 5 5 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 1030 2 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 1030 3 3 3 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 1030 4 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 1030 5 : : : en-wikipedia-org-6976 1030 6 249–265 249–265 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 1030 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 1031 1 doi:10.1007 doi:10.1007 NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1031 2 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-6976 1031 3 s12402 s12402 NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1031 4 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-6976 1031 5 013 013 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 1031 6 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-6976 1031 7 0106-x 0106-x NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1031 8 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 1032 1 ISSN issn NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1032 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1032 3 1866 1866 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 1032 4 - - SYM en-wikipedia-org-6976 1032 5 6116 6116 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 1032 6 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 1033 1 PMC PMC NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1033 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1033 3 3751218 3751218 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 1033 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 1034 1 PMID PMID NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1034 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1034 3 23564273 23564273 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 1034 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 1035 1 ^ ^ NFP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1035 2 Nutt Nutt NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1035 3 DJ DJ NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1035 4 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 1035 5 Lingford Lingford NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1035 6 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-6976 1035 7 Hughes Hughes NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1035 8 A A NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1035 9 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 1035 10 Erritzoe erritzoe JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 1035 11 D d NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1035 12 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 1035 13 Stokes Stokes NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1035 14 PR pr NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1035 15 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 1035 16 May May NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1035 17 2015 2015 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 1035 18 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 1035 19 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 1036 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-6976 1036 2 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 1036 3 dopamine dopamine NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1036 4 theory theory NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1036 5 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1036 6 addiction addiction NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1036 7 : : : en-wikipedia-org-6976 1036 8 40 40 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 1036 9 years year NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 1036 10 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1036 11 highs high NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 1036 12 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-6976 1036 13 lows low NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 1036 14 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-6976 1036 15 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 1036 16 PDF PDF NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1036 17 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 1036 18 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 1037 1 Nature Nature NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1037 2 Reviews Reviews NNPS en-wikipedia-org-6976 1037 3 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 1038 1 Neuroscience Neuroscience NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1038 2 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 1039 1 16 16 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 1039 2 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 1039 3 5 5 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 1039 4 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 1039 5 : : : en-wikipedia-org-6976 1039 6 305–12 305–12 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 1039 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 1040 1 doi:10.1038 doi:10.1038 NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1040 2 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-6976 1040 3 nrn3939 nrn3939 NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1040 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 1041 1 PMID PMID NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1041 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1041 3 25873042 25873042 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 1041 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 1042 1 S2CID S2CID NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 1042 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1042 3 205511111 205511111 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 1042 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 1043 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1043 2 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 1043 3 b b NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1043 4 c c NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1043 5 Sinha Sinha NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1043 6 R R NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1043 7 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 1043 8 August August NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1043 9 2013 2013 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 1043 10 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 1043 11 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 1044 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-6976 1044 2 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 1044 3 clinical clinical JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 1044 4 neurobiology neurobiology NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1044 5 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1044 6 drug drug NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1044 7 craving craving NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1044 8 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-6976 1044 9 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 1045 1 Current current JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 1045 2 Opinion Opinion NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1045 3 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1045 4 Neurobiology Neurobiology NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1045 5 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 1046 1 23 23 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 1046 2 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 1046 3 4 4 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 1046 4 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 1046 5 : : : en-wikipedia-org-6976 1046 6 649–54 649–54 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 1046 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 1047 1 doi:10.1016 doi:10.1016 NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1047 2 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-6976 1047 3 j.conb.2013.05.001 j.conb.2013.05.001 NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1047 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 1048 1 PMC PMC NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1048 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1048 3 3735834 3735834 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 1048 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 1049 1 PMID PMID NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1049 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1049 3 23764204 23764204 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 1049 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 1050 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1050 2 Volkow Volkow NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1050 3 ND ND NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1050 4 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 1050 5 Baler Baler NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1050 6 RD RD NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1050 7 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 1050 8 January January NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1050 9 2014 2014 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 1050 10 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 1050 11 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 1051 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-6976 1051 2 Addiction addiction NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1051 3 science science NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1051 4 : : : en-wikipedia-org-6976 1051 5 Uncovering uncover VBG en-wikipedia-org-6976 1051 6 neurobiological neurobiological JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 1051 7 complexity complexity NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1051 8 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-6976 1051 9 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 1052 1 Neuropharmacology neuropharmacology NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1052 2 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 1053 1 76 76 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 1053 2 Pt Pt NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1053 3 B B NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1053 4 : : : en-wikipedia-org-6976 1053 5 235–49 235–49 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 1053 6 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 1054 1 doi:10.1016 doi:10.1016 NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1054 2 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-6976 1054 3 j.neuropharm.2013.05.007 j.neuropharm.2013.05.007 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 1054 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 1055 1 PMC PMC NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1055 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1055 3 3818510 3818510 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 1055 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 1056 1 PMID PMID NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1056 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1056 3 23688927 23688927 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 1056 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 1057 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1057 2 Nestler Nestler NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1057 3 EJ EJ NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1057 4 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 1057 5 December December NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1057 6 2012 2012 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 1057 7 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 1057 8 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 1058 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-6976 1058 2 Transcriptional transcriptional JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 1058 3 mechanisms mechanism NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 1058 4 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1058 5 drug drug NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1058 6 addiction addiction NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1058 7 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-6976 1058 8 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 1059 1 Clinical Clinical NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1059 2 Psychopharmacology Psychopharmacology NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1059 3 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-6976 1059 4 Neuroscience Neuroscience NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1059 5 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 1060 1 10 10 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 1060 2 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 1060 3 3 3 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 1060 4 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 1060 5 : : : en-wikipedia-org-6976 1060 6 136–43 136–43 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 1060 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 1061 1 doi:10.9758 doi:10.9758 NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1061 2 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-6976 1061 3 cpn.2012.10.3.136 cpn.2012.10.3.136 NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1061 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 1062 1 PMC PMC NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1062 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1062 3 3569166 3569166 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 1062 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 1063 1 PMID PMID NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1063 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1063 3 23430970 23430970 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 1063 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 1064 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1064 2 Yeo Yeo NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1064 3 BT BT NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1064 4 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 1064 5 Krienen Krienen NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1064 6 FM FM NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1064 7 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 1064 8 Sepulcre Sepulcre NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1064 9 J J NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1064 10 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 1064 11 Sabuncu Sabuncu NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1064 12 MR MR NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1064 13 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 1064 14 Lashkari Lashkari NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1064 15 D D NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1064 16 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 1064 17 Hollinshead Hollinshead NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1064 18 M M NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1064 19 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 1064 20 Roffman Roffman NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1064 21 JL JL NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1064 22 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 1064 23 Smoller Smoller NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1064 24 JW JW NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1064 25 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 1064 26 Zöllei Zöllei NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1064 27 L L NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1064 28 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 1064 29 Polimeni Polimeni NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1064 30 JR JR NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1064 31 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 1064 32 Fischl Fischl NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1064 33 B B NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1064 34 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 1064 35 Liu Liu NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1064 36 H H NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1064 37 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 1064 38 Buckner Buckner NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1064 39 RL RL NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1064 40 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 1064 41 September September NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1064 42 2011 2011 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 1064 43 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 1064 44 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 1065 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-6976 1065 2 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 1065 3 organization organization NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1065 4 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1065 5 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 1065 6 human human JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 1065 7 cerebral cerebral JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 1065 8 cortex cortex NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1065 9 estimated estimate VBN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1065 10 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1065 11 intrinsic intrinsic JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 1065 12 functional functional JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 1065 13 connectivity connectivity NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1065 14 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-6976 1065 15 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 1066 1 Journal Journal NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1066 2 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1066 3 Neurophysiology Neurophysiology NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1066 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 1067 1 106 106 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 1067 2 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 1067 3 3 3 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 1067 4 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 1067 5 : : : en-wikipedia-org-6976 1067 6 1125–65 1125–65 LS en-wikipedia-org-6976 1067 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 1068 1 doi:10.1152 doi:10.1152 LS en-wikipedia-org-6976 1068 2 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-6976 1068 3 jn.00338.2011 jn.00338.2011 NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1068 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 1069 1 PMC PMC NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1069 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1069 3 3174820 3174820 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 1069 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 1070 1 PMID PMID NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1070 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1070 3 21653723 21653723 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 1070 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 1071 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1071 2 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 1071 3 b b NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1071 4 c c NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1071 5 d d NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1071 6 e e NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1071 7 f f NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1071 8 g g NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1071 9 Healy Healy NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1071 10 D D NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1071 11 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 1071 12 2004 2004 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 1071 13 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 1071 14 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 1072 1 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 1072 2 Creation creation NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1072 3 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1072 4 Psychopharmacology Psychopharmacology NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1072 5 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 1073 1 Harvard Harvard NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1073 2 University University NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1073 3 Press Press NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1073 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 1074 1 pp pp NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1074 2 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 1075 1 37–73 37–73 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 1075 2 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 1076 1 ISBN ISBN NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1076 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1076 3 978 978 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 1076 4 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-6976 1076 5 0 0 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 1076 6 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-6976 1076 7 674 674 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 1076 8 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-6976 1076 9 01599 01599 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 1076 10 - - SYM en-wikipedia-org-6976 1076 11 9 9 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 1076 12 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 1077 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1077 2 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 1077 3 b b NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1077 4 Brunton Brunton NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1077 5 L. L. NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1077 6 Goodman Goodman NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1077 7 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-6976 1077 8 Gilman Gilman NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1077 9 's 's POS en-wikipedia-org-6976 1077 10 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 1077 11 Pharmacological Pharmacological NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1077 12 Basis Basis NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1077 13 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1077 14 Therapeutics Therapeutics NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1077 15 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 1077 16 12th 12th NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1077 17 ed ed NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1077 18 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 1077 19 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 1077 20 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 1078 1 McGraw McGraw NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1078 2 Hill Hill NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1078 3 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 1079 1 pp pp NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1079 2 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 1080 1 417–55 417–55 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 1080 2 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 1081 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1081 2 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 1081 3 b b NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1081 4 c c NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1081 5 d d DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 1081 6 Howes Howes NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1081 7 OD OD NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1081 8 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 1081 9 Kapur Kapur NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1081 10 S S NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1081 11 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 1081 12 May May NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1081 13 2009 2009 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 1081 14 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 1081 15 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 1082 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-6976 1082 2 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 1082 3 dopamine dopamine NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1082 4 hypothesis hypothesis NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1082 5 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1082 6 schizophrenia schizophrenia NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1082 7 : : : en-wikipedia-org-6976 1082 8 version version NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1082 9 III III NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1082 10 — — : en-wikipedia-org-6976 1082 11 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 1082 12 final final JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 1082 13 common common JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 1082 14 pathway pathway NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1082 15 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-6976 1082 16 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 1083 1 Schizophrenia Schizophrenia NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1083 2 Bulletin Bulletin NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1083 3 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 1084 1 35 35 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 1084 2 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 1084 3 3 3 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 1084 4 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 1084 5 : : : en-wikipedia-org-6976 1084 6 549–62 549–62 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 1084 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 1085 1 doi:10.1093 doi:10.1093 NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1085 2 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-6976 1085 3 schbul schbul NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1085 4 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-6976 1085 5 sbp006 sbp006 NNPS en-wikipedia-org-6976 1085 6 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 1086 1 PMC PMC NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1086 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1086 3 2669582 2669582 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 1086 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 1087 1 PMID PMID NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1087 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1087 3 19325164 19325164 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 1087 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 1088 1 ^ ^ NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1088 2 Horacek Horacek NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1088 3 J J NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1088 4 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 1088 5 Bubenikova Bubenikova NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1088 6 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-6976 1088 7 Valesova Valesova NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1088 8 V V NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1088 9 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 1088 10 Kopecek Kopecek NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1088 11 M M NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1088 12 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 1088 13 Palenicek Palenicek NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1088 14 T T NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1088 15 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 1088 16 Dockery Dockery NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1088 17 C C NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1088 18 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 1088 19 Mohr Mohr NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1088 20 P P NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1088 21 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 1088 22 Höschl Höschl NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1088 23 C C NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1088 24 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 1088 25 2006 2006 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 1088 26 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 1088 27 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 1089 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-6976 1089 2 Mechanism mechanism NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1089 3 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1089 4 action action NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1089 5 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1089 6 atypical atypical JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 1089 7 antipsychotic antipsychotic JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 1089 8 drugs drug NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 1089 9 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-6976 1089 10 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 1089 11 neurobiology neurobiology NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1089 12 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1089 13 schizophrenia schizophrenia NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1089 14 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-6976 1089 15 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 1090 1 CNS CNS NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1090 2 Drugs drug NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 1090 3 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 1091 1 20 20 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 1091 2 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 1091 3 5 5 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 1091 4 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 1091 5 : : : en-wikipedia-org-6976 1091 6 389–409 389–409 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 1091 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 1092 1 doi:10.2165/00023210 doi:10.2165/00023210 NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1092 2 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-6976 1092 3 200620050 200620050 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 1092 4 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-6976 1092 5 00004 00004 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 1092 6 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 1093 1 PMID PMID NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1093 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1093 3 16696579 16696579 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 1093 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 1094 1 S2CID S2CID NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1094 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1094 3 18226404 18226404 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 1094 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 1095 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1095 2 Stahl Stahl NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1095 3 SM SM NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1095 4 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 1095 5 2018 2018 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 1095 6 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 1095 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 1096 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-6976 1096 2 Beyond beyond IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1096 3 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 1096 4 dopamine dopamine NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1096 5 hypothesis hypothesis NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1096 6 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1096 7 schizophrenia schizophrenia NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1096 8 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1096 9 three three CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 1096 10 neural neural JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 1096 11 networks network NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 1096 12 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1096 13 psychosis psychosis NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1096 14 : : : en-wikipedia-org-6976 1096 15 dopamine dopamine NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1096 16 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 1096 17 serotonin serotonin NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1096 18 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 1096 19 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-6976 1096 20 glutamate glutamate NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1096 21 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-6976 1096 22 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 1096 23 PDF PDF NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1096 24 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 1096 25 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 1097 1 CNS CNS NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1097 2 Spectr Spectr NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1097 3 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 1098 1 23 23 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 1098 2 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 1098 3 3 3 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 1098 4 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 1098 5 : : : en-wikipedia-org-6976 1098 6 187–191 187–191 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 1098 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 1099 1 doi:10.1017 doi:10.1017 NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1099 2 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-6976 1099 3 S1092852918001013 S1092852918001013 NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1099 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 1100 1 PMID PMID NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1100 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1100 3 29954475 29954475 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 1100 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 1101 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1101 2 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 1101 3 b b NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1101 4 Malenka Malenka NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1101 5 RC RC NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1101 6 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 1101 7 Nestler Nestler NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1101 8 EJ EJ NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1101 9 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 1101 10 Hyman Hyman NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1101 11 SE SE NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1101 12 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 1101 13 2009 2009 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 1101 14 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 1101 15 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 1102 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-6976 1102 2 Chapters chapter NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 1102 3 10 10 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 1102 4 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-6976 1102 5 13 13 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 1102 6 " " NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 1102 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 1103 1 In in IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1103 2 Sydor Sydor NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1103 3 A A NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1103 4 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 1103 5 Brown Brown NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1103 6 RY RY NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1103 7 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 1103 8 eds eds NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1103 9 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 1103 10 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 1103 11 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 1104 1 Molecular Molecular NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1104 2 Neuropharmacology Neuropharmacology NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1104 3 : : : en-wikipedia-org-6976 1104 4 A A NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1104 5 Foundation Foundation NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1104 6 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1104 7 Clinical Clinical NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1104 8 Neuroscience Neuroscience NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1104 9 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 1104 10 2nd 2nd NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1104 11 ed ed NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1104 12 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 1104 13 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 1104 14 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 1105 1 New New NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1105 2 York York NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1105 3 : : : en-wikipedia-org-6976 1105 4 McGraw McGraw NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1105 5 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-6976 1105 6 Hill Hill NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1105 7 Medical Medical NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1105 8 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 1106 1 pp pp NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1106 2 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 1107 1 266 266 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 1107 2 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 1107 3 318–23 318–23 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 1107 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 1108 1 ISBN ISBN NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1108 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1108 3 978 978 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 1108 4 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-6976 1108 5 0 0 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 1108 6 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-6976 1108 7 07 07 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 1108 8 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-6976 1108 9 148127 148127 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 1108 10 - - SYM en-wikipedia-org-6976 1108 11 4 4 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 1108 12 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 1109 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1109 2 Wu Wu NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1109 3 J J NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1109 4 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 1109 5 Xiao Xiao NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1109 6 H H NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1109 7 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 1109 8 Sun Sun NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1109 9 H H NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1109 10 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 1109 11 Zou Zou NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1109 12 L L NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1109 13 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 1109 14 Zhu Zhu NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1109 15 LQ LQ NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1109 16 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 1109 17 June June NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1109 18 2012 2012 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 1109 19 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 1109 20 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 1110 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-6976 1110 2 Role role NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1110 3 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1110 4 dopamine dopamine NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1110 5 receptors receptor NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 1110 6 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1110 7 ADHD ADHD NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1110 8 : : : en-wikipedia-org-6976 1110 9 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 1110 10 systematic systematic JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 1110 11 meta meta JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 1110 12 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-6976 1110 13 analysis analysis NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1110 14 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-6976 1110 15 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 1111 1 Molecular Molecular NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1111 2 Neurobiology Neurobiology NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1111 3 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 1112 1 45 45 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 1112 2 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 1112 3 3 3 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 1112 4 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 1112 5 : : : en-wikipedia-org-6976 1112 6 605–20 605–20 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 1112 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 1113 1 doi:10.1007 doi:10.1007 NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1113 2 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-6976 1113 3 s12035 s12035 NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1113 4 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-6976 1113 5 012 012 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 1113 6 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-6976 1113 7 8278 8278 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 1113 8 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-6976 1113 9 5 5 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 1113 10 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 1114 1 PMID PMID NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1114 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1114 3 22610946 22610946 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 1114 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 1115 1 S2CID S2CID NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 1115 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1115 3 895006 895006 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 1115 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 1116 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1116 2 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 1116 3 b b NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1116 4 Berridge Berridge NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1116 5 CW CW NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1116 6 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 1116 7 Devilbiss Devilbiss NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1116 8 DM DM NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1116 9 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 1116 10 June June NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1116 11 2011 2011 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 1116 12 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 1116 13 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 1117 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-6976 1117 2 Psychostimulants psychostimulant NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 1117 3 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1117 4 cognitive cognitive JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 1117 5 enhancers enhancer NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 1117 6 : : : en-wikipedia-org-6976 1117 7 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 1117 8 prefrontal prefrontal NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1117 9 cortex cortex NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1117 10 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 1117 11 catecholamines catecholamines NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1117 12 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 1117 13 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-6976 1117 14 attention attention NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1117 15 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-6976 1117 16 deficit deficit NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1117 17 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-6976 1117 18 hyperactivity hyperactivity NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1117 19 disorder disorder NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1117 20 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-6976 1117 21 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 1118 1 Biological biological JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 1118 2 Psychiatry Psychiatry NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1118 3 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 1119 1 69 69 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 1119 2 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 1119 3 12 12 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 1119 4 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 1119 5 : : : en-wikipedia-org-6976 1119 6 e101–11 e101–11 NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1119 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 1120 1 doi:10.1016 doi:10.1016 NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1120 2 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-6976 1120 3 j.biopsych.2010.06.023 j.biopsych.2010.06.023 NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1120 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 1121 1 PMC PMC NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1121 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1121 3 3012746 3012746 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 1121 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 1122 1 PMID PMID NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1122 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1122 3 20875636 20875636 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 1122 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 1123 1 ^ ^ NFP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1123 2 Spencer Spencer NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1123 3 RC RC NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1123 4 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 1123 5 Devilbiss Devilbiss NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1123 6 DM DM NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1123 7 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 1123 8 Berridge Berridge NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1123 9 CW CW NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1123 10 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 1123 11 June June NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1123 12 2015 2015 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 1123 13 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 1123 14 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 1124 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-6976 1124 2 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 1124 3 cognition cognition NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1124 4 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-6976 1124 5 enhancing enhance VBG en-wikipedia-org-6976 1124 6 effects effect NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 1124 7 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1124 8 psychostimulants psychostimulant NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 1124 9 involve involve VBP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1124 10 direct direct JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 1124 11 action action NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1124 12 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1124 13 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 1124 14 prefrontal prefrontal NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1124 15 cortex cortex NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1124 16 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-6976 1124 17 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 1125 1 Biological biological JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 1125 2 Psychiatry Psychiatry NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1125 3 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 1126 1 77 77 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 1126 2 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 1126 3 11 11 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 1126 4 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 1126 5 : : : en-wikipedia-org-6976 1126 6 940–50 940–50 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 1126 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 1127 1 doi:10.1016 doi:10.1016 NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1127 2 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-6976 1127 3 j.biopsych.2014.09.013 j.biopsych.2014.09.013 JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 1127 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 1128 1 PMC PMC NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1128 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1128 3 4377121 4377121 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 1128 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 1129 1 PMID PMID NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1129 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1129 3 25499957 25499957 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 1129 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 1130 1 ^ ^ NFP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1130 2 Ilieva Ilieva NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1130 3 IP IP NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1130 4 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 1130 5 Hook Hook NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1130 6 CJ CJ NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1130 7 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 1130 8 Farah Farah NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1130 9 MJ MJ NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1130 10 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 1130 11 June June NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1130 12 2015 2015 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 1130 13 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 1130 14 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 1131 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-6976 1131 2 Prescription Prescription NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1131 3 Stimulants Stimulants NNPS en-wikipedia-org-6976 1131 4 ' ' POS en-wikipedia-org-6976 1131 5 Effects effect NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 1131 6 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1131 7 Healthy Healthy NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1131 8 Inhibitory Inhibitory NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1131 9 Control Control NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1131 10 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 1131 11 Working Working NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1131 12 Memory Memory NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1131 13 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 1131 14 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-6976 1131 15 Episodic episodic JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 1131 16 Memory Memory NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1131 17 : : : en-wikipedia-org-6976 1131 18 A a DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 1131 19 Meta Meta NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1131 20 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-6976 1131 21 analysis analysis NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1131 22 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-6976 1131 23 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 1132 1 Journal Journal NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1132 2 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1132 3 Cognitive Cognitive NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1132 4 Neuroscience Neuroscience NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1132 5 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 1133 1 27 27 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 1133 2 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 1133 3 6 6 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 1133 4 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 1133 5 : : : en-wikipedia-org-6976 1133 6 1069–89 1069–89 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 1133 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 1134 1 doi:10.1162 doi:10.1162 VB en-wikipedia-org-6976 1134 2 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-6976 1134 3 jocn_a_00776 jocn_a_00776 ADD en-wikipedia-org-6976 1134 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 1135 1 PMID PMID NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1135 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1135 3 25591060 25591060 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 1135 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 1136 1 S2CID S2CID NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1136 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1136 3 15788121 15788121 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 1136 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 1137 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1137 2 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 1137 3 b b NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1137 4 c c NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1137 5 Wood Wood NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1137 6 PB PB NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1137 7 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 1137 8 May May NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1137 9 2008 2008 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 1137 10 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 1137 11 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 1138 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-6976 1138 2 Role role NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1138 3 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1138 4 central central JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 1138 5 dopamine dopamine NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1138 6 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1138 7 pain pain NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1138 8 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-6976 1138 9 analgesia analgesia NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1138 10 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-6976 1138 11 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 1139 1 Expert expert NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1139 2 Review Review NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1139 3 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1139 4 Neurotherapeutics Neurotherapeutics NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1139 5 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 1140 1 8 8 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 1140 2 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 1140 3 5 5 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 1140 4 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 1140 5 : : : en-wikipedia-org-6976 1140 6 781–97 781–97 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 1140 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 1141 1 doi:10.1586/14737175.8.5.781 doi:10.1586/14737175.8.5.781 VBG en-wikipedia-org-6976 1141 2 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 1142 1 PMID PMID NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1142 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1142 3 18457535 18457535 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 1142 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 1143 1 S2CID S2CID NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 1143 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1143 3 24325199 24325199 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 1143 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 1144 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1144 2 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 1144 3 b b NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1144 4 c c NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1144 5 d d NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1144 6 Flake Flake NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1144 7 ZA ZA NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1144 8 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 1144 9 Scalley Scalley NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1144 10 RD RD NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1144 11 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 1144 12 Bailey Bailey NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1144 13 AG AG NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1144 14 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 1144 15 March March NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1144 16 2004 2004 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 1144 17 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 1144 18 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 1145 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-6976 1145 2 Practical practical JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 1145 3 selection selection NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1145 4 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1145 5 antiemetics antiemetic NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 1145 6 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-6976 1145 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 1146 1 American American NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1146 2 Family Family NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1146 3 Physician Physician NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1146 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 1147 1 69 69 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 1147 2 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 1147 3 5 5 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 1147 4 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 1147 5 : : : en-wikipedia-org-6976 1147 6 1169–74 1169–74 LS en-wikipedia-org-6976 1147 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 1148 1 PMID PMID NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1148 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1148 3 15023018 15023018 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 1148 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 1149 1 ^ ^ NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1149 2 Connolly Connolly NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1149 3 BS BS NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1149 4 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 1149 5 Lang Lang NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1149 6 AE AE NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1149 7 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 1149 8 2014 2014 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 1149 9 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 1149 10 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 1150 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-6976 1150 2 Pharmacological pharmacological JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 1150 3 treatment treatment NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1150 4 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1150 5 Parkinson Parkinson NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1150 6 disease disease NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1150 7 : : : en-wikipedia-org-6976 1150 8 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 1150 9 review review NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1150 10 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-6976 1150 11 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 1151 1 JAMA JAMA NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1151 2 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 1152 1 311 311 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 1152 2 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 1152 3 16 16 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 1152 4 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 1152 5 : : : en-wikipedia-org-6976 1152 6 1670–83 1670–83 LS en-wikipedia-org-6976 1152 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 1153 1 doi:10.1001 doi:10.1001 NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1153 2 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-6976 1153 3 jama.2014.3654 jama.2014.3654 NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1153 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 1154 1 PMID PMID NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1154 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1154 3 24756517 24756517 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 1154 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 1155 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1155 2 Roshchina Roshchina NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1155 3 VV VV NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1155 4 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 1155 5 2010 2010 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 1155 6 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 1155 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 1156 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-6976 1156 2 Evolutionary evolutionary JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 1156 3 considerations consideration NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 1156 4 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1156 5 neurotransmitters neurotransmitter NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 1156 6 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1156 7 microbial microbial NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1156 8 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 1156 9 plant plant NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1156 10 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 1156 11 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-6976 1156 12 animal animal NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1156 13 cells cell NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 1156 14 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-6976 1156 15 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 1157 1 In in IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1157 2 Lyte Lyte NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1157 3 M M NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1157 4 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 1157 5 Primrose Primrose NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1157 6 PE PE NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1157 7 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 1157 8 eds eds NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1157 9 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 1157 10 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 1157 11 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 1158 1 Microbial Microbial NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1158 2 Endocrinology Endocrinology NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1158 3 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 1159 1 New New NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1159 2 York York NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1159 3 : : : en-wikipedia-org-6976 1159 4 Springer Springer NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1159 5 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 1160 1 pp pp NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1160 2 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 1161 1 17–52 17–52 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 1161 2 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 1162 1 ISBN ISBN NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1162 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1162 3 978 978 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 1162 4 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-6976 1162 5 1 1 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 1162 6 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-6976 1162 7 4419 4419 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 1162 8 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-6976 1162 9 5576 5576 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 1162 10 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-6976 1162 11 0 0 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 1162 12 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 1163 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1163 2 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 1163 3 b b NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1163 4 Iyer Iyer NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1163 5 LM LM NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1163 6 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 1163 7 Aravind Aravind NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1163 8 L L NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1163 9 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 1163 10 Coon Coon NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1163 11 SL SL NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1163 12 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 1163 13 Klein Klein NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1163 14 DC DC NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1163 15 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 1163 16 Koonin Koonin NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1163 17 EV EV NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1163 18 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 1163 19 July July NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1163 20 2004 2004 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 1163 21 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 1163 22 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 1164 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-6976 1164 2 Evolution evolution NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1164 3 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1164 4 cell cell NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1164 5 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-6976 1164 6 cell cell NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1164 7 signaling signaling NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1164 8 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1164 9 animals animal NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 1164 10 : : : en-wikipedia-org-6976 1164 11 did do VBD en-wikipedia-org-6976 1164 12 late late JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 1164 13 horizontal horizontal JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 1164 14 gene gene NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1164 15 transfer transfer NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1164 16 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1164 17 bacteria bacteria NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 1164 18 have have VBP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1164 19 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 1164 20 role role NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1164 21 ? ? . en-wikipedia-org-6976 1164 22 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-6976 1164 23 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 1165 1 Trends trend NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 1165 2 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1165 3 Genetics Genetics NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1165 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 1166 1 20 20 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 1166 2 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 1166 3 7 7 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 1166 4 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 1166 5 : : : en-wikipedia-org-6976 1166 6 292–99 292–99 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 1166 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 1167 1 doi:10.1016 doi:10.1016 NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1167 2 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-6976 1167 3 j.tig.2004.05.007 j.tig.2004.05.007 ADD en-wikipedia-org-6976 1167 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 1168 1 PMID PMID NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1168 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1168 3 15219393 15219393 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 1168 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 1169 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1169 2 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 1169 3 b b NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1169 4 c c NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1169 5 d d NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1169 6 e e NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1169 7 Barron Barron NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1169 8 AB AB NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1169 9 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 1169 10 Søvik Søvik NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1169 11 E E NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1169 12 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 1169 13 Cornish cornish JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 1169 14 JL JL NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1169 15 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 1169 16 2010 2010 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 1169 17 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 1169 18 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 1170 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-6976 1170 2 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 1170 3 roles role NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 1170 4 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1170 5 dopamine dopamine NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1170 6 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-6976 1170 7 related related JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 1170 8 compounds compound NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 1170 9 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1170 10 reward reward NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1170 11 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-6976 1170 12 seeking seek VBG en-wikipedia-org-6976 1170 13 behavior behavior NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1170 14 across across IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1170 15 animal animal NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1170 16 phyla phyla NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1170 17 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-6976 1170 18 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 1171 1 Frontiers frontier NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 1171 2 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1171 3 Behavioral Behavioral NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1171 4 Neuroscience Neuroscience NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1171 5 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 1172 1 4 4 LS en-wikipedia-org-6976 1172 2 : : SYM en-wikipedia-org-6976 1172 3 163 163 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 1172 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 1172 5 doi:10.3389 doi:10.3389 NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1172 6 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-6976 1172 7 fnbeh.2010.00163 fnbeh.2010.00163 NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1172 8 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 1173 1 PMC PMC NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1173 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1173 3 2967375 2967375 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 1173 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 1174 1 PMID PMID NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1174 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1174 3 21048897 21048897 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 1174 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 1175 1 ^ ^ NFP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1175 2 Liu Liu NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1175 3 H H NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1175 4 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 1175 5 Mishima Mishima NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1175 6 Y Y NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1175 7 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 1175 8 Fujiwara Fujiwara NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1175 9 T T NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1175 10 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 1175 11 Nagai Nagai NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1175 12 H H NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1175 13 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 1175 14 Kitazawa Kitazawa NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1175 15 A A NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1175 16 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 1175 17 Mine Mine NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1175 18 Y Y NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1175 19 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 1175 20 et et NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1175 21 al al NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1175 22 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 1176 1 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 1176 2 2004 2004 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 1176 3 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 1176 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 1177 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-6976 1177 2 Isolation isolation NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1177 3 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1177 4 Araguspongine Araguspongine NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1177 5 M M NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1177 6 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 1177 7 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 1177 8 new new JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 1177 9 stereoisomer stereoisomer NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1177 10 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1177 11 an an DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 1177 12 Araguspongine Araguspongine NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1177 13 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-6976 1177 14 Xestospongin Xestospongin NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1177 15 alkaloid alkaloid NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1177 16 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 1177 17 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-6976 1177 18 dopamine dopamine NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1177 19 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1177 20 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 1177 21 marine marine JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 1177 22 sponge sponge NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1177 23 Neopetrosia Neopetrosia NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1177 24 exigua exigua RB en-wikipedia-org-6976 1177 25 collected collect VBN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1177 26 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1177 27 Palau Palau NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1177 28 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-6976 1177 29 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 1178 1 Marine Marine NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1178 2 Drugs Drugs NNPS en-wikipedia-org-6976 1178 3 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 1179 1 2 2 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 1179 2 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 1179 3 4 4 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 1179 4 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 1179 5 : : : en-wikipedia-org-6976 1179 6 154–63 154–63 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 1179 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 1180 1 doi:10.3390 doi:10.3390 NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1180 2 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-6976 1180 3 md204154 md204154 NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1180 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 1181 1 PMC PMC NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1181 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1181 3 3783253 3783253 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 1181 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 1182 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1182 2 Kass Kass NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1182 3 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-6976 1182 4 Simon Simon NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1182 5 G G NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1182 6 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 1182 7 Pierobon Pierobon NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1182 8 P P NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1182 9 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 1182 10 January January NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1182 11 2007 2007 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 1182 12 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 1182 13 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 1183 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-6976 1183 2 Cnidarian cnidarian JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 1183 3 chemical chemical NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1183 4 neurotransmission neurotransmission NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1183 5 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 1183 6 an an DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 1183 7 updated update VBN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1183 8 overview overview NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1183 9 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-6976 1183 10 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 1184 1 Comparative comparative JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 1184 2 Biochemistry Biochemistry NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1184 3 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-6976 1184 4 Physiology Physiology NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1184 5 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 1185 1 Part Part NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1185 2 A A NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1185 3 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 1185 4 Molecular Molecular NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1185 5 & & CC en-wikipedia-org-6976 1185 6 Integrative Integrative NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1185 7 Physiology Physiology NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1185 8 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 1186 1 146 146 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 1186 2 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 1186 3 1 1 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 1186 4 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 1186 5 : : : en-wikipedia-org-6976 1186 6 9–25 9–25 NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1186 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 1187 1 doi:10.1016 doi:10.1016 NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1187 2 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-6976 1187 3 j.cbpa.2006.09.008 j.cbpa.2006.09.008 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 1187 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 1188 1 PMID PMID NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1188 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1188 3 17101286 17101286 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 1188 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 1189 1 ^ ^ NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1189 2 Cottrell Cottrell NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1189 3 GA GA NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1189 4 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 1189 5 January January NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1189 6 1967 1967 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 1189 7 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 1189 8 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 1190 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-6976 1190 2 Occurrence Occurrence NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1190 3 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1190 4 dopamine dopamine NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1190 5 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-6976 1190 6 noradrenaline noradrenaline NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1190 7 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1190 8 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 1190 9 nervous nervous JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 1190 10 tissue tissue NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1190 11 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1190 12 some some DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 1190 13 invertebrate invertebrate JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 1190 14 species specie NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 1190 15 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-6976 1190 16 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 1191 1 British British NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1191 2 Journal Journal NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1191 3 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1191 4 Pharmacology Pharmacology NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1191 5 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-6976 1191 6 Chemotherapy Chemotherapy NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1191 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 1192 1 29 29 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 1192 2 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 1192 3 1 1 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 1192 4 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 1192 5 : : : en-wikipedia-org-6976 1192 6 63–69 63–69 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 1192 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 1193 1 doi:10.1111 doi:10.1111 NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1193 2 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-6976 1193 3 j.1476 j.1476 NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1193 4 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-6976 1193 5 5381.1967.tb01939.x 5381.1967.tb01939.x NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1193 6 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 1194 1 PMC PMC NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1194 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1194 3 1557178 1557178 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 1194 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 1195 1 PMID PMID NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1195 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1195 3 19108240 19108240 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 1195 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 1196 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1196 2 Kindt Kindt NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1196 3 KS KS NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1196 4 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 1196 5 Quast Quast NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1196 6 KB KB NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1196 7 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 1196 8 Giles Giles NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1196 9 AC AC NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1196 10 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 1196 11 De De NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1196 12 S S NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1196 13 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 1196 14 Hendrey Hendrey NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1196 15 D D NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1196 16 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 1196 17 Nicastro Nicastro NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1196 18 I I NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1196 19 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 1196 20 Rankin Rankin NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1196 21 CH CH NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1196 22 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 1196 23 Schafer Schafer NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1196 24 WR WR NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1196 25 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 1196 26 August August NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1196 27 2007 2007 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 1196 28 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 1196 29 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 1197 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-6976 1197 2 Dopamine dopamine NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1197 3 mediates mediate VBZ en-wikipedia-org-6976 1197 4 context context NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1197 5 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-6976 1197 6 dependent dependent JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 1197 7 modulation modulation NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1197 8 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1197 9 sensory sensory JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 1197 10 plasticity plasticity NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1197 11 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1197 12 C. C. NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1197 13 elegans elegan NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 1197 14 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-6976 1197 15 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 1198 1 Neuron neuron UH en-wikipedia-org-6976 1198 2 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 1199 1 55 55 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 1199 2 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 1199 3 4 4 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 1199 4 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 1199 5 : : : en-wikipedia-org-6976 1199 6 662–76 662–76 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 1199 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 1200 1 doi:10.1016 doi:10.1016 NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1200 2 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-6976 1200 3 j.neuron.2007.07.023 j.neuron.2007.07.023 NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 1200 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 1201 1 PMID PMID NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1201 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1201 3 17698017 17698017 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 1201 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 1202 1 S2CID S2CID NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 1202 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1202 3 2092645 2092645 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 1202 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 1203 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1203 2 Kalivas Kalivas NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1203 3 PW PW NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1203 4 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 1203 5 Stewart Stewart NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1203 6 J J NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1203 7 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 1203 8 1 1 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 1203 9 September September NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1203 10 1991 1991 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 1203 11 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 1203 12 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 1204 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-6976 1204 2 Dopamine dopamine NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1204 3 transmission transmission NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1204 4 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1204 5 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 1204 6 initiation initiation NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1204 7 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-6976 1204 8 expression expression NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1204 9 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1204 10 drug- drug- NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1204 11 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-6976 1204 12 stress stress NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1204 13 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-6976 1204 14 induced induce VBN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1204 15 sensitization sensitization NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1204 16 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1204 17 motor motor NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1204 18 activity activity NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1204 19 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-6976 1204 20 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 1205 1 Brain Brain NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1205 2 Research Research NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1205 3 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 1206 1 Brain Brain NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1206 2 Research Research NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1206 3 Reviews Reviews NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1206 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 1207 1 16 16 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 1207 2 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 1207 3 3 3 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 1207 4 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 1207 5 : : : en-wikipedia-org-6976 1207 6 223–44 223–44 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 1207 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 1208 1 doi:10.1016/0165 doi:10.1016/0165 NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1208 2 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-6976 1208 3 0173(91)90007-U. 0173(91)90007-U. NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1209 1 PMID PMID NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1209 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1209 3 1665095 1665095 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 1209 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 1210 1 S2CID S2CID NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 1210 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1210 3 10775295 10775295 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 1210 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 1211 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1211 2 Perry Perry NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1211 3 CJ CJ NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1211 4 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 1211 5 Barron Barron NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1211 6 AB AB NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1211 7 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 1211 8 2013 2013 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 1211 9 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 1211 10 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 1212 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-6976 1212 2 Neural neural JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 1212 3 mechanisms mechanism NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 1212 4 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1212 5 reward reward NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1212 6 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1212 7 insects insect NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 1212 8 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-6976 1212 9 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 1212 10 PDF PDF NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1212 11 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 1212 12 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 1213 1 Annual Annual NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1213 2 Review Review NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1213 3 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1213 4 Entomology Entomology NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1213 5 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 1214 1 58 58 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 1214 2 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 1214 3 1 1 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 1214 4 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 1214 5 : : : en-wikipedia-org-6976 1214 6 543–62 543–62 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 1214 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 1215 1 doi:10.1146 doi:10.1146 NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1215 2 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-6976 1215 3 annurev annurev NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1215 4 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-6976 1215 5 ento-120811 ento-120811 NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1215 6 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-6976 1215 7 153631 153631 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 1215 8 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 1216 1 PMID PMID NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1216 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1216 3 23020615 23020615 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 1216 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 1217 1 S2CID S2CID NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 1217 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1217 3 19678766 19678766 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 1217 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 1218 1 ^ ^ NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1218 2 Takikawa Takikawa NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1218 3 Y Y NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1218 4 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 1218 5 Kawagoe Kawagoe NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1218 6 R R NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1218 7 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 1218 8 Hikosaka Hikosaka NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1218 9 O O NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1218 10 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 1218 11 October October NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1218 12 2004 2004 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 1218 13 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 1218 14 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 1219 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-6976 1219 2 A a DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 1219 3 possible possible JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 1219 4 role role NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1219 5 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1219 6 midbrain midbrain NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1219 7 dopamine dopamine NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1219 8 neurons neuron NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 1219 9 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1219 10 short- short- NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 1219 11 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-6976 1219 12 long long JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 1219 13 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-6976 1219 14 term term NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1219 15 adaptation adaptation NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1219 16 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1219 17 saccades saccade NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 1219 18 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1219 19 position position NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1219 20 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-6976 1219 21 reward reward NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1219 22 mapping mapping NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1219 23 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-6976 1219 24 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 1219 25 PDF PDF NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1219 26 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 1219 27 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 1220 1 Journal Journal NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1220 2 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1220 3 Neurophysiology Neurophysiology NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1220 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 1221 1 92 92 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 1221 2 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 1221 3 4 4 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 1221 4 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 1221 5 : : : en-wikipedia-org-6976 1221 6 2520–9 2520–9 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 1221 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 1222 1 doi:10.1152 doi:10.1152 NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1222 2 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-6976 1222 3 jn.00238.2004 jn.00238.2004 NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1222 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 1223 1 PMID PMID NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1223 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1223 3 15163669 15163669 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 1223 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 1224 1 S2CID S2CID NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 1224 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1224 3 12534057 12534057 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 1224 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 1225 1 ^ ^ NFP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1225 2 Yamagata Yamagata NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1225 3 N N NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1225 4 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 1225 5 Ichinose Ichinose NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1225 6 T t NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1225 7 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 1225 8 Aso Aso NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1225 9 Y Y NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1225 10 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 1225 11 Plaçais Plaçais NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1225 12 PY PY NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1225 13 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 1225 14 Friedrich Friedrich NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1225 15 AB AB NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1225 16 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 1225 17 Sima Sima NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1225 18 RJ RJ NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1225 19 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 1225 20 et et NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1225 21 al al NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1225 22 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 1226 1 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 1226 2 January January NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1226 3 2015 2015 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 1226 4 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 1226 5 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 1227 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-6976 1227 2 Distinct distinct JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 1227 3 dopamine dopamine NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1227 4 neurons neuron NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 1227 5 mediate mediate NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1227 6 reward reward NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1227 7 signals signal NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 1227 8 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1227 9 short- short- NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 1227 10 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-6976 1227 11 long long JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 1227 12 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-6976 1227 13 term term NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1227 14 memories memory NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 1227 15 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-6976 1227 16 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 1228 1 Proceedings proceeding NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 1228 2 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1228 3 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 1228 4 National National NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1228 5 Academy Academy NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1228 6 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1228 7 Sciences Sciences NNPS en-wikipedia-org-6976 1228 8 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1228 9 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 1228 10 United United NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1228 11 States States NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1228 12 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1228 13 America America NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1228 14 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 1229 1 112 112 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 1229 2 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 1229 3 2 2 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 1229 4 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 1229 5 : : : en-wikipedia-org-6976 1229 6 578–83 578–83 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 1229 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 1230 1 Bibcode:2015PNAS Bibcode:2015PNAS NFP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1230 2 .. .. NFP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1230 3 112 112 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 1230 4 .. .. NFP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1230 5 578Y. 578Y. . en-wikipedia-org-6976 1231 1 doi:10.1073 doi:10.1073 NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1231 2 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-6976 1231 3 pnas.1421930112 pnas.1421930112 NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1231 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 1232 1 PMC PMC NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1232 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1232 3 4299218 4299218 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 1232 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 1233 1 PMID PMID NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1233 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1233 3 25548178 25548178 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 1233 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 1234 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1234 2 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 1234 3 b b NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1234 4 Waddell Waddell NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1234 5 S S NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1234 6 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 1234 7 June June NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1234 8 2013 2013 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 1234 9 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 1234 10 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 1235 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-6976 1235 2 Reinforcement reinforcement NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1235 3 signalling signalling NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1235 4 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1235 5 Drosophila Drosophila NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1235 6 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-6976 1235 7 dopamine dopamine NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1235 8 does do VBZ en-wikipedia-org-6976 1235 9 it -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1235 10 all all RB en-wikipedia-org-6976 1235 11 after after RB en-wikipedia-org-6976 1235 12 all all RB en-wikipedia-org-6976 1235 13 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-6976 1235 14 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 1236 1 Current current JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 1236 2 Opinion Opinion NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1236 3 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1236 4 Neurobiology Neurobiology NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1236 5 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 1237 1 23 23 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 1237 2 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 1237 3 3 3 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 1237 4 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 1237 5 : : : en-wikipedia-org-6976 1237 6 324–29 324–29 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 1237 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 1238 1 doi:10.1016 doi:10.1016 NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1238 2 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-6976 1238 3 j.conb.2013.01.005 j.conb.2013.01.005 JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 1238 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 1239 1 PMC PMC NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1239 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1239 3 3887340 3887340 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 1239 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 1240 1 PMID PMID NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1240 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1240 3 23391527 23391527 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 1240 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 1241 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1241 2 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 1241 3 b b NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1241 4 c c NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1241 5 d d NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1241 6 e e NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1241 7 f f NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1241 8 Kulma Kulma NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1241 9 A A NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1241 10 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 1241 11 Szopa Szopa NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1241 12 J J NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1241 13 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 1241 14 2007 2007 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 1241 15 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 1241 16 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 1242 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-6976 1242 2 Catecholamines catecholamine NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 1242 3 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1242 4 active active JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 1242 5 compounds compound NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 1242 6 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1242 7 plants plant NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 1242 8 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-6976 1242 9 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 1243 1 Plant Plant NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1243 2 Science Science NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1243 3 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 1244 1 172 172 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 1244 2 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 1244 3 3 3 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 1244 4 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 1244 5 : : : en-wikipedia-org-6976 1244 6 433–40 433–40 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 1244 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 1245 1 doi:10.1016 doi:10.1016 NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1245 2 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-6976 1245 3 j.plantsci.2006.10.013 j.plantsci.2006.10.013 JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 1245 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 1246 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1246 2 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 1246 3 b b NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1246 4 Ingle Ingle NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1246 5 PK PK NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1246 6 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 1246 7 2003 2003 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 1246 8 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 1246 9 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 1247 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-6976 1247 2 L L NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1247 3 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-6976 1247 4 DOPA dopa NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1247 5 bearing bearing NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1247 6 plants plant NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 1247 7 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-6976 1247 8 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 1247 9 PDF PDF NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1247 10 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 1247 11 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 1248 1 Natural Natural NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1248 2 Product Product NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1248 3 Radiance Radiance NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1248 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 1249 1 2 2 LS en-wikipedia-org-6976 1249 2 : : : en-wikipedia-org-6976 1249 3 126–133 126–133 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 1249 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 1250 1 Retrieved retrieve VBN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1250 2 24 24 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 1250 3 September September NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1250 4 2015 2015 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 1250 5 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 1251 1 ^ ^ NFP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1251 2 Wichers Wichers NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1251 3 HJ HJ NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1251 4 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 1251 5 Visser Visser NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1251 6 JF JF NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1251 7 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 1251 8 Huizing Huizing NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1251 9 HJ HJ NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1251 10 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 1251 11 Pras Pras NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1251 12 N N NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1251 13 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 1251 14 1993 1993 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 1251 15 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 1251 16 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 1252 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-6976 1252 2 Occurrence Occurrence NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1252 3 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1252 4 L L NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1252 5 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-6976 1252 6 DOPA DOPA NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1252 7 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-6976 1252 8 dopamine dopamine NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1252 9 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1252 10 plants plant NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 1252 11 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-6976 1252 12 cell cell NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1252 13 cultures culture NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 1252 14 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1252 15 Mucuna Mucuna NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1252 16 pruriens prurien NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 1252 17 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-6976 1252 18 effects effect NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 1252 19 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1252 20 2 2 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 1252 21 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 1252 22 4-d 4-d CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 1252 23 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-6976 1252 24 NaCl NaCl NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1252 25 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1252 26 these these DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 1252 27 compounds compound NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 1252 28 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-6976 1252 29 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 1253 1 Plant plant NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1253 2 Cell Cell NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1253 3 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 1253 4 Tissue Tissue NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1253 5 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-6976 1253 6 Organ Organ NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1253 7 Culture Culture NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1253 8 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 1254 1 33 33 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 1254 2 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 1254 3 3 3 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 1254 4 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 1254 5 : : : en-wikipedia-org-6976 1254 6 259–64 259–64 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 1254 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 1255 1 doi:10.1007 doi:10.1007 VB en-wikipedia-org-6976 1255 2 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-6976 1255 3 BF02319010 bf02319010 NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1255 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 1256 1 S2CID S2CID NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 1256 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1256 3 44814336 44814336 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 1256 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 1257 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1257 2 Longo Longo NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1257 3 R R NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1257 4 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 1257 5 Castellani Castellani NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1257 6 A A NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1257 7 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 1257 8 Sberze Sberze NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1257 9 P P NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1257 10 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 1257 11 Tibolla Tibolla NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1257 12 M M NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1257 13 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 1257 14 1974 1974 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 1257 15 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 1257 16 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 1258 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-6976 1258 2 Distribution distribution NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1258 3 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1258 4 l l NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1258 5 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-6976 1258 6 dopa dopa NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1258 7 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-6976 1258 8 related related JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 1258 9 amino amino JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 1258 10 acids acid NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 1258 11 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1258 12 Vicia Vicia NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1258 13 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-6976 1258 14 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 1259 1 Phytochemistry phytochemistry NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1259 2 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 1260 1 13 13 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 1260 2 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 1260 3 1 1 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 1260 4 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 1260 5 : : : en-wikipedia-org-6976 1260 6 167–71 167–71 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 1260 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 1261 1 doi:10.1016 doi:10.1016 JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 1261 2 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-6976 1261 3 S0031 S0031 NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1261 4 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-6976 1261 5 9422(00)91287 9422(00)91287 NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1261 6 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-6976 1261 7 1 1 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 1261 8 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 1262 1 ^ ^ NFP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1262 2 Van Van NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1262 3 Alstyne Alstyne NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1262 4 KL KL NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1262 5 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 1262 6 Nelson Nelson NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1262 7 AV AV NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1262 8 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 1262 9 Vyvyan Vyvyan NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1262 10 JR JR NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1262 11 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 1262 12 Cancilla Cancilla NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1262 13 DA DA NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1262 14 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 1262 15 June June NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1262 16 2006 2006 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 1262 17 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 1262 18 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 1263 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-6976 1263 2 Dopamine dopamine NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1263 3 functions function NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 1263 4 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1263 5 an an DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 1263 6 antiherbivore antiherbivore NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1263 7 defense defense NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1263 8 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1263 9 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 1263 10 temperate temperate NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1263 11 green green JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 1263 12 alga alga RB en-wikipedia-org-6976 1263 13 Ulvaria Ulvaria NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1263 14 obscura obscura NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1263 15 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-6976 1263 16 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 1264 1 Oecologia Oecologia NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1264 2 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 1265 1 148 148 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 1265 2 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 1265 3 2 2 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 1265 4 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 1265 5 : : : en-wikipedia-org-6976 1265 6 304–11 304–11 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 1265 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 1266 1 Bibcode:2006Oecol.148 Bibcode:2006Oecol.148 NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1266 2 .. .. NFP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1266 3 304V. 304v. CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 1267 1 doi:10.1007 doi:10.1007 VB en-wikipedia-org-6976 1267 2 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-6976 1267 3 s00442 s00442 NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1267 4 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-6976 1267 5 006 006 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 1267 6 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-6976 1267 7 0378 0378 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 1267 8 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-6976 1267 9 3 3 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 1267 10 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 1268 1 PMID PMID NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1268 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1268 3 16489461 16489461 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 1268 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 1269 1 S2CID S2CID NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 1269 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1269 3 5029574 5029574 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 1269 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 1270 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1270 2 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 1270 3 b b NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1270 4 c c NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1270 5 Simon Simon NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1270 6 JD JD NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1270 7 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 1270 8 Peles Peles NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1270 9 D D NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1270 10 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 1270 11 Wakamatsu Wakamatsu NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1270 12 K K NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1270 13 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 1270 14 Ito Ito NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1270 15 S S NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1270 16 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 1270 17 October October NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1270 18 2009 2009 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 1270 19 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 1270 20 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 1271 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-6976 1271 2 Current current JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 1271 3 challenges challenge NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 1271 4 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1271 5 understanding understand VBG en-wikipedia-org-6976 1271 6 melanogenesis melanogenesis NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1271 7 : : : en-wikipedia-org-6976 1271 8 bridging bridge VBG en-wikipedia-org-6976 1271 9 chemistry chemistry NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1271 10 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 1271 11 biological biological JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 1271 12 control control NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1271 13 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 1271 14 morphology morphology NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1271 15 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 1271 16 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-6976 1271 17 function function NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1271 18 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-6976 1271 19 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 1272 1 Pigment Pigment NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1272 2 Cell Cell NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1272 3 & & CC en-wikipedia-org-6976 1272 4 Melanoma Melanoma NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1272 5 Research Research NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1272 6 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 1273 1 22 22 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 1273 2 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 1273 3 5 5 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 1273 4 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 1273 5 : : : en-wikipedia-org-6976 1273 6 563–79 563–79 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 1273 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 1274 1 doi:10.1111 doi:10.1111 NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1274 2 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-6976 1274 3 j.1755 j.1755 NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1274 4 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-6976 1274 5 148X.2009.00610.x 148x.2009.00610.x CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 1274 6 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 1275 1 PMID PMID NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1275 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1275 3 19627559 19627559 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 1275 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 1276 1 ^ ^ NFP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1276 2 Fedorow Fedorow NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1276 3 H H NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1276 4 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 1276 5 Tribl Tribl NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1276 6 F F NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1276 7 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 1276 8 Halliday Halliday NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1276 9 G G NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1276 10 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 1276 11 Gerlach Gerlach NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1276 12 M M NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1276 13 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 1276 14 Riederer Riederer NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1276 15 P P NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1276 16 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 1276 17 Double double JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 1276 18 KL KL NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1276 19 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 1276 20 February February NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1276 21 2005 2005 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 1276 22 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 1276 23 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 1277 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-6976 1277 2 Neuromelanin Neuromelanin NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1277 3 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1277 4 human human JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 1277 5 dopamine dopamine NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1277 6 neurons neuron NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 1277 7 : : : en-wikipedia-org-6976 1277 8 comparison comparison NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1277 9 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1277 10 peripheral peripheral JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 1277 11 melanins melanin NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 1277 12 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-6976 1277 13 relevance relevance NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1277 14 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1277 15 Parkinson Parkinson NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1277 16 's 's POS en-wikipedia-org-6976 1277 17 disease disease NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1277 18 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-6976 1277 19 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 1278 1 Progress progress NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1278 2 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1278 3 Neurobiology Neurobiology NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1278 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 1279 1 75 75 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 1279 2 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 1279 3 2 2 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 1279 4 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 1279 5 : : : en-wikipedia-org-6976 1279 6 109–24 109–24 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 1279 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 1280 1 doi:10.1016 doi:10.1016 NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1280 2 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-6976 1280 3 j.pneurobio.2005.02.001 j.pneurobio.2005.02.001 NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 1280 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 1281 1 PMID PMID NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1281 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1281 3 15784302 15784302 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 1281 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 1282 1 S2CID S2CID NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 1282 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1282 3 503902 503902 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 1282 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 1283 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1283 2 Andrews Andrews NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1283 3 RS RS NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1283 4 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 1283 5 Pridham Pridham NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1283 6 JB JB NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1283 7 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 1283 8 1967 1967 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 1283 9 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 1283 10 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 1284 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-6976 1284 2 Melanins melanin NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 1284 3 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1284 4 DOPA DOPA NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1284 5 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-6976 1284 6 containing contain VBG en-wikipedia-org-6976 1284 7 plants plant NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 1284 8 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-6976 1284 9 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 1285 1 Phytochemistry phytochemistry NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1285 2 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 1286 1 6 6 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 1286 2 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 1286 3 1 1 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 1286 4 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 1286 5 : : : en-wikipedia-org-6976 1286 6 13–18 13–18 LS en-wikipedia-org-6976 1286 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 1287 1 doi:10.1016/0031 doi:10.1016/0031 NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1287 2 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-6976 1287 3 9422(67)85002 9422(67)85002 NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1287 4 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-6976 1287 5 7 7 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 1287 6 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 1288 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1288 2 Beldade Beldade NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1288 3 P P NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1288 4 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 1288 5 Brakefield Brakefield NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1288 6 PM PM NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1288 7 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 1288 8 June June NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1288 9 2002 2002 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 1288 10 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 1288 11 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 1289 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-6976 1289 2 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 1289 3 genetics genetic NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 1289 4 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-6976 1289 5 evo evo NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1289 6 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-6976 1289 7 devo devo JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 1289 8 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1289 9 butterfly butterfly NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1289 10 wing wing NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1289 11 patterns pattern NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 1289 12 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-6976 1289 13 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 1290 1 Nature Nature NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1290 2 Reviews Reviews NNPS en-wikipedia-org-6976 1290 3 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 1291 1 Genetics Genetics NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1291 2 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 1292 1 3 3 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 1292 2 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 1292 3 6 6 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 1292 4 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 1292 5 : : : en-wikipedia-org-6976 1292 6 442–52 442–52 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 1292 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 1293 1 doi:10.1038 doi:10.1038 NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1293 2 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-6976 1293 3 nrg818 nrg818 NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1293 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 1294 1 PMID PMID NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1294 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1294 3 12042771 12042771 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 1294 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 1295 1 S2CID S2CID NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 1295 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1295 3 17417235 17417235 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 1295 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 1296 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1296 2 Fahn Fahn NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1296 3 S S NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1296 4 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 1296 5 2008 2008 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 1296 6 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 1296 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 1297 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-6976 1297 2 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 1297 3 history history NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1297 4 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1297 5 dopamine dopamine NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1297 6 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-6976 1297 7 levodopa levodopa NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1297 8 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1297 9 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 1297 10 treatment treatment NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1297 11 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1297 12 Parkinson Parkinson NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1297 13 's 's POS en-wikipedia-org-6976 1297 14 disease disease NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1297 15 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-6976 1297 16 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 1298 1 Movement movement NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1298 2 Disorders Disorders NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1298 3 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 1299 1 23 23 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 1299 2 Suppl suppl NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1299 3 3 3 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 1299 4 : : SYM en-wikipedia-org-6976 1299 5 S497–508 s497–508 ADD en-wikipedia-org-6976 1299 6 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 1300 1 doi:10.1002 doi:10.1002 NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1300 2 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-6976 1300 3 mds.22028 mds.22028 NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1300 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 1301 1 PMID PMID NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1301 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1301 3 18781671 18781671 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 1301 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 1302 1 S2CID S2CID NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1302 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1302 3 45572523 45572523 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 1302 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 1303 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1303 2 Benes Benes NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1303 3 FM FM NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1303 4 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 1303 5 January January NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1303 6 2001 2001 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 1303 7 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 1303 8 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 1304 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-6976 1304 2 Carlsson Carlsson NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1304 3 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-6976 1304 4 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 1304 5 discovery discovery NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1304 6 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1304 7 dopamine dopamine NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1304 8 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-6976 1304 9 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 1305 1 Trends trend NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 1305 2 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1305 3 Pharmacological Pharmacological NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1305 4 Sciences Sciences NNPS en-wikipedia-org-6976 1305 5 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 1306 1 22 22 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 1306 2 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 1306 3 1 1 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 1306 4 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 1306 5 : : : en-wikipedia-org-6976 1306 6 46–47 46–47 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 1306 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 1307 1 doi:10.1016 doi:10.1016 NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1307 2 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-6976 1307 3 S0165 S0165 NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1307 4 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-6976 1307 5 6147(00)01607 6147(00)01607 NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1307 6 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-6976 1307 7 2 2 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 1307 8 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 1308 1 PMID PMID NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1308 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1308 3 11165672 11165672 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 1308 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 1309 1 ^ ^ NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1309 2 Barondes Barondes NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1309 3 SH SH NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1309 4 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 1309 5 2003 2003 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 1309 6 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 1309 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 1310 1 Better well JJR en-wikipedia-org-6976 1310 2 Than than IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1310 3 Prozac Prozac NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1310 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 1311 1 New New NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1311 2 York York NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1311 3 : : : en-wikipedia-org-6976 1311 4 Oxford Oxford NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1311 5 University University NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1311 6 Press Press NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1311 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 1312 1 pp pp NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1312 2 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 1313 1 21–22 21–22 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 1313 2 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 1313 3 39–40 39–40 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 1313 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 1314 1 ISBN ISBN NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1314 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1314 3 978 978 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 1314 4 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-6976 1314 5 0 0 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 1314 6 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-6976 1314 7 19 19 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 1314 8 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-6976 1314 9 515130 515130 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 1314 10 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-6976 1314 11 5 5 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 1314 12 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 1315 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1315 2 Lee Lee NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1315 3 H H NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1315 4 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 1315 5 Dellatore Dellatore NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1315 6 SM SM NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1315 7 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 1315 8 Miller Miller NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1315 9 WM WM NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1315 10 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 1315 11 Messersmith Messersmith NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1315 12 PB PB NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1315 13 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 1315 14 October October NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1315 15 2007 2007 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 1315 16 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 1315 17 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 1316 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-6976 1316 2 Mussel Mussel NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1316 3 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-6976 1316 4 inspired inspire VBN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1316 5 surface surface NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1316 6 chemistry chemistry NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1316 7 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1316 8 multifunctional multifunctional JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 1316 9 coatings coating NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 1316 10 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-6976 1316 11 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 1317 1 Science science NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1317 2 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 1318 1 318 318 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 1318 2 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 1318 3 5849 5849 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 1318 4 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 1318 5 : : : en-wikipedia-org-6976 1318 6 426–30 426–30 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 1318 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 1319 1 Bibcode:2007Sci bibcode:2007sci UH en-wikipedia-org-6976 1319 2 ... ... : en-wikipedia-org-6976 1319 3 318 318 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 1319 4 .. .. NFP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1319 5 426L. 426l. CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 1320 1 doi:10.1126 doi:10.1126 VB en-wikipedia-org-6976 1320 2 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-6976 1320 3 science.1147241 science.1147241 NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1320 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 1321 1 PMC PMC NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1321 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1321 3 2601629 2601629 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 1321 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 1322 1 PMID PMID NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1322 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1322 3 17947576 17947576 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 1322 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 1323 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1323 2 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 1323 3 b b NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1323 4 Dreyer Dreyer NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1323 5 DR DR NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1323 6 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 1323 7 Miller Miller NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1323 8 DJ DJ NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1323 9 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 1323 10 Freeman Freeman NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1323 11 BD BD NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1323 12 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 1323 13 Paul Paul NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1323 14 DR DR NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1323 15 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 1323 16 Bielawski Bielawski NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1323 17 CW CW NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1323 18 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 1323 19 2013 2013 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 1323 20 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 1323 21 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 1324 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-6976 1324 2 Perspectives perspective NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 1324 3 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1324 4 poly(dopamine poly(dopamine NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1324 5 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 1324 6 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-6976 1324 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 1325 1 Chemical Chemical NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1325 2 Sciences Sciences NNPS en-wikipedia-org-6976 1325 3 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 1326 1 4 4 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 1326 2 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 1326 3 10 10 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 1326 4 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 1326 5 : : : en-wikipedia-org-6976 1326 6 3796 3796 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 1326 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 1326 8 doi:10.1039 doi:10.1039 NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1326 9 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-6976 1326 10 C3SC51501J. c3sc51501j. NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1327 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1327 2 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 1327 3 b b NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1327 4 c c NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1327 5 d d NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1327 6 e e NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1327 7 Lynge Lynge NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1327 8 ME ME NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1327 9 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 1327 10 van van NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1327 11 der der NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1327 12 Westen Westen NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1327 13 R R NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1327 14 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 1327 15 Postma Postma NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1327 16 A A NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1327 17 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 1327 18 Städler Städler NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1327 19 B B NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1327 20 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 1327 21 December December NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1327 22 2011 2011 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 1327 23 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 1327 24 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 1328 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-6976 1328 2 Polydopamine polydopamine NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1328 3 — — : en-wikipedia-org-6976 1328 4 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 1328 5 nature nature NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1328 6 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-6976 1328 7 inspired inspire VBN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1328 8 polymer polymer NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1328 9 coating coating NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1328 10 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1328 11 biomedical biomedical JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 1328 12 science science NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1328 13 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-6976 1328 14 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 1328 15 PDF PDF NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1328 16 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 1328 17 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 1329 1 Nanoscale Nanoscale NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1329 2 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 1330 1 3 3 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 1330 2 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 1330 3 12 12 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 1330 4 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 1330 5 : : : en-wikipedia-org-6976 1330 6 4916–28 4916–28 LS en-wikipedia-org-6976 1330 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 1331 1 Bibcode:2011Nanos Bibcode:2011Nanos NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1331 2 ... ... NFP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1331 3 3.4916L. 3.4916l. XX en-wikipedia-org-6976 1332 1 doi:10.1039 doi:10.1039 NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1332 2 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-6976 1332 3 c1nr10969c c1nr10969c NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1332 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 1333 1 PMID PMID NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1333 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1333 3 22024699 22024699 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 1333 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 1334 1 Archived archived JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 1334 2 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1334 3 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 1334 4 original original NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1334 5 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1334 6 7 7 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 1334 7 March March NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1334 8 2014 2014 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 1334 9 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 1335 1 External External NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1335 2 links[edit links[edit , en-wikipedia-org-6976 1335 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 1335 4 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 1335 5 dictionary dictionary JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 1335 6 definition definition NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1335 7 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1335 8 Dopamine Dopamine NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1335 9 at at IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1335 10 Wiktionary Wiktionary NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1335 11 Media Media NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1335 12 related relate VBN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1335 13 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1335 14 Dopamine Dopamine NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1335 15 at at IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1335 16 Wikimedia Wikimedia NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1335 17 Commons Commons NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1335 18 v v NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1335 19 t t NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1335 20 e e NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1335 21 Neurotransmitters Neurotransmitters NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1335 22 Amino Amino NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1335 23 acid acid NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1335 24 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-6976 1335 25 derived derive VBN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1335 26 Major major JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 1335 27 excitatory excitatory NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1335 28 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-6976 1335 29 inhibitory inhibitory NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1335 30 systems system NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 1335 31 Glutamate glutamate JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 1335 32 system system NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1335 33 Agmatine Agmatine NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1335 34 Aspartic Aspartic NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1335 35 acid acid NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1335 36 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 1335 37 aspartate aspartate NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1335 38 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 1335 39 Glutamic glutamic JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 1335 40 acid acid NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1335 41 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 1335 42 glutamate glutamate NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1335 43 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 1335 44 Glutathione Glutathione NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1335 45 Glycine Glycine NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1335 46 GSNO GSNO NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1335 47 GSSG GSSG NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1335 48 Kynurenic Kynurenic NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1335 49 acid acid NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1335 50 NAA NAA NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1335 51 NAAG NAAG NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1335 52 Proline Proline NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1335 53 Serine Serine NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1335 54 GABA GABA NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1335 55 system system NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1335 56 GABA GABA NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1335 57 GABOB GABOB NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1335 58 GHB GHB NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1335 59 Glycine Glycine NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1335 60 system system NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1335 61 α α NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1335 62 - - : en-wikipedia-org-6976 1335 63 Alanine Alanine NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1335 64 β β NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1335 65 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-6976 1335 66 Alanine Alanine NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1335 67 Glycine Glycine NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1335 68 Hypotaurine Hypotaurine NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1335 69 Proline Proline NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1335 70 Sarcosine Sarcosine NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1335 71 Serine Serine NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1335 72 Taurine Taurine NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1335 73 GHB GHB NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1335 74 system system NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1335 75 GHB GHB NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1335 76 T T NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1335 77 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-6976 1335 78 HCA HCA NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1335 79 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 1335 80 GHC GHC NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1335 81 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 1335 82 Biogenic biogenic JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 1335 83 amines amine VBZ en-wikipedia-org-6976 1335 84 Monoamines monoamine NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 1335 85 6-OHM 6-OHM NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1335 86 Dopamine Dopamine NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1335 87 Epinephrine Epinephrine NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1335 88 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 1335 89 adrenaline adrenaline NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1335 90 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 1335 91 NAS NAS NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1335 92 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 1335 93 normelatonin normelatonin NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1335 94 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 1335 95 Norepinephrine Norepinephrine NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1335 96 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 1335 97 noradrenaline noradrenaline NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1335 98 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 1335 99 Serotonin Serotonin NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1335 100 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 1335 101 5-HT 5-ht CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 1335 102 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 1335 103 Trace trace NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1335 104 amines amine VBZ en-wikipedia-org-6976 1335 105 3-Iodothyronamine 3-iodothyronamine CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 1335 106 N N NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1335 107 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-6976 1335 108 Methylphenethylamine Methylphenethylamine NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1335 109 N N NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1335 110 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-6976 1335 111 Methyltryptamine Methyltryptamine NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1335 112 m m NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1335 113 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-6976 1335 114 Octopamine Octopamine NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1335 115 p p NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1335 116 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-6976 1335 117 Octopamine Octopamine NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1335 118 Phenylethanolamine Phenylethanolamine NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1335 119 Phenethylamine Phenethylamine NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1335 120 Synephrine Synephrine NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1335 121 Tryptamine Tryptamine NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1335 122 m m NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1335 123 - - : en-wikipedia-org-6976 1335 124 Tyramine Tyramine NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1335 125 p p NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1335 126 - - : en-wikipedia-org-6976 1335 127 Tyramine Tyramine NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1335 128 Others Others NNPS en-wikipedia-org-6976 1335 129 Histamine Histamine NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1335 130 Neuropeptides neuropeptide NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 1335 131 See see VBP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1335 132 here here RB en-wikipedia-org-6976 1335 133 instead instead RB en-wikipedia-org-6976 1335 134 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 1336 1 Lipid lipid NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1336 2 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-6976 1336 3 derived derive VBN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1336 4 Endocannabinoids Endocannabinoids NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1336 5 2-AG 2-ag CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 1336 6 2-AGE 2-age CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 1336 7 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 1336 8 noladin noladin NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1336 9 ether ether NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1336 10 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 1336 11 2-ALPI 2-alpi CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 1336 12 2-OG 2-og CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 1336 13 AA-5-HT AA-5-HT NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1336 14 Anandamide Anandamide NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1336 15 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 1336 16 AEA AEA NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1336 17 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 1336 18 DEA DEA NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1336 19 LPI LPI NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1336 20 NADA NADA NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1336 21 NAGly NAGly NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1336 22 OEA OEA NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1336 23 Oleamide Oleamide NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1336 24 PEA PEA NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1336 25 RVD RVD NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1336 26 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-6976 1336 27 Hpα Hpα NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1336 28 SEA SEA NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1336 29 Virodhamine Virodhamine NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1336 30 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 1336 31 O O NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1336 32 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-6976 1336 33 AEA AEA NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1336 34 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 1336 35 Neurosteroids Neurosteroids NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1336 36 See see VBP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1336 37 here here RB en-wikipedia-org-6976 1336 38 instead instead RB en-wikipedia-org-6976 1336 39 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 1 Nucleobase nucleobase NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 2 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 3 derived derive VBN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 4 Nucleosides Nucleosides NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 5 Adenosine Adenosine NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 6 system system NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 7 Adenosine Adenosine NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 8 ADP ADP NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 9 AMP AMP NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 10 ATP ATP NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 11 Vitamin vitamin NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 12 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 13 derived derive VBN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 14 Cholinergic cholinergic JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 15 system system NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 16 Acetylcholine Acetylcholine NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 17 Miscellaneous Miscellaneous NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 18 Gasotransmitters Gasotransmitters NNPS en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 19 Carbon Carbon NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 20 monoxide monoxide NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 21 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 22 CO CO NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 23 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 24 Hydrogen Hydrogen NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 25 sulfide sulfide NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 26 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 27 H2S h2s NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 28 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 29 Nitric nitric JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 30 oxide oxide NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 31 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 32 NO no UH en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 33 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 34 Candidates Candidates NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 35 Acetaldehyde Acetaldehyde NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 36 Ammonia Ammonia NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 37 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 38 NH3 NH3 NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 39 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 40 Carbonyl Carbonyl NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 41 sulfide sulfide NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 42 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 43 COS COS NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 44 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 45 Nitrous nitrous JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 46 oxide oxide NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 47 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 48 N2O n2o NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 49 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 50 Sulfur sulfur NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 51 dioxide dioxide NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 52 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 53 SO2 SO2 NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 54 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 55 v v NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 56 t t NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 57 e e NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 58 Cardiac Cardiac NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 59 stimulants stimulant NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 60 excluding exclude VBG en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 61 cardiac cardiac JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 62 glycosides glycoside NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 63 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 64 C01C C01C NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 65 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 66 Adrenergic adrenergic JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 67 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 68 dopaminergic dopaminergic JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 69 agents agent NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 70 Adrenergic adrenergic JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 71 agonists agonist NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 72 α α IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 73 Metaraminol Metaraminol NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 74 Phenylephrine Phenylephrine NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 75 Methoxamine Methoxamine NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 76 Norfenefrine Norfenefrine NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 77 Oxedrine Oxedrine NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 78 Midodrine Midodrine NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 79 Mephentermine Mephentermine NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 80 β β NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 81 Dobutamine Dobutamine NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 82 Arbutamine Arbutamine NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 83 Isoprenaline Isoprenaline NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 84 Prenalterol Prenalterol NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 85 mixed mix VBD en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 86 Amezinium Amezinium NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 87 metilsulfate metilsulfate NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 88 Droxidopa Droxidopa NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 89 Epinephrine Epinephrine NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 90 # # $ en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 91 Norepinephrine Norepinephrine NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 92 Etilefrine Etilefrine NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 93 Dopamine Dopamine NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 94 agonists agonist VBZ en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 95 Fenoldopam Fenoldopam NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 96 Both both CC en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 97 Dopamine Dopamine NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 98 # # NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 99 Dopexamine Dopexamine NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 100 Ibopamine Ibopamine NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 101 Octopamine Octopamine NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 102 Unknown unknown JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 103 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 104 ungrouped ungrouped JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 105 Dimetofrine Dimetofrine NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 106 Gepefrine Gepefrine NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 107 Cafedrine Cafedrine NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 108 Theodrenaline Theodrenaline NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 109 Phosphodiesterase Phosphodiesterase NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 110 inhibitors inhibitor NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 111 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 112 PDE3I pde3i NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 113 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 114 Amrinone Amrinone NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 115 Milrinone Milrinone NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 116 Enoximone Enoximone NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 117 Bucladesine Bucladesine NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 118 Other other JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 119 cardiac cardiac JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 120 stimulants stimulant NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 121 Angiotensinamide Angiotensinamide NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 122 Xamoterol Xamoterol NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 123 Levosimendan Levosimendan NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 124 Pimobendan Pimobendan NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 125 # # $ en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 126 WHO who WP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 127 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 128 EM em NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 129 ‡Withdrawn ‡withdrawn NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 130 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 131 market market NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 132 Clinical clinical JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 133 trials trial NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 134 : : : en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 135 †Phase †phase VB en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 136 III iii CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 137 § § CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 138 Never never RB en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 139 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 140 phase phase VB en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 141 III iii CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 142 v v NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 143 t t NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 144 e e NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 145 Dopamine Dopamine NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 146 receptor receptor NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 147 modulators modulator NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 148 D1-like D1-like NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 149 Agonists Agonists NNPS en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 150 Benzazepines Benzazepines NNPS en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 151 : : : en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 152 6-Br 6-br LS en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 153 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 154 APB apb NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 155 Fenoldopam Fenoldopam NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 156 SKF-38,393 skf-38,393 NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 157 SKF-77,434 skf-77,434 NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 158 SKF-81,297 SKF-81,297 NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 159 SKF-82,958 SKF-82,958 NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 160 SKF-83,959 SKF-83,959 VBD en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 161 Trepipam Trepipam NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 162 Zelandopam Zelandopam NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 163 Ergolines Ergolines NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 164 : : : en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 165 Cabergoline cabergoline NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 166 CY-208,243 CY-208,243 : en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 167 Dihydroergocryptine Dihydroergocryptine NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 168 LEK-8829 LEK-8829 NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 169 Lisuride Lisuride NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 170 Pergolide Pergolide NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 171 Terguride Terguride NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 172 Dihydrexidine Dihydrexidine NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 173 derivatives derivative NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 174 : : : en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 175 A-77636 A-77636 NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 176 A-86929 A-86929 NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 177 Adrogolide Adrogolide NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 178 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 179 ABT-431 ABT-431 NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 180 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 181 DAS-431 DAS-431 NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 182 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 183 Dihydrexidine Dihydrexidine NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 184 Dinapsoline Dinapsoline NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 185 Dinoxyline Dinoxyline NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 186 Doxanthrine Doxanthrine NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 187 Phenethylamines Phenethylamines NNPS en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 188 : : : en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 189 BCO-001 BCO-001 NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 190 Deoxyepinephrine Deoxyepinephrine NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 191 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 192 N N NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 193 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 194 methyldopamine methyldopamine NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 195 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 196 epinine epinine NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 197 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 198 Dopexamine Dopexamine NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 199 Etilevodopa Etilevodopa NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 200 Ibopamine Ibopamine NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 201 L L NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 202 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 203 DOPA DOPA NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 204 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 205 levodopa levodopa NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 206 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 207 Melevodopa Melevodopa NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 208 L L NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 209 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 210 Phenylalanine Phenylalanine NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 211 L L NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 212 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 213 Tyrosine Tyrosine NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 214 XP21279 xp21279 NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 215 Others other NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 216 : : : en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 217 A-68930 A-68930 NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 218 Apomorphine Apomorphine NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 219 Isocorypalmine Isocorypalmine NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 220 Nuciferine Nuciferine NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 221 PF-6649751 PF-6649751 NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 222 PF PF NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 223 6669571 6669571 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 224 Propylnorapomorphine Propylnorapomorphine NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 225 Rotigotine Rotigotine NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 226 SKF-89,145 skf-89,145 NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 227 SKF-89,626 SKF-89,626 VBZ en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 228 Stepholidine Stepholidine NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 229 Tetrahydropalmatine Tetrahydropalmatine NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 230 Antagonists Antagonists NNPS en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 231 Typical typical JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 232 antipsychotics antipsychotic NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 233 : : : en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 234 Butaclamol Butaclamol NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 235 Chlorpromazine Chlorpromazine NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 236 Chlorprothixene Chlorprothixene NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 237 Flupentixol Flupentixol NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 238 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 239 flupenthixol flupenthixol NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 240 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 241 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 242 + + CC en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 243 melitracen melitracen NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 244 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 245 Fluphenazine Fluphenazine NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 246 Loxapine Loxapine NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 247 Perphenazine Perphenazine NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 248 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 249 + + CC en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 250 amitriptyline amitriptyline NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 251 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 252 Pifluthixol pifluthixol VB en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 253 Thioridazine Thioridazine NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 254 Thiothixene Thiothixene NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 255 Trifluoperazine Trifluoperazine NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 256 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 257 + + CC en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 258 tranylcypromine tranylcypromine NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 259 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 260 Zuclopenthixol Zuclopenthixol NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 261 Atypical atypical JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 262 antipsychotics antipsychotic NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 263 : : : en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 264 Asenapine Asenapine NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 265 Clorotepine Clorotepine NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 266 Clotiapine Clotiapine NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 267 Clozapine Clozapine NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 268 DHA dha NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 269 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 270 clozapine clozapine NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 271 Fluperlapine Fluperlapine NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 272 Iloperidone Iloperidone NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 273 Norclozapine Norclozapine NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 274 Norquetiapine Norquetiapine NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 275 Olanzapine Olanzapine NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 276 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 277 + + CC en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 278 fluoxetine fluoxetine NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 279 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 280 Paliperidone Paliperidone NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 281 Quetiapine Quetiapine NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 282 Risperidone Risperidone NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 283 Tefludazine Tefludazine NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 284 Zicronapine Zicronapine NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 285 Ziprasidone Ziprasidone NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 286 Zotepine Zotepine NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 287 Others Others NNPS en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 288 : : : en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 289 Berupipam Berupipam NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 290 Ecopipam Ecopipam NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 291 EEDQ EEDQ NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 292 Metitepine Metitepine NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 293 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 294 methiothepin methiothepin NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 295 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 296 Odapipam Odapipam NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 297 Perlapine Perlapine NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 298 SCH-23390 SCH-23390 NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 299 D2-like d2-like IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 300 Agonists Agonists NNPS en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 301 Adamantanes Adamantanes NNPS en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 302 : : : en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 303 Amantadine Amantadine NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 304 Memantine Memantine NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 305 Rimantadine Rimantadine NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 306 Aminotetralins Aminotetralins NNPS en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 307 : : : en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 308 5-OH 5-oh CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 309 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 310 DPAT DPAT NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 311 7-OH 7-oh CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 312 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 313 DPAT dpat NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 314 8-OH 8-oh CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 315 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 316 PBZI PBZI NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 317 Rotigotine Rotigotine NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 318 UH-232 UH-232 NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 319 Ergolines Ergolines NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 320 : : : en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 321 Bromocriptine Bromocriptine NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 322 Cabergoline Cabergoline NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 323 Dihydroergocryptine Dihydroergocryptine NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 324 Epicriptine Epicriptine NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 325 Ergocornine Ergocornine NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 326 Lergotrile Lergotrile NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 327 Lisuride Lisuride NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 328 LSD LSD NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 329 Pergolide Pergolide NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 330 Terguride Terguride NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 331 Dihydrexidine Dihydrexidine NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 332 derivatives derivative NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 333 : : : en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 334 2-OH 2-oh CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 335 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 336 NPA NPA NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 337 Ciladopa Ciladopa NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 338 Dihydrexidine Dihydrexidine NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 339 Dinoxyline Dinoxyline NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 340 N N NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 341 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 342 N N NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 343 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 344 Propyldihydrexidine Propyldihydrexidine NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 345 Phenethylamines Phenethylamines NNPS en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 346 : : : en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 347 Deoxyepinephrine Deoxyepinephrine NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 348 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 349 N N NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 350 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 351 methyldopamine methyldopamine NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 352 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 353 epinine epinine NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 354 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 355 Dopexamine Dopexamine NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 356 Etilevodopa Etilevodopa NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 357 Ibopamine Ibopamine NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 358 L L NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 359 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 360 DOPA DOPA NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 361 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 362 levodopa levodopa NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 363 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 364 L L NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 365 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 366 Phenylalanine Phenylalanine NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 367 L L NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 368 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 369 Tyrosine Tyrosine NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 370 Melevodopa Melevodopa NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 371 XP21279 XP21279 NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 372 Atypical atypical JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 373 antipsychotics antipsychotic NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 374 : : : en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 375 Alentemol Alentemol NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 376 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 377 U-66444B U-66444B NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 378 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 379 Aripiprazole Aripiprazole NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 380 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 381 + + CC en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 382 sertraline sertraline NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 383 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 384 Aripiprazole Aripiprazole NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 385 lauroxil lauroxil VBD en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 386 Bifeprunox Bifeprunox NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 387 Brexpiprazole Brexpiprazole NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 388 Brilaroxazine Brilaroxazine NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 389 Cariprazine Cariprazine NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 390 F-15063 F-15063 NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 391 Lumateperone Lumateperone NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 392 Norclozapine Norclozapine NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 393 Others Others NNPS en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 394 : : : en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 395 3-PPP 3-ppp CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 396 A-412997 A-412997 VBN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 397 ABT-670 abt-670 NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 398 ABT-724 abt-724 XX en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 399 Adrafinil Adrafinil NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 400 Aplindore Aplindore NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 401 Apomorphine Apomorphine NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 402 Arketamine Arketamine NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 403 Armodafinil Armodafinil NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 404 BP-897 BP-897 NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 405 Captodiame Captodiame NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 406 CP-226,269 CP-226,269 : en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 407 Dizocilpine Dizocilpine NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 408 Esketamine Esketamine NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 409 Flibanserin Flibanserin NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 410 GSK-789,472 GSK-789,472 NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 411 Ketamine Ketamine NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 412 Mesulergine Mesulergine NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 413 Modafinil Modafinil NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 414 OSU-6162 OSU-6162 NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 415 Pardoprunox Pardoprunox NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 416 PD-128,907 PD-128,907 NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 417 PD-168,077 PD-168,077 NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 418 PF-219,061 PF-219,061 NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 419 PF-592,379 pf-592,379 IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 420 Phencyclidine Phencyclidine NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 421 Piribedil Piribedil NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 422 Pramipexole Pramipexole NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 423 Preclamol Preclamol NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 424 Propylnorapomorphine Propylnorapomorphine NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 425 Pukateine Pukateine NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 426 Quinagolide Quinagolide NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 427 Quinelorane Quinelorane NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 428 Quinpirole quinpirole NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 429 RDS-127 RDS-127 -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 430 Ro10 Ro10 NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 431 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 432 5824 5824 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 433 Ropinirole Ropinirole NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 434 Roxindole Roxindole NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 435 Salvinorin Salvinorin NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 436 A A NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 437 SKF-83,959 SKF-83,959 VBD en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 438 Sumanirole Sumanirole NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 439 Talipexole Talipexole NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 440 Umespirone Umespirone NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 441 WAY-100,635 WAY-100,635 NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 442 Antagonists Antagonists NNPS en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 443 Typical typical JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 444 antipsychotics antipsychotic NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 445 : : : en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 446 Acepromazine Acepromazine NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 447 Acetophenazine Acetophenazine NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 448 Azaperone Azaperone NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 449 Benperidol Benperidol NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 450 Bromperidol Bromperidol NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 451 Butaclamol Butaclamol NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 452 Butaperazine Butaperazine NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 453 Chloracizine Chloracizine NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 454 Chlorproethazine Chlorproethazine NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 455 Chlorpromazine Chlorpromazine NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 456 Chlorprothixene Chlorprothixene NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 457 Ciclindole Ciclindole NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 458 Clopenthixol Clopenthixol NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 459 Clothixamide Clothixamide NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 460 Clopimozide Clopimozide NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 461 Droperidol Droperidol NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 462 Fluacizine fluacizine NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 463 Fluanisone Fluanisone NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 464 Flucindole Flucindole NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 465 Fluotracen Fluotracen NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 466 Flupentixol Flupentixol NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 467 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 468 flupenthixol flupenthixol NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 469 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 470 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 471 + + CC en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 472 melitracen melitracen NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 473 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 474 Fluphenazine Fluphenazine NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 475 Fluprothixene Fluprothixene NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 476 Fluspirilene Fluspirilene NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 477 Haloperidol Haloperidol NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 478 Homopipramol Homopipramol NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 479 Lenperone Lenperone NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 480 Levomepromazine Levomepromazine NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 481 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 482 methotrimeprazine methotrimeprazine NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 483 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 484 Levosulpiride Levosulpiride NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 485 Loxapine Loxapine NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 486 Mesoridazine Mesoridazine NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 487 Moperone Moperone NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 488 Naranol Naranol NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 489 Nemonapride Nemonapride NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 490 Penfluridol Penfluridol NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 491 Perathiepin Perathiepin NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 492 Perazine Perazine NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 493 Pericyazine Pericyazine NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 494 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 495 periciazine periciazine NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 496 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 497 Perphenazine Perphenazine NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 498 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 499 + + CC en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 500 amitriptyline amitriptyline NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 501 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 502 Piflutixol Piflutixol NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 503 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 504 pifluthixol pifluthixol NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 505 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 506 Pimozide Pimozide NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 507 Pipamperone Pipamperone NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 508 Preclamol Preclamol NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 509 Prochlorperazine Prochlorperazine NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 510 Promazine Promazine NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 511 Prothipendyl Prothipendyl NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 512 Spiperone Spiperone NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 513 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 514 spiroperidol spiroperidol NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 515 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 516 Sulforidazine Sulforidazine NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 517 Sulpiride Sulpiride NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 518 Sultopride Sultopride NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 519 Teflutixol Teflutixol NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 520 Thiopropazate Thiopropazate NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 521 Thioproperazine Thioproperazine NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 522 Thioridazine Thioridazine NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 523 Thiothixene Thiothixene NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 524 Timiperone Timiperone NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 525 Trifluoperazine Trifluoperazine NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 526 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 527 + + CC en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 528 tranylcypromine tranylcypromine NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 529 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 530 Triflupromazine Triflupromazine NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 531 Trifluperidol Trifluperidol NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 532 Zetidoline Zetidoline NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 533 Zuclopenthixol Zuclopenthixol NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 534 Atypical atypical JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 535 antipsychotics antipsychotic NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 536 : : : en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 537 Amisulpride Amisulpride NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 538 Asenapine Asenapine NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 539 BL-1020 BL-1020 NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 540 Blonanserin Blonanserin NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 541 Carpipramine Carpipramine NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 542 Cinuperone Cinuperone NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 543 Clocapramine Clocapramine NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 544 Clorotepine Clorotepine NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 545 Clotiapine Clotiapine NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 546 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 547 clothiapine clothiapine NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 548 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 549 Clozapine Clozapine NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 550 Cyamemazine Cyamemazine NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 551 DHA DHA NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 552 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 553 clozapine clozapine NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 554 Dixyrazine Dixyrazine NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 555 Elopiprazole Elopiprazole NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 556 Flumezapine Flumezapine NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 557 Fluperlapine Fluperlapine NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 558 Gevotroline Gevotroline NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 559 Iloperidone Iloperidone NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 560 Lurasidone Lurasidone NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 561 Mazapertine Mazapertine NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 562 Melperone Melperone NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 563 Molindone Molindone NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 564 Mosapramine Mosapramine NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 565 Ocaperidone Ocaperidone NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 566 Olanzapine Olanzapine NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 567 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 568 + + CC en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 569 fluoxetine fluoxetine NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 570 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 571 Paliperidone Paliperidone NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 572 Perospirone Perospirone NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 573 Piperacetazine Piperacetazine NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 574 Pipotiazine Pipotiazine NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 575 Piquindone Piquindone NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 576 Quetiapine Quetiapine NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 577 Remoxipride Remoxipride NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 578 Risperidone Risperidone NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 579 Sertindole Sertindole NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 580 Tefludazine Tefludazine NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 581 Tenilapine Tenilapine NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 582 Tiospirone Tiospirone NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 583 Veralipride Veralipride NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 584 Zicronapine Zicronapine NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 585 Ziprasidone Ziprasidone NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 586 Zotepine Zotepine NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 587 Antiemetics Antiemetics NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 588 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 589 gastroprokinetics gastroprokinetic NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 590 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 591 sedatives sedative NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 592 : : : en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 593 Aceprometazine aceprometazine NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 594 AS-8112 AS-8112 NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 595 Alimemazine Alimemazine NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 596 Alizapride Alizapride NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 597 Benzquinamide Benzquinamide NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 598 Bromopride Bromopride NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 599 Clebopride Clebopride NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 600 Domperidone Domperidone NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 601 Eticlopride Eticlopride NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 602 Hydroxyzine Hydroxyzine NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 603 Itopride Itopride NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 604 Metoclopramide Metoclopramide NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 605 Metopimazine Metopimazine NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 606 Promethazine Promethazine NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 607 Thiethylperazine Thiethylperazine NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 608 Trimethobenzamide Trimethobenzamide NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 609 Antidepressants antidepressant NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 610 : : : en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 611 Amoxapine Amoxapine NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 612 Nefazodone Nefazodone NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 613 Opipramol Opipramol NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 614 Propiomazine Propiomazine NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 615 Trimipramine Trimipramine NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 616 Others Others NNPS en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 617 : : : en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 618 3-PPP 3-ppp CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 619 Alpiropride Alpiropride NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 620 Azapride Azapride NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 621 Buspirone Buspirone NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 622 Desmethoxyfallypride desmethoxyfallypride IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 623 EEDQ EEDQ NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 624 F-15063 F-15063 NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 625 Fallypride Fallypride NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 626 Fananserin Fananserin NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 627 Fenfluramine Fenfluramine NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 628 GSK-789,472 GSK-789,472 NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 629 Iodobenzamide Iodobenzamide NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 630 Isocorypalmine Isocorypalmine NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 631 L-741,626 L-741,626 '' en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 632 L-745,870 L-745,870 NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 633 Levofenfluramine Levofenfluramine NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 634 LEK-8829 LEK-8829 NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 635 Metergoline Metergoline NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 636 Metitepine Metitepine NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 637 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 638 methiothepin methiothepin NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 639 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 640 N N NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 641 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 642 Methylspiperone Methylspiperone NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 643 Nafadotride Nafadotride NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 644 Nuciferine Nuciferine NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 645 PNU-99,194 PNU-99,194 NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 646 Pridopidine Pridopidine NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 647 Raclopride Raclopride NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 648 Sarizotan Sarizotan NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 649 SB-277,011-A SB-277,011-A NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 650 Seridopidine Seridopidine NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 651 Sonepiprazole Sonepiprazole NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 652 Spiroxatrine Spiroxatrine NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 653 Stepholidine Stepholidine NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 654 SV-293 SV-293 NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 655 Tetrahydropalmatine Tetrahydropalmatine NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 656 Tiapride Tiapride NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 657 UH-232 UH-232 NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 658 Yohimbine Yohimbine NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 659 See see VBP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 660 also also RB en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 661 : : : en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 662 Receptor Receptor NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 663 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 664 signaling signal VBG en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 665 modulators modulator NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 666 Adrenergics Adrenergics NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 667 Serotonergics Serotonergics NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 668 Monoamine Monoamine NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 669 reuptake reuptake NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 670 inhibitors inhibitor NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 671 Monoamine Monoamine NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 672 releasing release VBG en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 673 agents agent NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 674 Monoamine Monoamine NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 675 metabolism metabolism NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 676 modulators modulators JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 677 Monoamine Monoamine NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 678 neurotoxins neurotoxin NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 679 v v IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 680 t t NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 681 e e NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 682 Human Human NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 683 trace trace NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 684 amine amine NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 685 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 686 associated associate VBN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 687 receptor receptor NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 688 ligands ligand VBZ en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 689 TAAR1 taar1 NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 690 Agonists agonist NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 691 Endogenous† endogenous† CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 692 Classical classical JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 693 monoamine monoamine NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 694 neurotransmitters neurotransmitter NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 695 Dopamine Dopamine NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 696 Histamine Histamine NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 697 Norepinephrine Norepinephrine NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 698 Serotonin Serotonin NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 699 Trace Trace NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 700 amines amine VBZ en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 701 3-Iodothyronamine 3-iodothyronamine CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 702 3-Methoxytyramine 3-methoxytyramine CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 703 N N NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 704 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 705 Methylphenethylamine Methylphenethylamine NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 706 N N NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 707 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 708 Methyltyramine Methyltyramine NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 709 m m NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 710 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 711 Octopamine Octopamine NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 712 p p NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 713 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 714 Octopamine Octopamine NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 715 Phenethylamine Phenethylamine NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 716 Phenylethanolamine Phenylethanolamine NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 717 Synephrine Synephrine NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 718 Tryptamine Tryptamine NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 719 m m NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 720 - - : en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 721 Tyramine Tyramine NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 722 p p NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 723 - - : en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 724 Tyramine Tyramine NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 725 Synthetic‡ Synthetic‡ NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 726 Amphetamine Amphetamine NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 727 DOB DOB NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 728 DOET DOET NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 729 4-Hydroxyamphetamine 4-hydroxyamphetamine CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 730 Isoprenaline Isoprenaline NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 731 MDA MDA NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 732 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 733 tenamfetamine tenamfetamine NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 734 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 735 MDMA MDMA NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 736 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 737 midomafetamine midomafetamine NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 738 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 739 2-Methylphenethylamine 2-methylphenethylamine CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 740 3-Methylphenethylamine 3-methylphenethylamine CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 741 4-Methylphenethylamine 4-methylphenethylamine CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 742 β β NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 743 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 744 Methylphenethylamine Methylphenethylamine NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 745 Methamphetamine Methamphetamine NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 746 3-MMA 3-MMA NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 747 Norfenfluramine Norfenfluramine NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 748 Phentermine phentermine JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 749 o o NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 750 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 751 PIT PIT NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 752 Propylhexedrine Propylhexedrine NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 753 RO5166017 RO5166017 NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 754 N N NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 755 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 756 N N NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 757 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 758 Dimethylphenethylamine Dimethylphenethylamine NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 759 Neutral neutral JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 760 antagonists antagonist NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 761     _SP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 762 Inverse Inverse NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 763 agonists agonist NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 764 EPPTB EPPTB NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 765 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 766 RO5212773 RO5212773 NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 767 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 768 TAAR2 taar2 NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 769 Agonists‡ agonists‡ LS en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 770     _SP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 771 Neutral Neutral NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 772 antagonists antagonist NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 773     _SP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 774 TAAR5 taar5 NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 775 Agonists‡ Agonists‡ NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 776 N N NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 777 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 778 N N NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 779 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 780 Dimethylethylamine Dimethylethylamine NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 781 Trimethylamine Trimethylamine NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 782 Neutral neutral JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 783 antagonists antagonist NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 784     _SP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 785 Inverse Inverse NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 786 agonists‡ agonists‡ NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 787 3-Iodothyronamine 3-iodothyronamine CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 788 † † JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 789 References reference NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 790 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 791 all all DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 792 endogenous endogenous JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 793 human human JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 794 TAAR1 taar1 NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 795 ligands ligand NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 796 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 797 provided provide VBN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 798 at at IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 799 List list NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 800 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 801 trace trace NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 802 amines amine NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 803 ‡ ‡ IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 804 References reference NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 805 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 806 synthetic synthetic JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 807 TAAR1 taar1 NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 808 agonists agonist NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 809 can can MD en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 810 be be VB en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 811 found find VBN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 812 at at IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 813 TAAR1 taar1 NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 814 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 815 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 816 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 817 associated associated JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 818 compound compound NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 819 articles article NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 1337 820 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 1338 1 For for IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1338 2 TAAR2 taar2 NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1338 3 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-6976 1338 4 TAAR5 taar5 JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 1338 5 agonists agonist NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 1338 6 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-6976 1338 7 inverse inverse NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1338 8 agonists agonist NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 1338 9 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 1338 10 see see VB en-wikipedia-org-6976 1338 11 TAAR TAAR NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1338 12 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1338 13 references reference NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 1338 14 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 1 See see VB en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 2 also also RB en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 3 : : : en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 4 Receptor Receptor NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 5 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 6 signaling signal VBG en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 7 modulators modulator NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 8 v v IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 9 t t NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 10 e e NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 11 Phenethylamines Phenethylamines NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 12 Phenethylamines Phenethylamines NNPS en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 13 Psychedelics psychedelic NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 14 : : : en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 15 25B 25b CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 16 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 17 NBOMe NBOMe NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 18 25C 25c CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 19 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 20 NBOMe NBOMe NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 21 25D 25d CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 22 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 23 NBOMe NBOMe NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 24 25I 25i CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 25 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 26 NBOMe NBOMe NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 27 25N 25n CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 28 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 29 NBOMe NBOMe NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 30 2C 2c NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 31 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 32 B b NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 33 2C 2c NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 34 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 35 B b NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 36 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 37 AN an DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 38 2C 2c NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 39 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 40 Bn bn JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 41 2C 2c NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 42 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 43 Bu bu JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 44 2C 2c NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 45 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 46 C C NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 47 2C 2c NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 48 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 49 CN cn NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 50 2C 2c NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 51 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 52 CP CP NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 53 2C 2c NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 54 - - : en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 55 D d JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 56 2C 2c JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 57 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 58 E e NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 59 2C 2c JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 60 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 61 EF EF NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 62 2C 2c NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 63 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 64 F f NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 65 2C 2c NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 66 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 67 G g NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 68 2C 2c NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 69 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 70 G-1 G-1 NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 71 2C 2c NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 72 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 73 G-2 G-2 NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 74 2C 2c NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 75 - - : en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 76 G-3 G-3 NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 77 2C 2c NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 78 - - : en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 79 G-4 G-4 NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 80 2C 2c NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 81 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 82 G-5 G-5 NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 83 2C 2c NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 84 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 85 G-6 G-6 NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 86 2C 2c NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 87 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 88 G g NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 89 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 90 N n CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 91 2C 2c JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 92 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 93 H h NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 94 2C 2c NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 95 - - : en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 96 I -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 97 2C 2c NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 98 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 99 iP iP NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 100 2C 2c NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 101 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 102 N n CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 103 2C 2c JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 104 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 105 NH2 NH2 NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 106 2C 2c NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 107 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 108 O o NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 109 2C 2c JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 110 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 111 O-4 O-4 NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 112 2C 2c NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 113 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 114 P p NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 115 2C 2c NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 116 - - : en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 117 Ph Ph NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 118 2C 2c NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 119 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 120 SE se JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 121 2C 2c JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 122 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 123 T t NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 124 2C 2c NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 125 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 126 T-2 T-2 NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 127 2C 2c NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 128 - - : en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 129 T-3 T-3 NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 130 2C 2c NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 131 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 132 T-4 T-4 NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 133 2C 2c NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 134 - - : en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 135 T-5 T-5 NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 136 2C 2c CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 137 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 138 T-6 T-6 NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 139 2C 2c NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 140 - - : en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 141 T-7 T-7 NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 142 2C 2c NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 143 - - : en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 144 T-8 T-8 NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 145 2C 2c NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 146 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 147 T-9 T-9 NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 148 2C 2c NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 149 - - SYM en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 150 T-10 t-10 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 151 2C 2c CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 152 - - SYM en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 153 T-11 t-11 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 154 2C 2c CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 155 - - SYM en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 156 T-12 t-12 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 157 2C 2c CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 158 - - SYM en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 159 T-13 t-13 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 160 2C 2c CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 161 - - SYM en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 162 T-14 t-14 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 163 2C 2c CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 164 - - SYM en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 165 T-15 t-15 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 166 2C 2c CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 167 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 168 T-16 t-16 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 169 2C 2c CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 170 - - SYM en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 171 T-17 t-17 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 172 2C 2c CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 173 - - SYM en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 174 T-18 t-18 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 175 2C 2c CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 176 - - SYM en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 177 T-19 t-19 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 178 2C 2c CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 179 - - SYM en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 180 T-20 t-20 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 181 2C 2c CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 182 - - SYM en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 183 T-21 t-21 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 184 2C 2c CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 185 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 186 T-22 t-22 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 187 2C 2C NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 188 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 189 T-22.5 T-22.5 NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 190 2C 2c NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 191 - - SYM en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 192 T-23 t-23 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 193 2C 2c CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 194 - - SYM en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 195 T-24 t-24 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 196 2C 2c CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 197 - - SYM en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 198 T-25 t-25 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 199 2C 2c CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 200 - - SYM en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 201 T-27 t-27 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 202 2C 2c CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 203 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 204 T-28 t-28 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 205 2C 2c CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 206 - - SYM en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 207 T-30 t-30 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 208 2C 2c CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 209 - - SYM en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 210 T-31 t-31 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 211 2C 2c CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 212 - - SYM en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 213 T-32 t-32 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 214 2C 2c CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 215 - - SYM en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 216 T-33 t-33 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 217 2C 2c NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 218 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 219 TFE tfe NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 220 2C 2c NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 221 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 222 TFM tfm NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 223 2C 2c NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 224 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 225 YN YN NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 226 2C 2c NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 227 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 228 V v NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 229 Allylescaline allylescaline NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 230 DESOXY DESOXY NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 231 Escaline Escaline NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 232 Isoproscaline Isoproscaline NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 233 Jimscaline Jimscaline NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 234 Macromerine Macromerine NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 235 MEPEA MEPEA NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 236 Mescaline Mescaline NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 237 Metaescaline Metaescaline NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 238 Methallylescaline Methallylescaline NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 239 Proscaline Proscaline NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 240 Psi-2C Psi-2C NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 241 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 242 T-4 T-4 NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 243 TCB-2 TCB-2 NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 244 Venlafaxine Venlafaxine NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 245 Stimulants Stimulants NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 246 : : : en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 247 Phenylethanolamine Phenylethanolamine NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 248 Hordenine Hordenine NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 249 Phenethylamine Phenethylamine NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 250 α α NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 251 - - : en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 252 Methylphenethylamine Methylphenethylamine NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 253 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 254 amphetamine amphetamine NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 255 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 256 β β NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 257 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 258 Methylphenethylamine Methylphenethylamine NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 259 m m NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 260 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 261 Methylphenethylamine Methylphenethylamine NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 262 N N NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 263 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 264 Methylphenethylamine Methylphenethylamine NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 265 o o NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 266 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 267 Methylphenethylamine Methylphenethylamine NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 268 p p NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 269 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 270 Methylphenethylamine Methylphenethylamine NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 271 Methylphenidate Methylphenidate NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 272 Entactogens Entactogens NNPS en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 273 : : : en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 274 Lophophine lophophine JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 275 MDPEA mdpea NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 276 MDMPEA mdmpea RB en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 277 Others other NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 278 : : : en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 279 BOH BOH NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 280 DMPEA DMPEA NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 281 Amphetamines Amphetamines NNPS en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 282 Psychedelics Psychedelics NNPS en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 283 : : : en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 284 3C 3c NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 285 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 286 BZ bz JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 287 3C 3c NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 288 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 289 E e NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 290 3C 3c NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 291 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 292 P p NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 293 Aleph Aleph NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 294 Beatrice Beatrice NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 295 Bromo Bromo NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 296 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 297 DragonFLY DragonFLY NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 298 D D NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 299 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 300 Deprenyl Deprenyl NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 301 DMA DMA NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 302 DMCPA DMCPA NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 303 DMMDA DMMDA NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 304 DOB DOB NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 305 DOC DOC NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 306 DOEF DOEF NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 307 DOET DOET NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 308 DOI DOI NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 309 DOM DOM NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 310 DON DON NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 311 DOPR DOPR NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 312 DOTFM DOTFM NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 313 Ganesha Ganesha NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 314 MMDA MMDA NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 315 MMDA-2 mmda-2 VB en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 316 Psi Psi NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 317 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 318 DOM DOM NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 319 TMA TMA NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 320 TeMA TeMA NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 321 Stimulants stimulant NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 322 : : : en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 323 2-FA 2-fa CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 324 2-FMA 2-fma CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 325 3-FA 3-fa CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 326 3-FMA 3-fma CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 327 Acridorex Acridorex NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 328 Alfetamine Alfetamine NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 329 Amfecloral amfecloral JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 330 Amfepentorex Amfepentorex NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 331 Amphetamine Amphetamine NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 332 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 333 Dextroamphetamine Dextroamphetamine NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 334 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 335 Levoamphetamine Levoamphetamine NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 336 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 337 Amphetaminil Amphetaminil NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 338 Benfluorex Benfluorex NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 339 Benzphetamine Benzphetamine NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 340 Cathine Cathine NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 341 Clobenzorex Clobenzorex NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 342 Dimethylamphetamine Dimethylamphetamine NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 343 Ephedrine Ephedrine NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 344 Etilamfetamine Etilamfetamine NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 345 Fencamfamin Fencamfamin NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 346 Fencamine Fencamine NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 347 Fenethylline Fenethylline NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 348 Fenfluramine Fenfluramine NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 349 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 350 Dexfenfluramine Dexfenfluramine NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 351 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 352 Levofenfluramine Levofenfluramine NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 353 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 354 Fenproporex Fenproporex NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 355 Flucetorex Flucetorex NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 356 Fludorex Fludorex NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 357 Formetorex Formetorex NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 358 Furfenorex Furfenorex NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 359 Gepefrine Gepefrine NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 360 4-Hydroxyamphetamine 4-hydroxyamphetamine CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 361 Iofetamine Iofetamine NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 362 Isopropylamphetamine Isopropylamphetamine NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 363 Lefetamine Lefetamine NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 364 Lisdexamfetamine Lisdexamfetamine NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 365 Mefenorex Mefenorex NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 366 Metaraminol Metaraminol NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 367 Methamphetamine Methamphetamine NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 368 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 369 Dextromethamphetamine Dextromethamphetamine NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 370 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 371 Levomethamphetamine Levomethamphetamine NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 372 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 373 Methoxyphenamine Methoxyphenamine NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 374 MMA MMA NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 375 Morforex Morforex NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 376 Norfenfluramine Norfenfluramine NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 377 L L NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 378 -Norpseudoephedrine -Norpseudoephedrine NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 379 N n NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 380 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 381 alpha alpha NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 382 - - : en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 383 Diethylphenylethylamine Diethylphenylethylamine NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 384 Oxifentorex Oxifentorex NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 385 Oxilofrine Oxilofrine NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 386 Ortetamine Ortetamine NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 387 PBA PBA NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 388 PCA PCA NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 389 Phenpromethamine Phenpromethamine NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 390 PFA PFA NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 391 PFMA PFMA VBD en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 392 PIA PIA NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 393 PMA PMA NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 394 PMEA PMEA VBN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 395 PMMA pmma NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 396 Phenylpropanolamine Phenylpropanolamine NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 397 Pholedrine Pholedrine NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 398 Prenylamine Prenylamine NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 399 Propylamphetamine Propylamphetamine NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 400 Pseudoephedrine Pseudoephedrine NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 401 Sibutramine Sibutramine NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 402 Tiflorex Tiflorex NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 403 Tranylcypromine Tranylcypromine NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 404 Xylopropamine Xylopropamine NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 405 Zylofuramine Zylofuramine NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 406 Entactogens Entactogens NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 407 : : : en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 408 4-FA 4-fa CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 409 4-FMA 4-fma CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 410 4-MA 4-ma CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 411 4-MMA 4-mma CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 412 4-MTA 4-MTA NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 413 5-APB 5-APB NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 414 5-APDB 5-APDB NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 415 5-EAPB 5-EAPB NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 416 5-IT 5-it CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 417 5-MAPB 5-mapb RB en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 418 5-MAPDB 5-MAPDB NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 419 6-APB 6-APB NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 420 6-APDB 6-APDB NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 421 6-Chloro 6-chloro CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 422 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 423 MDMA mdma NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 424 6-EAPB 6-eapb NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 425 6-IT 6-it CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 426 6-MAPB 6-mapb NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 427 6-MAPDB 6-mapdb NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 428 EDA EDA NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 429 IAP IAP NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 430 2,3-MDA 2,3-mda NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 431 3,4-MDA 3,4-mda NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 432 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 433 tenamfetamine tenamfetamine NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 434 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 435 MDEA MDEA NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 436 MDHMA MDHMA NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 437 MDMA MDMA NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 438 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 439 midomafetamine midomafetamine NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 440 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 441 MDOH MDOH NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 442 Methamnetamine Methamnetamine NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 443 MMDMA mmdma NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 444 Naphthylaminopropane Naphthylaminopropane NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 445 TAP TAP NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 446 Others Others NNPS en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 447 : : : en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 448 3,4-DCA 3,4-dca CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 449 Amiflamine amiflamine NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 450 DiFMDA DiFMDA NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 451 Selegiline Selegiline NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 452 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 453 also also RB en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 454 D D NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 455 -Deprenyl -Deprenyl NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 456 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 457 Phentermines Phentermines NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 458 Stimulants Stimulants NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 459 : : : en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 460 Chlorphentermine Chlorphentermine NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 461 Cloforex Cloforex NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 462 Clortermine Clortermine NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 463 Etolorex Etolorex NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 464 Mephentermine Mephentermine NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 465 Pentorex Pentorex NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 466 Phentermine Phentermine NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 467 Entactogens Entactogens NNPS en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 468 : : : en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 469 MDPH MDPH NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 470 MDMPH MDMPH NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 471 Others Others NNPS en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 472 : : : en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 473 Cericlamine Cericlamine NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 474 Cathinones Cathinones NNPS en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 475 Stimulants Stimulants NNPS en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 476 : : : en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 477 3-FMC 3-fmc CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 478 4-MC 4-mc CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 479 4-BMC 4-bmc CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 480 4-CMC 4-cmc CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 481 4-EMC 4-emc CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 482 4-FMC 4-fmc CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 483 4-MEC 4-mec CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 484 4-MeMABP 4-memabp CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 485 4-MPD 4-mpd CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 486 Amfepramone Amfepramone NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 487 Benzedrone Benzedrone NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 488 Brephedrone Brephedrone NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 489 Buphedrone Buphedrone NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 490 Bupropion Bupropion NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 491 Cathinone Cathinone NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 492 Dimethylcathinone Dimethylcathinone NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 493 Ethcathinone ethcathinone VB en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 494 Eutylone Eutylone VBD en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 495 Hydroxybupropion hydroxybupropion NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 496 Methcathinone Methcathinone NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 497 Methedrone Methedrone NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 498 NEB NEB NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 499 N N NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 500 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 501 Ethylhexedrone Ethylhexedrone NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 502 N N NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 503 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 504 Ethylpentedrone Ethylpentedrone NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 505 Pentedrone Pentedrone NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 506 Pentylone Pentylone NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 507 Radafaxine Radafaxine NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 508 Entactogens Entactogens NNPS en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 509 : : : en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 510 3,4-DMMC 3,4-dmmc CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 511 3-MMC 3-mmc CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 512 Butylone Butylone NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 513 Ethylone Ethylone NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 514 Methylone Methylone NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 515 Methylenedioxycathinone Methylenedioxycathinone NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 516 Mephedrone Mephedrone NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 517 Phenylisobutylamines Phenylisobutylamines NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 518 Entactogens Entactogens NNPS en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 519 : : : en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 520 4-CAB 4-cab CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 521 4-MAB 4-mab CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 522 Ariadne Ariadne VBZ en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 523 BDB BDB NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 524 Butylone Butylone NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 525 EBDB EBDB NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 526 Eutylone Eutylone NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 527 MBDB MBDB NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 528 Stimulants Stimulants NNPS en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 529 : : : en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 530 Phenylisobutylamine Phenylisobutylamine NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 531 Phenylalkylpyrrolidines Phenylalkylpyrrolidines NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 532 Stimulants Stimulants NNPS en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 533 : : : en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 534 α α LS en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 535 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 536 PBP PBP NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 537 α α NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 538 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 539 PHP PHP NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 540 α α NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 541 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 542 PPP PPP NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 543 α α NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 544 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 545 PVP PVP NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 546 MDPBP MDPBP NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 547 MDPPP MDPPP NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 548 MDPV MDPV NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 549 4-MePBP 4-mepbp NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 550 4-MePHP 4-mephp NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 551 4-MePPP 4-meppp NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 552 MOPPP MOPPP NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 553 MOPVP MOPVP NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 554 MPBP mpbp JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 555 MPHP mphp NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 556 MPPP MPPP NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 557 Naphyrone Naphyrone NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 558 PEP PEP NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 559 Prolintane Prolintane NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 560 Pyrovalerone Pyrovalerone NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 561 Catecholamines Catecholamines NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 562 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 563 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 564 close close JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 565 relatives relative NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 566 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 567 6-FNE 6-fne CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 568 6-OHDA 6-ohda NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 569 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 570 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 571 Me Me NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 572 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 573 DA DA NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 574 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 575 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 576 Me Me NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 577 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 578 TRA TRA NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 579 Adrenochrome Adrenochrome NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 580 Ciladopa ciladopa NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 581 D d NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 582 -DOPA -DOPA . en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 583 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 584 Dextrodopa Dextrodopa NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 585 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 586 Dimetofrine Dimetofrine NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 587 Dopamine Dopamine NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 588 Epinephrine Epinephrine NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 589 Epinine Epinine NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 590 Etilefrine Etilefrine NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 591 Ethylnorepinephrine Ethylnorepinephrine NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 592 Fenclonine Fenclonine NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 593 Ibopamine Ibopamine NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 594 Isoprenaline Isoprenaline NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 595 Isoetarine Isoetarine NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 596 L L NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 597 -DOPA -DOPA : en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 598 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 599 Levodopa Levodopa NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 600 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 601 L L NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 602 -DOPS -DOPS . en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 603 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 604 Droxidopa Droxidopa NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 605 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 606 L L NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 607 -Phenylalanine -Phenylalanine NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 608 L L NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 609 -Tyrosine -Tyrosine HYPH en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 610 m m NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 611 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 612 Tyramine Tyramine NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 613 Metanephrine Metanephrine NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 614 Metaraminol Metaraminol NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 615 Metaterol Metaterol NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 616 Metirosine Metirosine NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 617 Methyldopa Methyldopa NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 618 N N NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 619 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 620 N N NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 621 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 622 Dimethyldopamine Dimethyldopamine NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 623 Nordefrin Nordefrin NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 624 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 625 Levonordefrin Levonordefrin NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 626 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 627 Norepinephrine Norepinephrine NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 628 Norfenefrine Norfenefrine NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 629 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 630 m m NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 631 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 632 Octopamine Octopamine NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 633 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 634 Normetanephrine Normetanephrine NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 635 Orciprenaline Orciprenaline NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 636 p p NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 637 - - : en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 638 Octopamine Octopamine NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 639 p p NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 640 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 641 Tyramine Tyramine NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 642 Phenylephrine phenylephrine JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 643 Synephrine Synephrine NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 644 Miscellaneous miscellaneous JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 645 AL AL NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 646 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 647 LAD LAD NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 648 Amidephrine Amidephrine NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 649 Arbutamine arbutamine JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 650 Cafedrine cafedrine NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 651 Denopamine denopamine NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 652 Desvenlafaxine Desvenlafaxine NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 653 Diphenidine Diphenidine NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 654 Dizocilpine Dizocilpine NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 655 Dobutamine Dobutamine NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 656 Dopexamine Dopexamine NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 657 Ephenidine Ephenidine NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 658 Etafedrine Etafedrine NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 659 ETH ETH NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 660 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 661 LAD LAD NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 662 Famprofazone Famprofazone NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 663 Fluorolintane Fluorolintane NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 664 Hexapradol Hexapradol NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 665 IP IP NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 666 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 667 LAD LAD NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 668 Lysergic lysergic JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 669 acid acid NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 670 amide amide IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 671 Lysergic Lysergic NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 672 acid acid NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 673 2-butyl 2-butyl CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 674 amide amide NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 675 Lysergic lysergic JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 676 acid acid NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 677 2,4-dimethylazetidide 2,4-dimethylazetidide CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 678 Lysergic lysergic JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 679 acid acid NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 680 diethylamide diethylamide NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 681 Methoxamine Methoxamine NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 682 Methoxphenidine Methoxphenidine NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 683 MT-45 MT-45 NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 684 PARGY PARGY NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 685 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 686 LAD lad NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 687 Phenibut Phenibut NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 688 PRO pro JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 689 - - JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 690 LAD LAD NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 691 Pronethalol Pronethalol NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 692 Salbutamol Salbutamol NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 693 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 694 Levosalbutamol Levosalbutamol NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 695 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 696 Solriamfetol Solriamfetol NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 697 Theodrenaline Theodrenaline NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 698 Thiamphenicol Thiamphenicol NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 699 UWA-101 UWA-101 NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 700 Retrieved retrieve VBN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 701 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 702 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 703 https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dopamine&oldid=994305043 https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dopamine&oldid=994305043 NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 704 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 705 Categories category NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 706 : : : en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 707 Dopamine Dopamine NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 708 Amphetamine Amphetamine NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 709 Cardiac Cardiac NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 710 stimulants stimulant NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 711 Catecholamines Catecholamines NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 712 Dopamine Dopamine NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 713 agonists agonist VBZ en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 714 Hormones Hormones NNPS en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 715 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 716 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 717 hypothalamus hypothalamus NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 718 Hormones Hormones NNPS en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 719 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 720 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 721 hypothalamic hypothalamic JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 722 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 723 pituitary pituitary JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 724 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 725 prolactin prolactin NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 726 axis axis NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 727 Phenethylamines Phenethylamines NNPS en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 728 Inotropic inotropic JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 729 agents agent NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 730 Motivation Motivation NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 731 Neurotransmitters Neurotransmitters NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 732 Norepinephrine Norepinephrine NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 733 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 734 dopamine dopamine NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 735 releasing release VBG en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 736 agents agent NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 737 TAAR1 TAAR1 NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 738 agonists agonist NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 739 Biology Biology NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 740 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 741 attention attention NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 742 deficit deficit NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 743 hyperactivity hyperactivity NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 744 disorder disorder NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 745 Peripherally peripherally RB en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 746 selective selective VB en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 747 drugs drug NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 748 Human human JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 749 female female JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 750 endocrine endocrine NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 751 system system NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 752 Hidden hide VBN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 753 categories category NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 754 : : : en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 755 CS1 cs1 NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 756 : : : en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 757 long long JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 758 volume volume NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 759 value value NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 760 Articles article NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 761 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 762 short short JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 763 description description NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 764 Short short JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 765 description description NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 766 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 767 different different JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 768 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 769 Wikidata Wikidata NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 770 Good good JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 771 articles article NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 772 Use Use NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 773 dmy dmy NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 774 dates date VBZ en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 775 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 776 November November NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 777 2018 2018 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 778 ECHA ECHA NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 779 InfoCard InfoCard NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 780 ID ID NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 781 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 782 Wikidata Wikidata NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 783 Articles Articles NNPS en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 784 without without IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 785 EBI EBI NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 786 source source NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 787 Drugs drug NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 788 missing miss VBG en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 789 an an DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 790 ATC ATC NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 791 code code NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 792 Drugs drug NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 793 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 794 no no DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 795 legal legal JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 796 status status NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 797 Articles article NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 798 containing contain VBG en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 799 unverified unverified JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 800 chemical chemical NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 801 infoboxes infoboxes NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 802 Drugs drug NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 803 that that WDT en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 804 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 805 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 806 physiological physiological JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 807 drug drug NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 808 All all DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 809 articles article NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 810 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 811 unsourced unsourced JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 812 statements statement NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 813 Articles article NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 814 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 815 unsourced unsourced JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 816 statements statement NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 817 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 818 September September NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 819 2020 2020 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 820 Commons Commons NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 821 category category NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 822 link link NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 823 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 824 Wikidata Wikidata NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 825 Navigation Navigation NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 826 menu menu NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 827 Personal personal JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 828 tools tool NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 829 Not not RB en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 830 logged log VBN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 831 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 832 Talk Talk NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 833 Contributions Contributions NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 834 Create Create NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 835 account account NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 836 Log Log NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 837 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 838 Namespaces Namespaces NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 839 Article Article NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 840 Talk talk NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 841 Variants variant VBZ en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 842 Views view NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 843 Read read VBP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 844 Edit edit NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 845 View View NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 846 history history NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 847 More More JJR en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 848 Search Search NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 849 Navigation Navigation NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 850 Main Main NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 851 page page NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 852 Contents content VBZ en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 853 Current current JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 854 events event NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 855 Random random JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 856 article article NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 857 About about IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 858 Wikipedia Wikipedia NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 859 Contact Contact NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 860 us -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 861 Donate Donate NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 862 Contribute contribute NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 863 Help help NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 864 Learn learn VB en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 865 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 866 edit edit VB en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 867 Community community NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 868 portal portal JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 869 Recent recent JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 870 changes change NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 871 Upload upload JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 872 file file NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 873 Tools tool NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 874 What what WP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 875 links link NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 876 here here RB en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 877 Related relate VBN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 878 changes change VBZ en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 879 Upload upload JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 880 file file VBP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 881 Special special JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 882 pages page NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 883 Permanent permanent JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 884 link link NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 885 Page Page NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 886 information information NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 887 Cite cite VB en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 888 this this DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 889 page page NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 890 Wikidata wikidata NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 891 item item NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 892 Print print NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 893 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 894 export export NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 895 Download Download NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 896 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 897 PDF PDF NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 898 Printable Printable NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 899 version version NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 900 In in IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 901 other other JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 902 projects project NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 903 Wikimedia Wikimedia NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 904 Commons Commons NNPS en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 905 Languages Languages NNPS en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 906 Afrikaans Afrikaans NNPS en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 907 العربية العربية NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 908 Azərbaycanca Azərbaycanca NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 909 বাংলা বাংলা NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 910 Беларуская Беларуская NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 911 Беларуская Беларуская NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 912 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 913 тарашкевіца)‎ тарашкевіца)‎ NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 914 Български Български NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 915 Bosanski Bosanski NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 916 Català Català NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 917 Čeština Čeština NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 918 Cymraeg Cymraeg NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 919 Dansk Dansk NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 920 Deutsch Deutsch NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 921 ދިވެހިބަސް ދިވެހިބަސް NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 922 Eesti Eesti NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 923 Ελληνικά Ελληνικά NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 924 Español Español NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 925 Esperanto Esperanto NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 926 Euskara Euskara NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 927 فارسی فارسی JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 928 Français Français NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 929 Gaeilge Gaeilge NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 930 Galego Galego NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 931 한국어 한국어 NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 932 Հայերեն Հայերեն NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 933 Hrvatski Hrvatski NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 934 Bahasa Bahasa NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 935 Indonesia Indonesia NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 936 Interlingua Interlingua NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 937 Íslenska Íslenska NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 938 Italiano Italiano NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 939 עברית עברית NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 940 Kiswahili Kiswahili NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 941 Latina Latina NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 942 Latviešu Latviešu NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 943 Lietuvių Lietuvių NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 944 Magyar Magyar NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 945 Македонски Македонски NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 946 മലയാളം മലയാളം : en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 947 मराठी मराठी NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 948 Bahasa Bahasa NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 949 Melayu Melayu NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 950 Nederlands Nederlands NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 951 日本語 日本語 NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 952 Norsk Norsk NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 953 bokmål bokmål NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 954 Occitan Occitan NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 955 ଓଡ଼ିଆ ଓଡ଼ିଆ VB en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 956 ਪੰਜਾਬੀ ਪੰਜਾਬੀ NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 957 Polski Polski NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 958 Português Português NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 959 Română Română NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 960 Русский Русский NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 961 Simple Simple NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 962 English English NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 963 Slovenčina Slovenčina NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 964 Slovenščina Slovenščina NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 965 Српски Српски NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 966 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 967 srpski srpski JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 968 Srpskohrvatski Srpskohrvatski NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 969 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 970 српскохрватски српскохрватски JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 971 Sunda Sunda NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 972 Suomi Suomi NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 973 Svenska Svenska NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 974 Tagalog Tagalog NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 975 ไทย ไทย NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 976 Türkçe Türkçe NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 977 Українська Українська NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 978 اردو اردو NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 979 Tiếng Tiếng NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 980 Việt Việt NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 981 Winaray Winaray NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 982 吴语 吴语 UH en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 983 粵語 粵語 NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 984 中文 中文 NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 985 Edit Edit NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 986 links link NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 987 This this DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 988 page page NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 989 was be VBD en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 990 last last RB en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 991 edited edit VBN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 992 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 993 15 15 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 994 December December NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 995 2020 2020 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 996 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 997 at at IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 998 01:21 01:21 CD en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 999   _SP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 1000 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 1001 UTC UTC NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 1002 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-6976 1339 1003 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 1340 1 Text text NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1340 2 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-6976 1340 3 available available JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 1340 4 under under IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1340 5 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 1340 6 Creative Creative NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1340 7 Commons Commons NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1340 8 Attribution Attribution NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1340 9 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-6976 1340 10 ShareAlike ShareAlike NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1340 11 License License NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1340 12 ; ; , en-wikipedia-org-6976 1340 13 additional additional JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 1340 14 terms term NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 1340 15 may may MD en-wikipedia-org-6976 1340 16 apply apply VB en-wikipedia-org-6976 1340 17 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 1341 1 By by IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1341 2 using use VBG en-wikipedia-org-6976 1341 3 this this DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 1341 4 site site NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1341 5 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 1341 6 you -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1341 7 agree agree VBP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1341 8 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1341 9 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 1341 10 Terms term NNS en-wikipedia-org-6976 1341 11 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1341 12 Use Use NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1341 13 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-6976 1341 14 Privacy Privacy NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1341 15 Policy Policy NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1341 16 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 1342 1 Wikipedia Wikipedia NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1342 2 ® ® NNPS en-wikipedia-org-6976 1342 3 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-6976 1342 4 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 1342 5 registered registered JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 1342 6 trademark trademark NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1342 7 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1342 8 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 1342 9 Wikimedia Wikimedia NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1342 10 Foundation Foundation NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1342 11 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 1342 12 Inc. Inc. NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1342 13 , , , en-wikipedia-org-6976 1342 14 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-6976 1342 15 non non JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 1342 16 - - JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 1342 17 profit profit JJ en-wikipedia-org-6976 1342 18 organization organization NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1342 19 . . . en-wikipedia-org-6976 1343 1 Privacy privacy NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1343 2 policy policy NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1343 3 About about IN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1343 4 Wikipedia Wikipedia NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1343 5 Disclaimers Disclaimers NNPS en-wikipedia-org-6976 1343 6 Contact Contact NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1343 7 Wikipedia Wikipedia NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1343 8 Mobile Mobile NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1343 9 view view NN en-wikipedia-org-6976 1343 10 Developers Developers NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1343 11 Statistics Statistics NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1343 12 Cookie Cookie NNP en-wikipedia-org-6976 1343 13 statement statement NN