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en-wikipedia-org-2764		Discrete emotion theory - Wikipedia			.html	text/html	1315	262	53	Discrete emotion theory Wikipedia For example, Silvan Tomkins (1962) concluded that there are eight basic emotions: surprise, interest, joy, rage, fear, disgust, shame, and anguish. More recently, Carroll Izard at the University of Delaware factor analytically delineated 12 discrete emotions labeled: Interest, Joy, Surprise, Sadness, Anger, Disgust, Contempt, Self-Hostility, Fear, Shame, Shyness, and Guilt (as measured via his Differential Emotions Scale or DES-IV).[1][2][3] Discrete emotion theory states that these specific core emotions are biologically determined emotional responses whose expression and recognition is fundamentally the same for all individuals regardless of ethnic or cultural differences. After performing a series of cross-cultural studies, Paul Ekman and Carroll Izard reported that there are various similarities in the way people across the world produce and recognize the facial expressions of at least six emotions.[8] James Russell and Lisa Barrett[10] have criticized[4] discrete emotion theory on several points.	./cache/en-wikipedia-org-2764.html	./txt/en-wikipedia-org-2764.txt