Silius Italicus - Wikipedia Silius Italicus From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to navigation Jump to search Silius Italicus Silius Italicus, in full Tiberius Catius Asconius Silius Italicus[1] (Latin: [ˈsiːlijʊs ɪˈt̪alɪkʊs], c. 28 – c. 103 AD), was a Roman consul, orator, and Latin epic poet of the 1st century AD (Silver Age of Latin literature). His only surviving work is the 17-book Punica, an epic poem about the Second Punic War and the longest surviving poem in Latin at over 12,000 lines. A painting by Joseph Wright of Derby depicting Silius Italicus at the tomb of Virgil. Contents 1 Life 1.1 Sources and birthplace 1.2 Political career 1.3 Campanian retirement and suicide 2 Works 2.1 The Punica 3 Influence 4 References 5 Further reading 6 External links Life[edit] Sources and birthplace[edit] The sources for the life of Silius Italicus are primarily Letter 3.7 of Pliny the Younger, which is a description of the poet's life written on the occasion of his suicide, some inscriptions,[2] and several epigrams by the poet Martial. Silius is believed to have been born between AD 23 and 35,[3] but his birthplace has not been securely identified. Italica, in the Roman province of Hispania, (modern Spain), was once considered the prime candidate, based on his cognomen Italicus, but, if that were the case, Latin usage would have demanded the form Italicensis, and it is highly improbable that Martial would have failed to name him among the literary celebrities of Spain in the latter half of the 1st century. The city of Patavium, Padua in northern Italy, has been suggested by J. D. Campbell based on a seeming bias in favor of the region in the Punica and the prevalence of the name Asconius in inscriptions from the region.[4] Political career[edit] In early life Silius was a renowned forensic orator, later a safe and cautious politician. Silius was generally believed to have voluntarily and enthusiastically become an informer under Nero, prosecuting in court persons whom the emperor wished condemned.[5] He was consul in the year of Nero's death (AD 68), and afterward became a close friend and ally of the emperor Vitellius, whom he served, according to Pliny sapienter et comiter, wisely and amicably.[5] He is mentioned by Tacitus as having been one of two witnesses who were present at the conferences between Vitellius and Flavius Sabinus, the elder brother of Vespasian, when the legions from the East were marching rapidly on the capital.[6] Silius became proconsul of Asia AD 77-78 as attested in an inscription from Aphrodisias which describes his activities in maintaining the institutions of the city.[7] According to Pliny (Ep. 3.7), he performed his duties well and earned himself a place of importance in the empire. Campanian retirement and suicide[edit] After his proconsulship in Asia, Silius seems to have left politics in favor of a leisurely life; despite his wealth and importance in the state, he seems to have exercised little power and avoided offense.[8] Thus, he outlived the Flavian dynasty without incident. Pliny depicts him spending time in learned conversation at his villas, writing, passionately collecting books and sculpture,[9] and giving recitations of his works. Silius was evidently writing poems as early as AD 88.[10] It is firmly believed that the Punica was written during this retirement period of Silius' life.[11] Martial 7.63 indicates that some of the Punica had been published by AD 92 and that Silius was no longer making speeches in court. Book 14 has been dated tentatively to after AD 96 based on the poet's treatment of Domitian.[12] His poem contains several passages relating to the Flavians, and Domitian is eulogized as a warrior and as a singer whose lyre is sweeter than that of Orpheus himself.[13] The poem mentions primarily Domitian but later seems to discuss the emperor Nerva, although Domitian may be meant by the latter reference.[14] The poet's attitude to Domitian tends to be laudatory and friendly, employing the full spectrum of Virgilian panegyrical language and imagery.[15] Silius was considered highly educated by contemporaries. The philosopher Epictetus judged him to be the most philosophic spirit among the Romans of his time,[16] and Cornutus, the Stoic, rhetorician and grammarian, dedicated to Silius a commentary upon Virgil.[17] He had two sons, one of whom, Severus, died young. The other, Decianus, went on to become consul.[18] As he aged, he moved permanently to his villas in Campania, not even leaving to attend the accession ceremony of Trajan.[19] Silius idealized and almost worshipped two great Romans of the past, Cicero and Virgil. He purchased Cicero's estate at Tusculum[20] and the tomb of Virgil in Naples, which he restored.[21] Pliny records that Silius especially revered Virgil, celebrating Virgil's birthday more lavishly than his own and treating the poet's tomb as a shrine.[22] His dual interests in composing epic poetry and discussing philosophical questions have been compared to the intellectual efforts of his heroes, Virgil and Cicero, respectively.[20] Silius was one of the numerous Romans of the early empire who had the courage of their opinions, and carried into perfect practice the theory of suicide developed in Stoicism; Punica 11.186-88 contains a praise of suicide. Stricken by an incurable tumour after the age of 75, he starved himself to death around 103 AD, keeping a cheerful countenance to the end. Pliny remarks that Silius was the last person to die who was consul under Nero.[23] Works[edit] Whether Silius committed his philosophic dialogues and speeches to writing or not, we cannot say. His only preserved work is his epic poem entitled Punica, about the Second Punic War (218–201 BC) in seventeen books, comprising some twelve thousand lines, making it the longest preserved poem in Latin literature.[24] The Punica[edit] The Vision of a Knight by Raphael is based on an episode in Book 15 of the Punica, the choice of Scipio. Main article: Punica (poem) The dating of the Punica has been a difficult issue for classical scholars, but two passages, 3.594 and 14.680ff., along with several poems of Martial cited above, indicate that it was composed sometime between 83 and 103, with Book 3 being dated to AD 84 and Book 14 around AD 96.[25] Other books cannot be dated with any precision. The poem is divided into 17 books and is composed in dactylic hexameter. It has been thought that the poem was initially planned in hexads and that the original intent was to round off the composition in 18 books.[26] The poem takes Virgil as its primary stylistic and dramatic inspiration throughout; from its opening, the Punica is configured as the continuation of Juno's grudge against Rome developed in the Aeneid.[27] Livy and Ennius[28] are important sources for historical and poetic information, and Homer specifically is declared an important model by Silius who remarks of him at 12.788-9, "his [Homer's] poetry embraced the earth, sea, stars, and shades and he rivaled the Muses in song and Phoebus in glory."[29] Lucan is also an important model for the writing of historical epic, geographical excursus, and Stoic tone, although Silius' approach toward the gods in much more traditional.[30] The poem opens with a discussion of Juno's wrath against Rome on account of Aeneas' treatment of Dido and of Hannibal's character and upbringing. Hannibal attacks Saguntum and receives a Roman embassy. In Book 2, the Roman legation is heard at Carthage, but Hannibal takes the city after the defenders heroically commit suicide. The Carthaginians are catalogued, Hannibal crosses the Alps, and Jupiter reveals that the Punic War is a test of Roman manliness in Book 3. In 4 and 5 the Romans suffer defeat at Ticinus, Trebia, and Lake Trasimene. Book 6 looks back to the exploits of Marcus Atilius Regulus in the First Punic War, while Book 7 describes Quintus Fabius Maximus Verrucosus' delaying strategy. Books 8-10 describe in vivid detail the battle of Cannae; Juno prevents Hannibal from marching on Rome. In Book 11, Hannibal's army winters in Capua, where Venus enfeebles them with luxury. Hannibal is defeated at Nola in 12, emboldening the Romans. He makes an attempt on the city, but Juno stops him, revealing that the gods are against him. Book 13 reports the Romans' invasion of Capua and the death of two Scipios, which leads to Scipio Africanus' journey to the underworld (nekyia), his meeting with famous dead heroes, and a prophecy by the Sibyl of Hannibal's defeat. In 14 the Marcellus' successful Sicilian campaign and the siegecraft of Archimedes are described. In 15, Scipio, choosing Virtue over Vice, has a successful campaign in Spain, while at the Battle of the Metaurus, Hannibal's brother is killed. 16 describes the alliance between Rome and Masinissa and Scipio's crossing into Africa, while 17 describes the bringing of the statue of Cybele to Rome, Hannibal's stormy crossing into Africa, Juno's appeal to Jupiter for the life of Hannibal, and the Battle of Zama. The poem ends with Scipio's triumphal return to Rome. Silius' style is unlike Virgil in that he does not focus on a few central characters but divides his action up between many significant heroes.[31] This encourages him to present important events from the Roman past as a reflection on the characters and their actions in the poem's present, echoing the Roman tradition of using exempla. While many important set pieces of epic are included, such as elaborated similes, ekphrases of objects, such as Hannibal's shield in 2.391-456, a nekyia, and divine participation in and prophecy of events, there are also important elements of historiography such as paired contrasting speeches and detailed geographical description. Allegory is particularly important in Silius, and he includes such figures as Fides, faith, in Book 2, Italia in 15, and Virtus and Voluptas also in Book 15, continuing a trend towards allegory which was significant in Statius, Silius' contemporary.[32] Silius' metrics and language can be closely compared to Virgilian usage, especially his use of spondees.[33] Stoicism and stoic ethical thought are significant themes in the Punica. The war is configured as a trial of Roman virtus which must be overcome with hard work, akin to the Stoic ideal of overcoming adversity with inner courage and trial.[34] The "choice of Hercules", a favorite Stoic parable, is given to Scipio in Book 15, and everywhere the war brings out moral lessons and discussions of Stoic concepts like emotion, reason, and destiny. Influence[edit] The only ancient authors to refer to Silius are Martial, Pliny, and Sidonius Apollinaris. Pliny's judgment that Silius wrote poetry maiore cura quam ingenio (with more eagerness than genius) has encouraged the view that Silius is a talented but mediocre and uninspired poet. The poem seems to have been mostly unknown in the Middle Ages. Petrarch's Africa was composed independently of the Punica, as the manuscript was discovered by Poggio Bracciolini in 1417 at the Abbey of Saint Gall during the Council of Constance.[35] Julius Caesar Scaliger's harsh opinion of Silius damaged his reputation.[36] Many authors were familiar with Silius' work, such as Montaigne, Milton, Dryden (who considered him better than Lucan), Gibbon, and Alexander Pope.[37] Joseph Addison particularly includes many quotations of Silius in his Dialogue on Medals as does Thomas Macaulay in his works.[38] Interest in Silius mostly vanished in the 19th century.[39] As for visual arts, Raphael's Vision of the Knight is a treatment of Silius' choice of Scipio.[36] Despite Silius' poor reputation, classical scholars with their renewed interest in later Imperial epic seem to be finally turning their attentions to Silius' poetry.[citation needed] References[edit] ^ "Silius Italicus". Encyclopædia Britannica. ^ von Albrecht, p. 960 n.1 ^ M. von Albrecht, A History of Latin Literature, vol. 2 p. 959. ^ D. J. Campbell, "The Birthplace of Silius Italicus", The Classical Review (1936), pp. 55-58. ^ a b Pliny 3.7.3 ^ Tacitus Histories 3.65 ^ W. Calder, "Silius Italicus in Asia", Classical Review, (1935), pp. 216-217. ^ Pliny Ep. 3.7.4 ^ Martial remarks in 6.64 that Silius read his epigrams. ^ Martial 4.14. ^ von Albrecht p. 960 n.4 ^ W. MacDermott and A. Orentzel, "Silius and Domitian", American Journal of Philology, (1977) pp. 24-34 ^ Punica 3.607-29 and 14.686-88. ^ W. MacDermott and A. Orentzel pp. 30-31. ^ W. MacDermott and A. Orentzel, pp. 29-34 ^ Epict. Diss. 3.8.7 ^ Char. Gramm. 1.125.16-18. ^ Martial 8.66 ^ Pliny, Ep. 3.7.5 ^ a b Martial 11.48. ^ Martial 11.49. ^ Pliny, Ep. 3.7.8-9. ^ Pliny, Ep. 3.7.10. ^ "Punica". Encyclopædia Britannica. ^ E. Wistrand, Die Chronologie der Punica des Silius Italicus Goeteborg, 1956. ^ von Albrecht, p. 964 ^ von Albrecht, pp. 962ff. for a discussion of sources. ^ Pun. 12.342-419 is a passage in praise of Ennius. ^ von Albrecht, p. 962 for a list of Homeric episodes in Silius which are not found in Virgil. ^ von Albrecht, p. 984. ^ von Albrecht, p. 965. ^ Feeney, D. The Gods in Epic (Oxford, 1991) ^ von Albrecht, p. 967. ^ von Albrecht, pp. 967ff. for a discussion of Silius' stoicism with references. ^ G. B. Conte A History of Latin Literature (Baltimore, 1994) p. 495. ^ a b von Albrecht, p. 969. ^ E. Bassett "Silius Italicus in England" in Classical Philology 1953, pp. 155-168. ^ E. Bassett pp. 166-168. ^ E. Bassett, p. 168 Further reading[edit] Augoustakis, Antony. 2010. Motherhood and the Other: Fashioning Female Power in Flavian Epic. Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press. Augoustakis, Antony. 2008. "The Other as Same: Non-Roman Mothers in Silius Italicus' Punica," Classical Philology 103.1:55–76. Dominik, William J. 2010. The Reception of Silius Italicus in Modern Scholarship. In Brill’s Companion to Silius Italicus. Edited by Antony Augoustakis, 425–447. Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill. Keith, Alison M. 2010. "Engendering Orientalism in Silius’ Punica." In Brill’s Companion to Silius Italicus. Edited by Antony Augoustakis, 355–373. Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill. Marks, Raymond. 2005. From Republic to Empire. Scipio Africanus in the Punica of Silius Italicus. Frankfurt am Main: Peter Lang. Marks, Raymond. 2010. "The Song and the Sword: Silius’ Punica and the Crisis of Early Imperial Epic." In Epic and History. Edited by David Kostan and Kurt Raaflaub, 185–211. Malden, MA: Wiley. Santini, Carlo. 1991. Silius Italicus and his View of the Past. Amsterdam: J. C. Gieben. Stocks, Claire. 2014. The Roman Hannibal: Remembering the Enemy in Silius Italicus’ 'Punica'. Liverpool: Liverpool University Press. Tipping, Benjamin. 2010. Exemplary Epic: Silius Italicus’ Punica. Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press. External links[edit] Library resources about Silius Italicus Online books Resources in your library Resources in other libraries By Silius Italicus Online books Resources in your library Resources in other libraries Reid, James Smith (1911). "Silius Italicus" . In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica. 25 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 95–96. Works by Silius Italicus at Project Gutenberg Works by or about Silius Italicus at Internet Archive Works by Silius Italicus at Perseus Digital Library Punicorum Libri Septemdecim (in Latin) Entry by von Albrecht on Silius Italicus Links to translation of Silius Italicus by J.D.Duff Duff's English translation of Punica as clean html with tagged, geolocated place names, in ToposText Political offices Preceded by Appius Annius Gallus, and Lucius Verulanus Severus as Suffect consuls Consul of the Roman Empire with Publius Galerius Trachalus 68 Succeeded by Nero V, and ignotus as Suffect consuls Authority control BIBSYS: 90152539 BNE: XX1122047 BNF: cb11924756s (data) CANTIC: a11825534 CiNii: DA01388598 GND: 118614347 ISNI: 0000 0001 0881 4517 LCCN: n79120267 NKC: jn19990007957 NLA: 35167623 NLG: 99045 NLI: 000122649 NSK: 000098384 NTA: 068951647 RERO: 02-A000149913 SELIBR: 248939 SUDOC: 027138143 Trove: 849387 VcBA: 495/44504 VIAF: 27071645 WorldCat Identities: lccn-n79120267 Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Silius_Italicus&oldid=991466148" Categories: Latin historians Roman-era poets Silver Age Latin writers Imperial Roman consuls Roman governors of Asia 20s births 100s deaths 1st-century Roman poets 1st-century Romans Catii Hidden categories: All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from October 2015 Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference Articles with Project Gutenberg links Articles with Internet Archive links Articles with Latin-language sources (la) Wikipedia articles with BIBSYS identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNE identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with CANTIC identifiers Wikipedia articles with CINII identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with NKC identifiers Wikipedia articles with NLA identifiers Wikipedia articles with NLG identifiers Wikipedia articles with NLI identifiers Wikipedia articles with NSK identifiers Wikipedia articles with NTA identifiers Wikipedia articles with RERO identifiers Wikipedia articles with SELIBR identifiers Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers Wikipedia articles with Trove identifiers Wikipedia articles with VcBA identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with WORLDCATID identifiers Year of birth uncertain Year of death uncertain Navigation menu Personal tools Not logged in Talk Contributions Create account Log in Namespaces Article Talk Variants Views Read Edit View history More Search Navigation Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Donate Contribute Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Tools What links here Related changes Upload file Special pages Permanent link Page information Cite this page Wikidata item Print/export Download as PDF Printable version In other projects Wikimedia Commons Wikiquote Wikisource Languages العربية Български Català Čeština Deutsch Español Estremeñu Euskara Français Furlan Galego Հայերեն Íslenska Italiano עברית Latina Magyar مصرى Mirandés Nederlands 日本語 Norsk bokmål Português Русский Slovenčina Slovenščina Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Svenska Türkçe Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 30 November 2020, at 05:29 (UTC). 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