Caesar (title) - Wikipedia Caesar (title) From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to navigation Jump to search Imperial title of the Roman empire Not to be confused with the Roman politician Julius Caesar or William Shakespeare's play of the same name. Caesar Julius Caesar The name Caesar became very popular in Italy during the Roman Empire after Caesar's Civil War. Pronunciation English: /ˈsiːzər/ SEE-zər Classical Latin: [ˈkae̯sar] Gender Male Language(s) Latin Origin Meaning Emperor Region of origin Roman Empire Other names Variant form(s) ΚΑΙϹΑΡ Kaiser Tsar Popularity see popular names Ancient Rome This article is part of a series on the politics and government of ancient Rome Periods Roman Kingdom 753–509 BC Roman Republic 509–27 BC Roman Empire 27 BC – AD 395 Principate 27 BC – AD 284 Dominate AD 284–641 Western AD 395–476 Eastern AD 395–1453 Timeline Roman Constitution Constitution of the Kingdom Constitution of the Republic Constitution of the Empire Constitution of the Late Empire Senate Legislative assemblies Executive magistrates Precedent and law Roman law Ius Imperium Mos maiorum Collegiality Auctoritas Roman citizenship Cursus honorum Senatus consultum Senatus consultum ultimum Assemblies Centuriate Curiate Plebeian Tribal Ordinary magistrates Consul Praetor Quaestor Promagistrate Aedile Tribune Censor Governor Extraordinary magistrates Corrector Dictator Magister equitum Consular tribune Rex Triumviri Decemviri Titles and honours Emperor Legatus Dux Officium Praeses Praefectus Vicarius Vigintisexviri Lictor Magister militum Imperator Princeps senatus Pontifex maximus Augustus Caesar Tetrarch Other countries v t e Caesar (Latin: [ˈkae̯.sar]English pl. Caesars; Latin pl. Caesares; in Greek: Καῖσᾰρ Kaîsar) is a title of imperial character. It derives from the cognomen of Julius Caesar, the Roman dictator. The change from being a familial name to a title adopted by the Roman Emperors can be dated to about 68/69 AD, the so-called "Year of the Four Emperors".[dubious – discuss] Contents 1 Etymology 2 Sole Roman Emperor 3 Dynastic title 4 Late Empire 4.1 Crisis of the Third Century 4.2 Tetrarchy 4.3 After the Tetrarchy 5 Byzantine Empire 6 Ottoman Empire 7 Legacy 7.1 Title (and name) 7.2 Historiography 8 List of holders 9 See also 10 References 11 Bibliography Etymology[edit] The meaning of the term is unknown and there are several theories. Julius himself, however, endorsed a meaning where it came from a Punic word meaning elephant. Sole Roman Emperor[edit] For political and personal reasons, Octavian chose to emphasize his relationship with Julius Caesar by styling himself simply "Imperator Caesar" (whereto the Roman Senate added the honorific Augustus, "Majestic" or "Venerable", in 27 BC), without any of the other elements of his full name. His successor as emperor, his stepson Tiberius, also bore the name as a matter of course; born Tiberius Claudius Nero, he was adopted by Caesar Augustus on 26 June 4 AD, as "Tiberius Julius Caesar". The precedent was set: the Emperor designated his successor by adopting him and giving him the name "Caesar". The fourth Emperor, Claudius, was the first to assume the name "Caesar" upon accession, without having been adopted by the previous emperor; however, he was at least a member by blood of the Julio-Claudian dynasty, being the maternal great-nephew of Augustus on his mother's side, the nephew of Tiberius, and the uncle of Caligula. Claudius in turn adopted his stepson and grand-nephew Lucius Domitius Ahenobarbus, giving him the name "Caesar" in the traditional way; his stepson would rule as the Emperor Nero. The first emperor to assume the position and the name simultaneously without any real claim to either was the usurper Servius Sulpicius Galba, who took the imperial throne under the name "Servius Galba Imperator Caesar" following the death of the last of the Julio-Claudians, Nero, in 68 AD. Galba helped solidify "Caesar" as the title of the designated heir by giving it to his own adopted heir, Lucius Calpurnius Piso Frugi Licinianus. Galba's reign did not last long and he was soon deposed by Marcus Otho. Otho did not at first use the title "Caesar" and occasionally used the title "Nero" as emperor, but later adopted the title "Caesar" as well. Otho was then defeated by Aulus Vitellius, who acceded with the name "Aulus Vitellius Germanicus Imperator Augustus". Vitellius did not adopt the cognomen "Caesar" as part of his name and may have intended to replace it with "Germanicus" (he bestowed the name "Germanicus" upon his own son that year). Nevertheless, Caesar had become such an integral part of the imperial dignity that its place was immediately restored by Titus Flavius Vespasianus ("Vespasian"), whose defeat of Vitellius in 69 AD put an end to the period of instability and began the Flavian dynasty. Vespasian's son, Titus Flavius Vespasianus became "Titus Flavius Caesar Vespasianus". Dynastic title[edit] By this point the status of "Caesar" had been regularised into that of a title given to the Emperor-designate (occasionally also with the honorific title Princeps Iuventutis, "Prince of Youth") and retained by him upon accession to the throne (e.g., Marcus Ulpius Traianus became Marcus Cocceius Nerva's designated heir as Caesar Nerva Traianus in October 97 and acceded on 28 January 98 as "Imperator Caesar Nerva Traianus Augustus"). After some variation among the earliest emperors, the style of the Emperor-designate on coins was usually Nobilissimus Caesar "Most Noble Caesar" (abbreviated to NOB CAES, N CAES etc.), though Caesar (CAES) on its own was also used. Late Empire[edit] Crisis of the Third Century[edit] The popularity of using the title Caesar to designate heirs-apparent increased throughout the third century. Many of the soldier emperors during the Crisis of the Third Century attempted to strengthen their legitimacy by naming heirs, including Maximinus Thrax, Philip the Arab, Decius, Trebonianus Gallus and Gallienus. Some of these were promoted to the rank of Augustus within their father's lifetime, for example Philippus II. The same title would also be used in the Gallic Empire, which operated autonomously from the rest of the Roman Empire from 260 to 274, with the final Gallic emperor Tetricus I appointing his heir Tetricus II Caesar and his consular colleague for 274. Despite the best efforts of these emperors, however, the granting of this title does not seem to have made succession in this chaotic period any more stable. Almost all Caesars would be killed before or alongside their fathers, or at best outlive them for a matter of months, as in the case of Hostilian. The sole Caesar to successfully obtain the rank of Augustus and rule for some time in his own right was Gordian III, and even he was heavily controlled by his court. Tetrarchy[edit] On 1 March 293, Diocletian established the Tetrarchy, a system of rule by two senior Emperors and two junior sub-Emperors. The two coequal senior emperors were styled identically to previous Emperors, as Imperator Caesar NN. Pius Felix Invictus Augustus (Elagabalus had introduced the use of Pius Felix, "the Pious and Blessed", while Maximinus Thrax introduced the use of Invictus, "the Unconquered") and were called the Augusti, while the two junior sub-Emperors were styled identically to previous Emperors-designate, as Nobilissimus Caesar. Likewise, the junior sub-Emperors retained the title "Caesar" upon accession to the senior position. The Tetrarchy was quickly abandoned as a system (though the four quarters of the empire survived as praetorian prefectures) in favour of two equal, territorial emperors, and the previous system of Emperors and Emperors-designate was restored, both in the Latin-speaking West and the Greek-speaking East. After the Tetrarchy[edit] The title of Caesar remained in use throughout the Constantinian period, with both Constantine I and his co-emperor and rival Licinius utilising it to mark their heirs. In the case of Constantine, this meant that by the time he died, he had four Caesars: Constantius II, Constantine II, Constans and his nephew Dalmatius, with his eldest son Crispus having been executed in mysterious circumstances earlier in his reign. In the event, Constantine would be succeeded only by his three sons, with Dalmatius dying in the summer of 337 in similarly murky circumstances. Constantius II himself would nominate as Caesars his two cousins Constantius Gallus and Julian in succession in the 350s, although he first executed Gallus and then found himself at war with Julian before his own death. After Julian's revolt of 361, the title Caesar fell out of imperial fashion for some time, with emperors preferring simply to elevate their sons directly to the post of Augustus, as with Gratian. It would be revived only nearly three quarters of a century later when Theodosius II used it to mark his nephew Valentinian III before successfully installing him upon the western throne vacated by the boy's other uncle Honorius. Thereafter it would receive limited use in the Eastern Roman Empire, for example, in the designation of the future Leo II in the final months of his grandfather's life. Byzantine Empire[edit] The Roman emperor Constantine the Great, mosaic in Hagia Sophia, Constantinople Caesar or Kaisar (Καῖσαρ) was a senior court title in the Byzantine Empire. Originally, as in the late Roman Empire, it was used for a subordinate co-emperor or the heir apparent, and was first among the "awarded" dignities. From the reign of Theodosius I, however, most emperors chose to solidify the succession of their intended heirs by raising them to co-emperors. Hence the title was more frequently awarded to second- and third-born sons, or to close and influential relatives of the Emperor: thus for example Alexios Mosele was the son-in-law of Theophilos (ruled 829–842), Bardas was the uncle and chief minister of Michael III (r. 842–867), while Nikephoros II (r. 963–969) awarded the title to his father, Bardas Phokas.[1][2] An exceptional case was the conferment of the dignity and its insignia to the Bulgarian khan Tervel by Justinian II (r. 685–695, 705–711) who had helped him regain his throne in 705.[2] The title was awarded to the brother of Empress Maria of Alania, George II of Georgia in 1081. The office enjoyed extensive privileges, great prestige and power. When Alexios I Komnenos created the title of sebastokrator, kaisar became third in importance, and fourth after Manuel I Komnenos created the title of despot, which it remained until the end of the Empire. The feminine form was kaisarissa. It remained an office of great importance, usually awarded to imperial relations, as well as a few high-ranking and distinguished officials, and only rarely awarded to foreigners. According to the Klētorologion of 899, the Byzantine Caesar's insignia were a crown without a cross, and the ceremony of a Caesar's creation (in this case dating to Constantine V), is included in De Ceremoniis I.43.[3] The title remained the highest in the imperial hierarchy until the introduction of the sebastokratōr (a composite derived from sebastos and autokrator, the Greek equivalents of Augustus and imperator) by Alexios I Komnenos (r. 1081–1118) and later of despotēs by Manuel I Komnenos (r. 1143–1180). The title remained in existence through the last centuries of the Empire. In the Palaiologan period, it was held by prominent nobles like Alexios Strategopoulos, but from the 14th century, it was mostly awarded to rulers of the Balkans such as the princes of Vlachia, Serbia and Thessaly.[2] Seal of the Caesar Michael Angelos In the late Byzantine hierarchy, as recorded in the mid-14th century Book of Offices of pseudo-Kodinos, the rank continued to come after the sebastokratōr. Pseudo-Kodinos further records that the Caesar was equal in precedence to the panhypersebastos, another creation of Alexios I, but that Emperor Michael VIII Palaiologos (r. 1259–1282) had raised his nephew Michael Tarchaneiotes to the rank of protovestiarios and decreed that to come after the Caesar; while under Andronikos II Palaiologos (r. 1282–1328) the megas domestikos was raised to the same eminence, when it was awarded to the future emperor John VI Kantakouzenos (r. 1347–1354).[4] According to pseudo-Kodinos, the Caesar's insignia under the Palaiologoi were a skiadion hat in red and gold, decorated with gold-wire embroideries, with a veil bearing the wearer's name and pendants identical to those of the despotēs and the sebastokratōr. He wore a red tunic (rouchon) similar to the emperor's (without certain decorations), and his shoes and stockings were blue, as were the accouterments of his horse; these were all identical to those of the sebastokratōr, but without the embroidered eagles of the latter. Pseudo-Kodinos writes that the particular forms of another form of hat, the domed skaranikon, and of the mantle, the tamparion, for the Caesar were not known.[5] Ottoman Empire[edit] Mehmed II and Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople Gennadios. "Caesar" is the title officially used by the Sasanid Persian to refer to the Roman and Byzantine emperors.[6][7] In the Middle East, the Persians and the Arabs continued to refer to the Roman and Byzantine emperors as "Caesar" (in Persian: قیصر روم‎ Qaysar-i Rum, "Caesar of the Romans", from Middle Persian kēsar). Thus, following the conquest of Constantinople in 1453, the victorious Ottoman sultan Mehmed II became the first of the rulers of the Ottoman Empire to assume the title (in Ottoman Turkish: قیصر روم‎ Kaysar-i Rûm). After the Fall of Constantinople, having conquered the Byzantine Empire, Mehmed took the title Kaysar-i Rûm, claiming succession to the Roman imperium.[8] His claim was that, by possession of the city, he was emperor, a new dynast by conquest, as had been done previously by the likes of Heraclius and Leo III.[9] Contemporary scholar George of Trebizond wrote "the seat of the Roman Empire is Constantinople ... and he who is and remains Emperor of the Romans is also the Emperor of the whole world".[10] Gennadius II, a staunch antagonist of the West because of the Sack of Constantinople committed by the Western Catholics and theological controversies between the two Churches, had been enthroned the Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople-New Rome with all the ceremonial elements and ethnarch (or milletbashi) status by the Sultan himself in 1454. In turn, Gennadius II formally recognized Mehmed as successor to the throne.[11] Mehmed also had a blood lineage to the Byzantine Imperial family; his predecessor, Sultan Orhan I had married a Byzantine princess, and Mehmed may have claimed descent from John Tzelepes Komnenos.[12] Ottoman sultans were not the only rulers to claim such a title, as there was the Holy Roman Empire in Western Europe, whose emperor, Frederick III, traced his titular lineage from Charlemagne who obtained the title of Roman Emperor when he was crowned by Pope Leo III in 800, although he was never recognized as such by the Byzantine Empire. In diplomatic writings between the Ottomans and Austrians, the Ottoman bureaucracy was angered by their use of the Caesar title when the Ottomans saw themself as the true successors of Rome. When war broke out and peace negotiations were done, the Austrians (Holy Roman Empire) agreed to give up the use of the Caesar title according to the Treaty of Konstantiniyye 1533 (though they would continue to use it and the Roman imperial title until the collapse of the Holy Roman Empire in 1806). The Russians who also claimed as the Third Rome were sanctioned by the Ottomans by giving orders to the Crimean Khanate to raid Russia numerous times.[13] The Ottomans would lose their political superiority to Holy Roman Empire in the Treaty of Sitvatorok in 1606 and to the Russians in the Treaty of Küçük Kaynarca in 1774. Legacy[edit] Title (and name)[edit] This section has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these template messages) This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (May 2014) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) This section may require cleanup to meet Wikipedia's quality standards. The specific problem is: Pronunciation hints without IPA; Issues with templating, capitalization, spelling and punctuation Please help improve this section if you can. (May 2014) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) The history of "Caesar" as an imperial title is reflected by the following monarchic titles, usually reserved for "emperor" and "empress" in many languages (note that the name Caesar, pronounced /siːzər/ in English, was pronounced [kaisar] in Classical Latin): Afro-Asiatic languages: Arabic: Qays'r قصر;قيصر Qas'r Hebrew: Kesár‎ קיסר (male) and Kesarít קיסרית (female); Albanian: Albanian: Çezar and Qesarinë; Armenian: Armenian: կայսր Kaysr, and Armenian: կայսրություն Kaysrutiun meaning empire; Greek: Modern Greek: Greek: Καίσαρας (Kaisaras), the archaic form Greek: Καίσαρ is rarely used today; Austronesian languages: Bahasa Indonesia: Kaisar; Baltic languages: Latvian: Ķeizars and Ķeizariene; Germanic languages: Danish: Kejser and Kejserinde; Dutch: Keizer and Keizerin; German: Kaiser and Kaiserin; Icelandic: Keisari and Keisaraynja; Faroese: Keisari and Keisarinna; Norwegian: Keiser and Keiserinne (bokmål) / Keisar and Keisarinne (nynorsk); Swedish: Kejsare and Kejsarinna Old English: cāsere Indo-Iranian languages: Persian: Ghaysar‎ قيصر Urdu: Qaysar قيصر used in the title "Kaiser-i-Hind" ("Emperor of India") during the British Raj Kartvelian languages Georgian: კეისარი (Keisari) Romance languages Italian, Cesare, used as a first name. Romanian, cezar as a common noun in certain contexts; Cezar, used as a first name. Spanish, Portuguese and French, César: commonly used as first or second name. Slavic languages: Belarusian: Цар, царыца (transliterated as tsar, tsarytsa) Bulgarian: Цар, царица (transliterated as tsar, tsaritsa); Czech: Císař, císařovna; Macedonian: Цар, царица (transliterated as tsar, tsarica) Polish: Cesarz, Cesarzowa; Russian: Царь, Царица, (transliterated as tsar, tsaritsa); however in the Russian Empire (also reflected in some of its other languages), which aimed to be the "third Rome" as successor to the Byzantine Empire, it was abandoned (not in the foreign language renderings though) as imperial style—in favor of Imperator and Autocrator—and used as a lower, royal style as within the empire in chief of some of its parts, e.g. Georgia and Siberia In the United States and, more recently, Britain, the title "czar" (an archaic transliteration of the Russian title) is a slang term for certain high-level civil servants, such as the "drug czar" for the director of the Office of National Drug Control Policy and "terrorism czar" for a Presidential advisor on terrorism policy. More specifically, a czar refers to a sub-cabinet-level advisor within the executive branch of the U.S. government. Serbo-Croatian: Car, carica (цар, царица) Slovak: Cisár, cisárovná; Slovene: cesar, cesarica or car, carica; Ukrainian: Цісар, цісарева (tsisar, tsisareva), also Ukrainian: цар/царь, царина (archaic transliteration: czar and czarina), Tsar, tsaryna (modern transliteration) Turkic languages: Turkish: Kayser (historical), Sezar (modern). Kayser-i-Rûm "Caesar of [Constantinople, the second] Rome", one of many subsidiary titles proclaiming the Ottoman Sultan (main imperial title Padishah) as (Muslim) successor to "Rum" as the Turks called the (Christian) Roman Empire (as Byzantium had continued to call itself), continuing to use the name for part of formerly Byzantine territory (compare the Seljuk Rum-sultanate) Uralic languages: Estonian: Keiser and Keisrinna; Finnish: Keisari and Keisarinna or Keisaritar; Hungarian: Császár and Császárnő; In various Romance and other languages, the imperial title was based on the Latin Imperator (a military mandate or a victory title), but Caesar or a derivation is still used for both the name and the minor ranks (still perceived as Latin).[citation needed] There have been other cases of a noun proper being turned into a title, such as Charlemagne's Latin name, including the epithet, Carolus (magnus), becoming Slavonic titles rendered as King: Kralj (Serbo-Croatian), Král (Czech) and Król (Polish), etc.[citation needed] However certain languages, especially Romance languages, also commonly use a "modernized" word (e.g., César in French) for the name, both referring to the Roman cognomen and modern use as a first name, and even to render the title Caesar, sometimes again extended to the derived imperial titles above.[citation needed] Yoruba language: Yoruba: Késárì Translation of the name Caesar first recorded in the first book translated to Yoruba, the bible. The Caesar in the bible refers to Emperor Augustus, who was referred to as Caesar. It was not used as a title for kings as it did not reach the language till the late 19th century and was not widely known till the 20th century. The main title for king was "Kábíyèsi", meaning one who cannot be questioned (Ká-bí-yò-èsi). Historiography[edit] Oswald Spengler used the term, Caesarism, in his book, The Decline of the West. List of holders[edit] This list is incomplete; you can help by adding missing items with reliable sources. Titus (proclaimed caesar, 69 AD) (augustus 24 June 79–13 September 81) Domitian (proclaimed caesar, 69 AD) (augustus 14 September 81–18 September 96) Antoninus Pius (proclaimed caesar, 25 February 138 ) (augustus 10 July 138 – 7 March 161) Marcus Aurelius (proclaimed caesar, 5 December 139) (augustus 7 March 161 – 17 March 180) Lucius Verus (proclaimed caesar, 12 October 166) (augustus 7 March 161 – January/February 169) Commodus (proclaimed caesar, 12 October 166) (augustus 27 November 176 – 31 December 192) Caracalla (proclaimed caesar, 195/6) (augustus 4 February 211 – 8 April 217) Geta (proclaimed caesar, 28 January 198) (augustus 4 February 211 – 2 February 212) Diadumenian (proclaimed caesar, April 217) (augustus May – June 218) Gordian III (proclaimed caesar, April 238) (augustus early August 238 – late January/early February 244) Volusianus (proclaimed caesar, June? 251) (augustus late June/early August 251 – late July/early August 253) Maximian (proclaimed caesar, 21 July 285 ) (augustus 1 April 286 – 1 May 305; end 306/early 307 – November 308) Constantius I (proclaimed caesar, 1 March 293) (augustus 1 May 305 – 25 July 306) Galerius (proclaimed caesar, 21 March 293) (augustus 1 May 305 – early May 311) Valerius Severus (proclaimed caesar, 1 May 305) (augustus 25 July 306 – April 307) Maximinus Daia (proclaimed caesar, 1 May 305) (augustus 1 May 310 – summer 313) Maxentius (proclaimed caesar, 28 October 306) (augustus Apr? 307 – 28 October 312) Constantine the Great (proclaimed caesar, 25 July 306) (augustus 25 July 306 – 22 May 337) Crispus (proclaimed caesar, 1 March 317) Licinius II (proclaimed caesar, 1 March 317) Constantine II (proclaimed caesar, 1 March 317) (augustus 9 Sep. 337 – early April 340) Constans (proclaimed caesar, 25 December 333) (augustus 9 Sep. 337 – 18 January 350) Constantius II (proclaimed caesar, 8 November 324) (augustus 9 Sep. 337 – 3 November 361) Constantius Gallus Julian (proclaimed caesar, 6 November 355) (augustus 3 November 361 – 26/7 June 363) Valentinian III (proclaimed caesar, 23 October 424) (augustus 23 October 425 – 16 March 455) Majorian (proclaimed caesar, 1 April 457) (augustus 28 December 457 – 2 August 461) Procopius Anthemius (proclaimed caesar, 25 March 467) (augustus 12 April 467 – 11 July 472) Leo II (proclaimed caesar, October 473) (augustus January – November 474) Byzantine Tervel, khan of the Bulgars, named in 705 by Justinian II (r. 685–695, 705–711). Theophobos, named by Theophilos (r. 829–842).[14] Alexios Mosele, named by Theophilos (r. 829–842). Bardas, named by his nephew Michael III (r. 842–867). Bardas Phokas, named by his son Nikephoros II (r. 963–969). John Doukas, named in 1059 by his brother Constantine X Doukas. Nikephoros Bryennios, named by his father-in-law Alexios I Komnenos Isaac Komnenos, named by his father Alexios I Komnenos (according to Ioannes Zonaras) George II of Georgia, brother of Empress Maria of Alania, in 1081. John Rogerios Dalassenos, named by John II Komnenos. Alexios Strategopoulos, named by Michael VIII Palaiologos (r. 1261–1282). Roger de Flor, leader of the Catalan Grand Company, named in 1304 by Andronikos II Palaiologos. Hrelja, likely named by John VI Kantakouzenos. Serbian Grgur Golubić, named in 1347 by Stefan Dušan. Vojihna, named in 1347 by Stefan Dušan. Preljub, named in 1348–49 by Stefan Dušan. Uglješa Vlatković, named by Uroš V. Nikola Radonja, named by Uroš V. Novak, named by Uroš V. See also[edit] Augustus (honorific) Caesaropapism Khosrow (word) References[edit] ^ Bury 1911, p. 36. sfn error: no target: CITEREFBury1911 (help) ^ a b c ODB, "Caesar" (A. Kazhdan), p. 363. ^ Bury 1911, pp. 20, 36. sfn error: no target: CITEREFBury1911 (help) ^ Verpeaux 1966, pp. 134–136. sfn error: multiple targets (2×): CITEREFVerpeaux1966 (help) ^ Verpeaux 1966, pp. 147–149. sfn error: multiple targets (2×): CITEREFVerpeaux1966 (help) ^ Middle Persian: 𐭪𐭩𐭮𐭫𐭩‎ kysly (Inscriptional Pahlavi), kysl (Book Pahlavi), transcribed as kēsar ^ Hurbanič, Martin (2019). The Avar Siege of Constantinople in 626: History and Legend. Springer. p. 234. ISBN 978-3-030-16684-7. ^ Michalis N. Michael; Matthias Kappler; Eftihios Gavriel (2009). Archivum Ottomanicum. Mouton. p. 10. ^ Christine Isom-Verhaaren; Kent F. Schull (11 April 2016). Living in the Ottoman Realm: Empire and Identity, 13th to 20th Centuries. Indiana University Press. pp. 38–. ISBN 978-0-253-01948-6. ^ Roger Crowley (2009). Constantinople: The Last Great Siege, 1453. Faber & Faber. pp. 13–. ISBN 978-0-571-25079-0. ^ "Gennadios II Scholarios". Encyclopaedia Britannica. Retrieved 13 July 2020. ^ Norwich, John Julius (1995). Byzantium:The Decline and Fall. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. pp. 81–82. ISBN 0-679-41650-1. ^ Halil, Inançik (2017). Kırım Hanlığı Tarihi Üzerine Araştırmalar 1441-1700: Seçme Eserleri - XI. ISBN 978-6052952511. ^ Juan Signes Codoñer (23 March 2016). The Emperor Theophilos and the East, 829–842: Court and Frontier in Byzantium During the Last Phase of Iconoclasm. Routledge. pp. 121–. ISBN 978-1-317-03427-8. Bibliography[edit] Pauly-Wissowa – Realencyclopädie der Classischen Altertumswissenschaft Bury, J. B. (1911). The Imperial Administrative System of the Ninth Century - With a Revised Text of the Kletorologion of Philotheos. London: Oxford University Press. OCLC 1046639111. Kazhdan, Alexander, ed. (1991). The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-504652-8. Verpeaux, Jean, ed. (1966). Pseudo-Kodinos, Traité des Offices (in French). Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique. Ferjančić, Božidar (1970). "Севастократори и кесари у Српском царству" [Sebastocrators and Caesares in the Serbian Empire]. Зборник Филозофског факултета. Belgrade: 255–269. Kazhdan, Alexander, ed. (1991). The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-504652-8. Verpeaux, Jean, ed. (1966). Pseudo-Kodinos, Traité des Offices (in French). Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique. v t e Ancient Rome topics Outline Timeline History Foundation Kingdom overthrow Republic Empire History Pax Romana Principate Dominate Western Empire fall historiography of the fall Byzantine Empire decline fall Constitution History Kingdom Republic Empire Late Empire Senate Legislative assemblies Curiate Centuriate Tribal Plebeian Executive magistrates SPQR Law Twelve Tables Mos maiorum Citizenship Auctoritas Imperium Status Litigation Government Curia Forum Cursus honorum Collegiality Emperor Legatus Dux Officium Prefect Vicarius Vigintisexviri Lictor Magister militum Imperator Princeps senatus Pontifex Maximus Augustus Caesar Tetrarch Optimates Populares Province Magistrates Ordinary Consul Censor Praetor Tribune Tribune of the Plebs Military tribune Quaestor Aedile Promagistrate Governor Extraordinary Rex Interrex Dictator Magister Equitum Decemviri Consular Tribune Triumvir Military History Borders Establishment Structure Campaigns Political control Strategy Engineering Frontiers and fortifications castra Technology Army Legion Infantry tactics Personal equipment Siege engines Navy Auxiliaries Decorations and punishments Hippika gymnasia Economy Agriculture Deforestation Commerce Finance Currency Republican currency Imperial currency Culture Architecture Art Bathing Calendar Clothing Cosmetics Cuisine Hairstyles Education Literature Music Mythology Religion Deities Romanization Roman people Sexuality Theatre Wine Society Patricians Plebs Conflict of the Orders Secessio plebis Equites Gens Tribes Assembly Naming conventions Demography Women Marriage Adoption Slavery Bagaudae Technology Amphitheatres Aqueducts Bridges Circuses Civil engineering Concrete Domes Metallurgy Numerals Roads Temples Theatres Sanitation Thermae Latin History Alphabet Versions Old Classical Vulgar Late Medieval Renaissance New Contemporary Ecclesiastical Romance languages Writers Latin Aelius Donatus Ammianus Marcellinus Appuleius Asconius Pedianus Augustine Aurelius Victor Ausonius Boëthius Caesar Catullus Cassiodorus Censorinus Cicero Claudian Columella Cornelius Nepos Ennius Eutropius Fabius Pictor Sextus Pompeius Festus Rufus Festus Florus Frontinus Fronto Fulgentius Gellius Horace Hydatius Hyginus Jerome Jordanes Julius Paulus Justin Juvenal Lactantius Livy Lucan Lucretius Macrobius Marcellus Empiricus Marcus Aurelius Manilius Martial Nicolaus Damascenus Nonius Marcellus Obsequens Orosius Ovid Petronius Phaedrus Plautus Pliny the Elder Pliny the Younger Pomponius Mela Priscian Propertius Quadrigarius Quintilian Quintus Curtius Rufus Sallust Seneca the Elder Seneca the Younger Servius Sidonius Apollinaris Silius Italicus Statius Suetonius Symmachus Tacitus Terence Tertullian Tibullus Valerius Antias Valerius Maximus Varro Velleius Paterculus Verrius Flaccus Vergil Vitruvius Greek Aelian Aëtius of Amida Appian Arrian Cassius Dio Diodorus Siculus Diogenes Laërtius Dionysius of Halicarnassus Dioscorides Eusebius of Caesaria Galen Herodian Josephus Julian Libanius Lucian Pausanias Philostratus Phlegon of Tralles Photius Plutarch Polyaenus Polybius Porphyrius Priscus Procopius Simplicius of Cilicia Sozomen Stephanus Byzantinus Strabo Themistius Theodoret Zonaras Zosimus Major cities Alexandria Antioch Aquileia Berytus Bononia Carthage Constantinopolis Eboracum Leptis Magna Londinium Lugdunum Lutetia Mediolanum Pompeii Ravenna Roma Smyrna Vindobona Volubilis Lists and other topics Cities and towns Climate Consuls Dictators Distinguished women Dynasties Emperors Generals Gentes Geographers Institutions Laws Legacy Legions Magistri equitum Nomina Pontifices Maximi Praetors Quaestors Tribunes Roman–Iranian relations Wars and battles Civil wars and revolts Fiction Films v t e Order of Byzantine palace offices (after pseudo-Kodinos) Despotes Sebastokrator Caesar Megas domestikos Panhypersebastos Protovestiarios Megas doux Protostrator Megas logothetes Megas stratopedarches Megas primmikerios Megas konostaulos Protosebastos Pinkernes Kouropalates Parakoimomenos tes sphendones Parakoimomenos tou koitonos Logothetes tou genikou Protovestiarites Domestikos tes trapezes Epi tes trapezes Megas papias Eparchos Megas droungarios tes vigles Megas hetaireiarches Megas chartoullarios Logothetes tou dromou Protasekretis Epi tou stratou Mystikos Domestikos ton scholon Megas droungarios tou stolou Primmikerios tes aules Protospatharios Megas archon Tatas tes aules Megas tzaousios Praitor tou demou Logothetes ton oikeiakon Megas logariastes Protokynegos Skouterios Ameralios Epi ton deeseon Koiaistor Megas adnoumiastes Logothetes tou stratiotikou Protoierakarios Logothetes ton agelon Megas diermeneutes Akolouthos Krites tou phossatou Archon tou allagiou Protallagator Megas dioiketes Orphanotrophos Protonotarios Epi ton anamneseon Domestikos ton teicheon Prokathemenos of the koiton Prokathemenos of the vestiarion Vestiariou Hetaireiarches Logariastes tes aules Stratopedarches of the monokaballoi Stratopedarches of the tzangratores Stratopedarches of the mourtatoi Stratopedarches of the Tzakones Prokathemenos of the Great Palace Prokathemenos of the Palace of Blachernae Domestikos of the themata Domestikos of the eastern themata Domestikos of the western themata Megas myrtaïtes Protokomes Papias Droungarios Sebastos Myrtaïtes Prokathemenoi of the cities according to their importance (unknown rank) Epi tou kanikleiou (unknown rank) Megas baïoulos Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Caesar_(title)&oldid=996766966" Categories: Ancient Roman titles Titles of national or ethnic leadership Byzantine court titles Caesares Imperial titles Hidden categories: Harv and Sfn no-target errors Harv and Sfn multiple-target errors Articles containing Middle Persian-language text Articles with short description Short description matches Wikidata Use dmy dates from July 2020 Pages using infobox name with unknown parameters Articles containing Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text All accuracy disputes Articles with disputed statements from March 2018 Articles containing Persian-language text Articles containing Ottoman Turkish (1500-1928)-language text Articles needing additional references from May 2014 All articles needing additional references Articles needing cleanup from May 2014 All pages needing cleanup Cleanup tagged articles with a reason field from May 2014 Wikipedia pages needing cleanup from May 2014 Articles with multiple maintenance issues Articles containing Hebrew-language text Articles containing Albanian-language text Articles containing Armenian-language text Articles containing Greek-language text Articles containing Latvian-language text Articles containing Danish-language text Articles containing Dutch-language text Articles containing German-language text Articles containing Icelandic-language text Articles containing Faroese-language text Articles containing Norwegian-language text Articles containing Swedish-language text Articles containing Belarusian-language text Articles containing Bulgarian-language text Articles containing Czech-language text Articles containing Macedonian-language text Articles containing Polish-language text Articles containing Russian-language text Articles containing Serbo-Croatian-language text Articles containing Slovak-language text Articles containing Ukrainian-language text Articles containing Turkish-language text Articles containing Estonian-language text Articles containing Finnish-language text Articles containing Hungarian-language text All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from February 2019 Articles containing Yoruba-language text Incomplete lists from January 2019 CS1 French-language sources (fr) Navigation menu Personal tools Not logged in Talk Contributions Create account Log in Namespaces Article Talk Variants Views Read Edit View history More Search Navigation Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Donate Contribute Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Tools What links here Related changes Upload file Special pages Permanent link Page information Cite this page Wikidata item Print/export Download as PDF Printable version Languages Alemannisch العربية Azərbaycanca Беларуская Български Brezhoneg Català Cebuano Čeština Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Frysk 客家語/Hak-kâ-ngî 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Italiano Қазақша Latina Magyar Македонски മലയാളം Nederlands 日本語 Norsk bokmål Norsk nynorsk Occitan Piemontèis Polski Português Română Русский Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 粵語 Zazaki 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 28 December 2020, at 14:24 (UTC). Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization. Privacy policy About Wikipedia Disclaimers Contact Wikipedia Mobile view Developers Statistics Cookie statement