id sid tid token lemma pos en-wikipedia-org-2458 1 1 Neume Neume NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 1 2 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-2458 1 3 Wikipedia wikipedia NN en-wikipedia-org-2458 1 4 Neume Neume NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 1 5 From from IN en-wikipedia-org-2458 1 6 Wikipedia Wikipedia NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 1 7 , , , en-wikipedia-org-2458 1 8 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-2458 1 9 free free JJ en-wikipedia-org-2458 1 10 encyclopedia encyclopedia NN en-wikipedia-org-2458 1 11       _SP en-wikipedia-org-2458 1 12 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-2458 1 13 Redirected redirect VBN en-wikipedia-org-2458 1 14 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-2458 1 15 Neumes Neumes NNPS en-wikipedia-org-2458 1 16 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-2458 1 17 Jump jump VB en-wikipedia-org-2458 1 18 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-2458 1 19 navigation navigation NN en-wikipedia-org-2458 1 20 Jump Jump NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 1 21 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-2458 1 22 search search VB en-wikipedia-org-2458 1 23 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-2458 1 24 Daseia Daseia NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 1 25 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-2458 1 26 redirects redirect VBZ en-wikipedia-org-2458 1 27 here here RB en-wikipedia-org-2458 1 28 . . . en-wikipedia-org-2458 2 1 For for IN en-wikipedia-org-2458 2 2 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-2458 2 3 Greek greek JJ en-wikipedia-org-2458 2 4 diacritic diacritic NN en-wikipedia-org-2458 2 5 , , , en-wikipedia-org-2458 2 6 see see VBP en-wikipedia-org-2458 2 7 rough rough JJ en-wikipedia-org-2458 2 8 breathing breathing NN en-wikipedia-org-2458 2 9 . . . en-wikipedia-org-2458 3 1 A a DT en-wikipedia-org-2458 3 2 sample sample NN en-wikipedia-org-2458 3 3 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-2458 3 4 Kýrie Kýrie NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 3 5 Eléison Eléison NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 3 6 XI XI NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 3 7 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-2458 3 8 Orbis Orbis NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 3 9 Factor Factor NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 3 10 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-2458 3 11 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-2458 3 12 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-2458 3 13 Liber Liber NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 3 14 Usualis Usualis NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 3 15 . . . en-wikipedia-org-2458 4 1 Listen listen VB en-wikipedia-org-2458 4 2 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-2458 4 3 it -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-2458 4 4 interpreted interpret VBD en-wikipedia-org-2458 4 5 . . . en-wikipedia-org-2458 5 1 A a DT en-wikipedia-org-2458 5 2 neume neume NN en-wikipedia-org-2458 5 3 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-2458 5 4 /ˈnjuːm/ /ˈnjuːm/ JJ en-wikipedia-org-2458 5 5 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-2458 5 6 sometimes sometimes RB en-wikipedia-org-2458 5 7 spelled spell VBN en-wikipedia-org-2458 5 8 neum)[1][2][3 neum)[1][2][3 '' en-wikipedia-org-2458 5 9 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-2458 5 10 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-2458 5 11 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-2458 5 12 basic basic JJ en-wikipedia-org-2458 5 13 element element NN en-wikipedia-org-2458 5 14 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-2458 5 15 Western western JJ en-wikipedia-org-2458 5 16 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-2458 5 17 Eastern eastern JJ en-wikipedia-org-2458 5 18 systems system NNS en-wikipedia-org-2458 5 19 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-2458 5 20 musical musical JJ en-wikipedia-org-2458 5 21 notation notation NN en-wikipedia-org-2458 5 22 prior prior RB en-wikipedia-org-2458 5 23 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-2458 5 24 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-2458 5 25 invention invention NN en-wikipedia-org-2458 5 26 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-2458 5 27 five five CD en-wikipedia-org-2458 5 28 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-2458 5 29 line line NN en-wikipedia-org-2458 5 30 staff staff NN en-wikipedia-org-2458 5 31 notation notation NN en-wikipedia-org-2458 5 32 . . . en-wikipedia-org-2458 6 1 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-2458 6 2 earliest early JJS en-wikipedia-org-2458 6 3 neumes neume NNS en-wikipedia-org-2458 6 4 were be VBD en-wikipedia-org-2458 6 5 inflective inflective JJ en-wikipedia-org-2458 6 6 marks mark NNS en-wikipedia-org-2458 6 7 that that WDT en-wikipedia-org-2458 6 8 indicated indicate VBD en-wikipedia-org-2458 6 9 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-2458 6 10 general general JJ en-wikipedia-org-2458 6 11 shape shape NN en-wikipedia-org-2458 6 12 but but CC en-wikipedia-org-2458 6 13 not not RB en-wikipedia-org-2458 6 14 necessarily necessarily RB en-wikipedia-org-2458 6 15 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-2458 6 16 exact exact JJ en-wikipedia-org-2458 6 17 notes note NNS en-wikipedia-org-2458 6 18 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-2458 6 19 rhythms rhythm NNS en-wikipedia-org-2458 6 20 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-2458 6 21 be be VB en-wikipedia-org-2458 6 22 sung sing VBN en-wikipedia-org-2458 6 23 . . . en-wikipedia-org-2458 7 1 Later later JJ en-wikipedia-org-2458 7 2 developments development NNS en-wikipedia-org-2458 7 3 included include VBD en-wikipedia-org-2458 7 4 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-2458 7 5 use use NN en-wikipedia-org-2458 7 6 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-2458 7 7 heightened heighten VBN en-wikipedia-org-2458 7 8 neumes neume NNS en-wikipedia-org-2458 7 9 that that WDT en-wikipedia-org-2458 7 10 showed show VBD en-wikipedia-org-2458 7 11 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-2458 7 12 relative relative JJ en-wikipedia-org-2458 7 13 pitches pitch NNS en-wikipedia-org-2458 7 14 between between IN en-wikipedia-org-2458 7 15 neumes neume NNS en-wikipedia-org-2458 7 16 , , , en-wikipedia-org-2458 7 17 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-2458 7 18 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-2458 7 19 creation creation NN en-wikipedia-org-2458 7 20 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-2458 7 21 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-2458 7 22 four four CD en-wikipedia-org-2458 7 23 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-2458 7 24 line line NN en-wikipedia-org-2458 7 25 musical musical JJ en-wikipedia-org-2458 7 26 staff staff NN en-wikipedia-org-2458 7 27 that that WDT en-wikipedia-org-2458 7 28 identified identify VBD en-wikipedia-org-2458 7 29 particular particular JJ en-wikipedia-org-2458 7 30 pitches pitch NNS en-wikipedia-org-2458 7 31 . . . en-wikipedia-org-2458 8 1 Neumes neume NNS en-wikipedia-org-2458 8 2 do do VBP en-wikipedia-org-2458 8 3 not not RB en-wikipedia-org-2458 8 4 generally generally RB en-wikipedia-org-2458 8 5 indicate indicate VB en-wikipedia-org-2458 8 6 rhythm rhythm NN en-wikipedia-org-2458 8 7 , , , en-wikipedia-org-2458 8 8 but but CC en-wikipedia-org-2458 8 9 additional additional JJ en-wikipedia-org-2458 8 10 symbols symbol NNS en-wikipedia-org-2458 8 11 were be VBD en-wikipedia-org-2458 8 12 sometimes sometimes RB en-wikipedia-org-2458 8 13 juxtaposed juxtapose VBN en-wikipedia-org-2458 8 14 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-2458 8 15 neumes neume NNS en-wikipedia-org-2458 8 16 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-2458 8 17 indicate indicate VB en-wikipedia-org-2458 8 18 changes change NNS en-wikipedia-org-2458 8 19 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-2458 8 20 articulation articulation NN en-wikipedia-org-2458 8 21 , , , en-wikipedia-org-2458 8 22 duration duration NN en-wikipedia-org-2458 8 23 , , , en-wikipedia-org-2458 8 24 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-2458 8 25 tempo tempo NN en-wikipedia-org-2458 8 26 . . . en-wikipedia-org-2458 9 1 Neumatic neumatic JJ en-wikipedia-org-2458 9 2 notation notation NN en-wikipedia-org-2458 9 3 was be VBD en-wikipedia-org-2458 9 4 later later RB en-wikipedia-org-2458 9 5 used use VBN en-wikipedia-org-2458 9 6 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-2458 9 7 medieval medieval JJ en-wikipedia-org-2458 9 8 music music NN en-wikipedia-org-2458 9 9 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-2458 9 10 indicate indicate VB en-wikipedia-org-2458 9 11 certain certain JJ en-wikipedia-org-2458 9 12 patterns pattern NNS en-wikipedia-org-2458 9 13 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-2458 9 14 rhythm rhythm NN en-wikipedia-org-2458 9 15 called call VBD en-wikipedia-org-2458 9 16 rhythmic rhythmic JJ en-wikipedia-org-2458 9 17 modes mode NNS en-wikipedia-org-2458 9 18 , , , en-wikipedia-org-2458 9 19 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-2458 9 20 eventually eventually RB en-wikipedia-org-2458 9 21 evolved evolve VBD en-wikipedia-org-2458 9 22 into into IN en-wikipedia-org-2458 9 23 modern modern JJ en-wikipedia-org-2458 9 24 musical musical JJ en-wikipedia-org-2458 9 25 notation notation NN en-wikipedia-org-2458 9 26 . . . en-wikipedia-org-2458 10 1 Neumatic neumatic JJ en-wikipedia-org-2458 10 2 notation notation NN en-wikipedia-org-2458 10 3 remains remain VBZ en-wikipedia-org-2458 10 4 standard standard JJ en-wikipedia-org-2458 10 5 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-2458 10 6 modern modern JJ en-wikipedia-org-2458 10 7 editions edition NNS en-wikipedia-org-2458 10 8 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-2458 10 9 plainchant plainchant NN en-wikipedia-org-2458 10 10 . . . en-wikipedia-org-2458 11 1 Contents content NNS en-wikipedia-org-2458 11 2 1 1 CD en-wikipedia-org-2458 11 3 Etymology etymology NN en-wikipedia-org-2458 11 4 2 2 CD en-wikipedia-org-2458 11 5 Early early JJ en-wikipedia-org-2458 11 6 history history NN en-wikipedia-org-2458 11 7 3 3 CD en-wikipedia-org-2458 11 8 Western western JJ en-wikipedia-org-2458 11 9 plainchant plainchant NN en-wikipedia-org-2458 11 10 4 4 CD en-wikipedia-org-2458 11 11 Solesmes Solesmes NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 11 12 notation notation NN en-wikipedia-org-2458 11 13 5 5 CD en-wikipedia-org-2458 11 14 Rhythmic rhythmic JJ en-wikipedia-org-2458 11 15 interpretation interpretation NN en-wikipedia-org-2458 11 16 6 6 CD en-wikipedia-org-2458 11 17 Illustrations illustration NNS en-wikipedia-org-2458 11 18 6.1 6.1 CD en-wikipedia-org-2458 11 19 Clefs clef NNS en-wikipedia-org-2458 11 20 6.2 6.2 CD en-wikipedia-org-2458 11 21 Single single JJ en-wikipedia-org-2458 11 22 notes note NNS en-wikipedia-org-2458 11 23 6.3 6.3 CD en-wikipedia-org-2458 11 24 Two two CD en-wikipedia-org-2458 11 25 notes note VBZ en-wikipedia-org-2458 11 26 6.4 6.4 CD en-wikipedia-org-2458 11 27 Three three CD en-wikipedia-org-2458 11 28 notes note VBZ en-wikipedia-org-2458 11 29 6.5 6.5 CD en-wikipedia-org-2458 11 30 Compound Compound NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 11 31 neumes neume NNS en-wikipedia-org-2458 11 32 6.6 6.6 CD en-wikipedia-org-2458 11 33 Other other JJ en-wikipedia-org-2458 11 34 basic basic JJ en-wikipedia-org-2458 11 35 markings marking NNS en-wikipedia-org-2458 11 36 6.7 6.7 CD en-wikipedia-org-2458 11 37 Interpretive interpretive JJ en-wikipedia-org-2458 11 38 marks mark NNS en-wikipedia-org-2458 11 39 7 7 CD en-wikipedia-org-2458 11 40 Other other JJ en-wikipedia-org-2458 11 41 functions function NNS en-wikipedia-org-2458 11 42 8 8 CD en-wikipedia-org-2458 11 43 Other other JJ en-wikipedia-org-2458 11 44 types type NNS en-wikipedia-org-2458 11 45 9 9 CD en-wikipedia-org-2458 11 46 Digital Digital NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 11 47 notation notation NN en-wikipedia-org-2458 11 48 10 10 CD en-wikipedia-org-2458 11 49 See see NN en-wikipedia-org-2458 11 50 also also RB en-wikipedia-org-2458 11 51 11 11 CD en-wikipedia-org-2458 11 52 Notes note NNS en-wikipedia-org-2458 11 53 12 12 CD en-wikipedia-org-2458 11 54 References reference NNS en-wikipedia-org-2458 11 55 13 13 CD en-wikipedia-org-2458 11 56 External external JJ en-wikipedia-org-2458 11 57 links link NNS en-wikipedia-org-2458 11 58 Etymology[edit etymology[edit NN en-wikipedia-org-2458 11 59 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-2458 11 60 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-2458 11 61 word word NN en-wikipedia-org-2458 11 62 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-2458 11 63 neume neume NN en-wikipedia-org-2458 11 64 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-2458 11 65 entered enter VBD en-wikipedia-org-2458 11 66 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-2458 11 67 English english JJ en-wikipedia-org-2458 11 68 language language NN en-wikipedia-org-2458 11 69 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-2458 11 70 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-2458 11 71 Middle Middle NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 11 72 English English NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 11 73 forms form NNS en-wikipedia-org-2458 11 74 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-2458 11 75 newme newme NN en-wikipedia-org-2458 11 76 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-2458 11 77 , , , en-wikipedia-org-2458 11 78 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-2458 11 79 nevme nevme NN en-wikipedia-org-2458 11 80 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-2458 11 81 , , , en-wikipedia-org-2458 11 82 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-2458 11 83 neme neme NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 11 84 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-2458 11 85 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-2458 11 86 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-2458 11 87 15th 15th JJ en-wikipedia-org-2458 11 88 century century NN en-wikipedia-org-2458 11 89 , , , en-wikipedia-org-2458 11 90 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-2458 11 91 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-2458 11 92 Middle Middle NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 11 93 French French NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 11 94 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-2458 11 95 neume neume NN en-wikipedia-org-2458 11 96 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-2458 11 97 , , , en-wikipedia-org-2458 11 98 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-2458 11 99 turn turn NN en-wikipedia-org-2458 11 100 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-2458 11 101 either either CC en-wikipedia-org-2458 11 102 medieval medieval JJ en-wikipedia-org-2458 11 103 Latin Latin NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 11 104 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-2458 11 105 pneuma pneuma NN en-wikipedia-org-2458 11 106 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-2458 11 107 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-2458 11 108 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-2458 11 109 neuma neuma NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 11 110 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-2458 11 111 , , , en-wikipedia-org-2458 11 112 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-2458 11 113 former former JJ en-wikipedia-org-2458 11 114 either either CC en-wikipedia-org-2458 11 115 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-2458 11 116 ancient ancient JJ en-wikipedia-org-2458 11 117 Greek greek JJ en-wikipedia-org-2458 11 118 πνεῦμα πνεῦμα NN en-wikipedia-org-2458 11 119 pneuma pneuma NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 11 120 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-2458 11 121 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-2458 11 122 breath breath NN en-wikipedia-org-2458 11 123 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-2458 11 124 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-2458 11 125 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-2458 11 126 νεῦμα νεῦμα NN en-wikipedia-org-2458 11 127 neuma neuma NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 11 128 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-2458 11 129 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-2458 11 130 sign"),[4][5 sign"),[4][5 FW en-wikipedia-org-2458 11 131 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-2458 11 132 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-2458 11 133 else else RB en-wikipedia-org-2458 11 134 directly directly RB en-wikipedia-org-2458 11 135 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-2458 11 136 Greek Greek NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 11 137 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-2458 11 138 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-2458 11 139 corruption corruption NN en-wikipedia-org-2458 11 140 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-2458 11 141 an an DT en-wikipedia-org-2458 11 142 adaptation adaptation NN en-wikipedia-org-2458 11 143 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-2458 11 144 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-2458 11 145 former former JJ en-wikipedia-org-2458 11 146 . . . en-wikipedia-org-2458 12 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-2458 12 2 6][citation 6][citation CD en-wikipedia-org-2458 12 3 needed need VBN en-wikipedia-org-2458 12 4 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-2458 12 5 Early early RB en-wikipedia-org-2458 12 6 history[edit history[edit VBN en-wikipedia-org-2458 12 7 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-2458 12 8 Although although IN en-wikipedia-org-2458 12 9 chant chant NN en-wikipedia-org-2458 12 10 was be VBD en-wikipedia-org-2458 12 11 probably probably RB en-wikipedia-org-2458 12 12 sung sing VBN en-wikipedia-org-2458 12 13 since since IN en-wikipedia-org-2458 12 14 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-2458 12 15 earliest early JJS en-wikipedia-org-2458 12 16 days day NNS en-wikipedia-org-2458 12 17 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-2458 12 18 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-2458 12 19 church church NN en-wikipedia-org-2458 12 20 , , , en-wikipedia-org-2458 12 21 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-2458 12 22 centuries century NNS en-wikipedia-org-2458 12 23 they -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-2458 12 24 were be VBD en-wikipedia-org-2458 12 25 only only RB en-wikipedia-org-2458 12 26 transmitted transmit VBN en-wikipedia-org-2458 12 27 orally orally RB en-wikipedia-org-2458 12 28 . . . en-wikipedia-org-2458 13 1 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-2458 13 2 earliest early JJS en-wikipedia-org-2458 13 3 known know VBN en-wikipedia-org-2458 13 4 systems system NNS en-wikipedia-org-2458 13 5 involving involve VBG en-wikipedia-org-2458 13 6 neumes neume NNS en-wikipedia-org-2458 13 7 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-2458 13 8 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-2458 13 9 Aramaic Aramaic NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 13 10 origin origin NN en-wikipedia-org-2458 13 11 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-2458 13 12 were be VBD en-wikipedia-org-2458 13 13 used use VBN en-wikipedia-org-2458 13 14 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-2458 13 15 notate notate VB en-wikipedia-org-2458 13 16 inflections inflection NNS en-wikipedia-org-2458 13 17 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-2458 13 18 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-2458 13 19 quasi quasi JJ en-wikipedia-org-2458 13 20 - - NN en-wikipedia-org-2458 13 21 emmelic emmelic JJ en-wikipedia-org-2458 13 22 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-2458 13 23 melodic melodic JJ en-wikipedia-org-2458 13 24 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-2458 13 25 recitation recitation NN en-wikipedia-org-2458 13 26 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-2458 13 27 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-2458 13 28 Christian christian JJ en-wikipedia-org-2458 13 29 holy holy JJ en-wikipedia-org-2458 13 30 scriptures scripture NNS en-wikipedia-org-2458 13 31 . . . en-wikipedia-org-2458 14 1 As as IN en-wikipedia-org-2458 14 2 such such JJ en-wikipedia-org-2458 14 3 they -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-2458 14 4 resemble resemble VBP en-wikipedia-org-2458 14 5 functionally functionally RB en-wikipedia-org-2458 14 6 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-2458 14 7 similar similar JJ en-wikipedia-org-2458 14 8 system system NN en-wikipedia-org-2458 14 9 used use VBN en-wikipedia-org-2458 14 10 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-2458 14 11 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-2458 14 12 notation notation NN en-wikipedia-org-2458 14 13 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-2458 14 14 recitation recitation NN en-wikipedia-org-2458 14 15 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-2458 14 16 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-2458 14 17 Qur'an Qur'an NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 14 18 , , , en-wikipedia-org-2458 14 19 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-2458 14 20 holy holy JJ en-wikipedia-org-2458 14 21 book book NN en-wikipedia-org-2458 14 22 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-2458 14 23 Islam Islam NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 14 24 . . . en-wikipedia-org-2458 15 1 This this DT en-wikipedia-org-2458 15 2 early early JJ en-wikipedia-org-2458 15 3 system system NN en-wikipedia-org-2458 15 4 was be VBD en-wikipedia-org-2458 15 5 called call VBN en-wikipedia-org-2458 15 6 ekphonetic ekphonetic JJ en-wikipedia-org-2458 15 7 notation notation NN en-wikipedia-org-2458 15 8 , , , en-wikipedia-org-2458 15 9 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-2458 15 10 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-2458 15 11 Greek greek JJ en-wikipedia-org-2458 15 12 ἐκφώνησις ἐκφώνησις NN en-wikipedia-org-2458 15 13 ekphonesis ekphonesis NN en-wikipedia-org-2458 15 14 meaning meaning NN en-wikipedia-org-2458 15 15 quasi quasi JJ en-wikipedia-org-2458 15 16 - - JJ en-wikipedia-org-2458 15 17 melodic melodic JJ en-wikipedia-org-2458 15 18 recitation recitation NN en-wikipedia-org-2458 15 19 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-2458 15 20 text text NN en-wikipedia-org-2458 15 21 . . . en-wikipedia-org-2458 16 1 Around around IN en-wikipedia-org-2458 16 2 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-2458 16 3 9th 9th JJ en-wikipedia-org-2458 16 4 century century NN en-wikipedia-org-2458 16 5 neumes neume NNS en-wikipedia-org-2458 16 6 began begin VBD en-wikipedia-org-2458 16 7 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-2458 16 8 become become VB en-wikipedia-org-2458 16 9 shorthand shorthand NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 16 10 mnemonic mnemonic NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 16 11 aids aids NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 16 12 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-2458 16 13 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-2458 16 14 proper proper JJ en-wikipedia-org-2458 16 15 melodic melodic JJ en-wikipedia-org-2458 16 16 recitation recitation NN en-wikipedia-org-2458 16 17 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-2458 16 18 chant chant NN en-wikipedia-org-2458 16 19 . . . en-wikipedia-org-2458 17 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-2458 17 2 7 7 LS en-wikipedia-org-2458 17 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-2458 17 4 A a DT en-wikipedia-org-2458 17 5 prevalent prevalent JJ en-wikipedia-org-2458 17 6 view view NN en-wikipedia-org-2458 17 7 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-2458 17 8 that that IN en-wikipedia-org-2458 17 9 neumatic neumatic JJ en-wikipedia-org-2458 17 10 notation notation NN en-wikipedia-org-2458 17 11 was be VBD en-wikipedia-org-2458 17 12 first first RB en-wikipedia-org-2458 17 13 developed develop VBN en-wikipedia-org-2458 17 14 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-2458 17 15 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-2458 17 16 Eastern Eastern NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 17 17 Roman Roman NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 17 18 Empire Empire NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 17 19 . . . en-wikipedia-org-2458 18 1 This this DT en-wikipedia-org-2458 18 2 seems seem VBZ en-wikipedia-org-2458 18 3 plausible plausible JJ en-wikipedia-org-2458 18 4 given give VBN en-wikipedia-org-2458 18 5 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-2458 18 6 well well RB en-wikipedia-org-2458 18 7 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-2458 18 8 documented document VBN en-wikipedia-org-2458 18 9 peak peak NN en-wikipedia-org-2458 18 10 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-2458 18 11 musical musical JJ en-wikipedia-org-2458 18 12 composition composition NN en-wikipedia-org-2458 18 13 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-2458 18 14 cultural cultural JJ en-wikipedia-org-2458 18 15 activity activity NN en-wikipedia-org-2458 18 16 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-2458 18 17 major major JJ en-wikipedia-org-2458 18 18 cities city NNS en-wikipedia-org-2458 18 19 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-2458 18 20 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-2458 18 21 empire empire NN en-wikipedia-org-2458 18 22 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-2458 18 23 now now RB en-wikipedia-org-2458 18 24 regions region NNS en-wikipedia-org-2458 18 25 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-2458 18 26 southern southern JJ en-wikipedia-org-2458 18 27 Turkey Turkey NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 18 28 , , , en-wikipedia-org-2458 18 29 Syria Syria NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 18 30 , , , en-wikipedia-org-2458 18 31 Lebanon Lebanon NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 18 32 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-2458 18 33 Israel Israel NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 18 34 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-2458 18 35 at at IN en-wikipedia-org-2458 18 36 that that DT en-wikipedia-org-2458 18 37 time time NN en-wikipedia-org-2458 18 38 . . . en-wikipedia-org-2458 19 1 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-2458 19 2 corpus corpus NN en-wikipedia-org-2458 19 3 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-2458 19 4 extant extant JJ en-wikipedia-org-2458 19 5 Byzantine byzantine JJ en-wikipedia-org-2458 19 6 music music NN en-wikipedia-org-2458 19 7 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-2458 19 8 manuscript manuscript NN en-wikipedia-org-2458 19 9 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-2458 19 10 printed print VBN en-wikipedia-org-2458 19 11 form form NN en-wikipedia-org-2458 19 12 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-2458 19 13 far far RB en-wikipedia-org-2458 19 14 larger large JJR en-wikipedia-org-2458 19 15 than than IN en-wikipedia-org-2458 19 16 that that DT en-wikipedia-org-2458 19 17 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-2458 19 18 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-2458 19 19 Gregorian gregorian JJ en-wikipedia-org-2458 19 20 chant chant NN en-wikipedia-org-2458 19 21 , , , en-wikipedia-org-2458 19 22 due due JJ en-wikipedia-org-2458 19 23 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-2458 19 24 part part NN en-wikipedia-org-2458 19 25 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-2458 19 26 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-2458 19 27 fact fact NN en-wikipedia-org-2458 19 28 that that IN en-wikipedia-org-2458 19 29 neumes neume NNS en-wikipedia-org-2458 19 30 fell fall VBD en-wikipedia-org-2458 19 31 into into IN en-wikipedia-org-2458 19 32 disuse disuse NN en-wikipedia-org-2458 19 33 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-2458 19 34 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-2458 19 35 west west NN en-wikipedia-org-2458 19 36 after after IN en-wikipedia-org-2458 19 37 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-2458 19 38 rise rise NN en-wikipedia-org-2458 19 39 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-2458 19 40 modern modern JJ en-wikipedia-org-2458 19 41 staff staff NN en-wikipedia-org-2458 19 42 notation notation NN en-wikipedia-org-2458 19 43 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-2458 19 44 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-2458 19 45 it -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-2458 19 46 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-2458 19 47 new new JJ en-wikipedia-org-2458 19 48 techniques technique NNS en-wikipedia-org-2458 19 49 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-2458 19 50 polyphonic polyphonic NN en-wikipedia-org-2458 19 51 music music NN en-wikipedia-org-2458 19 52 , , , en-wikipedia-org-2458 19 53 while while IN en-wikipedia-org-2458 19 54 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-2458 19 55 Eastern eastern JJ en-wikipedia-org-2458 19 56 tradition tradition NN en-wikipedia-org-2458 19 57 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-2458 19 58 Greek greek JJ en-wikipedia-org-2458 19 59 orthodox orthodox JJ en-wikipedia-org-2458 19 60 church church NN en-wikipedia-org-2458 19 61 music music NN en-wikipedia-org-2458 19 62 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-2458 19 63 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-2458 19 64 reformed reform VBN en-wikipedia-org-2458 19 65 neume neume NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 19 66 notation notation NN en-wikipedia-org-2458 19 67 remains remain VBZ en-wikipedia-org-2458 19 68 alive alive JJ en-wikipedia-org-2458 19 69 today today NN en-wikipedia-org-2458 19 70 . . . en-wikipedia-org-2458 20 1 Slavic slavic JJ en-wikipedia-org-2458 20 2 neume neume NN en-wikipedia-org-2458 20 3 notations notation NNS en-wikipedia-org-2458 20 4 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-2458 20 5 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-2458 20 6 Znamenny Znamenny NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 20 7 Chant Chant NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 20 8 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-2458 20 9 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-2458 20 10 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-2458 20 11 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-2458 20 12 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-2458 20 13 whole whole NN en-wikipedia-org-2458 20 14 even even RB en-wikipedia-org-2458 20 15 more more RBR en-wikipedia-org-2458 20 16 difficult difficult JJ en-wikipedia-org-2458 20 17 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-2458 20 18 decipher decipher VB en-wikipedia-org-2458 20 19 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-2458 20 20 transcribe transcribe NN en-wikipedia-org-2458 20 21 than than IN en-wikipedia-org-2458 20 22 Byzantine byzantine JJ en-wikipedia-org-2458 20 23 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-2458 20 24 Gregorian gregorian JJ en-wikipedia-org-2458 20 25 neume neume JJ en-wikipedia-org-2458 20 26 notations notation NNS en-wikipedia-org-2458 20 27 . . . en-wikipedia-org-2458 21 1 Western western JJ en-wikipedia-org-2458 21 2 plainchant[edit plainchant[edit NFP en-wikipedia-org-2458 21 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-2458 21 4 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-2458 21 5 Iubilate iubilate VB en-wikipedia-org-2458 21 6 deo deo NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 21 7 universa universa JJ en-wikipedia-org-2458 21 8 terra terra NN en-wikipedia-org-2458 21 9 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-2458 21 10 shows show VBZ en-wikipedia-org-2458 21 11 psalm psalm JJ en-wikipedia-org-2458 21 12 verses verse NNS en-wikipedia-org-2458 21 13 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-2458 21 14 unheightened unheightened JJ en-wikipedia-org-2458 21 15 cheironomic cheironomic JJ en-wikipedia-org-2458 21 16 neumes neume NNS en-wikipedia-org-2458 21 17 . . . en-wikipedia-org-2458 22 1 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-2458 22 2 earliest early JJS en-wikipedia-org-2458 22 3 Western western JJ en-wikipedia-org-2458 22 4 notation notation NN en-wikipedia-org-2458 22 5 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-2458 22 6 chant chant JJ en-wikipedia-org-2458 22 7 appears appear NNS en-wikipedia-org-2458 22 8 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-2458 22 9 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-2458 22 10 9th 9th JJ en-wikipedia-org-2458 22 11 century century NN en-wikipedia-org-2458 22 12 . . . en-wikipedia-org-2458 23 1 These these DT en-wikipedia-org-2458 23 2 early early JJ en-wikipedia-org-2458 23 3 staffless staffless NN en-wikipedia-org-2458 23 4 neumes neume NNS en-wikipedia-org-2458 23 5 , , , en-wikipedia-org-2458 23 6 called call VBN en-wikipedia-org-2458 23 7 cheironomic cheironomic NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 23 8 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-2458 23 9 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-2458 23 10 campo campo NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 23 11 aperto aperto NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 23 12 , , , en-wikipedia-org-2458 23 13 appeared appear VBD en-wikipedia-org-2458 23 14 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-2458 23 15 freeform freeform NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 23 16 wavy wavy NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 23 17 lines line NNS en-wikipedia-org-2458 23 18 above above IN en-wikipedia-org-2458 23 19 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-2458 23 20 text text NN en-wikipedia-org-2458 23 21 . . . en-wikipedia-org-2458 24 1 Various various JJ en-wikipedia-org-2458 24 2 scholars scholar NNS en-wikipedia-org-2458 24 3 see see VBP en-wikipedia-org-2458 24 4 these these DT en-wikipedia-org-2458 24 5 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-2458 24 6 deriving derive VBG en-wikipedia-org-2458 24 7 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-2458 24 8 cheironomic cheironomic JJ en-wikipedia-org-2458 24 9 hand hand NN en-wikipedia-org-2458 24 10 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-2458 24 11 gestures gesture NNS en-wikipedia-org-2458 24 12 , , , en-wikipedia-org-2458 24 13 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-2458 24 14 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-2458 24 15 ekphonetic ekphonetic JJ en-wikipedia-org-2458 24 16 notation notation NN en-wikipedia-org-2458 24 17 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-2458 24 18 Byzantine byzantine JJ en-wikipedia-org-2458 24 19 chant chant NN en-wikipedia-org-2458 24 20 , , , en-wikipedia-org-2458 24 21 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-2458 24 22 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-2458 24 23 punctuation punctuation NN en-wikipedia-org-2458 24 24 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-2458 24 25 accent accent JJ en-wikipedia-org-2458 24 26 marks mark NNS en-wikipedia-org-2458 24 27 . . . en-wikipedia-org-2458 25 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-2458 25 2 8 8 LS en-wikipedia-org-2458 25 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-2458 25 4 A a DT en-wikipedia-org-2458 25 5 single single JJ en-wikipedia-org-2458 25 6 neume neume NN en-wikipedia-org-2458 25 7 could could MD en-wikipedia-org-2458 25 8 represent represent VB en-wikipedia-org-2458 25 9 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-2458 25 10 single single JJ en-wikipedia-org-2458 25 11 pitch pitch NN en-wikipedia-org-2458 25 12 , , , en-wikipedia-org-2458 25 13 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-2458 25 14 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-2458 25 15 series series NN en-wikipedia-org-2458 25 16 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-2458 25 17 pitches pitch NNS en-wikipedia-org-2458 25 18 all all DT en-wikipedia-org-2458 25 19 sung sing VBD en-wikipedia-org-2458 25 20 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-2458 25 21 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-2458 25 22 same same JJ en-wikipedia-org-2458 25 23 syllable syllable NN en-wikipedia-org-2458 25 24 . . . en-wikipedia-org-2458 26 1 Cheironomic cheironomic JJ en-wikipedia-org-2458 26 2 neumes neume NNS en-wikipedia-org-2458 26 3 indicated indicate VBD en-wikipedia-org-2458 26 4 changes change NNS en-wikipedia-org-2458 26 5 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-2458 26 6 pitch pitch NN en-wikipedia-org-2458 26 7 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-2458 26 8 duration duration NN en-wikipedia-org-2458 26 9 within within IN en-wikipedia-org-2458 26 10 each each DT en-wikipedia-org-2458 26 11 syllable syllable NN en-wikipedia-org-2458 26 12 , , , en-wikipedia-org-2458 26 13 but but CC en-wikipedia-org-2458 26 14 did do VBD en-wikipedia-org-2458 26 15 not not RB en-wikipedia-org-2458 26 16 attempt attempt VB en-wikipedia-org-2458 26 17 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-2458 26 18 specify specify VB en-wikipedia-org-2458 26 19 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-2458 26 20 pitches pitch NNS en-wikipedia-org-2458 26 21 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-2458 26 22 individual individual JJ en-wikipedia-org-2458 26 23 notes note NNS en-wikipedia-org-2458 26 24 , , , en-wikipedia-org-2458 26 25 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-2458 26 26 intervals interval NNS en-wikipedia-org-2458 26 27 between between IN en-wikipedia-org-2458 26 28 pitches pitch NNS en-wikipedia-org-2458 26 29 within within IN en-wikipedia-org-2458 26 30 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-2458 26 31 neume neume NN en-wikipedia-org-2458 26 32 , , , en-wikipedia-org-2458 26 33 nor nor CC en-wikipedia-org-2458 26 34 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-2458 26 35 relative relative JJ en-wikipedia-org-2458 26 36 starting start VBG en-wikipedia-org-2458 26 37 pitches pitch NNS en-wikipedia-org-2458 26 38 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-2458 26 39 different different JJ en-wikipedia-org-2458 26 40 syllables syllable NNS en-wikipedia-org-2458 26 41 ' ' POS en-wikipedia-org-2458 26 42 neumes neume NNS en-wikipedia-org-2458 26 43 . . . en-wikipedia-org-2458 27 1 There there EX en-wikipedia-org-2458 27 2 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-2458 27 3 evidence evidence NN en-wikipedia-org-2458 27 4 that that IN en-wikipedia-org-2458 27 5 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-2458 27 6 earliest early JJS en-wikipedia-org-2458 27 7 Western western JJ en-wikipedia-org-2458 27 8 musical musical JJ en-wikipedia-org-2458 27 9 notation notation NN en-wikipedia-org-2458 27 10 , , , en-wikipedia-org-2458 27 11 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-2458 27 12 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-2458 27 13 form form NN en-wikipedia-org-2458 27 14 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-2458 27 15 neumes neume NNS en-wikipedia-org-2458 27 16 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-2458 27 17 campo campo NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 27 18 aperto aperto NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 27 19 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-2458 27 20 without without IN en-wikipedia-org-2458 27 21 staff staff NN en-wikipedia-org-2458 27 22 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-2458 27 23 lines line NNS en-wikipedia-org-2458 27 24 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-2458 27 25 , , , en-wikipedia-org-2458 27 26 was be VBD en-wikipedia-org-2458 27 27 created create VBN en-wikipedia-org-2458 27 28 at at IN en-wikipedia-org-2458 27 29 Metz Metz NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 27 30 around around IN en-wikipedia-org-2458 27 31 800 800 CD en-wikipedia-org-2458 27 32 , , , en-wikipedia-org-2458 27 33 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-2458 27 34 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-2458 27 35 result result NN en-wikipedia-org-2458 27 36 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-2458 27 37 Charlemagne Charlemagne NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 27 38 's 's POS en-wikipedia-org-2458 27 39 desire desire NN en-wikipedia-org-2458 27 40 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-2458 27 41 Frankish frankish JJ en-wikipedia-org-2458 27 42 church church NN en-wikipedia-org-2458 27 43 musicians musician NNS en-wikipedia-org-2458 27 44 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-2458 27 45 retain retain VB en-wikipedia-org-2458 27 46 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-2458 27 47 performance performance NN en-wikipedia-org-2458 27 48 nuances nuance NNS en-wikipedia-org-2458 27 49 used use VBN en-wikipedia-org-2458 27 50 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-2458 27 51 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-2458 27 52 Roman roman JJ en-wikipedia-org-2458 27 53 singers singer NNS en-wikipedia-org-2458 27 54 . . . en-wikipedia-org-2458 28 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-2458 28 2 9 9 CD en-wikipedia-org-2458 28 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-2458 28 4 Presumably presumably RB en-wikipedia-org-2458 28 5 these these DT en-wikipedia-org-2458 28 6 were be VBD en-wikipedia-org-2458 28 7 intended intend VBN en-wikipedia-org-2458 28 8 only only RB en-wikipedia-org-2458 28 9 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-2458 28 10 mnemonics mnemonic NNS en-wikipedia-org-2458 28 11 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-2458 28 12 melodies melody NNS en-wikipedia-org-2458 28 13 learned learn VBN en-wikipedia-org-2458 28 14 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-2458 28 15 ear ear NN en-wikipedia-org-2458 28 16 . . . en-wikipedia-org-2458 29 1 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-2458 29 2 earliest early JJS en-wikipedia-org-2458 29 3 extant extant JJ en-wikipedia-org-2458 29 4 manuscripts manuscript NNS en-wikipedia-org-2458 29 5 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-2458 29 6 9th–10th 9th–10th CD en-wikipedia-org-2458 29 7 centuries century NNS en-wikipedia-org-2458 29 8 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-2458 29 9 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-2458 29 10 such such JJ en-wikipedia-org-2458 29 11 neumes neume NNS en-wikipedia-org-2458 29 12 include include VBP en-wikipedia-org-2458 29 13 : : : en-wikipedia-org-2458 29 14 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-2458 29 15 abbey abbey NN en-wikipedia-org-2458 29 16 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-2458 29 17 St. St. NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 29 18 Gall Gall NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 29 19 , , , en-wikipedia-org-2458 29 20 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-2458 29 21 modern modern JJ en-wikipedia-org-2458 29 22 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-2458 29 23 day day NN en-wikipedia-org-2458 29 24 Switzerland Switzerland NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 29 25 Messine Messine NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 29 26 neumes neume NNS en-wikipedia-org-2458 29 27 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-2458 29 28 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-2458 29 29 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-2458 29 30 monastery monastery NN en-wikipedia-org-2458 29 31 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-2458 29 32 Metz Metz NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 29 33 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-2458 29 34 northeast northeast NN en-wikipedia-org-2458 29 35 France France NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 29 36 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-2458 29 37 Aquitanian aquitanian JJ en-wikipedia-org-2458 29 38 neumes neume NNS en-wikipedia-org-2458 29 39 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-2458 29 40 southern southern JJ en-wikipedia-org-2458 29 41 France France NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 29 42 , , , en-wikipedia-org-2458 29 43 also also RB en-wikipedia-org-2458 29 44 used use VBN en-wikipedia-org-2458 29 45 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-2458 29 46 Spain Spain NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 29 47 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-2458 29 48 Laon Laon NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 29 49 , , , en-wikipedia-org-2458 29 50 Chartres Chartres NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 29 51 , , , en-wikipedia-org-2458 29 52 Montpellier Montpellier NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 29 53 Digraphic Digraphic NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 29 54 neumes neume NNS en-wikipedia-org-2458 29 55 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-2458 29 56 an an DT en-wikipedia-org-2458 29 57 11th 11th JJ en-wikipedia-org-2458 29 58 - - HYPH 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30 42 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-2458 30 43 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-2458 30 44 melody melody NN en-wikipedia-org-2458 30 45 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-2458 30 46 such such JJ en-wikipedia-org-2458 30 47 neumes neume NNS en-wikipedia-org-2458 30 48 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-2458 30 49 called call VBN en-wikipedia-org-2458 30 50 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-2458 30 51 heightened heighten VBN en-wikipedia-org-2458 30 52 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-2458 30 53 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-2458 30 54 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-2458 30 55 diastematic diastematic JJ en-wikipedia-org-2458 30 56 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-2458 30 57 neumes neume NNS en-wikipedia-org-2458 30 58 , , , en-wikipedia-org-2458 30 59 which which WDT en-wikipedia-org-2458 30 60 showed show VBD en-wikipedia-org-2458 30 61 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-2458 30 62 relative relative JJ en-wikipedia-org-2458 30 63 pitches pitch NNS en-wikipedia-org-2458 30 64 between between IN en-wikipedia-org-2458 30 65 neumes neume NNS en-wikipedia-org-2458 30 66 . . . en-wikipedia-org-2458 31 1 A a DT en-wikipedia-org-2458 31 2 few few JJ en-wikipedia-org-2458 31 3 manuscripts manuscript NNS en-wikipedia-org-2458 31 4 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-2458 31 5 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-2458 31 6 same same JJ en-wikipedia-org-2458 31 7 period period NN en-wikipedia-org-2458 31 8 use use NN en-wikipedia-org-2458 31 9 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-2458 31 10 digraphic digraphic JJ en-wikipedia-org-2458 31 11 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-2458 31 12 notation notation NN en-wikipedia-org-2458 31 13 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-2458 31 14 which which WDT en-wikipedia-org-2458 31 15 note note NN en-wikipedia-org-2458 31 16 names name NNS en-wikipedia-org-2458 31 17 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-2458 31 18 included include VBN en-wikipedia-org-2458 31 19 below below IN en-wikipedia-org-2458 31 20 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-2458 31 21 neumes neume NNS en-wikipedia-org-2458 31 22 . . . en-wikipedia-org-2458 32 1 Shortly shortly RB en-wikipedia-org-2458 32 2 after after IN en-wikipedia-org-2458 32 3 this this DT en-wikipedia-org-2458 32 4 , , , en-wikipedia-org-2458 32 5 one one CD en-wikipedia-org-2458 32 6 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-2458 32 7 four four CD en-wikipedia-org-2458 32 8 staff staff NN en-wikipedia-org-2458 32 9 lines line NNS en-wikipedia-org-2458 32 10 — — : en-wikipedia-org-2458 32 11 an an DT en-wikipedia-org-2458 32 12 innovation innovation NN en-wikipedia-org-2458 32 13 traditionally traditionally RB en-wikipedia-org-2458 32 14 ascribed ascribe VBN en-wikipedia-org-2458 32 15 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-2458 32 16 Guido Guido NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 32 17 d'Arezzo d'Arezzo NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 32 18 — — : en-wikipedia-org-2458 32 19 clarified clarify VBD en-wikipedia-org-2458 32 20 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-2458 32 21 exact exact JJ en-wikipedia-org-2458 32 22 relationship relationship NN en-wikipedia-org-2458 32 23 between between IN en-wikipedia-org-2458 32 24 pitches pitch NNS en-wikipedia-org-2458 32 25 . . . 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F. NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 33 15 These these DT en-wikipedia-org-2458 33 16 neumes neume NNS en-wikipedia-org-2458 33 17 resembled resemble VBD en-wikipedia-org-2458 33 18 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-2458 33 19 same same JJ en-wikipedia-org-2458 33 20 thin thin JJ en-wikipedia-org-2458 33 21 , , , en-wikipedia-org-2458 33 22 scripty scripty JJ en-wikipedia-org-2458 33 23 style style NN en-wikipedia-org-2458 33 24 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-2458 33 25 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-2458 33 26 chironomic chironomic NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 33 27 notation notation NN en-wikipedia-org-2458 33 28 . . . en-wikipedia-org-2458 34 1 By by IN en-wikipedia-org-2458 34 2 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-2458 34 3 11th 11th JJ en-wikipedia-org-2458 34 4 century century NN en-wikipedia-org-2458 34 5 , , , en-wikipedia-org-2458 34 6 chironomic chironomic NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 34 7 neumes neume NNS en-wikipedia-org-2458 34 8 had have VBD en-wikipedia-org-2458 34 9 evolved evolve VBN en-wikipedia-org-2458 34 10 into into IN en-wikipedia-org-2458 34 11 square square JJ en-wikipedia-org-2458 34 12 notation;[10 notation;[10 NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 34 13 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-2458 34 14 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-2458 34 15 Germany Germany NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 34 16 , , , en-wikipedia-org-2458 34 17 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-2458 34 18 variant variant JJ en-wikipedia-org-2458 34 19 called call VBN en-wikipedia-org-2458 34 20 Gothic Gothic NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 34 21 neumes neume NNS en-wikipedia-org-2458 34 22 continued continue VBD en-wikipedia-org-2458 34 23 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-2458 34 24 be be VB en-wikipedia-org-2458 34 25 used use VBN en-wikipedia-org-2458 34 26 until until IN en-wikipedia-org-2458 34 27 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-2458 34 28 16th 16th JJ en-wikipedia-org-2458 34 29 century century NN en-wikipedia-org-2458 34 30 . . . en-wikipedia-org-2458 35 1 This this DT en-wikipedia-org-2458 35 2 variant variant NN en-wikipedia-org-2458 35 3 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-2458 35 4 also also RB en-wikipedia-org-2458 35 5 known know VBN en-wikipedia-org-2458 35 6 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-2458 35 7 Hufnagel Hufnagel NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 35 8 notation notation NN en-wikipedia-org-2458 35 9 , , , en-wikipedia-org-2458 35 10 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-2458 35 11 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-2458 35 12 used use VBN en-wikipedia-org-2458 35 13 neumes neume NNS en-wikipedia-org-2458 35 14 resemble resemble VBP en-wikipedia-org-2458 35 15 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-2458 35 16 nails nail NNS en-wikipedia-org-2458 35 17 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-2458 35 18 hufnagels hufnagels NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 35 19 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-2458 35 20 one one CD en-wikipedia-org-2458 35 21 uses use VBZ en-wikipedia-org-2458 35 22 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-2458 35 23 attach attach VB en-wikipedia-org-2458 35 24 horseshoes horseshoe NNS en-wikipedia-org-2458 35 25 . . . en-wikipedia-org-2458 36 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-2458 36 2 11 11 CD en-wikipedia-org-2458 36 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-2458 36 4 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-2458 36 5 Gaudeamus Gaudeamus NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 36 6 omnes omne NNS en-wikipedia-org-2458 36 7 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-2458 36 8 , , , en-wikipedia-org-2458 36 9 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-2458 36 10 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-2458 36 11 Graduale Graduale NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 36 12   _SP en-wikipedia-org-2458 36 13 Aboense Aboense NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 36 14 , , , en-wikipedia-org-2458 36 15 was be VBD en-wikipedia-org-2458 36 16 scripted script VBN en-wikipedia-org-2458 36 17 using use VBG en-wikipedia-org-2458 36 18 square square JJ en-wikipedia-org-2458 36 19 notation notation NN en-wikipedia-org-2458 36 20 . . . en-wikipedia-org-2458 37 1 By by IN en-wikipedia-org-2458 37 2 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-2458 37 3 13th 13th JJ en-wikipedia-org-2458 37 4 century century NN en-wikipedia-org-2458 37 5 , , , en-wikipedia-org-2458 37 6 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-2458 37 7 neumes neume NNS en-wikipedia-org-2458 37 8 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-2458 37 9 Gregorian gregorian JJ en-wikipedia-org-2458 37 10 chant chant NN en-wikipedia-org-2458 37 11 were be VBD en-wikipedia-org-2458 37 12 usually usually RB en-wikipedia-org-2458 37 13 written write VBN en-wikipedia-org-2458 37 14 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-2458 37 15 square square JJ en-wikipedia-org-2458 37 16 notation notation NN en-wikipedia-org-2458 37 17 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-2458 37 18 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-2458 37 19 staff staff NN en-wikipedia-org-2458 37 20 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-2458 37 21 four four CD en-wikipedia-org-2458 37 22 lines line NNS en-wikipedia-org-2458 37 23 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-2458 37 24 three three CD en-wikipedia-org-2458 37 25 spaces space NNS en-wikipedia-org-2458 37 26 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-2458 37 27 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-2458 37 28 clef clef JJ en-wikipedia-org-2458 37 29 marker marker NN en-wikipedia-org-2458 37 30 , , , en-wikipedia-org-2458 37 31 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-2458 37 32 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-2458 37 33 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-2458 37 34 14th–15th 14th–15th JJ en-wikipedia-org-2458 37 35 century century NN en-wikipedia-org-2458 37 36 Graduale Graduale NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 37 37 Aboense Aboense NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 37 38 shown show VBN en-wikipedia-org-2458 37 39 here here RB en-wikipedia-org-2458 37 40 . . . en-wikipedia-org-2458 38 1 In in IN en-wikipedia-org-2458 38 2 square square JJ en-wikipedia-org-2458 38 3 notation notation NN en-wikipedia-org-2458 38 4 , , , en-wikipedia-org-2458 38 5 small small JJ en-wikipedia-org-2458 38 6 groups group NNS en-wikipedia-org-2458 38 7 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-2458 38 8 ascending ascend VBG en-wikipedia-org-2458 38 9 notes note NNS en-wikipedia-org-2458 38 10 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-2458 38 11 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-2458 38 12 syllable syllable NN en-wikipedia-org-2458 38 13 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-2458 38 14 shown show VBN en-wikipedia-org-2458 38 15 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-2458 38 16 stacked stack VBN en-wikipedia-org-2458 38 17 squares square NNS en-wikipedia-org-2458 38 18 , , , en-wikipedia-org-2458 38 19 read read VBN en-wikipedia-org-2458 38 20 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-2458 38 21 bottom bottom NN en-wikipedia-org-2458 38 22 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-2458 38 23 top top NN en-wikipedia-org-2458 38 24 , , , en-wikipedia-org-2458 38 25 while while IN en-wikipedia-org-2458 38 26 descending descend VBG en-wikipedia-org-2458 38 27 notes note NNS en-wikipedia-org-2458 38 28 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-2458 38 29 written write VBN en-wikipedia-org-2458 38 30 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-2458 38 31 diamonds diamond NNS en-wikipedia-org-2458 38 32 read read VBN en-wikipedia-org-2458 38 33 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-2458 38 34 left left NN en-wikipedia-org-2458 38 35 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-2458 38 36 right right NN en-wikipedia-org-2458 38 37 . . . en-wikipedia-org-2458 39 1 In in IN en-wikipedia-org-2458 39 2 melismatic melismatic JJ en-wikipedia-org-2458 39 3 chants chant NNS en-wikipedia-org-2458 39 4 , , , en-wikipedia-org-2458 39 5 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-2458 39 6 which which WDT en-wikipedia-org-2458 39 7 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-2458 39 8 syllable syllable NN en-wikipedia-org-2458 39 9 may may MD en-wikipedia-org-2458 39 10 be be VB en-wikipedia-org-2458 39 11 sung sing VBN en-wikipedia-org-2458 39 12 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-2458 39 13 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-2458 39 14 large large JJ en-wikipedia-org-2458 39 15 number number NN en-wikipedia-org-2458 39 16 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-2458 39 17 notes note NNS en-wikipedia-org-2458 39 18 , , , en-wikipedia-org-2458 39 19 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-2458 39 20 series series NN en-wikipedia-org-2458 39 21 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-2458 39 22 smaller small JJR en-wikipedia-org-2458 39 23 such such JJ en-wikipedia-org-2458 39 24 groups group NNS en-wikipedia-org-2458 39 25 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-2458 39 26 neumes neume NNS en-wikipedia-org-2458 39 27 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-2458 39 28 written write VBN en-wikipedia-org-2458 39 29 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-2458 39 30 succession succession NN en-wikipedia-org-2458 39 31 , , , en-wikipedia-org-2458 39 32 read read VBN en-wikipedia-org-2458 39 33 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-2458 39 34 left left NN en-wikipedia-org-2458 39 35 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-2458 39 36 right right NN en-wikipedia-org-2458 39 37 . . . en-wikipedia-org-2458 40 1 A a DT en-wikipedia-org-2458 40 2 special special JJ en-wikipedia-org-2458 40 3 symbol symbol NN en-wikipedia-org-2458 40 4 called call VBD en-wikipedia-org-2458 40 5 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-2458 40 6 custos custo NNS en-wikipedia-org-2458 40 7 , , , en-wikipedia-org-2458 40 8 placed place VBN en-wikipedia-org-2458 40 9 at at IN en-wikipedia-org-2458 40 10 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-2458 40 11 end end NN en-wikipedia-org-2458 40 12 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-2458 40 13 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-2458 40 14 system system NN en-wikipedia-org-2458 40 15 , , , en-wikipedia-org-2458 40 16 showed show VBD en-wikipedia-org-2458 40 17 which which WDT en-wikipedia-org-2458 40 18 pitch pitch NN en-wikipedia-org-2458 40 19 came come VBD en-wikipedia-org-2458 40 20 next next RB en-wikipedia-org-2458 40 21 at at IN en-wikipedia-org-2458 40 22 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-2458 40 23 start start NN en-wikipedia-org-2458 40 24 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-2458 40 25 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-2458 40 26 following follow VBG en-wikipedia-org-2458 40 27 system system NN en-wikipedia-org-2458 40 28 . . . en-wikipedia-org-2458 41 1 Special special JJ en-wikipedia-org-2458 41 2 neumes neume NNS en-wikipedia-org-2458 41 3 such such JJ en-wikipedia-org-2458 41 4 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-2458 41 5 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-2458 41 6 oriscus oriscus NN en-wikipedia-org-2458 41 7 , , , en-wikipedia-org-2458 41 8 quilisma quilisma NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 41 9 , , , en-wikipedia-org-2458 41 10 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-2458 41 11 liquescent liquescent JJ en-wikipedia-org-2458 41 12 neumes neume NNS en-wikipedia-org-2458 41 13 , , , en-wikipedia-org-2458 41 14 indicate indicate VBP en-wikipedia-org-2458 41 15 particular particular JJ en-wikipedia-org-2458 41 16 vocal vocal JJ en-wikipedia-org-2458 41 17 treatments treatment NNS en-wikipedia-org-2458 41 18 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-2458 41 19 these these DT en-wikipedia-org-2458 41 20 notes note NNS en-wikipedia-org-2458 41 21 . . . en-wikipedia-org-2458 42 1 This this DT en-wikipedia-org-2458 42 2 system system NN en-wikipedia-org-2458 42 3 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-2458 42 4 square square JJ en-wikipedia-org-2458 42 5 notation notation NN en-wikipedia-org-2458 42 6 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-2458 42 7 standard standard JJ en-wikipedia-org-2458 42 8 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-2458 42 9 modern modern JJ en-wikipedia-org-2458 42 10 chantbooks chantbook NNS en-wikipedia-org-2458 42 11 . . . en-wikipedia-org-2458 43 1 Solesmes solesme NNS en-wikipedia-org-2458 43 2 notation[edit notation[edit NFP en-wikipedia-org-2458 43 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-2458 43 4 Various various JJ en-wikipedia-org-2458 43 5 manuscripts manuscript NNS en-wikipedia-org-2458 43 6 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-2458 43 7 printed print VBN en-wikipedia-org-2458 43 8 editions edition NNS en-wikipedia-org-2458 43 9 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-2458 43 10 Gregorian gregorian JJ en-wikipedia-org-2458 43 11 chant chant NN en-wikipedia-org-2458 43 12 , , , en-wikipedia-org-2458 43 13 using use VBG en-wikipedia-org-2458 43 14 varying varying NN en-wikipedia-org-2458 43 15 styles style NNS en-wikipedia-org-2458 43 16 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-2458 43 17 square square JJ en-wikipedia-org-2458 43 18 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-2458 43 19 note note NN en-wikipedia-org-2458 43 20 neumes neume NNS en-wikipedia-org-2458 43 21 , , , en-wikipedia-org-2458 43 22 circulated circulate VBN en-wikipedia-org-2458 43 23 throughout throughout IN en-wikipedia-org-2458 43 24 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-2458 43 25 Catholic Catholic NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 43 26 Church Church NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 43 27 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-2458 43 28 centuries century NNS en-wikipedia-org-2458 43 29 . . . en-wikipedia-org-2458 44 1 Some some DT en-wikipedia-org-2458 44 2 editions edition NNS en-wikipedia-org-2458 44 3 added add VBD en-wikipedia-org-2458 44 4 rhythmic rhythmic JJ en-wikipedia-org-2458 44 5 patterns pattern NNS en-wikipedia-org-2458 44 6 , , , en-wikipedia-org-2458 44 7 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-2458 44 8 meter meter NN en-wikipedia-org-2458 44 9 , , , en-wikipedia-org-2458 44 10 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-2458 44 11 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-2458 44 12 chants chant NNS en-wikipedia-org-2458 44 13 . . . en-wikipedia-org-2458 45 1 In in IN en-wikipedia-org-2458 45 2 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-2458 45 3 19th 19th JJ en-wikipedia-org-2458 45 4 century century NN en-wikipedia-org-2458 45 5 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-2458 45 6 monks monk NNS en-wikipedia-org-2458 45 7 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-2458 45 8 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-2458 45 9 Benedictine Benedictine NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 45 10 abbey abbey NN en-wikipedia-org-2458 45 11 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-2458 45 12 Solesmes Solesmes NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 45 13 , , , en-wikipedia-org-2458 45 14 particularly particularly RB en-wikipedia-org-2458 45 15 Dom Dom NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 45 16 Joseph Joseph NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 45 17 Pothier Pothier NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 45 18 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-2458 45 19 1835–1923 1835–1923 CD en-wikipedia-org-2458 45 20 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-2458 45 21 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-2458 45 22 Dom Dom NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 45 23 André André NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 45 24 Mocquereau Mocquereau NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 45 25 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-2458 45 26 1849–1930 1849–1930 CD en-wikipedia-org-2458 45 27 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-2458 45 28 collected collect VBN en-wikipedia-org-2458 45 29 facsimiles facsimile NNS en-wikipedia-org-2458 45 30 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-2458 45 31 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-2458 45 32 earliest early JJS en-wikipedia-org-2458 45 33 manuscripts manuscript NNS en-wikipedia-org-2458 45 34 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-2458 45 35 published publish VBD en-wikipedia-org-2458 45 36 them -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-2458 45 37 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-2458 45 38 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-2458 45 39 series series NN en-wikipedia-org-2458 45 40 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-2458 45 41 12 12 CD en-wikipedia-org-2458 45 42 publications publication NNS en-wikipedia-org-2458 45 43 called call VBN en-wikipedia-org-2458 45 44 Paléographie Paléographie NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 45 45 musicale musicale NN en-wikipedia-org-2458 45 46 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-2458 45 47 French french JJ en-wikipedia-org-2458 45 48 article article NN en-wikipedia-org-2458 45 49 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-2458 45 50 . . . en-wikipedia-org-2458 46 1 They -PRON- PRP 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adopted adopt VBN en-wikipedia-org-2458 46 26 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-2458 46 27 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-2458 46 28 Catholic Catholic NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 46 29 Church Church NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 46 30 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-2458 46 31 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-2458 46 32 still still RB en-wikipedia-org-2458 46 33 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-2458 46 34 use use NN en-wikipedia-org-2458 46 35 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-2458 46 36 publications publication NNS en-wikipedia-org-2458 46 37 such such JJ en-wikipedia-org-2458 46 38 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-2458 46 39 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-2458 46 40 Liber Liber NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 46 41 Usualis Usualis NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 46 42 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-2458 46 43 although although IN en-wikipedia-org-2458 46 44 there there EX en-wikipedia-org-2458 46 45 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-2458 46 46 also also RB en-wikipedia-org-2458 46 47 published publish VBN en-wikipedia-org-2458 46 48 editions edition NNS en-wikipedia-org-2458 46 49 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-2458 46 50 this this DT en-wikipedia-org-2458 46 51 book book NN en-wikipedia-org-2458 46 52 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-2458 46 53 modern modern JJ en-wikipedia-org-2458 46 54 notation notation NN en-wikipedia-org-2458 46 55 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-2458 46 56 . . . en-wikipedia-org-2458 47 1 As as IN en-wikipedia-org-2458 47 2 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-2458 47 3 general general JJ en-wikipedia-org-2458 47 4 rule rule NN en-wikipedia-org-2458 47 5 , , , en-wikipedia-org-2458 47 6 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-2458 47 7 notes note NNS en-wikipedia-org-2458 47 8 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-2458 47 9 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-2458 47 10 single single JJ en-wikipedia-org-2458 47 11 neume neume NN en-wikipedia-org-2458 47 12 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-2458 47 13 never never RB en-wikipedia-org-2458 47 14 sung sing VBN en-wikipedia-org-2458 47 15 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-2458 47 16 more more JJR en-wikipedia-org-2458 47 17 than than IN en-wikipedia-org-2458 47 18 one one CD en-wikipedia-org-2458 47 19 syllable syllable NN en-wikipedia-org-2458 47 20 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-2458 47 21 all all DT en-wikipedia-org-2458 47 22 three three CD en-wikipedia-org-2458 47 23 pitches pitch NNS en-wikipedia-org-2458 47 24 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-2458 47 25 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-2458 47 26 three three CD en-wikipedia-org-2458 47 27 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-2458 47 28 note note NN en-wikipedia-org-2458 47 29 neume neume NN en-wikipedia-org-2458 47 30 , , , en-wikipedia-org-2458 47 31 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-2458 47 32 example example NN en-wikipedia-org-2458 47 33 , , , en-wikipedia-org-2458 47 34 must must MD en-wikipedia-org-2458 47 35 all all DT en-wikipedia-org-2458 47 36 be be VB en-wikipedia-org-2458 47 37 sung sing VBN en-wikipedia-org-2458 47 38 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-2458 47 39 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-2458 47 40 same same JJ en-wikipedia-org-2458 47 41 syllable syllable NN en-wikipedia-org-2458 47 42 . . . 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St. St. NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 49 1 Martial martial JJ en-wikipedia-org-2458 49 2 school school NN en-wikipedia-org-2458 49 3 , , , en-wikipedia-org-2458 49 4 neumes neume NNS en-wikipedia-org-2458 49 5 must must MD en-wikipedia-org-2458 49 6 have have VB en-wikipedia-org-2458 49 7 been be VBN en-wikipedia-org-2458 49 8 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-2458 49 9 broken break VBN en-wikipedia-org-2458 49 10 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-2458 49 11 between between IN en-wikipedia-org-2458 49 12 syllables syllable NNS en-wikipedia-org-2458 49 13 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-2458 49 14 facilitate facilitate VB en-wikipedia-org-2458 49 15 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-2458 49 16 coordination coordination NN en-wikipedia-org-2458 49 17 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-2458 49 18 parts part NNS en-wikipedia-org-2458 49 19 . . . en-wikipedia-org-2458 49 20 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-2458 50 1 However however RB en-wikipedia-org-2458 50 2 , , , en-wikipedia-org-2458 50 3 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-2458 50 4 single single JJ en-wikipedia-org-2458 50 5 syllable syllable NN en-wikipedia-org-2458 50 6 may may MD en-wikipedia-org-2458 50 7 be be VB en-wikipedia-org-2458 50 8 sung sing VBN en-wikipedia-org-2458 50 9 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-2458 50 10 so so RB en-wikipedia-org-2458 50 11 many many JJ en-wikipedia-org-2458 50 12 notes note NNS en-wikipedia-org-2458 50 13 that that IN en-wikipedia-org-2458 50 14 several several JJ en-wikipedia-org-2458 50 15 neumes neume NNS en-wikipedia-org-2458 50 16 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-2458 50 17 succession succession NN en-wikipedia-org-2458 50 18 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-2458 50 19 used use VBN en-wikipedia-org-2458 50 20 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-2458 50 21 notate notate VB en-wikipedia-org-2458 50 22 it -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-2458 50 23 . . . en-wikipedia-org-2458 51 1 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-2458 51 2 single single JJ en-wikipedia-org-2458 51 3 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-2458 51 4 note note NN en-wikipedia-org-2458 51 5 neumes neume NNS en-wikipedia-org-2458 51 6 indicate indicate VBP en-wikipedia-org-2458 51 7 that that IN en-wikipedia-org-2458 51 8 only only RB en-wikipedia-org-2458 51 9 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-2458 51 10 single single JJ en-wikipedia-org-2458 51 11 note note NN en-wikipedia-org-2458 51 12 corresponds correspond VBZ en-wikipedia-org-2458 51 13 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-2458 51 14 that that DT en-wikipedia-org-2458 51 15 syllable syllable NN en-wikipedia-org-2458 51 16 . . . en-wikipedia-org-2458 52 1 Chants chant NNS en-wikipedia-org-2458 52 2 that that WDT en-wikipedia-org-2458 52 3 primarily primarily RB en-wikipedia-org-2458 52 4 use use VBP en-wikipedia-org-2458 52 5 single single JJ en-wikipedia-org-2458 52 6 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-2458 52 7 note note NN en-wikipedia-org-2458 52 8 neumes neume NNS en-wikipedia-org-2458 52 9 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-2458 52 10 called call VBN en-wikipedia-org-2458 52 11 syllabic syllabic JJ en-wikipedia-org-2458 52 12 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-2458 52 13 chants chant NNS en-wikipedia-org-2458 52 14 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-2458 52 15 typically typically RB en-wikipedia-org-2458 52 16 one one CD en-wikipedia-org-2458 52 17 multi multi JJ en-wikipedia-org-2458 52 18 - - JJ en-wikipedia-org-2458 52 19 note note NN en-wikipedia-org-2458 52 20 neume neume NN en-wikipedia-org-2458 52 21 per per IN en-wikipedia-org-2458 52 22 syllable syllable NN en-wikipedia-org-2458 52 23 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-2458 52 24 called call VBN en-wikipedia-org-2458 52 25 neumatic neumatic JJ en-wikipedia-org-2458 52 26 , , , en-wikipedia-org-2458 52 27 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-2458 52 28 those those DT en-wikipedia-org-2458 52 29 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-2458 52 30 many many JJ en-wikipedia-org-2458 52 31 neumes neume NNS en-wikipedia-org-2458 52 32 per per IN en-wikipedia-org-2458 52 33 syllable syllable NN en-wikipedia-org-2458 52 34 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-2458 52 35 called call VBN en-wikipedia-org-2458 52 36 melismatic melismatic JJ en-wikipedia-org-2458 52 37 . . . en-wikipedia-org-2458 53 1 Rhythmic rhythmic JJ en-wikipedia-org-2458 53 2 interpretation[edit interpretation[edit NFP en-wikipedia-org-2458 53 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-2458 53 4 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-2458 53 5 Solesmes Solesmes NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 53 6 monks monk NNS en-wikipedia-org-2458 53 7 also also RB en-wikipedia-org-2458 53 8 determined determine VBD en-wikipedia-org-2458 53 9 , , , en-wikipedia-org-2458 53 10 based base VBN en-wikipedia-org-2458 53 11 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-2458 53 12 their -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-2458 53 13 research research NN en-wikipedia-org-2458 53 14 , , , en-wikipedia-org-2458 53 15 performance performance NN en-wikipedia-org-2458 53 16 practice practice NN en-wikipedia-org-2458 53 17 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-2458 53 18 Gregorian gregorian JJ en-wikipedia-org-2458 53 19 chant chant NN en-wikipedia-org-2458 53 20 . . . en-wikipedia-org-2458 54 1 Because because IN en-wikipedia-org-2458 54 2 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-2458 54 3 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-2458 54 4 ambiguity ambiguity NN en-wikipedia-org-2458 54 5 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-2458 54 6 medieval medieval JJ en-wikipedia-org-2458 54 7 musical musical JJ en-wikipedia-org-2458 54 8 notation notation NN en-wikipedia-org-2458 54 9 , , , en-wikipedia-org-2458 54 10 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-2458 54 11 question question NN en-wikipedia-org-2458 54 12 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-2458 54 13 rhythm rhythm NN en-wikipedia-org-2458 54 14 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-2458 54 15 Gregorian gregorian JJ en-wikipedia-org-2458 54 16 chant chant NN en-wikipedia-org-2458 54 17 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-2458 54 18 contested contest VBN en-wikipedia-org-2458 54 19 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-2458 54 20 scholars scholar NNS en-wikipedia-org-2458 54 21 . . . en-wikipedia-org-2458 55 1 Some some DT en-wikipedia-org-2458 55 2 neumes neume NNS en-wikipedia-org-2458 55 3 , , , en-wikipedia-org-2458 55 4 such such JJ en-wikipedia-org-2458 55 5 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-2458 55 6 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-2458 55 7 pressus pressus NN en-wikipedia-org-2458 55 8 , , , en-wikipedia-org-2458 55 9 do do VB en-wikipedia-org-2458 55 10 indicate indicate VB en-wikipedia-org-2458 55 11 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-2458 55 12 lengthening lengthening NN en-wikipedia-org-2458 55 13 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-2458 55 14 notes note NNS en-wikipedia-org-2458 55 15 . . . en-wikipedia-org-2458 56 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-2458 56 2 contradictory contradictory JJ en-wikipedia-org-2458 56 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-2458 56 4 Common common JJ en-wikipedia-org-2458 56 5 modern modern JJ en-wikipedia-org-2458 56 6 practice practice NN en-wikipedia-org-2458 56 7 , , , en-wikipedia-org-2458 56 8 following follow VBG en-wikipedia-org-2458 56 9 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-2458 56 10 Solesmes Solesmes NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 56 11 interpretation interpretation NN en-wikipedia-org-2458 56 12 , , , en-wikipedia-org-2458 56 13 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-2458 56 14 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-2458 56 15 perform perform VB en-wikipedia-org-2458 56 16 Gregorian gregorian JJ en-wikipedia-org-2458 56 17 chant chant NN en-wikipedia-org-2458 56 18 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-2458 56 19 no no DT en-wikipedia-org-2458 56 20 beat beat NN en-wikipedia-org-2458 56 21 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-2458 56 22 regular regular JJ en-wikipedia-org-2458 56 23 metric metric JJ en-wikipedia-org-2458 56 24 accent accent NN en-wikipedia-org-2458 56 25 , , , en-wikipedia-org-2458 56 26 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-2458 56 27 which which WDT en-wikipedia-org-2458 56 28 time time NN en-wikipedia-org-2458 56 29 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-2458 56 30 free free JJ en-wikipedia-org-2458 56 31 , , , en-wikipedia-org-2458 56 32 allowing allow VBG en-wikipedia-org-2458 56 33 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-2458 56 34 text text NN en-wikipedia-org-2458 56 35 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-2458 56 36 determine determine VB en-wikipedia-org-2458 56 37 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-2458 56 38 accent accent NN en-wikipedia-org-2458 56 39 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-2458 56 40 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-2458 56 41 melodic melodic JJ en-wikipedia-org-2458 56 42 contour contour NN en-wikipedia-org-2458 56 43 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-2458 56 44 determine determine VB en-wikipedia-org-2458 56 45 phrasing phrasing NN en-wikipedia-org-2458 56 46 . . . en-wikipedia-org-2458 57 1 By by IN en-wikipedia-org-2458 57 2 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-2458 57 3 13th 13th JJ en-wikipedia-org-2458 57 4 century century NN en-wikipedia-org-2458 57 5 , , , en-wikipedia-org-2458 57 6 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-2458 57 7 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-2458 57 8 widespread widespread JJ en-wikipedia-org-2458 57 9 use use NN en-wikipedia-org-2458 57 10 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-2458 57 11 square square JJ en-wikipedia-org-2458 57 12 notation notation NN en-wikipedia-org-2458 57 13 , , , en-wikipedia-org-2458 57 14 it -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-2458 57 15 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-2458 57 16 believed believe VBN en-wikipedia-org-2458 57 17 that that IN en-wikipedia-org-2458 57 18 most most JJS en-wikipedia-org-2458 57 19 chant chant JJ en-wikipedia-org-2458 57 20 was be VBD en-wikipedia-org-2458 57 21 sung sing VBN en-wikipedia-org-2458 57 22 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-2458 57 23 each each DT en-wikipedia-org-2458 57 24 note note NN en-wikipedia-org-2458 57 25 getting get VBG en-wikipedia-org-2458 57 26 approximately approximately RB en-wikipedia-org-2458 57 27 an an DT en-wikipedia-org-2458 57 28 equal equal JJ en-wikipedia-org-2458 57 29 value value NN en-wikipedia-org-2458 57 30 , , , en-wikipedia-org-2458 57 31 although although IN en-wikipedia-org-2458 57 32 Jerome Jerome NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 57 33 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-2458 57 34 Moravia Moravia NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 57 35 cites cite VBZ en-wikipedia-org-2458 57 36 exceptions exception NNS en-wikipedia-org-2458 57 37 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-2458 57 38 which which WDT en-wikipedia-org-2458 57 39 certain certain JJ en-wikipedia-org-2458 57 40 notes note NNS en-wikipedia-org-2458 57 41 , , , en-wikipedia-org-2458 57 42 such such JJ en-wikipedia-org-2458 57 43 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-2458 57 44 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-2458 57 45 final final JJ en-wikipedia-org-2458 57 46 notes note NNS en-wikipedia-org-2458 57 47 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-2458 57 48 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-2458 57 49 chant chant NN en-wikipedia-org-2458 57 50 , , , en-wikipedia-org-2458 57 51 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-2458 57 52 lengthened lengthen VBN en-wikipedia-org-2458 57 53 . . . en-wikipedia-org-2458 58 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-2458 58 2 12 12 CD en-wikipedia-org-2458 58 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-2458 58 4 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-2458 58 5 Solesmes Solesmes NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 58 6 school school NN en-wikipedia-org-2458 58 7 , , , en-wikipedia-org-2458 58 8 represented represent VBN en-wikipedia-org-2458 58 9 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-2458 58 10 Dom Dom NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 58 11 Pothier Pothier NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 58 12 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-2458 58 13 Dom Dom NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 58 14 Mocquereau Mocquereau NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 58 15 , , , en-wikipedia-org-2458 58 16 supports support VBZ en-wikipedia-org-2458 58 17 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-2458 58 18 rhythm rhythm NN en-wikipedia-org-2458 58 19 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-2458 58 20 equal equal JJ en-wikipedia-org-2458 58 21 values value NNS en-wikipedia-org-2458 58 22 per per IN en-wikipedia-org-2458 58 23 note note NN en-wikipedia-org-2458 58 24 , , , en-wikipedia-org-2458 58 25 allowing allow VBG en-wikipedia-org-2458 58 26 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-2458 58 27 lengthening lengthening NN en-wikipedia-org-2458 58 28 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-2458 58 29 shortening shortening NN en-wikipedia-org-2458 58 30 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-2458 58 31 note note NN en-wikipedia-org-2458 58 32 values value NNS en-wikipedia-org-2458 58 33 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-2458 58 34 musical musical JJ en-wikipedia-org-2458 58 35 purposes purpose NNS en-wikipedia-org-2458 58 36 . . . en-wikipedia-org-2458 59 1 A a DT en-wikipedia-org-2458 59 2 second second JJ en-wikipedia-org-2458 59 3 school school NN en-wikipedia-org-2458 59 4 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-2458 59 5 thought thought NN en-wikipedia-org-2458 59 6 , , , en-wikipedia-org-2458 59 7 including include VBG en-wikipedia-org-2458 59 8 Wagner Wagner NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 59 9 , , , en-wikipedia-org-2458 59 10 Jammers Jammers NNPS en-wikipedia-org-2458 59 11 , , , en-wikipedia-org-2458 59 12 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-2458 59 13 Lipphardt Lipphardt NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 59 14 , , , en-wikipedia-org-2458 59 15 supports support VBZ en-wikipedia-org-2458 59 16 different different JJ en-wikipedia-org-2458 59 17 rhythmic rhythmic JJ en-wikipedia-org-2458 59 18 realizations realization NNS en-wikipedia-org-2458 59 19 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-2458 59 20 chant chant NN en-wikipedia-org-2458 59 21 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-2458 59 22 imposing impose VBG en-wikipedia-org-2458 59 23 musical musical JJ en-wikipedia-org-2458 59 24 meter meter NN en-wikipedia-org-2458 59 25 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-2458 59 26 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-2458 59 27 chant chant NN en-wikipedia-org-2458 59 28 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-2458 59 29 various various JJ en-wikipedia-org-2458 59 30 ways way NNS en-wikipedia-org-2458 59 31 . . . en-wikipedia-org-2458 60 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-2458 60 2 13 13 CD en-wikipedia-org-2458 60 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-2458 60 4 Musicologist Musicologist NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 60 5 Gustave Gustave NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 60 6 Reese Reese NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 60 7 said say VBD en-wikipedia-org-2458 60 8 that that IN en-wikipedia-org-2458 60 9 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-2458 60 10 second second JJ en-wikipedia-org-2458 60 11 group group NN en-wikipedia-org-2458 60 12 , , , en-wikipedia-org-2458 60 13 called call VBN en-wikipedia-org-2458 60 14 mensuralists mensuralist NNS en-wikipedia-org-2458 60 15 , , , en-wikipedia-org-2458 60 16 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-2458 60 17 have have VB en-wikipedia-org-2458 60 18 an an DT en-wikipedia-org-2458 60 19 impressive impressive JJ en-wikipedia-org-2458 60 20 amount amount NN en-wikipedia-org-2458 60 21 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-2458 60 22 historical historical JJ en-wikipedia-org-2458 60 23 evidence evidence NN en-wikipedia-org-2458 60 24 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-2458 60 25 their -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-2458 60 26 side side NN en-wikipedia-org-2458 60 27 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-2458 60 28 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-2458 60 29 Music music NN en-wikipedia-org-2458 60 30 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-2458 60 31 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-2458 60 32 Middle Middle NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 60 33 Ages Ages NNPS en-wikipedia-org-2458 60 34 , , , en-wikipedia-org-2458 60 35 p. p. NN en-wikipedia-org-2458 60 36   _SP en-wikipedia-org-2458 60 37 146 146 CD en-wikipedia-org-2458 60 38 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-2458 60 39 , , , en-wikipedia-org-2458 60 40 but but CC en-wikipedia-org-2458 60 41 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-2458 60 42 equal equal JJ en-wikipedia-org-2458 60 43 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-2458 60 44 note note NN en-wikipedia-org-2458 60 45 Solesmes Solesmes NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 60 46 interpretation interpretation NN en-wikipedia-org-2458 60 47 has have VBZ en-wikipedia-org-2458 60 48 permeated permeate VBN en-wikipedia-org-2458 60 49 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-2458 60 50 musical musical JJ en-wikipedia-org-2458 60 51 world world NN en-wikipedia-org-2458 60 52 , , , en-wikipedia-org-2458 60 53 apparently apparently RB en-wikipedia-org-2458 60 54 due due JJ en-wikipedia-org-2458 60 55 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-2458 60 56 its -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-2458 60 57 ease ease NN en-wikipedia-org-2458 60 58 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-2458 60 59 learning learning NN en-wikipedia-org-2458 60 60 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-2458 60 61 resonance resonance NN en-wikipedia-org-2458 60 62 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-2458 60 63 modern modern JJ en-wikipedia-org-2458 60 64 musical musical JJ en-wikipedia-org-2458 60 65 taste taste NN en-wikipedia-org-2458 60 66 . . . en-wikipedia-org-2458 61 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-2458 61 2 14 14 CD en-wikipedia-org-2458 61 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-2458 61 4 Illustrations[edit illustrations[edit NN en-wikipedia-org-2458 61 5 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-2458 61 6 Examples example NNS en-wikipedia-org-2458 61 7 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-2458 61 8 neumes neume NNS en-wikipedia-org-2458 61 9 may may MD en-wikipedia-org-2458 61 10 be be VB en-wikipedia-org-2458 61 11 seen see VBN en-wikipedia-org-2458 61 12 here here RB en-wikipedia-org-2458 61 13 : : : en-wikipedia-org-2458 61 14 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-2458 61 15 Basic Basic NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 61 16 & & CC en-wikipedia-org-2458 61 17 Liquescent Liquescent NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 61 18 Aquitanian Aquitanian NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 61 19 Neumes Neumes NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 61 20 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-2458 61 21 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-2458 61 22 archive archive NN en-wikipedia-org-2458 61 23 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-2458 61 24 10 10 CD en-wikipedia-org-2458 61 25 June June NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 61 26 2006 2006 CD en-wikipedia-org-2458 61 27 , , , en-wikipedia-org-2458 61 28 accessed access VBD en-wikipedia-org-2458 61 29 12 12 CD en-wikipedia-org-2458 61 30 September September NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 61 31 2014 2014 CD en-wikipedia-org-2458 61 32 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-2458 61 33 , , , en-wikipedia-org-2458 61 34 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-2458 61 35 1 1 CD en-wikipedia-org-2458 61 36 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-2458 61 37 , , , en-wikipedia-org-2458 61 38 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-2458 61 39 2 2 CD en-wikipedia-org-2458 61 40 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-2458 61 41 . . . en-wikipedia-org-2458 62 1 Clefs[edit clefs[edit NN en-wikipedia-org-2458 62 2 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-2458 62 3 Neumes neume NNS en-wikipedia-org-2458 62 4 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-2458 62 5 written write VBN en-wikipedia-org-2458 62 6 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-2458 62 7 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-2458 62 8 four four CD en-wikipedia-org-2458 62 9 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-2458 62 10 line line NN en-wikipedia-org-2458 62 11 staff staff NN en-wikipedia-org-2458 62 12 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-2458 62 13 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-2458 62 14 lines line NNS en-wikipedia-org-2458 62 15 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-2458 62 16 spaces space NNS en-wikipedia-org-2458 62 17 , , , en-wikipedia-org-2458 62 18 unlike unlike IN en-wikipedia-org-2458 62 19 modern modern JJ en-wikipedia-org-2458 62 20 music music NN en-wikipedia-org-2458 62 21 notation notation NN en-wikipedia-org-2458 62 22 , , , en-wikipedia-org-2458 62 23 which which WDT en-wikipedia-org-2458 62 24 uses use VBZ en-wikipedia-org-2458 62 25 five five CD en-wikipedia-org-2458 62 26 lines line NNS en-wikipedia-org-2458 62 27 . . . en-wikipedia-org-2458 63 1 Chant chant NN en-wikipedia-org-2458 63 2 does do VBZ en-wikipedia-org-2458 63 3 not not RB en-wikipedia-org-2458 63 4 rely rely VB en-wikipedia-org-2458 63 5 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-2458 63 6 any any DT en-wikipedia-org-2458 63 7 absolute absolute JJ en-wikipedia-org-2458 63 8 pitch pitch NN en-wikipedia-org-2458 63 9 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-2458 63 10 key key NN en-wikipedia-org-2458 63 11 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-2458 63 12 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-2458 63 13 clefs clef NNS en-wikipedia-org-2458 63 14 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-2458 63 15 only only RB en-wikipedia-org-2458 63 16 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-2458 63 17 establish establish VB en-wikipedia-org-2458 63 18 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-2458 63 19 half half NN en-wikipedia-org-2458 63 20 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-2458 63 21 whole whole JJ en-wikipedia-org-2458 63 22 steps step NNS en-wikipedia-org-2458 63 23 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-2458 63 24 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-2458 63 25 solfege solfege NN en-wikipedia-org-2458 63 26 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-2458 63 27 hexachord hexachord NN en-wikipedia-org-2458 63 28 scale scale NN en-wikipedia-org-2458 63 29 : : : en-wikipedia-org-2458 63 30 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-2458 63 31 ut ut UH en-wikipedia-org-2458 63 32 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-2458 63 33 , , , en-wikipedia-org-2458 63 34 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-2458 63 35 re re JJ en-wikipedia-org-2458 63 36 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-2458 63 37 , , , en-wikipedia-org-2458 63 38 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-2458 63 39 mi mi NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 63 40 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-2458 63 41 , , , en-wikipedia-org-2458 63 42 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-2458 63 43 fa fa FW en-wikipedia-org-2458 63 44 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-2458 63 45 , , , en-wikipedia-org-2458 63 46 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-2458 63 47 sol sol FW en-wikipedia-org-2458 63 48 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-2458 63 49 , , , en-wikipedia-org-2458 63 50 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-2458 63 51 la la JJ en-wikipedia-org-2458 63 52 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-2458 63 53 , , , en-wikipedia-org-2458 63 54 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-2458 63 55 ti ti NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 63 56 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-2458 63 57 , , , en-wikipedia-org-2458 63 58 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-2458 63 59 ut ut UH en-wikipedia-org-2458 63 60 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-2458 63 61 . . . en-wikipedia-org-2458 64 1 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-2458 64 2 clef clef NNS en-wikipedia-org-2458 64 3 bracketing bracket VBG en-wikipedia-org-2458 64 4 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-2458 64 5 line line NN en-wikipedia-org-2458 64 6 indicates indicate VBZ en-wikipedia-org-2458 64 7 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-2458 64 8 location location NN en-wikipedia-org-2458 64 9 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-2458 64 10 ut ut UH en-wikipedia-org-2458 64 11 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-2458 64 12 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-2458 64 13 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-2458 64 14 case case NN en-wikipedia-org-2458 64 15 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-2458 64 16 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-2458 64 17 C C NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 64 18 clef clef NN en-wikipedia-org-2458 64 19 , , , en-wikipedia-org-2458 64 20 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-2458 64 21 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-2458 64 22 fa fa FW en-wikipedia-org-2458 64 23 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-2458 64 24 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-2458 64 25 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-2458 64 26 case case NN en-wikipedia-org-2458 64 27 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-2458 64 28 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-2458 64 29 F F NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 64 30 clef clef NNS en-wikipedia-org-2458 64 31 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-2458 64 32 shown show VBN en-wikipedia-org-2458 64 33 : : : en-wikipedia-org-2458 64 34 C c NN en-wikipedia-org-2458 64 35 clef clef NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 64 36 F F NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 64 37 clef clef NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 64 38 Single Single NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 64 39 notes[edit notes[edit CD en-wikipedia-org-2458 64 40 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-2458 64 41 Punctum Punctum NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 64 42 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-2458 64 43 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-2458 64 44 point point NN en-wikipedia-org-2458 64 45 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-2458 64 46 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-2458 64 47 Virga Virga NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 64 48 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-2458 64 49 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-2458 64 50 rod rod NN en-wikipedia-org-2458 64 51 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-2458 64 52 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-2458 64 53 Bipunctum Bipunctum NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 64 54 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-2458 64 55 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-2458 64 56 two two CD en-wikipedia-org-2458 64 57 points point NNS en-wikipedia-org-2458 64 58 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-2458 64 59 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-2458 64 60 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-2458 64 61 virga virga NN en-wikipedia-org-2458 64 62 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-2458 64 63 punctum punctum NN en-wikipedia-org-2458 64 64 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-2458 64 65 sung sing VBN en-wikipedia-org-2458 64 66 identically identically RB en-wikipedia-org-2458 64 67 . . . en-wikipedia-org-2458 65 1 Scholars scholar NNS en-wikipedia-org-2458 65 2 disagree disagree VBP en-wikipedia-org-2458 65 3 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-2458 65 4 whether whether IN en-wikipedia-org-2458 65 5 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-2458 65 6 bipunctum bipunctum NN en-wikipedia-org-2458 65 7 indicates indicate VBZ en-wikipedia-org-2458 65 8 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-2458 65 9 note note NN en-wikipedia-org-2458 65 10 twice twice RB en-wikipedia-org-2458 65 11 as as RB en-wikipedia-org-2458 65 12 long long JJ en-wikipedia-org-2458 65 13 , , , en-wikipedia-org-2458 65 14 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-2458 65 15 whether whether IN en-wikipedia-org-2458 65 16 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-2458 65 17 same same JJ en-wikipedia-org-2458 65 18 note note NN en-wikipedia-org-2458 65 19 should should MD en-wikipedia-org-2458 65 20 be be VB en-wikipedia-org-2458 65 21 re re VBN en-wikipedia-org-2458 65 22 - - VBN en-wikipedia-org-2458 65 23 articulated articulate VBN en-wikipedia-org-2458 65 24 . . . en-wikipedia-org-2458 66 1 When when WRB en-wikipedia-org-2458 66 2 this this DT en-wikipedia-org-2458 66 3 latter latter JJ en-wikipedia-org-2458 66 4 interpretation interpretation NN en-wikipedia-org-2458 66 5 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-2458 66 6 favoured favour VBN en-wikipedia-org-2458 66 7 , , , en-wikipedia-org-2458 66 8 it -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-2458 66 9 may may MD en-wikipedia-org-2458 66 10 be be VB en-wikipedia-org-2458 66 11 called call VBN en-wikipedia-org-2458 66 12 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-2458 66 13 repercussive repercussive JJ en-wikipedia-org-2458 66 14 neume neume NN en-wikipedia-org-2458 66 15 . . . en-wikipedia-org-2458 67 1 Two two CD en-wikipedia-org-2458 67 2 notes[edit notes[edit LS en-wikipedia-org-2458 67 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-2458 67 4 Clivis Clivis NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 67 5 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-2458 67 6 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-2458 67 7 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-2458 67 8 slope slope NN en-wikipedia-org-2458 67 9 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-2458 67 10 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-2458 67 11 Two two CD en-wikipedia-org-2458 67 12 notes note NNS en-wikipedia-org-2458 67 13 descending descend VBG en-wikipedia-org-2458 67 14 Podatus Podatus NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 67 15 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-2458 67 16 Pes Pes NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 67 17 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-2458 67 18 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-2458 67 19 foot foot NN en-wikipedia-org-2458 67 20 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-2458 67 21 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-2458 67 22 Two two CD en-wikipedia-org-2458 67 23 notes note NNS en-wikipedia-org-2458 67 24 ascending ascend VBG en-wikipedia-org-2458 67 25 When when WRB en-wikipedia-org-2458 67 26 two two CD en-wikipedia-org-2458 67 27 notes note NNS en-wikipedia-org-2458 67 28 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-2458 67 29 one one CD en-wikipedia-org-2458 67 30 above above IN en-wikipedia-org-2458 67 31 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-2458 67 32 other other JJ 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en-wikipedia-org-2458 83 34 represented represent VBN en-wikipedia-org-2458 83 35 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-2458 83 36 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-2458 83 37 letter letter NN en-wikipedia-org-2458 83 38 names name NNS en-wikipedia-org-2458 83 39 . . . en-wikipedia-org-2458 84 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-2458 84 2 citation citation NN en-wikipedia-org-2458 84 3 needed need VBN en-wikipedia-org-2458 84 4 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-2458 84 5 There there EX en-wikipedia-org-2458 84 6 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-2458 84 7 other other JJ en-wikipedia-org-2458 84 8 uncommon uncommon JJ en-wikipedia-org-2458 84 9 neume neume NN en-wikipedia-org-2458 84 10 shapes shape NNS en-wikipedia-org-2458 84 11 thought think VBD en-wikipedia-org-2458 84 12 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-2458 84 13 indicate indicate VB en-wikipedia-org-2458 84 14 special special JJ en-wikipedia-org-2458 84 15 types type NNS en-wikipedia-org-2458 84 16 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-2458 84 17 vocal vocal JJ en-wikipedia-org-2458 84 18 performance performance NN en-wikipedia-org-2458 84 19 , , , en-wikipedia-org-2458 84 20 though though IN en-wikipedia-org-2458 84 21 their -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-2458 84 22 precise precise JJ en-wikipedia-org-2458 84 23 meaning meaning NN en-wikipedia-org-2458 84 24 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-2458 84 25 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-2458 84 26 matter matter NN en-wikipedia-org-2458 84 27 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-2458 84 28 debate:[15 debate:[15 NN en-wikipedia-org-2458 84 29 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-2458 84 30 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-2458 84 31 trigon trigon NN en-wikipedia-org-2458 84 32 . . . en-wikipedia-org-2458 85 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-2458 85 2 16 16 CD en-wikipedia-org-2458 85 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-2458 85 4 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-2458 85 5 orthodox orthodox NN en-wikipedia-org-2458 85 6 Solesme Solesme NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 85 7 interpretation interpretation NN en-wikipedia-org-2458 85 8 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-2458 85 9 this this DT 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86 6 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-2458 86 7 have have VB en-wikipedia-org-2458 86 8 originated originate VBN en-wikipedia-org-2458 86 9 at at IN en-wikipedia-org-2458 86 10 St. St. NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 86 11 Gall Gall NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 86 12 , , , en-wikipedia-org-2458 86 13 though though IN en-wikipedia-org-2458 86 14 it -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-2458 86 15 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-2458 86 16 also also RB en-wikipedia-org-2458 86 17 widespread widespread JJ en-wikipedia-org-2458 86 18 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-2458 86 19 French french JJ en-wikipedia-org-2458 86 20 chant chant JJ en-wikipedia-org-2458 86 21 sources source NNS en-wikipedia-org-2458 86 22 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-2458 86 23 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-2458 86 24 10th 10th JJ en-wikipedia-org-2458 86 25 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-2458 86 26 11th 11th JJ en-wikipedia-org-2458 86 27 centuries century NNS en-wikipedia-org-2458 86 28 . . . en-wikipedia-org-2458 87 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-2458 87 2 18 18 CD en-wikipedia-org-2458 87 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-2458 87 4 It -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-2458 87 5 has have VBZ en-wikipedia-org-2458 87 6 been be VBN en-wikipedia-org-2458 87 7 proposed propose VBN en-wikipedia-org-2458 87 8 that that IN en-wikipedia-org-2458 87 9 it -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-2458 87 10 may may MD en-wikipedia-org-2458 87 11 have have VB en-wikipedia-org-2458 87 12 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-2458 87 13 microtonal microtonal JJ en-wikipedia-org-2458 87 14 meaning meaning NN en-wikipedia-org-2458 87 15 , , , en-wikipedia-org-2458 87 16 but but CC en-wikipedia-org-2458 87 17 there there EX en-wikipedia-org-2458 87 18 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-2458 87 19 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-2458 87 20 an an DT en-wikipedia-org-2458 87 21 admitted admit VBN en-wikipedia-org-2458 87 22 lack lack NN en-wikipedia-org-2458 87 23 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-2458 87 24 conclusiveness conclusiveness NN en-wikipedia-org-2458 87 25 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-2458 87 26 the the DT 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88 15 apostrophes apostrophe NNS en-wikipedia-org-2458 88 16 , , , en-wikipedia-org-2458 88 17 usually usually RB en-wikipedia-org-2458 88 18 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-2458 88 19 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-2458 88 20 same same JJ en-wikipedia-org-2458 88 21 pitch pitch NN en-wikipedia-org-2458 88 22 . . . en-wikipedia-org-2458 89 1 They -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-2458 89 2 probably probably RB en-wikipedia-org-2458 89 3 differed differ VBD en-wikipedia-org-2458 89 4 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-2458 89 5 normal normal JJ en-wikipedia-org-2458 89 6 repeated repeat VBN en-wikipedia-org-2458 89 7 notes note NNS en-wikipedia-org-2458 89 8 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-2458 89 9 virgae virgae RB en-wikipedia-org-2458 89 10 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-2458 89 11 puncta puncta NN en-wikipedia-org-2458 89 12 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-2458 89 13 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-2458 89 14 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-2458 89 15 way way NN en-wikipedia-org-2458 89 16 they -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-2458 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90 22 reiteration reiteration NN en-wikipedia-org-2458 90 23 . . . en-wikipedia-org-2458 91 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-2458 91 2 20 20 CD en-wikipedia-org-2458 91 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-2458 91 4 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-2458 91 5 oriscus oriscus NN en-wikipedia-org-2458 91 6 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-2458 91 7 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-2458 91 8 single single JJ en-wikipedia-org-2458 91 9 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-2458 91 10 note note NN en-wikipedia-org-2458 91 11 neume neume NN en-wikipedia-org-2458 91 12 , , , en-wikipedia-org-2458 91 13 usually usually RB en-wikipedia-org-2458 91 14 found find VBN en-wikipedia-org-2458 91 15 added add VBN en-wikipedia-org-2458 91 16 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-2458 91 17 an an DT en-wikipedia-org-2458 91 18 auxiliary auxiliary JJ en-wikipedia-org-2458 91 19 note note NN en-wikipedia-org-2458 91 20 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-2458 91 21 another another DT en-wikipedia-org-2458 91 22 neume neume NN en-wikipedia-org-2458 91 23 . . . 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en-wikipedia-org-2458 94 20 H. H. NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 95 1 159 159 CD en-wikipedia-org-2458 95 2 . . . en-wikipedia-org-2458 96 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-2458 96 2 21 21 CD en-wikipedia-org-2458 96 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-2458 96 4 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-2458 96 5 pressus pressus NN en-wikipedia-org-2458 96 6 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-2458 96 7 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-2458 96 8 compound compound NN en-wikipedia-org-2458 96 9 neume neume NN en-wikipedia-org-2458 96 10 , , , en-wikipedia-org-2458 96 11 usually usually RB en-wikipedia-org-2458 96 12 involving involve VBG en-wikipedia-org-2458 96 13 an an DT en-wikipedia-org-2458 96 14 initial initial JJ en-wikipedia-org-2458 96 15 neume neume NN en-wikipedia-org-2458 96 16 followed follow VBN en-wikipedia-org-2458 96 17 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-2458 96 18 an an DT en-wikipedia-org-2458 96 19 oriscus oriscus NN en-wikipedia-org-2458 96 20 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-2458 96 21 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-2458 96 22 punctum punctum NN en-wikipedia-org-2458 96 23 . . . en-wikipedia-org-2458 97 1 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-2458 97 2 initial initial JJ en-wikipedia-org-2458 97 3 neume neume NN en-wikipedia-org-2458 97 4 may may MD en-wikipedia-org-2458 97 5 be be VB en-wikipedia-org-2458 97 6 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-2458 97 7 virga virga NN en-wikipedia-org-2458 97 8 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-2458 97 9 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-2458 97 10 which which WDT en-wikipedia-org-2458 97 11 case case NN en-wikipedia-org-2458 97 12 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-2458 97 13 virga virga NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 97 14 + + CC en-wikipedia-org-2458 97 15 oriscus oriscus NN en-wikipedia-org-2458 97 16 may may MD en-wikipedia-org-2458 97 17 be be VB en-wikipedia-org-2458 97 18 together together RB en-wikipedia-org-2458 97 19 called call VBN en-wikipedia-org-2458 97 20 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-2458 97 21 virga virga NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 97 22 strata strata NN en-wikipedia-org-2458 97 23 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-2458 97 24 , , , en-wikipedia-org-2458 97 25 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-2458 97 26 which which WDT en-wikipedia-org-2458 97 27 case case NN en-wikipedia-org-2458 97 28 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-2458 97 29 pressus pressus NN en-wikipedia-org-2458 97 30 indicates indicate VBZ en-wikipedia-org-2458 97 31 three three CD en-wikipedia-org-2458 97 32 notes note NNS en-wikipedia-org-2458 97 33 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-2458 97 34 if if IN en-wikipedia-org-2458 97 35 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-2458 97 36 initial initial JJ en-wikipedia-org-2458 97 37 neume neume NN en-wikipedia-org-2458 97 38 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-2458 97 39 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-2458 97 40 pes pes NN en-wikipedia-org-2458 97 41 , , , en-wikipedia-org-2458 97 42 then then RB en-wikipedia-org-2458 97 43 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-2458 97 44 compound compound NN en-wikipedia-org-2458 97 45 indicates indicate VBZ en-wikipedia-org-2458 97 46 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-2458 97 47 four four CD en-wikipedia-org-2458 97 48 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-2458 97 49 note note NN 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en-wikipedia-org-2458 104 6 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-2458 104 7 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-2458 104 8 Notre Notre NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 104 9 Dame Dame NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 104 10 school school NN en-wikipedia-org-2458 104 11 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-2458 104 12 polyphony polyphony NN en-wikipedia-org-2458 104 13 , , , en-wikipedia-org-2458 104 14 certain certain JJ en-wikipedia-org-2458 104 15 patterns pattern NNS en-wikipedia-org-2458 104 16 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-2458 104 17 neumes neume NNS en-wikipedia-org-2458 104 18 were be VBD en-wikipedia-org-2458 104 19 used use VBN en-wikipedia-org-2458 104 20 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-2458 104 21 represent represent VB en-wikipedia-org-2458 104 22 particular particular JJ en-wikipedia-org-2458 104 23 rhythmic rhythmic JJ en-wikipedia-org-2458 104 24 patterns pattern NNS en-wikipedia-org-2458 104 25 called call VBD en-wikipedia-org-2458 104 26 rhythmic rhythmic JJ en-wikipedia-org-2458 104 27 modes mode NNS en-wikipedia-org-2458 104 28 . . . en-wikipedia-org-2458 105 1 Other other JJ en-wikipedia-org-2458 105 2 types[edit types[edit CD en-wikipedia-org-2458 105 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-2458 105 4 Ekphonetic ekphonetic JJ en-wikipedia-org-2458 105 5 neumes neume NNS en-wikipedia-org-2458 105 6 annotating annotate VBG en-wikipedia-org-2458 105 7 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-2458 105 8 melodic melodic JJ en-wikipedia-org-2458 105 9 recitation recitation NN en-wikipedia-org-2458 105 10 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-2458 105 11 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-2458 105 12 Christian Christian NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 105 13 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-2458 105 14 holy holy JJ en-wikipedia-org-2458 105 15 scriptures scripture NNS en-wikipedia-org-2458 105 16 . . . en-wikipedia-org-2458 106 1 Neumes neume NNS en-wikipedia-org-2458 106 2 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-2458 106 3 Byzantine byzantine JJ en-wikipedia-org-2458 106 4 music music NN en-wikipedia-org-2458 106 5 – – : en-wikipedia-org-2458 106 6 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-2458 106 7 several several JJ en-wikipedia-org-2458 106 8 stages stage NNS en-wikipedia-org-2458 106 9 , , , en-wikipedia-org-2458 106 10 old old JJ en-wikipedia-org-2458 106 11 Byzantine byzantine JJ en-wikipedia-org-2458 106 12 , , , en-wikipedia-org-2458 106 13 middle middle JJ en-wikipedia-org-2458 106 14 Byzantine Byzantine NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 106 15 , , , en-wikipedia-org-2458 106 16 late late JJ en-wikipedia-org-2458 106 17 Byzantine byzantine JJ en-wikipedia-org-2458 106 18 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-2458 106 19 post post JJ en-wikipedia-org-2458 106 20 - - JJ en-wikipedia-org-2458 106 21 Byzantine byzantine JJ en-wikipedia-org-2458 106 22 , , , en-wikipedia-org-2458 106 23 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-2458 106 24 neo neo NN en-wikipedia-org-2458 106 25 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-2458 106 26 Byzantine Byzantine NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 106 27 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-2458 106 28 reformed reformed NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 106 29 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-2458 106 30 . . . en-wikipedia-org-2458 107 1 Neumes neume NNS en-wikipedia-org-2458 107 2 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-2458 107 3 Slavic slavic JJ en-wikipedia-org-2458 107 4 chant chant NN en-wikipedia-org-2458 107 5 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-2458 107 6 Slavic slavic JJ en-wikipedia-org-2458 107 7 neumes neume NNS en-wikipedia-org-2458 107 8 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-2458 107 9 . . . en-wikipedia-org-2458 108 1 Mozarabic mozarabic JJ en-wikipedia-org-2458 108 2 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-2458 108 3 Hispanic hispanic JJ en-wikipedia-org-2458 108 4 neumes neume NNS en-wikipedia-org-2458 108 5 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-2458 108 6 Spain Spain NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 108 7 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-2458 108 8 , , , en-wikipedia-org-2458 108 9 also also RB en-wikipedia-org-2458 108 10 called call VBN en-wikipedia-org-2458 108 11 Visigothic visigothic JJ en-wikipedia-org-2458 108 12 script script NN en-wikipedia-org-2458 108 13 . . . en-wikipedia-org-2458 109 1 These these DT en-wikipedia-org-2458 109 2 neumes neume NNS en-wikipedia-org-2458 109 3 have have VBP en-wikipedia-org-2458 109 4 not not RB en-wikipedia-org-2458 109 5 been be VBN en-wikipedia-org-2458 109 6 deciphered decipher VBN en-wikipedia-org-2458 109 7 , , , en-wikipedia-org-2458 109 8 but but CC en-wikipedia-org-2458 109 9 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-2458 109 10 Mozarabic mozarabic JJ en-wikipedia-org-2458 109 11 liturgy liturgy NN en-wikipedia-org-2458 109 12 varies vary VBZ en-wikipedia-org-2458 109 13 somewhat somewhat RB en-wikipedia-org-2458 109 14 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-2458 109 15 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-2458 109 16 Roman roman JJ en-wikipedia-org-2458 109 17 rite rite NN en-wikipedia-org-2458 109 18 . . . en-wikipedia-org-2458 110 1 Catalan Catalan NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 110 2 notation notation NN en-wikipedia-org-2458 110 3 . . . en-wikipedia-org-2458 111 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-2458 111 2 23 23 CD en-wikipedia-org-2458 111 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-2458 111 4 Daseian daseian JJ en-wikipedia-org-2458 111 5 notation notation NN en-wikipedia-org-2458 111 6 – – : en-wikipedia-org-2458 111 7 an an DT en-wikipedia-org-2458 111 8 early early JJ en-wikipedia-org-2458 111 9 form form NN en-wikipedia-org-2458 111 10 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-2458 111 11 Western western JJ en-wikipedia-org-2458 111 12 music music NN en-wikipedia-org-2458 111 13 notation notation NN en-wikipedia-org-2458 111 14 used use VBN en-wikipedia-org-2458 111 15 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-2458 111 16 9th 9th JJ en-wikipedia-org-2458 111 17 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-2458 111 18 10th 10th JJ en-wikipedia-org-2458 111 19 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-2458 111 20 century century NN en-wikipedia-org-2458 111 21 music music NN en-wikipedia-org-2458 111 22 theory theory NN en-wikipedia-org-2458 111 23 treatises treatise NNS en-wikipedia-org-2458 111 24 . . . en-wikipedia-org-2458 112 1 Buddhist buddhist JJ en-wikipedia-org-2458 112 2 chant chant NN en-wikipedia-org-2458 112 3 uses use VBZ en-wikipedia-org-2458 112 4 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-2458 112 5 type type NN en-wikipedia-org-2458 112 6 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-2458 112 7 neume neume NN en-wikipedia-org-2458 112 8 . . . en-wikipedia-org-2458 113 1 Digital Digital NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 113 2 notation[edit notation[edit LS en-wikipedia-org-2458 113 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-2458 113 4 Because because IN en-wikipedia-org-2458 113 5 notation notation NN en-wikipedia-org-2458 113 6 software software NN en-wikipedia-org-2458 113 7 usually usually RB en-wikipedia-org-2458 113 8 focuses focus VBZ en-wikipedia-org-2458 113 9 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-2458 113 10 modern modern JJ en-wikipedia-org-2458 113 11 European european JJ en-wikipedia-org-2458 113 12 music music NN en-wikipedia-org-2458 113 13 notation notation NN en-wikipedia-org-2458 113 14 , , , en-wikipedia-org-2458 113 15 software software NN en-wikipedia-org-2458 113 16 that that WDT en-wikipedia-org-2458 113 17 allows allow VBZ en-wikipedia-org-2458 113 18 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-2458 113 19 user user NN en-wikipedia-org-2458 113 20 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-2458 113 21 use use VB en-wikipedia-org-2458 113 22 neumes neume NNS en-wikipedia-org-2458 113 23 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-2458 113 24 rare rare JJ en-wikipedia-org-2458 113 25 . . . en-wikipedia-org-2458 114 1 Gregorio Gregorio NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 114 2 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-2458 114 3 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-2458 114 4 software software NN en-wikipedia-org-2458 114 5 especially especially RB en-wikipedia-org-2458 114 6 written write VBN en-wikipedia-org-2458 114 7 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-2458 114 8 that that DT en-wikipedia-org-2458 114 9 purpose purpose NN en-wikipedia-org-2458 114 10 . . . en-wikipedia-org-2458 115 1 With with IN en-wikipedia-org-2458 115 2 its -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-2458 115 3 own own JJ en-wikipedia-org-2458 115 4 GABC GABC NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 115 5 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-2458 115 6 Syntax Syntax NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 115 7 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-2458 115 8 together together RB en-wikipedia-org-2458 115 9 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-2458 115 10 LuaTeX LuaTeX NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 115 11 it -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-2458 115 12 provides provide VBZ en-wikipedia-org-2458 115 13 high high JJ en-wikipedia-org-2458 115 14 quality quality NN en-wikipedia-org-2458 115 15 output output NN en-wikipedia-org-2458 115 16 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-2458 115 17 square square JJ en-wikipedia-org-2458 115 18 notation notation NN en-wikipedia-org-2458 115 19 neumes neume NNS en-wikipedia-org-2458 115 20 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-2458 115 21 also also RB en-wikipedia-org-2458 115 22 St. St. NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 115 23 Gall Gall NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 115 24 neumes neume NNS en-wikipedia-org-2458 115 25 . . . en-wikipedia-org-2458 116 1 Finale Finale NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 116 2 can can MD en-wikipedia-org-2458 116 3 be be VB en-wikipedia-org-2458 116 4 enhanced enhance VBN en-wikipedia-org-2458 116 5 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-2458 116 6 Medieval Medieval NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 116 7 2 2 CD en-wikipedia-org-2458 116 8 , , , en-wikipedia-org-2458 116 9 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-2458 116 10 third third JJ en-wikipedia-org-2458 116 11 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-2458 116 12 party party NN en-wikipedia-org-2458 116 13 package package NN en-wikipedia-org-2458 116 14 devoted devote VBN en-wikipedia-org-2458 116 15 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-2458 116 16 early early JJ en-wikipedia-org-2458 116 17 music music NN en-wikipedia-org-2458 116 18 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-2458 116 19 especially especially RB en-wikipedia-org-2458 116 20 neumes neume NNS en-wikipedia-org-2458 116 21 . . . en-wikipedia-org-2458 117 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-2458 117 2 24][25 24][25 CD en-wikipedia-org-2458 117 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-2458 117 4 Lilypond Lilypond NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 117 5 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-2458 117 6 able able JJ en-wikipedia-org-2458 117 7 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-2458 117 8 produce produce VB en-wikipedia-org-2458 117 9 output output NN en-wikipedia-org-2458 117 10 using use VBG en-wikipedia-org-2458 117 11 neumes neume NNS en-wikipedia-org-2458 117 12 . . . en-wikipedia-org-2458 118 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-2458 118 2 26 26 CD en-wikipedia-org-2458 118 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-2458 118 4 Some some DT en-wikipedia-org-2458 118 5 open open JJ en-wikipedia-org-2458 118 6 fonts[27][28 fonts[27][28 NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 118 7 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-2458 118 8 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-2458 118 9 neumes neume NNS en-wikipedia-org-2458 118 10 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-2458 118 11 available available JJ en-wikipedia-org-2458 118 12 , , , en-wikipedia-org-2458 118 13 which which WDT en-wikipedia-org-2458 118 14 can can MD en-wikipedia-org-2458 118 15 be be VB en-wikipedia-org-2458 118 16 used use VBN en-wikipedia-org-2458 118 17 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-2458 118 18 common common JJ en-wikipedia-org-2458 118 19 office office NN en-wikipedia-org-2458 118 20 software software NN en-wikipedia-org-2458 118 21 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-2458 118 22 scorewriters scorewriter NNS en-wikipedia-org-2458 118 23 . . . en-wikipedia-org-2458 119 1 See see VB en-wikipedia-org-2458 119 2 also[edit also[edit LS en-wikipedia-org-2458 119 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-2458 119 4 Mensural mensural JJ en-wikipedia-org-2458 119 5 notation notation NN en-wikipedia-org-2458 119 6 Musical musical JJ en-wikipedia-org-2458 119 7 notation notation NN en-wikipedia-org-2458 119 8 Znamenny Znamenny NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 119 9 Chant Chant NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 119 10 Notes[edit notes[edit NN en-wikipedia-org-2458 119 11 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-2458 119 12 ^ ^ NN en-wikipedia-org-2458 119 13 Dom Dom NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 119 14 Gregory Gregory NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 119 15 Sunol Sunol NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 119 16 , , , en-wikipedia-org-2458 119 17 Textbook Textbook NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 119 18 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-2458 119 19 Gregorian Gregorian NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 119 20 Chant Chant NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 119 21 According accord VBG en-wikipedia-org-2458 119 22 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-2458 119 23 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-2458 119 24 Solesmes Solesmes NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 119 25 Method Method NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 119 26 , , , en-wikipedia-org-2458 119 27 2003 2003 CD en-wikipedia-org-2458 119 28 , , , en-wikipedia-org-2458 119 29 ISBN ISBN NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 119 30   _SP en-wikipedia-org-2458 119 31 0 0 CD en-wikipedia-org-2458 119 32 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-2458 119 33 7661 7661 CD en-wikipedia-org-2458 119 34 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-2458 119 35 7241 7241 CD en-wikipedia-org-2458 119 36 - - SYM en-wikipedia-org-2458 119 37 4 4 CD en-wikipedia-org-2458 119 38 , , , en-wikipedia-org-2458 119 39 ISBN ISBN NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 119 40   _SP en-wikipedia-org-2458 119 41 978 978 CD en-wikipedia-org-2458 119 42 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-2458 119 43 0 0 CD en-wikipedia-org-2458 119 44 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-2458 119 45 7661 7661 CD en-wikipedia-org-2458 119 46 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-2458 119 47 7241 7241 CD en-wikipedia-org-2458 119 48 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-2458 119 49 8 8 CD en-wikipedia-org-2458 119 50 . . . en-wikipedia-org-2458 120 1 ^ ^ NFP en-wikipedia-org-2458 120 2 Chants chant NNS en-wikipedia-org-2458 120 3 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-2458 120 4 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-2458 120 5 Church Church NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 120 6 ^ ^ NN en-wikipedia-org-2458 120 7 Liber Liber NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 120 8 Usualis Usualis NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 120 9 ^ ^ VBD en-wikipedia-org-2458 120 10 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-2458 120 11 neume neume NN en-wikipedia-org-2458 120 12 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-2458 120 13 . . . en-wikipedia-org-2458 121 1 Oxford Oxford NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 121 2 English English NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 121 3 Dictionary Dictionary NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 121 4 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-2458 121 5 Online Online NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 121 6 ed ed NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 121 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-2458 121 8 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-2458 121 9 . . . en-wikipedia-org-2458 122 1 Oxford Oxford NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 122 2 University University NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 122 3 Press Press NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 122 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-2458 123 1 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-2458 123 2 Subscription subscription NN en-wikipedia-org-2458 123 3 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-2458 123 4 participating participate VBG en-wikipedia-org-2458 123 5 institution institution NN en-wikipedia-org-2458 123 6 membership membership NN en-wikipedia-org-2458 123 7 required require VBN en-wikipedia-org-2458 123 8 . . . en-wikipedia-org-2458 123 9 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-2458 124 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 124 2 πνεῦμα πνεῦμα NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 124 3 , , , en-wikipedia-org-2458 124 4 νεῦμα νεῦμα NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 124 5 . . . en-wikipedia-org-2458 125 1 Liddell Liddell NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 125 2 , , , en-wikipedia-org-2458 125 3 Henry Henry NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 125 4 George George NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 125 5 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-2458 125 6 Scott Scott NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 125 7 , , , en-wikipedia-org-2458 125 8 Robert Robert NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 125 9 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-2458 125 10 A a DT en-wikipedia-org-2458 125 11 Greek Greek NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 125 12 – – : en-wikipedia-org-2458 125 13 English English NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 125 14 Lexicon Lexicon NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 125 15 at at IN en-wikipedia-org-2458 125 16 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-2458 125 17 Perseus Perseus NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 125 18 Project Project NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 125 19 . . . en-wikipedia-org-2458 126 1 ^ ^ FW en-wikipedia-org-2458 126 2 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-2458 126 3 neume neume NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 126 4 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-2458 126 5 . . . en-wikipedia-org-2458 127 1 Oxford Oxford NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 127 2 English English NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 127 3 Dictionary Dictionary NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 127 4 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-2458 127 5 2nd 2nd NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 127 6 ed ed NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 127 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-2458 127 8 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-2458 127 9 . . . en-wikipedia-org-2458 128 1 Oxford Oxford NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 128 2 University University NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 128 3 Press Press NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 128 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-2458 129 1 1989 1989 CD en-wikipedia-org-2458 129 2 . . . en-wikipedia-org-2458 130 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 130 2 One one CD en-wikipedia-org-2458 130 3 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-2458 130 4 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-2458 130 5 earliest early JJS en-wikipedia-org-2458 130 6 examples example NNS en-wikipedia-org-2458 130 7 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-2458 130 8 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-2458 130 9 Planctus Planctus NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 130 10 de de FW en-wikipedia-org-2458 130 11 obitu obitu VB en-wikipedia-org-2458 130 12 Karoli Karoli NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 130 13 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-2458 130 14 c.814 c.814 NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 130 15 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-2458 130 16 , , , en-wikipedia-org-2458 130 17 which which WDT en-wikipedia-org-2458 130 18 was be VBD en-wikipedia-org-2458 130 19 provided provide VBN en-wikipedia-org-2458 130 20 neumatic neumatic JJ en-wikipedia-org-2458 130 21 notation notation NN en-wikipedia-org-2458 130 22 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-2458 130 23 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-2458 130 24 10th 10th JJ en-wikipedia-org-2458 130 25 century century NN en-wikipedia-org-2458 130 26 , , , en-wikipedia-org-2458 130 27 cf cf NN en-wikipedia-org-2458 130 28 . . . en-wikipedia-org-2458 131 1 Rosamond Rosamond NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 131 2 McKitterick McKitterick NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 131 3 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-2458 131 4 2008 2008 CD en-wikipedia-org-2458 131 5 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-2458 131 6 , , , en-wikipedia-org-2458 131 7 Charlemagne Charlemagne NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 131 8 : : : en-wikipedia-org-2458 131 9 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-2458 131 10 Formation Formation NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 131 11 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-2458 131 12 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-2458 131 13 European European NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 131 14 Identity Identity NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 131 15 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-2458 131 16 Cambridge Cambridge NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 131 17 : : : en-wikipedia-org-2458 131 18 Cambridge Cambridge NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 131 19 University University NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 131 20 Press Press NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 131 21 , , , en-wikipedia-org-2458 131 22 ISBN ISBN NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 131 23   _SP en-wikipedia-org-2458 131 24 0 0 CD en-wikipedia-org-2458 131 25 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-2458 131 26 521 521 CD en-wikipedia-org-2458 131 27 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-2458 131 28 88672 88672 CD en-wikipedia-org-2458 131 29 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-2458 131 30 4 4 CD en-wikipedia-org-2458 131 31 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-2458 131 32 , , , en-wikipedia-org-2458 131 33 225 225 CD en-wikipedia-org-2458 131 34 n54 n54 NN en-wikipedia-org-2458 131 35 . . . en-wikipedia-org-2458 132 1 For for IN en-wikipedia-org-2458 132 2 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-2458 132 3 lyrics lyric NNS en-wikipedia-org-2458 132 4 , , , en-wikipedia-org-2458 132 5 see see VB en-wikipedia-org-2458 132 6 Peter Peter NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 132 7 Godman Godman NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 132 8 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-2458 132 9 1985 1985 CD en-wikipedia-org-2458 132 10 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-2458 132 11 , , , en-wikipedia-org-2458 132 12 Latin Latin NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 132 13 Poetry Poetry NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 132 14 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-2458 132 15 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-2458 132 16 Carolingian carolingian JJ en-wikipedia-org-2458 132 17 Renaissance Renaissance NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 132 18 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-2458 132 19 Norman Norman NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 132 20 : : : en-wikipedia-org-2458 132 21 University University NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 132 22 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-2458 132 23 Oklahoma Oklahoma NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 132 24 Press Press NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 132 25 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-2458 132 26 , , , en-wikipedia-org-2458 132 27 206–11 206–11 CD en-wikipedia-org-2458 132 28 . . . en-wikipedia-org-2458 133 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 133 2 Kenneth Kenneth NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 133 3 levy levy NN en-wikipedia-org-2458 133 4 , , , en-wikipedia-org-2458 133 5 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-2458 133 6 Plainchant Plainchant NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 133 7 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-2458 133 8 , , , en-wikipedia-org-2458 133 9 Grove Grove NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 133 10 Music Music NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 133 11 Online Online NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 133 12 , , , en-wikipedia-org-2458 133 13 edited edit VBN en-wikipedia-org-2458 133 14 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-2458 133 15 Laura Laura NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 133 16 Macy Macy NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 133 17 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-2458 133 18 Accessed access VBN en-wikipedia-org-2458 133 19 January January NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 133 20 20 20 CD en-wikipedia-org-2458 133 21 , , , en-wikipedia-org-2458 133 22 2006 2006 CD en-wikipedia-org-2458 133 23 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-2458 133 24 , , , en-wikipedia-org-2458 133 25 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-2458 133 26 subscription subscription NN en-wikipedia-org-2458 133 27 access access NN en-wikipedia-org-2458 133 28 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-2458 133 29 ^ ^ NN en-wikipedia-org-2458 133 30 James James NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 133 31 Grier Grier NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 133 32 Ademar Ademar NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 133 33 de de NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 133 34 Chabannes Chabannes NNPS en-wikipedia-org-2458 133 35 , , , en-wikipedia-org-2458 133 36 Carolingian carolingian JJ en-wikipedia-org-2458 133 37 Musical Musical NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 133 38 Practices Practices NNPS en-wikipedia-org-2458 133 39 , , , en-wikipedia-org-2458 133 40 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-2458 133 41 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-2458 133 42 Nota Nota NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 133 43 Romana Romana NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 133 44 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-2458 133 45 , , , en-wikipedia-org-2458 133 46 Journal Journal NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 133 47 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-2458 133 48 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-2458 133 49 American American NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 133 50 Musicological Musicological NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 133 51 Society Society NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 133 52 , , , en-wikipedia-org-2458 133 53 Vol Vol NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 133 54 . . . en-wikipedia-org-2458 134 1 56 56 CD en-wikipedia-org-2458 134 2 , , , en-wikipedia-org-2458 134 3 No no UH en-wikipedia-org-2458 134 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-2458 135 1 1 1 LS en-wikipedia-org-2458 135 2 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-2458 135 3 Spring Spring NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 135 4 , , , en-wikipedia-org-2458 135 5 2003 2003 CD en-wikipedia-org-2458 135 6 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-2458 135 7 , , , en-wikipedia-org-2458 135 8 pp pp NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 135 9 . . . en-wikipedia-org-2458 136 1 43–98 43–98 CD en-wikipedia-org-2458 136 2 , , , en-wikipedia-org-2458 136 3 retrieved retrieve VBN en-wikipedia-org-2458 136 4 July July NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 136 5 2007 2007 CD en-wikipedia-org-2458 136 6 ^ ^ NN en-wikipedia-org-2458 136 7 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-2458 136 8 Gregorian Gregorian NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 136 9 Chant chant JJ en-wikipedia-org-2458 136 10 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-2458 136 11 Classical Classical NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 136 12 Music Music NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 136 13 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-2458 136 14 . . . en-wikipedia-org-2458 137 1 sites.google.com sites.google.com NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 137 2 . . . en-wikipedia-org-2458 138 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 138 2 David David NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 138 3 Hiley Hiley NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 138 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-2458 139 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-2458 139 2 Hufnagel Hufnagel NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 139 3 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-2458 139 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-2458 140 1 Oxford Oxford NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 140 2 Music Music NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 140 3 Online Online NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 140 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-2458 141 1 Oxford Oxford NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 141 2 University University NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 141 3 . . . en-wikipedia-org-2458 142 1 Retrieved Retrieved NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 142 2 5 5 CD en-wikipedia-org-2458 142 3 February February NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 142 4 2015 2015 CD en-wikipedia-org-2458 142 5 . . . en-wikipedia-org-2458 143 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 143 2 Hiley Hiley NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 143 3 , , , en-wikipedia-org-2458 143 4 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-2458 143 5 Chant Chant NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 143 6 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-2458 143 7 , , , en-wikipedia-org-2458 143 8 p. p. NN en-wikipedia-org-2458 143 9 44 44 CD en-wikipedia-org-2458 143 10 . . . en-wikipedia-org-2458 144 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-2458 144 2 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-2458 144 3 performance performance NN en-wikipedia-org-2458 144 4 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-2458 144 5 chant chant NN en-wikipedia-org-2458 144 6 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-2458 144 7 equal equal JJ en-wikipedia-org-2458 144 8 note note NN en-wikipedia-org-2458 144 9 lengths length NNS en-wikipedia-org-2458 144 10 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-2458 144 11 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-2458 144 12 13th 13th JJ en-wikipedia-org-2458 144 13 century century NN en-wikipedia-org-2458 144 14 onwards onwards RB en-wikipedia-org-2458 144 15 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-2458 144 16 well well RB en-wikipedia-org-2458 144 17 supported support VBN en-wikipedia-org-2458 144 18 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-2458 144 19 contemporary contemporary JJ en-wikipedia-org-2458 144 20 statements statement NNS en-wikipedia-org-2458 144 21 . . . en-wikipedia-org-2458 144 22 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-2458 145 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 145 2 Apel Apel NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 145 3 , , , en-wikipedia-org-2458 145 4 Gregorian Gregorian NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 145 5 Chant Chant NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 145 6 , , , en-wikipedia-org-2458 145 7 p. p. NN en-wikipedia-org-2458 145 8 127 127 CD en-wikipedia-org-2458 145 9 . . . en-wikipedia-org-2458 146 1 ^ ^ NN en-wikipedia-org-2458 146 2 Mahrt Mahrt NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 146 3 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-2458 146 4 Chant Chant NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 146 5 , , , en-wikipedia-org-2458 146 6 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-2458 146 7 , , , en-wikipedia-org-2458 146 8 p. p. NN en-wikipedia-org-2458 146 9 18 18 CD en-wikipedia-org-2458 146 10 . . . en-wikipedia-org-2458 147 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 147 2 Don Don NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 147 3 Michael Michael NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 147 4 Randel Randel NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 147 5 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-2458 147 6 ed ed NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 147 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-2458 147 8 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-2458 147 9 . . . en-wikipedia-org-2458 148 1 2003 2003 CD en-wikipedia-org-2458 148 2 . . . en-wikipedia-org-2458 149 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-2458 149 2 Neume Neume NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 149 3 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-2458 149 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-2458 150 1 Harvard Harvard NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 150 2 Dictionary Dictionary NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 150 3 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-2458 150 4 Music Music NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 150 5 , , , en-wikipedia-org-2458 150 6 fourth fourth JJ en-wikipedia-org-2458 150 7 edition edition NN en-wikipedia-org-2458 150 8 . . . en-wikipedia-org-2458 151 1 Cambridge Cambridge NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 151 2 : : : en-wikipedia-org-2458 151 3 Harvard Harvard NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 151 4 University University NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 151 5 Press Press NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 151 6 . . . en-wikipedia-org-2458 152 1 ISBN ISBN NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 152 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-2458 152 3 0 0 CD en-wikipedia-org-2458 152 4 - - SYM en-wikipedia-org-2458 152 5 674 674 CD en-wikipedia-org-2458 152 6 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-2458 152 7 01163 01163 CD en-wikipedia-org-2458 152 8 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-2458 152 9 5 5 CD en-wikipedia-org-2458 152 10 . . . en-wikipedia-org-2458 153 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 153 2 Willi Willi NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 153 3 Apel Apel NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 153 4 , , , en-wikipedia-org-2458 153 5 ed ed NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 153 6 . . . en-wikipedia-org-2458 154 1 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-2458 154 2 1972 1972 CD en-wikipedia-org-2458 154 3 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-2458 154 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-2458 155 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-2458 155 2 Neume Neume NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 155 3 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-2458 155 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-2458 156 1 Harvard Harvard NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 156 2 Dictionary Dictionary NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 156 3 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-2458 156 4 Music Music NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 156 5 , , , en-wikipedia-org-2458 156 6 2nd 2nd JJ en-wikipedia-org-2458 156 7 ed ed NN en-wikipedia-org-2458 156 8 . . . en-wikipedia-org-2458 157 1 Cambridge Cambridge NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 157 2 , , , en-wikipedia-org-2458 157 3 Massachusetts Massachusetts NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 157 4 : : : en-wikipedia-org-2458 157 5 Harvard Harvard NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 157 6 University University NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 157 7 Press Press NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 157 8 . . . en-wikipedia-org-2458 158 1 p. p. NN en-wikipedia-org-2458 158 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-2458 158 3 572 572 CD en-wikipedia-org-2458 158 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-2458 159 1 ^ ^ NN en-wikipedia-org-2458 159 2 David David NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 159 3 Hughes Hughes NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 159 4 , , , en-wikipedia-org-2458 159 5 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-2458 159 6 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-2458 159 7 Musical Musical NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 159 8 Text Text NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 159 9 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-2458 159 10 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-2458 159 11 Introit Introit NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 159 12 Ressurexi Ressurexi NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 159 13 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-2458 159 14 , , , en-wikipedia-org-2458 159 15 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-2458 159 16 Music Music NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 159 17 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-2458 159 18 Medieval Medieval NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 159 19 Europe Europe NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 159 20 : : : en-wikipedia-org-2458 159 21 Studies Studies NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 159 22 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-2458 159 23 Honour Honour NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 159 24 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-2458 159 25 Bryan Bryan NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 159 26 Gillingham Gillingham NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 159 27 , , , en-wikipedia-org-2458 159 28 edited edit VBN en-wikipedia-org-2458 159 29 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-2458 159 30 Terence Terence NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 159 31 Bailey Bailey NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 159 32 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-2458 159 33 Alma Alma NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 159 34 Colk Colk NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 159 35 Santosuosso Santosuosso NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 159 36 , , , en-wikipedia-org-2458 159 37 163–80 163–80 CD en-wikipedia-org-2458 159 38 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-2458 159 39 Farnham Farnham NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 159 40 , , , en-wikipedia-org-2458 159 41 Surrey Surrey NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 159 42 : : : en-wikipedia-org-2458 159 43 Ashgate Ashgate NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 159 44 Publishing Publishing NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 159 45 , , , en-wikipedia-org-2458 159 46 2007 2007 CD en-wikipedia-org-2458 159 47 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-2458 159 48 , , , en-wikipedia-org-2458 159 49 p. p. NN en-wikipedia-org-2458 159 50   _SP en-wikipedia-org-2458 159 51 170 170 CD en-wikipedia-org-2458 159 52 . . . en-wikipedia-org-2458 160 1 ISBN ISBN NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 160 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-2458 160 3 978 978 CD en-wikipedia-org-2458 160 4 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-2458 160 5 0 0 CD en-wikipedia-org-2458 160 6 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-2458 160 7 7546 7546 CD en-wikipedia-org-2458 160 8 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-2458 160 9 5239 5239 CD en-wikipedia-org-2458 160 10 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-2458 160 11 7 7 CD en-wikipedia-org-2458 160 12 . . . en-wikipedia-org-2458 161 1 ^ ^ NN en-wikipedia-org-2458 161 2 David David NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 161 3 Hughes Hughes NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 161 4 , , , en-wikipedia-org-2458 161 5 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-2458 161 6 An an DT en-wikipedia-org-2458 161 7 Enigmatic Enigmatic NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 161 8 Neume Neume NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 161 9 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-2458 161 10 , , , en-wikipedia-org-2458 161 11 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-2458 161 12 Themes Themes NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 161 13 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-2458 161 14 Variations Variations NNPS en-wikipedia-org-2458 161 15 : : : en-wikipedia-org-2458 161 16 Writings Writings NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 161 17 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-2458 161 18 Music Music NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 161 19 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-2458 161 20 Honor Honor NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 161 21 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-2458 161 22 Rulan Rulan NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 161 23 Chao Chao NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 161 24 Pian Pian NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 161 25 , , , en-wikipedia-org-2458 161 26 edited edit VBN en-wikipedia-org-2458 161 27 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-2458 161 28 Bell Bell NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 161 29 Yung Yung NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 161 30 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-2458 161 31 Joseph Joseph NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 161 32 S. S. NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 161 33 C. C. NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 161 34 Lam Lam NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 161 35 , , , en-wikipedia-org-2458 161 36 8–30 8–30 NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 161 37 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-2458 161 38 Cambridge Cambridge NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 161 39 , , , en-wikipedia-org-2458 161 40 Massachusetts Massachusetts NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 161 41 : : : en-wikipedia-org-2458 161 42 Harvard Harvard NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 161 43 University University NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 161 44 Press Press NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 161 45 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-2458 161 46 Hong Hong NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 161 47 Kong Kong NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 161 48 : : : en-wikipedia-org-2458 161 49 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-2458 161 50 Chinese Chinese NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 161 51 University University NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 161 52 Press Press NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 161 53 Press Press NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 161 54 , , , en-wikipedia-org-2458 161 55 1994 1994 CD en-wikipedia-org-2458 161 56 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-2458 161 57 , , , en-wikipedia-org-2458 161 58 pp pp NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 161 59 . . . en-wikipedia-org-2458 162 1 13–14 13–14 LS en-wikipedia-org-2458 162 2 . . . en-wikipedia-org-2458 163 1 ^ ^ NN en-wikipedia-org-2458 163 2 David David NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 163 3 Hughes Hughes NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 163 4 , , , en-wikipedia-org-2458 163 5 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-2458 163 6 An an DT en-wikipedia-org-2458 163 7 Enigmatic Enigmatic NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 163 8 Neume Neume NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 163 9 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-2458 163 10 , , , en-wikipedia-org-2458 163 11 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-2458 163 12 Themes Themes NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 163 13 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-2458 163 14 Variations Variations NNPS en-wikipedia-org-2458 163 15 : : : en-wikipedia-org-2458 163 16 Writings Writings NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 163 17 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-2458 163 18 Music Music NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 163 19 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-2458 163 20 Honor Honor NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 163 21 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-2458 163 22 Rulan Rulan NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 163 23 Chao Chao NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 163 24 Pian Pian NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 163 25 , , , en-wikipedia-org-2458 163 26 edited edit VBN en-wikipedia-org-2458 163 27 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-2458 163 28 Bell Bell NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 163 29 Yung Yung NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 163 30 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-2458 163 31 Joseph Joseph NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 163 32 S. S. NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 163 33 C. C. NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 163 34 Lam Lam NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 163 35 , , , en-wikipedia-org-2458 163 36 8–30 8–30 NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 163 37 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-2458 163 38 Cambridge Cambridge NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 163 39 , , , en-wikipedia-org-2458 163 40 Massachusetts Massachusetts NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 163 41 : : : en-wikipedia-org-2458 163 42 Harvard Harvard NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 163 43 University University NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 163 44 Press Press NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 163 45 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-2458 163 46 Hong Hong NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 163 47 Kong Kong NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 163 48 : : : en-wikipedia-org-2458 163 49 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-2458 163 50 Chinese Chinese NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 163 51 University University NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 163 52 Press Press NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 163 53 Press Press NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 163 54 , , , en-wikipedia-org-2458 163 55 1994 1994 CD en-wikipedia-org-2458 163 56 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-2458 163 57 , , , en-wikipedia-org-2458 163 58 p. p. NN en-wikipedia-org-2458 163 59   _SP en-wikipedia-org-2458 163 60 26 26 CD en-wikipedia-org-2458 163 61 . . . en-wikipedia-org-2458 164 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 164 2 David David NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 164 3 Hiley Hiley NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 164 4 , , , en-wikipedia-org-2458 164 5 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-2458 164 6 Distropha Distropha NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 164 7 , , , en-wikipedia-org-2458 164 8 tristropha tristropha NN en-wikipedia-org-2458 164 9 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-2458 164 10 double double JJ en-wikipedia-org-2458 164 11 apostrophe apostrophe NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 164 12 , , , en-wikipedia-org-2458 164 13 bistropha bistropha NN en-wikipedia-org-2458 164 14 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-2458 164 15 triple triple JJ en-wikipedia-org-2458 164 16 apostrophe apostrophe NN en-wikipedia-org-2458 164 17 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-2458 164 18 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-2458 164 19 , , , en-wikipedia-org-2458 164 20 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-2458 164 21 New New NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 164 22 Grove Grove NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 164 23 Dictionary Dictionary NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 164 24 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-2458 164 25 Music Music NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 164 26 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-2458 164 27 Musicians Musicians NNPS en-wikipedia-org-2458 164 28 , , , en-wikipedia-org-2458 164 29 second second JJ en-wikipedia-org-2458 164 30 edition edition NN en-wikipedia-org-2458 164 31 , , , en-wikipedia-org-2458 164 32 edited edit VBN en-wikipedia-org-2458 164 33 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-2458 164 34 Stanley Stanley NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 164 35 Sadie Sadie NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 164 36 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-2458 164 37 John John NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 164 38 Tyrrell Tyrrell NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 164 39 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-2458 164 40 London London NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 164 41 : : : en-wikipedia-org-2458 164 42 Macmillan Macmillan NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 164 43 Publishers Publishers NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 164 44 , , , en-wikipedia-org-2458 164 45 2001 2001 CD en-wikipedia-org-2458 164 46 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-2458 164 47 . . . en-wikipedia-org-2458 165 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 165 2 Anon Anon NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 165 3 . . . en-wikipedia-org-2458 165 4 , , , en-wikipedia-org-2458 165 5 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-2458 165 6 Oriscus Oriscus NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 165 7 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-2458 165 8 , , , en-wikipedia-org-2458 165 9 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-2458 165 10 New New NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 165 11 Grove Grove NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 165 12 Dictionary Dictionary NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 165 13 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-2458 165 14 Music Music NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 165 15 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-2458 165 16 Musicians Musicians NNPS en-wikipedia-org-2458 165 17 , , , en-wikipedia-org-2458 165 18 second second JJ en-wikipedia-org-2458 165 19 edition edition NN en-wikipedia-org-2458 165 20 , , , en-wikipedia-org-2458 165 21 edited edit VBN en-wikipedia-org-2458 165 22 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-2458 165 23 Stanley Stanley NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 165 24 Sadie Sadie NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 165 25 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-2458 165 26 John John NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 165 27 Tyrrell Tyrrell NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 165 28 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-2458 165 29 London London NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 165 30 : : : en-wikipedia-org-2458 165 31 Macmillan Macmillan NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 165 32 Publishers Publishers NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 165 33 , , , en-wikipedia-org-2458 165 34 2001 2001 CD en-wikipedia-org-2458 165 35 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-2458 165 36 . . . en-wikipedia-org-2458 166 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 166 2 David David NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 166 3 Hiley Hiley NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 166 4 , , , en-wikipedia-org-2458 166 5 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-2458 166 6 Pressus Pressus NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 166 7 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-2458 166 8 , , , en-wikipedia-org-2458 166 9 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-2458 166 10 New New NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 166 11 Grove Grove NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 166 12 Dictionary Dictionary NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 166 13 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-2458 166 14 Music Music NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 166 15 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-2458 166 16 Musicians Musicians NNPS en-wikipedia-org-2458 166 17 , , , en-wikipedia-org-2458 166 18 second second JJ en-wikipedia-org-2458 166 19 edition edition NN en-wikipedia-org-2458 166 20 , , , en-wikipedia-org-2458 166 21 edited edit VBN en-wikipedia-org-2458 166 22 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-2458 166 23 Stanley Stanley NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 166 24 Sadie Sadie NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 166 25 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-2458 166 26 John John NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 166 27 Tyrrell Tyrrell NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 166 28 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-2458 166 29 London London NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 166 30 : : : en-wikipedia-org-2458 166 31 Macmillan Macmillan NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 166 32 Publishers Publishers NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 166 33 , , , en-wikipedia-org-2458 166 34 2001 2001 CD en-wikipedia-org-2458 166 35 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-2458 166 36 . . . en-wikipedia-org-2458 167 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 167 2 Garrigosa Garrigosa NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 167 3 i i PRP en-wikipedia-org-2458 167 4 Massana Massana NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 167 5 , , , en-wikipedia-org-2458 167 6 Joaquim Joaquim NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 167 7 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-2458 167 8 2003 2003 CD en-wikipedia-org-2458 167 9 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-2458 167 10 . . . en-wikipedia-org-2458 168 1 Els Els NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 168 2 manuscrits manuscrit VBZ en-wikipedia-org-2458 168 3 musicals musical NNS en-wikipedia-org-2458 168 4 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-2458 168 5 Catalunya Catalunya NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 168 6 fins fin NNS en-wikipedia-org-2458 168 7 al al NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 168 8 segle segle NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 168 9 XIII XIII NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 168 10 . . . en-wikipedia-org-2458 169 1 Lleida Lleida NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 169 2 : : : en-wikipedia-org-2458 169 3 Institut Institut NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 169 4 d'Estudis d'Estudis NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 169 5 Ilerdencs Ilerdencs NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 169 6 . . . en-wikipedia-org-2458 170 1 ISBN ISBN NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 170 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-2458 170 3 9788489943742 9788489943742 CD en-wikipedia-org-2458 170 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-2458 171 1 ^ ^ FW en-wikipedia-org-2458 171 2 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-2458 171 3 Medieval medieval JJ en-wikipedia-org-2458 171 4 2 2 CD en-wikipedia-org-2458 171 5 release release NN en-wikipedia-org-2458 171 6 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-2458 171 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-2458 172 1 MakeMusic makemusic NN en-wikipedia-org-2458 172 2 . . . en-wikipedia-org-2458 173 1 Retrieved retrieve VBN en-wikipedia-org-2458 173 2 2017 2017 CD en-wikipedia-org-2458 173 3 - - SYM en-wikipedia-org-2458 173 4 06 06 CD en-wikipedia-org-2458 173 5 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-2458 173 6 17 17 CD en-wikipedia-org-2458 173 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-2458 174 1 ^ ^ FW en-wikipedia-org-2458 174 2 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-2458 174 3 Medieval medieval JJ en-wikipedia-org-2458 174 4 2 2 CD en-wikipedia-org-2458 174 5 website website NN en-wikipedia-org-2458 174 6 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-2458 174 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-2458 175 1 Klemm Klemm NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 175 2 Music Music NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 175 3 Technology Technology NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 175 4 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-2458 175 5 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-2458 175 6 Robert Robert NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 175 7 Piéchaud Piéchaud NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 175 8 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-2458 175 9 . . . en-wikipedia-org-2458 176 1 Retrieved retrieve VBN en-wikipedia-org-2458 176 2 2017 2017 CD en-wikipedia-org-2458 176 3 - - SYM en-wikipedia-org-2458 176 4 06 06 CD en-wikipedia-org-2458 176 5 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-2458 176 6 17 17 CD en-wikipedia-org-2458 176 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-2458 177 1 ^ ^ FW en-wikipedia-org-2458 177 2 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-2458 177 3 Lilypond Lilypond NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 177 4 Notation Notation NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 177 5 Reference Reference NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 177 6 – – : en-wikipedia-org-2458 177 7 Typesetting typeset VBG en-wikipedia-org-2458 177 8 Gregorian gregorian JJ en-wikipedia-org-2458 177 9 Chant Chant NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 177 10 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-2458 177 11 . . . en-wikipedia-org-2458 178 1 Lilypond Lilypond NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 178 2 Development Development NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 178 3 Team Team NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 178 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-2458 179 1 Retrieved Retrieved NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 179 2 2016 2016 CD en-wikipedia-org-2458 179 3 - - SYM en-wikipedia-org-2458 179 4 08 08 CD en-wikipedia-org-2458 179 5 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-2458 179 6 12 12 CD en-wikipedia-org-2458 179 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-2458 180 1 ^ ^ FW en-wikipedia-org-2458 180 2 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-2458 180 3 CaeciliaeCaeciliae CaeciliaeCaeciliae NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 180 4 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-2458 180 5 . . . en-wikipedia-org-2458 181 1 Marello.org Marello.org NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 181 2 . . . en-wikipedia-org-2458 182 1 Archived archived JJ en-wikipedia-org-2458 182 2 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-2458 182 3 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-2458 182 4 original original NN en-wikipedia-org-2458 182 5 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-2458 182 6 2016 2016 CD en-wikipedia-org-2458 182 7 - - SYM en-wikipedia-org-2458 182 8 10 10 CD en-wikipedia-org-2458 182 9 - - SYM en-wikipedia-org-2458 182 10 31 31 CD en-wikipedia-org-2458 182 11 . . . en-wikipedia-org-2458 183 1 Retrieved retrieve VBN en-wikipedia-org-2458 183 2 2017 2017 CD en-wikipedia-org-2458 183 3 - - SYM en-wikipedia-org-2458 183 4 08 08 CD en-wikipedia-org-2458 183 5 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-2458 183 6 28.CS1 28.CS1 NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 183 7 maint maint NN en-wikipedia-org-2458 183 8 : : : en-wikipedia-org-2458 183 9 BOT bot NN en-wikipedia-org-2458 183 10 : : : en-wikipedia-org-2458 183 11 original original JJ en-wikipedia-org-2458 183 12 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-2458 183 13 url url NN en-wikipedia-org-2458 183 14 status status NN en-wikipedia-org-2458 183 15 unknown unknown NN en-wikipedia-org-2458 183 16 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-2458 183 17 link link NN en-wikipedia-org-2458 183 18 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-2458 183 19 ^ ^ NN en-wikipedia-org-2458 183 20 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-2458 183 21 Liturgical Liturgical NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 183 22 Music Music NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 183 23 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-2458 183 24 Downloads Downloads NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 183 25 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-2458 183 26 . . . en-wikipedia-org-2458 184 1 Monastery monastery NN en-wikipedia-org-2458 184 2 Saint Saint NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 184 3 Meinrad Meinrad NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 184 4 Archabbey Archabbey NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 184 5 . . . en-wikipedia-org-2458 185 1 Retrieved Retrieved NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 185 2 2016 2016 CD en-wikipedia-org-2458 185 3 - - SYM en-wikipedia-org-2458 185 4 08 08 CD en-wikipedia-org-2458 185 5 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-2458 185 6 12 12 CD en-wikipedia-org-2458 185 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-2458 186 1 References[edit references[edit LS en-wikipedia-org-2458 186 2 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-2458 186 3 Graduale Graduale NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 186 4 triplex triplex NN en-wikipedia-org-2458 186 5 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-2458 186 6 1979 1979 CD en-wikipedia-org-2458 186 7 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-2458 186 8 . . . en-wikipedia-org-2458 187 1 Tournai Tournai NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 187 2 : : : en-wikipedia-org-2458 187 3 Desclée Desclée NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 187 4 & & CC en-wikipedia-org-2458 187 5 Socii Socii NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 187 6 . . . en-wikipedia-org-2458 188 1 ISBN ISBN NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 188 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-2458 188 3 2 2 CD en-wikipedia-org-2458 188 4 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-2458 188 5 85274 85274 CD en-wikipedia-org-2458 188 6 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-2458 188 7 094-X 094-X NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 188 8 , , , en-wikipedia-org-2458 188 9 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-2458 188 10 special special JJ en-wikipedia-org-2458 188 11 edition edition NN en-wikipedia-org-2458 188 12 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-2458 188 13 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-2458 188 14 Graduale Graduale NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 188 15 Romanum Romanum NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 188 16 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-2458 188 17 chant chant JJ en-wikipedia-org-2458 188 18 notation notation NN en-wikipedia-org-2458 188 19 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-2458 188 20 three three CD en-wikipedia-org-2458 188 21 forms form NNS en-wikipedia-org-2458 188 22 , , , en-wikipedia-org-2458 188 23 one one CD en-wikipedia-org-2458 188 24 above above IN en-wikipedia-org-2458 188 25 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-2458 188 26 other other JJ en-wikipedia-org-2458 188 27 , , , en-wikipedia-org-2458 188 28 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-2458 188 29 easy easy JJ en-wikipedia-org-2458 188 30 comparison comparison NN en-wikipedia-org-2458 188 31 : : : en-wikipedia-org-2458 188 32 Laon Laon NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 188 33 , , , en-wikipedia-org-2458 188 34 St. St. NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 188 35 Gall Gall NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 188 36 , , , en-wikipedia-org-2458 188 37 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-2458 188 38 square square NN en-wikipedia-org-2458 188 39 note note NN en-wikipedia-org-2458 188 40 Liber Liber NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 188 41 usualis usualis NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 188 42 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-2458 188 43 1953 1953 CD en-wikipedia-org-2458 188 44 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-2458 188 45 . . . en-wikipedia-org-2458 189 1 Tournai Tournai NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 189 2 : : : en-wikipedia-org-2458 189 3 Desclée Desclée NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 189 4 & & CC en-wikipedia-org-2458 189 5 Socii Socii NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 189 6 . . . en-wikipedia-org-2458 190 1 Paléographie Paléographie NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 190 2 musicale musicale NN en-wikipedia-org-2458 190 3 . . . en-wikipedia-org-2458 191 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-2458 191 2 full full JJ en-wikipedia-org-2458 191 3 citation citation NN en-wikipedia-org-2458 191 4 needed need VBN en-wikipedia-org-2458 191 5 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-2458 191 6 ISBN ISBN NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 191 7   _SP en-wikipedia-org-2458 191 8 2 2 CD en-wikipedia-org-2458 191 9 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-2458 191 10 85274 85274 CD en-wikipedia-org-2458 191 11 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-2458 191 12 219 219 CD en-wikipedia-org-2458 191 13 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-2458 191 14 5 5 CD en-wikipedia-org-2458 191 15 . . . en-wikipedia-org-2458 192 1 Facsimiles facsimile NNS en-wikipedia-org-2458 192 2 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-2458 192 3 early early JJ en-wikipedia-org-2458 192 4 adiastamatic adiastamatic JJ en-wikipedia-org-2458 192 5 chant chant JJ en-wikipedia-org-2458 192 6 manuscripts manuscript NNS en-wikipedia-org-2458 192 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-2458 193 1 Apel Apel NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 193 2 , , , en-wikipedia-org-2458 193 3 Willi Willi NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 193 4 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-2458 193 5 1990 1990 CD en-wikipedia-org-2458 193 6 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-2458 193 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-2458 194 1 Gregorian gregorian JJ en-wikipedia-org-2458 194 2 Chant Chant NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 194 3 . . . en-wikipedia-org-2458 195 1 Bloomington Bloomington NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 195 2 , , , en-wikipedia-org-2458 195 3 IN in IN en-wikipedia-org-2458 195 4 : : : en-wikipedia-org-2458 195 5 Indiana Indiana NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 195 6 University University NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 195 7 Press Press NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 195 8 . . . en-wikipedia-org-2458 196 1 ISBN ISBN NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 196 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-2458 196 3 0 0 CD en-wikipedia-org-2458 196 4 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-2458 196 5 253 253 CD en-wikipedia-org-2458 196 6 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-2458 196 7 20601 20601 CD en-wikipedia-org-2458 196 8 - - SYM en-wikipedia-org-2458 196 9 4 4 CD en-wikipedia-org-2458 196 10 . . . en-wikipedia-org-2458 197 1 Constantin Constantin NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 197 2 , , , en-wikipedia-org-2458 197 3 Floros Floros NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 197 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-2458 198 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-2458 198 2 Universale Universale NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 198 3 Neumenkunde Neumenkunde NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 198 4 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-2458 198 5 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-2458 198 6 Universal Universal NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 198 7 Theory Theory NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 198 8 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-2458 198 9 Neumes Neumes NNPS en-wikipedia-org-2458 198 10 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-2458 198 11 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-2458 198 12 three three CD en-wikipedia-org-2458 198 13 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-2458 198 14 volume[full volume[full NNS en-wikipedia-org-2458 198 15 citation citation NN en-wikipedia-org-2458 198 16 needed need VBN en-wikipedia-org-2458 198 17 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-2458 198 18 covering cover VBG en-wikipedia-org-2458 198 19 all all DT en-wikipedia-org-2458 198 20 major major JJ en-wikipedia-org-2458 198 21 styles style NNS en-wikipedia-org-2458 198 22 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-2458 198 23 schools school NNS en-wikipedia-org-2458 198 24 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-2458 198 25 neumatic neumatic JJ en-wikipedia-org-2458 198 26 musical musical JJ en-wikipedia-org-2458 198 27 notation notation NN en-wikipedia-org-2458 198 28 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-2458 198 29 three three CD en-wikipedia-org-2458 198 30 major major JJ en-wikipedia-org-2458 198 31 divisions division NNS en-wikipedia-org-2458 198 32 : : : en-wikipedia-org-2458 198 33 Byzantine byzantine JJ en-wikipedia-org-2458 198 34 , , , en-wikipedia-org-2458 198 35 Gregorian gregorian JJ en-wikipedia-org-2458 198 36 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-2458 198 37 Slavic slavic JJ en-wikipedia-org-2458 198 38 . . . en-wikipedia-org-2458 199 1 Hiley Hiley NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 199 2 , , , en-wikipedia-org-2458 199 3 David David NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 199 4 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-2458 199 5 1990 1990 CD en-wikipedia-org-2458 199 6 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-2458 199 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-2458 200 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-2458 200 2 Chant chant JJ en-wikipedia-org-2458 200 3 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-2458 200 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-2458 201 1 In in IN en-wikipedia-org-2458 201 2 Performance Performance NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 201 3 Practice Practice NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 201 4 : : : en-wikipedia-org-2458 201 5 Music music NN en-wikipedia-org-2458 201 6 before before IN en-wikipedia-org-2458 201 7 1600 1600 CD en-wikipedia-org-2458 201 8 , , , en-wikipedia-org-2458 201 9 Howard Howard NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 201 10 Mayer Mayer NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 201 11 Brown Brown NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 201 12 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-2458 201 13 Stanley Stanley NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 201 14 Sadie Sadie NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 201 15 , , , en-wikipedia-org-2458 201 16 eds eds NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 201 17 . . NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 201 18 , , , en-wikipedia-org-2458 201 19 pp pp NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 201 20 . . . en-wikipedia-org-2458 202 1 37–54 37–54 LS en-wikipedia-org-2458 202 2 . . . en-wikipedia-org-2458 203 1 New New NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 203 2 York York NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 203 3 : : : en-wikipedia-org-2458 203 4 W.W. W.W. NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 203 5 Norton Norton NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 203 6 & & CC en-wikipedia-org-2458 203 7 Co. Co. NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 203 8 ISBN ISBN NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 203 9   _SP en-wikipedia-org-2458 203 10 0 0 CD en-wikipedia-org-2458 203 11 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-2458 203 12 393 393 CD en-wikipedia-org-2458 203 13 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-2458 203 14 02807 02807 CD en-wikipedia-org-2458 203 15 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-2458 203 16 0 0 CD en-wikipedia-org-2458 203 17 . . . en-wikipedia-org-2458 204 1 Hiley Hiley NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 204 2 , , , en-wikipedia-org-2458 204 3 David David NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 204 4 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-2458 204 5 1995 1995 CD en-wikipedia-org-2458 204 6 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-2458 204 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-2458 205 1 Western western JJ en-wikipedia-org-2458 205 2 Plainchant Plainchant NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 205 3 : : : en-wikipedia-org-2458 205 4 A a DT en-wikipedia-org-2458 205 5 Handbook Handbook NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 205 6 . . . en-wikipedia-org-2458 206 1 Cambridge Cambridge NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 206 2 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-2458 206 3 New New NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 206 4 York York NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 206 5 : : : en-wikipedia-org-2458 206 6 Clarendon Clarendon NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 206 7 Press Press NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 206 8 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-2458 206 9 Cambridge Cambridge NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 206 10 University University NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 206 11 Press Press NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 206 12 . . . en-wikipedia-org-2458 207 1 ISBN ISBN NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 207 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-2458 207 3 0 0 CD en-wikipedia-org-2458 207 4 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-2458 207 5 19 19 CD en-wikipedia-org-2458 207 6 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-2458 207 7 816572 816572 CD en-wikipedia-org-2458 207 8 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-2458 207 9 2 2 CD en-wikipedia-org-2458 207 10 . . . en-wikipedia-org-2458 208 1 Mahrt Mahrt NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 208 2 , , , en-wikipedia-org-2458 208 3 William William NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 208 4 P. P. NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 208 5 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-2458 208 6 2000 2000 CD en-wikipedia-org-2458 208 7 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-2458 208 8 . . . en-wikipedia-org-2458 209 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-2458 209 2 Chant chant JJ en-wikipedia-org-2458 209 3 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-2458 209 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-2458 210 1 In in IN en-wikipedia-org-2458 210 2 A a DT en-wikipedia-org-2458 210 3 Performer Performer NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 210 4 's 's POS en-wikipedia-org-2458 210 5 Guide Guide NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 210 6 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-2458 210 7 Medieval Medieval NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 210 8 Music Music NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 210 9 , , , en-wikipedia-org-2458 210 10 Ross Ross NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 210 11 Duffin Duffin NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 210 12 , , , en-wikipedia-org-2458 210 13 ed ed NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 210 14 . . NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 210 15 , , , en-wikipedia-org-2458 210 16 pp pp NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 210 17 . . . en-wikipedia-org-2458 211 1 1–22 1–22 CD en-wikipedia-org-2458 211 2 . . . en-wikipedia-org-2458 212 1 Bloomington Bloomington NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 212 2 , , , en-wikipedia-org-2458 212 3 IN in IN en-wikipedia-org-2458 212 4 : : : en-wikipedia-org-2458 212 5 Indiana Indiana NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 212 6 University University NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 212 7 Press Press NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 212 8 . . . en-wikipedia-org-2458 213 1 ISBN ISBN NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 213 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-2458 213 3 0 0 CD en-wikipedia-org-2458 213 4 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-2458 213 5 253 253 CD en-wikipedia-org-2458 213 6 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-2458 213 7 33752 33752 CD en-wikipedia-org-2458 213 8 - - SYM en-wikipedia-org-2458 213 9 6 6 CD en-wikipedia-org-2458 213 10 . . . en-wikipedia-org-2458 214 1 McKinnon McKinnon NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 214 2 , , , en-wikipedia-org-2458 214 3 James James NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 214 4 , , , en-wikipedia-org-2458 214 5 ed ed NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 214 6 . . . en-wikipedia-org-2458 215 1 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-2458 215 2 1990 1990 CD en-wikipedia-org-2458 215 3 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-2458 215 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-2458 216 1 Antiquity antiquity NN en-wikipedia-org-2458 216 2 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-2458 216 3 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-2458 216 4 Middle Middle NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 216 5 Ages Ages NNPS en-wikipedia-org-2458 216 6 . . . en-wikipedia-org-2458 217 1 Prentice Prentice NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 217 2 Hall Hall NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 217 3 . . . en-wikipedia-org-2458 218 1 ISBN ISBN NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 218 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-2458 218 3 0 0 CD en-wikipedia-org-2458 218 4 - - SYM en-wikipedia-org-2458 218 5 13 13 CD en-wikipedia-org-2458 218 6 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-2458 218 7 036153 036153 CD en-wikipedia-org-2458 218 8 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-2458 218 9 4.CS1 4.CS1 NNS en-wikipedia-org-2458 218 10 maint maint NN en-wikipedia-org-2458 218 11 : : : en-wikipedia-org-2458 218 12 extra extra JJ en-wikipedia-org-2458 218 13 text text NN en-wikipedia-org-2458 218 14 : : : en-wikipedia-org-2458 218 15 authors author NNS en-wikipedia-org-2458 218 16 list list NN en-wikipedia-org-2458 218 17 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-2458 218 18 link link NN en-wikipedia-org-2458 218 19 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-2458 218 20 Wagner Wagner NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 218 21 , , , en-wikipedia-org-2458 218 22 Peter Peter NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 218 23 . . . en-wikipedia-org-2458 219 1 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-2458 219 2 1911 1911 CD en-wikipedia-org-2458 219 3 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-2458 219 4 Einführung Einführung VBN en-wikipedia-org-2458 219 5 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-2458 219 6 die die NN en-wikipedia-org-2458 219 7 Gregorianischen Gregorianischen NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 219 8 Melodien Melodien NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 219 9 . . . en-wikipedia-org-2458 220 1 Ein Ein NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 220 2 Handbuch Handbuch NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 220 3 der der NN en-wikipedia-org-2458 220 4 Choralwissenschaft Choralwissenschaft NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 220 5 . . . en-wikipedia-org-2458 221 1 Leipzig Leipzig NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 221 2 : : : en-wikipedia-org-2458 221 3 Breitkopf Breitkopf NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 221 4 & & CC en-wikipedia-org-2458 221 5 Härtel Härtel NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 221 6 . . . en-wikipedia-org-2458 222 1 Wilson Wilson NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 222 2 , , , en-wikipedia-org-2458 222 3 David David NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 222 4 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-2458 222 5 1990 1990 CD en-wikipedia-org-2458 222 6 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-2458 222 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-2458 223 1 Music music NN en-wikipedia-org-2458 223 2 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-2458 223 3 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-2458 223 4 Middle Middle NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 223 5 Ages Ages NNPS en-wikipedia-org-2458 223 6 . . . en-wikipedia-org-2458 224 1 Schirmer Schirmer NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 224 2 Books Books NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 224 3 . . . en-wikipedia-org-2458 225 1 ISBN ISBN NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 225 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-2458 225 3 0 0 CD en-wikipedia-org-2458 225 4 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-2458 225 5 02 02 CD en-wikipedia-org-2458 225 6 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-2458 225 7 872951-X. 872951-x. NN en-wikipedia-org-2458 226 1 External external JJ en-wikipedia-org-2458 226 2 links[edit links[edit , en-wikipedia-org-2458 226 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-2458 226 4 Learning learn VBG en-wikipedia-org-2458 226 5 Resources resource NNS en-wikipedia-org-2458 226 6 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-2458 226 7 1961 1961 CD en-wikipedia-org-2458 226 8 Liber Liber NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 226 9 Usualis Usualis NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 226 10 compares compare VBZ en-wikipedia-org-2458 226 11 , , , en-wikipedia-org-2458 226 12 inter inter JJ en-wikipedia-org-2458 226 13 alia alia NNS en-wikipedia-org-2458 226 14 , , , en-wikipedia-org-2458 226 15 modern modern JJ en-wikipedia-org-2458 226 16 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-2458 226 17 chant chant JJ en-wikipedia-org-2458 226 18 notations notation NNS en-wikipedia-org-2458 226 19 . . . en-wikipedia-org-2458 227 1 It -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-2458 227 2 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-2458 227 3 also also RB en-wikipedia-org-2458 227 4 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-2458 227 5 handy handy JJ en-wikipedia-org-2458 227 6 reference reference NN en-wikipedia-org-2458 227 7 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-2458 227 8 all all PDT en-wikipedia-org-2458 227 9 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-2458 227 10 types type NNS en-wikipedia-org-2458 227 11 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-2458 227 12 neumes neume NNS en-wikipedia-org-2458 227 13 . . . en-wikipedia-org-2458 228 1 Singing singe VBG en-wikipedia-org-2458 228 2 Gregorian gregorian JJ en-wikipedia-org-2458 228 3 Chant chant NN en-wikipedia-org-2458 228 4 : : : en-wikipedia-org-2458 228 5 Pitch Pitch NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 228 6 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-2458 228 7 Mode Mode NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 228 8 Other other JJ en-wikipedia-org-2458 228 9 Oliver Oliver NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 228 10 Gerlach Gerlach NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 228 11 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-2458 228 12 Ensemble Ensemble NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 228 13 Ison Ison NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 228 14 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-2458 228 15 : : : en-wikipedia-org-2458 228 16 Performing perform VBG en-wikipedia-org-2458 228 17 Western Western NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 228 18 Plainchant Plainchant NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 228 19 — — : en-wikipedia-org-2458 228 20 Introduction introduction NN en-wikipedia-org-2458 228 21 into into IN en-wikipedia-org-2458 228 22 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-2458 228 23 Latin Latin NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 228 24 Neumes Neumes NNPS en-wikipedia-org-2458 228 25 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-2458 228 26 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-2458 228 27 10th 10th JJ en-wikipedia-org-2458 228 28 century century NN en-wikipedia-org-2458 228 29 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-2458 228 30 Accessed Accessed NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 228 31 November November NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 228 32 26 26 CD en-wikipedia-org-2458 228 33 , , , en-wikipedia-org-2458 228 34 2009 2009 CD en-wikipedia-org-2458 228 35 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-2458 228 36 David David NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 228 37 Hiley Hiley NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 228 38 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-2458 228 39 Janka Janka NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 228 40 Szendrei Szendrei NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 228 41 : : : en-wikipedia-org-2458 228 42 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-2458 228 43 Notation notation NN en-wikipedia-org-2458 228 44 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-2458 228 45 , , , en-wikipedia-org-2458 228 46 Grove Grove NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 228 47 Music Music NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 228 48 Online Online NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 228 49 , , , en-wikipedia-org-2458 228 50 ed ed NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 228 51 . . . en-wikipedia-org-2458 229 1 L. L. NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 229 2 Macy Macy NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 229 3 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-2458 229 4 Accessed Accessed NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 229 5 June June NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 229 6 12 12 CD en-wikipedia-org-2458 229 7 , , , en-wikipedia-org-2458 229 8 2006 2006 CD en-wikipedia-org-2458 229 9 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-2458 229 10 , , , en-wikipedia-org-2458 229 11 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-2458 229 12 subscription subscription NN en-wikipedia-org-2458 229 13 access access NN en-wikipedia-org-2458 229 14 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-2458 229 15 Font font NN en-wikipedia-org-2458 229 16 package package NN en-wikipedia-org-2458 229 17 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-2458 229 18 writing write VBG en-wikipedia-org-2458 229 19 post post JJ en-wikipedia-org-2458 229 20 - - JJ en-wikipedia-org-2458 229 21 Byzantine byzantine JJ en-wikipedia-org-2458 229 22 neumes neume NNS en-wikipedia-org-2458 229 23 Kenneth Kenneth NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 229 24 Levy Levy NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 229 25 : : : en-wikipedia-org-2458 229 26 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-2458 229 27 Plainchant Plainchant NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 229 28 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-2458 229 29 , , , en-wikipedia-org-2458 229 30 Grove Grove NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 229 31 Music Music NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 229 32 Online Online NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 229 33 , , , en-wikipedia-org-2458 229 34 ed ed NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 229 35 . . . en-wikipedia-org-2458 230 1 L. L. NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 230 2 Macy Macy NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 230 3 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-2458 230 4 Accessed access VBN en-wikipedia-org-2458 230 5 January January NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 230 6 20 20 CD en-wikipedia-org-2458 230 7 , , , en-wikipedia-org-2458 230 8 2006 2006 CD en-wikipedia-org-2458 230 9 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-2458 230 10 , , , en-wikipedia-org-2458 230 11 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-2458 230 12 subscription subscription NN en-wikipedia-org-2458 230 13 access access NN en-wikipedia-org-2458 230 14 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-2458 230 15 Comparative comparative JJ en-wikipedia-org-2458 230 16 table table NN en-wikipedia-org-2458 230 17 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-2458 230 18 cheironomic cheironomic JJ en-wikipedia-org-2458 230 19 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-2458 230 20 square square JJ en-wikipedia-org-2458 230 21 neumes neume NNS en-wikipedia-org-2458 230 22 Samples sample NNS en-wikipedia-org-2458 230 23 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-2458 230 24 early early JJ en-wikipedia-org-2458 230 25 notation notation NN en-wikipedia-org-2458 230 26 , , , en-wikipedia-org-2458 230 27 showing show VBG en-wikipedia-org-2458 230 28 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-2458 230 29 same same JJ en-wikipedia-org-2458 230 30 chant chant NN en-wikipedia-org-2458 230 31 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-2458 230 32 many many JJ en-wikipedia-org-2458 230 33 different different JJ en-wikipedia-org-2458 230 34 notations notation NNS en-wikipedia-org-2458 230 35 Catholic Catholic NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 230 36 Encyclopedia Encyclopedia NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 230 37 entry entry NN en-wikipedia-org-2458 230 38 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-2458 230 39 Neum Neum NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 230 40 Solesmes Solesmes NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 230 41 Abbey Abbey NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 230 42 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-2458 230 43 Intonation Intonation NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 230 44 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-2458 230 45 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-2458 230 46 Eight eight CD en-wikipedia-org-2458 230 47 Tones Tones NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 230 48 Byzantine Byzantine NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 230 49 notation notation NN en-wikipedia-org-2458 230 50 Music music NN en-wikipedia-org-2458 230 51 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-2458 230 52 Vespers Vespers NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 230 53 Byzantine Byzantine NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 230 54 notation notation NN en-wikipedia-org-2458 230 55 v v NN en-wikipedia-org-2458 230 56 t t NN en-wikipedia-org-2458 230 57 e e NN en-wikipedia-org-2458 230 58 Musical musical JJ en-wikipedia-org-2458 230 59 notation notation NN en-wikipedia-org-2458 230 60 Staff staff NN en-wikipedia-org-2458 230 61 8va 8va NN en-wikipedia-org-2458 230 62 15ma 15ma NN en-wikipedia-org-2458 230 63 Abbreviation Abbreviation NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 230 64 Bar Bar NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 230 65   _SP en-wikipedia-org-2458 230 66 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-2458 230 67 barline barline NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 230 68   _SP en-wikipedia-org-2458 230 69 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-2458 230 70 measure measure NN en-wikipedia-org-2458 230 71 Clef Clef NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 230 72 Da Da NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 230 73 capo capo NNS en-wikipedia-org-2458 230 74 Dal Dal NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 230 75 segno segno NN en-wikipedia-org-2458 230 76 Key key JJ en-wikipedia-org-2458 230 77 signature signature NN en-wikipedia-org-2458 230 78 Ledger Ledger NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 230 79 line line NN en-wikipedia-org-2458 230 80 Mode Mode NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 230 81 Ossia Ossia NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 230 82 Scale Scale NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 230 83 Rehearsal Rehearsal NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 230 84 letter letter NN en-wikipedia-org-2458 230 85 Repeat Repeat NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 230 86 sign sign NN en-wikipedia-org-2458 230 87 Tempo Tempo NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 230 88 Time Time NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 230 89 signature signature NN en-wikipedia-org-2458 230 90 Transposition Transposition NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 230 91 Transposing transpose VBG en-wikipedia-org-2458 230 92 instrument instrument NN en-wikipedia-org-2458 230 93 Musical musical JJ en-wikipedia-org-2458 230 94 notes note VBZ en-wikipedia-org-2458 230 95 Accidental accidental JJ en-wikipedia-org-2458 230 96   _SP en-wikipedia-org-2458 230 97 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-2458 230 98 flat flat JJ en-wikipedia-org-2458 230 99 natural natural JJ en-wikipedia-org-2458 230 100 sharp sharp JJ en-wikipedia-org-2458 230 101 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-2458 230 102 Cue Cue NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 230 103 note note NN en-wikipedia-org-2458 230 104 Dotted dotted JJ en-wikipedia-org-2458 230 105 note note NN en-wikipedia-org-2458 230 106 Grace Grace NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 230 107 note note NN en-wikipedia-org-2458 230 108 Note note NN en-wikipedia-org-2458 230 109 value value NN en-wikipedia-org-2458 230 110   _SP en-wikipedia-org-2458 230 111 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-2458 230 112 beam beam NN en-wikipedia-org-2458 230 113 notehead notehead JJ en-wikipedia-org-2458 230 114 stem stem NN en-wikipedia-org-2458 230 115 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-2458 230 116 Pitch Pitch NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 230 117 Rest Rest NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 230 118 Tacet Tacet NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 230 119 Tuplet Tuplet NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 230 120 Tremolo Tremolo NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 230 121 Interval Interval NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 230 122 Helmholtz Helmholtz NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 230 123 pitch pitch NN en-wikipedia-org-2458 230 124 notation notation NN en-wikipedia-org-2458 230 125 Letter Letter NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 230 126 notation notation NN en-wikipedia-org-2458 230 127 Scientific scientific JJ en-wikipedia-org-2458 230 128 pitch pitch NN en-wikipedia-org-2458 230 129 notation notation NN en-wikipedia-org-2458 230 130 Articulation Articulation NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 230 131 Accent Accent NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 230 132 Sforzando Sforzando NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 230 133 Caesura Caesura NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 230 134 Damping damp VBG en-wikipedia-org-2458 230 135 Dynamics Dynamics NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 230 136 Fermata Fermata NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 230 137 Fingering Fingering NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 230 138 Legato Legato NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 230 139 Marcato Marcato NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 230 140 Ornament Ornament NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 230 141   _SP en-wikipedia-org-2458 230 142 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-2458 230 143 appoggiatura appoggiatura NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 230 144 glissando glissando NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 230 145 grace grace NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 230 146 note note NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 230 147 mordent mordent JJ en-wikipedia-org-2458 230 148 slide slide NN en-wikipedia-org-2458 230 149 trill trill NN en-wikipedia-org-2458 230 150 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-2458 230 151 Portato Portato NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 230 152 Slur Slur NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 230 153 Staccato Staccato NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 230 154 Tenuto Tenuto NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 230 155 Tie Tie NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 230 156 Tonguing Tonguing NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 230 157 Sheet Sheet NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 230 158 music music NN en-wikipedia-org-2458 230 159 History history NN en-wikipedia-org-2458 230 160 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-2458 230 161 music music NN en-wikipedia-org-2458 230 162 publishing publish VBG en-wikipedia-org-2458 230 163 Music music NN en-wikipedia-org-2458 230 164 engraving engrave VBG en-wikipedia-org-2458 230 165 Popular popular JJ en-wikipedia-org-2458 230 166 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-2458 230 167 music music NN en-wikipedia-org-2458 230 168 publisher publisher NN en-wikipedia-org-2458 230 169 Sheet sheet NN en-wikipedia-org-2458 230 170 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-2458 230 171 music music NN en-wikipedia-org-2458 230 172 publisher publisher NN en-wikipedia-org-2458 230 173 Scorewriter Scorewriter NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 230 174 Alternative Alternative NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 230 175 Braille Braille NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 230 176 music music NN en-wikipedia-org-2458 230 177 Chord Chord NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 230 178 chart chart VB en-wikipedia-org-2458 230 179 Figured figured JJ en-wikipedia-org-2458 230 180 bass bass NN en-wikipedia-org-2458 230 181 Graphic Graphic NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 230 182 notation notation NN en-wikipedia-org-2458 230 183 Lead lead JJ en-wikipedia-org-2458 230 184 sheet sheet NN en-wikipedia-org-2458 230 185 Eye Eye NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 230 186 music music NN en-wikipedia-org-2458 230 187 Nashville Nashville NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 230 188 Number Number NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 230 189 System System NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 230 190 Numbered number VBD en-wikipedia-org-2458 230 191 musical musical JJ en-wikipedia-org-2458 230 192 notation notation NN en-wikipedia-org-2458 230 193 Klavarskribo klavarskribo VBP en-wikipedia-org-2458 230 194 Tablature Tablature NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 230 195 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-2458 230 196 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-2458 230 197 Tab Tab NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 230 198 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-2458 230 199 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-2458 230 200 Parsons Parsons NNPS en-wikipedia-org-2458 230 201 Percussion Percussion NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 230 202 notation notation NN en-wikipedia-org-2458 230 203 Simplified simplify VBD en-wikipedia-org-2458 230 204 Non non JJ en-wikipedia-org-2458 230 205 - - JJ en-wikipedia-org-2458 230 206 Western western JJ en-wikipedia-org-2458 230 207 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-2458 230 208 ancient ancient JJ en-wikipedia-org-2458 230 209 Ancient Ancient NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 230 210 Greek Greek NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 230 211 Chinese Chinese NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 230 212 Kepatihan Kepatihan NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 230 213 Kunkunshi Kunkunshi NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 230 214 Neume Neume NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 230 215 Swaralipi Swaralipi NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 230 216 Shakuhachi Shakuhachi NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 230 217 Znamenny Znamenny NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 230 218 Related Related NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 230 219 Mensural Mensural NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 230 220 notation notation NN en-wikipedia-org-2458 230 221 Music Music NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 230 222 stand stand VBP en-wikipedia-org-2458 230 223 Sight sight NN en-wikipedia-org-2458 230 224 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-2458 230 225 reading read VBG en-wikipedia-org-2458 230 226 Sight Sight NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 230 227 singing singing NN en-wikipedia-org-2458 230 228 Transcription Transcription NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 230 229 List List NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 230 230 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-2458 230 231 musical musical JJ en-wikipedia-org-2458 230 232 symbols symbol NNS en-wikipedia-org-2458 230 233 Category category NN en-wikipedia-org-2458 230 234 : : : en-wikipedia-org-2458 230 235 Musical musical JJ en-wikipedia-org-2458 230 236 notation notation NN en-wikipedia-org-2458 230 237 Authority Authority NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 230 238 control control NN en-wikipedia-org-2458 230 239 BNF BNF NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 230 240 : : : en-wikipedia-org-2458 230 241 cb11977807 cb11977807 NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 230 242 m m NN en-wikipedia-org-2458 230 243 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-2458 230 244 data data NN en-wikipedia-org-2458 230 245 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-2458 230 246 GND GND NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 230 247 : : : en-wikipedia-org-2458 230 248 4171568 4171568 CD en-wikipedia-org-2458 230 249 - - SYM en-wikipedia-org-2458 230 250 8 8 CD en-wikipedia-org-2458 230 251 LCCN LCCN NNS en-wikipedia-org-2458 230 252 : : : en-wikipedia-org-2458 230 253 sh85091086 sh85091086 NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 230 254 Retrieved retrieve VBN en-wikipedia-org-2458 230 255 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-2458 230 256 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-2458 230 257 https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Neume&oldid=995906801 https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=neume&oldid=995906801 NN en-wikipedia-org-2458 230 258 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-2458 230 259 Categories category NNS en-wikipedia-org-2458 230 260 : : : en-wikipedia-org-2458 230 261 Christian christian JJ en-wikipedia-org-2458 230 262 music music NN en-wikipedia-org-2458 230 263 Musical musical JJ en-wikipedia-org-2458 230 264 notation notation NN en-wikipedia-org-2458 230 265 Hidden hidden JJ en-wikipedia-org-2458 230 266 categories category NNS en-wikipedia-org-2458 230 267 : : : en-wikipedia-org-2458 230 268 Articles article NNS en-wikipedia-org-2458 230 269 containing contain VBG en-wikipedia-org-2458 230 270 Ancient Ancient NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 230 271 Greek Greek NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 230 272 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-2458 230 273 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-2458 230 274 1453)-language 1453)-language VB en-wikipedia-org-2458 230 275 text text NN en-wikipedia-org-2458 230 276 CS1 CS1 NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 230 277 maint maint NN en-wikipedia-org-2458 230 278 : : : en-wikipedia-org-2458 230 279 BOT bot NN en-wikipedia-org-2458 230 280 : : : en-wikipedia-org-2458 230 281 original original JJ en-wikipedia-org-2458 230 282 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-2458 230 283 url url NN en-wikipedia-org-2458 230 284 status status NN en-wikipedia-org-2458 230 285 unknown unknown JJ en-wikipedia-org-2458 230 286 All all DT en-wikipedia-org-2458 230 287 articles article NNS en-wikipedia-org-2458 230 288 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-2458 230 289 unsourced unsourced JJ en-wikipedia-org-2458 230 290 statements statement NNS en-wikipedia-org-2458 230 291 Articles article NNS en-wikipedia-org-2458 230 292 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-2458 230 293 unsourced unsourced JJ en-wikipedia-org-2458 230 294 statements statement NNS en-wikipedia-org-2458 230 295 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-2458 230 296 March March NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 230 297 2015 2015 CD en-wikipedia-org-2458 230 298 All all DT en-wikipedia-org-2458 230 299 self self NN en-wikipedia-org-2458 230 300 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-2458 230 301 contradictory contradictory JJ en-wikipedia-org-2458 230 302 articles article NNS en-wikipedia-org-2458 230 303 Articles article NNS en-wikipedia-org-2458 230 304 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-2458 230 305 unsourced unsourced JJ en-wikipedia-org-2458 230 306 statements statement NNS en-wikipedia-org-2458 230 307 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-2458 230 308 January January NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 230 309 2015 2015 CD en-wikipedia-org-2458 230 310 All all DT en-wikipedia-org-2458 230 311 articles article NNS en-wikipedia-org-2458 230 312 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-2458 230 313 incomplete incomplete JJ en-wikipedia-org-2458 230 314 citations citation NNS en-wikipedia-org-2458 230 315 Articles article NNS en-wikipedia-org-2458 230 316 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-2458 230 317 incomplete incomplete JJ en-wikipedia-org-2458 230 318 citations citation NNS en-wikipedia-org-2458 230 319 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-2458 230 320 January January NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 230 321 2015 2015 CD en-wikipedia-org-2458 230 322 CS1 CS1 NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 230 323 maint maint NN en-wikipedia-org-2458 230 324 : : : en-wikipedia-org-2458 230 325 extra extra JJ en-wikipedia-org-2458 230 326 text text NN en-wikipedia-org-2458 230 327 : : : en-wikipedia-org-2458 230 328 authors author NNS en-wikipedia-org-2458 230 329 list list NN en-wikipedia-org-2458 230 330 Wikipedia wikipedia JJ en-wikipedia-org-2458 230 331 articles article NNS en-wikipedia-org-2458 230 332 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-2458 230 333 BNF BNF NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 230 334 identifiers identifier NNS en-wikipedia-org-2458 230 335 Wikipedia Wikipedia NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 230 336 articles article NNS en-wikipedia-org-2458 230 337 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-2458 230 338 GND GND NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 230 339 identifiers identifier NNS en-wikipedia-org-2458 230 340 Wikipedia Wikipedia NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 230 341 articles article NNS en-wikipedia-org-2458 230 342 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-2458 230 343 LCCN LCCN NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 230 344 identifiers identifier NNS en-wikipedia-org-2458 230 345 Navigation Navigation NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 230 346 menu menu NN en-wikipedia-org-2458 230 347 Personal personal JJ en-wikipedia-org-2458 230 348 tools tool NNS en-wikipedia-org-2458 230 349 Not not RB en-wikipedia-org-2458 230 350 logged log VBN en-wikipedia-org-2458 230 351 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-2458 230 352 Talk Talk NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 230 353 Contributions Contributions NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 230 354 Create Create NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 230 355 account account NN en-wikipedia-org-2458 230 356 Log Log NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 230 357 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-2458 230 358 Namespaces Namespaces NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 230 359 Article Article NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 230 360 Talk talk NN en-wikipedia-org-2458 230 361 Variants variant VBZ en-wikipedia-org-2458 230 362 Views view NNS en-wikipedia-org-2458 230 363 Read read VBP en-wikipedia-org-2458 230 364 Edit edit NN en-wikipedia-org-2458 230 365 View View NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 230 366 history history NN en-wikipedia-org-2458 230 367 More More JJR en-wikipedia-org-2458 230 368 Search Search NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 230 369 Navigation Navigation NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 230 370 Main Main NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 230 371 page page NN en-wikipedia-org-2458 230 372 Contents content VBZ en-wikipedia-org-2458 230 373 Current current JJ en-wikipedia-org-2458 230 374 events event NNS en-wikipedia-org-2458 230 375 Random random JJ en-wikipedia-org-2458 230 376 article article NN en-wikipedia-org-2458 230 377 About about IN en-wikipedia-org-2458 230 378 Wikipedia Wikipedia NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 230 379 Contact Contact NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 230 380 us -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-2458 230 381 Donate Donate NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 230 382 Contribute contribute NN en-wikipedia-org-2458 230 383 Help help NN en-wikipedia-org-2458 230 384 Learn learn VB en-wikipedia-org-2458 230 385 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-2458 230 386 edit edit VB en-wikipedia-org-2458 230 387 Community community NN en-wikipedia-org-2458 230 388 portal portal JJ en-wikipedia-org-2458 230 389 Recent recent JJ en-wikipedia-org-2458 230 390 changes change NNS en-wikipedia-org-2458 230 391 Upload upload JJ en-wikipedia-org-2458 230 392 file file NN en-wikipedia-org-2458 230 393 Tools tool NNS en-wikipedia-org-2458 230 394 What what WP en-wikipedia-org-2458 230 395 links link NNS en-wikipedia-org-2458 230 396 here here RB en-wikipedia-org-2458 230 397 Related relate VBN en-wikipedia-org-2458 230 398 changes change VBZ en-wikipedia-org-2458 230 399 Upload upload JJ en-wikipedia-org-2458 230 400 file file VBP en-wikipedia-org-2458 230 401 Special special JJ en-wikipedia-org-2458 230 402 pages page NNS en-wikipedia-org-2458 230 403 Permanent permanent JJ en-wikipedia-org-2458 230 404 link link NN en-wikipedia-org-2458 230 405 Page Page NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 230 406 information information NN en-wikipedia-org-2458 230 407 Cite cite VB en-wikipedia-org-2458 230 408 this this DT en-wikipedia-org-2458 230 409 page page NN en-wikipedia-org-2458 230 410 Wikidata wikidata NN en-wikipedia-org-2458 230 411 item item NN en-wikipedia-org-2458 230 412 Print print NN en-wikipedia-org-2458 230 413 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-2458 230 414 export export NN en-wikipedia-org-2458 230 415 Download Download NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 230 416 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-2458 230 417 PDF PDF NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 230 418 Printable Printable NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 230 419 version version NN en-wikipedia-org-2458 230 420 In in IN en-wikipedia-org-2458 230 421 other other JJ en-wikipedia-org-2458 230 422 projects project NNS en-wikipedia-org-2458 230 423 Wikimedia Wikimedia NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 230 424 Commons Commons NNPS en-wikipedia-org-2458 230 425 Languages Languages NNPS en-wikipedia-org-2458 230 426 Български Български NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 230 427 Bosanski Bosanski NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 230 428 Català Català NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 230 429 Čeština Čeština NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 230 430 Deutsch Deutsch NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 230 431 Eesti Eesti NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 230 432 Ελληνικά Ελληνικά NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 230 433 Español Español NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 230 434 Esperanto Esperanto NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 230 435 فارسی فارسی JJ en-wikipedia-org-2458 230 436 Français Français NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 230 437 Հայերեն Հայերեն NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 230 438 Italiano Italiano NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 230 439 עברית עברית NN en-wikipedia-org-2458 230 440 Lietuvių Lietuvių NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 230 441 Magyar Magyar NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 230 442 Македонски Македонски NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 230 443 Nederlands Nederlands NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 230 444 日本語 日本語 NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 230 445 Norsk Norsk NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 230 446 bokmål bokmål NN en-wikipedia-org-2458 230 447 Norsk Norsk NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 230 448 nynorsk nynorsk NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 230 449 Occitan Occitan NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 230 450 Polski Polski NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 230 451 Português Português NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 230 452 Română Română NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 230 453 Русский Русский NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 230 454 Simple Simple NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 230 455 English English NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 230 456 Српски Српски NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 230 457 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-2458 230 458 srpski srpski JJ en-wikipedia-org-2458 230 459 Suomi Suomi NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 230 460 Svenska Svenska NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 230 461 Українська Українська NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 230 462 中文 中文 NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 230 463 Edit Edit NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 230 464 links link NNS en-wikipedia-org-2458 230 465 This this DT en-wikipedia-org-2458 230 466 page page NN en-wikipedia-org-2458 230 467 was be VBD en-wikipedia-org-2458 230 468 last last RB en-wikipedia-org-2458 230 469 edited edit VBN en-wikipedia-org-2458 230 470 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-2458 230 471 23 23 CD en-wikipedia-org-2458 230 472 December December NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 230 473 2020 2020 CD en-wikipedia-org-2458 230 474 , , , en-wikipedia-org-2458 230 475 at at IN en-wikipedia-org-2458 230 476 14:43 14:43 CD en-wikipedia-org-2458 230 477   _SP en-wikipedia-org-2458 230 478 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-2458 230 479 UTC UTC NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 230 480 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-2458 230 481 . . . en-wikipedia-org-2458 231 1 Text text NN en-wikipedia-org-2458 231 2 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-2458 231 3 available available JJ en-wikipedia-org-2458 231 4 under under IN en-wikipedia-org-2458 231 5 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-2458 231 6 Creative Creative NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 231 7 Commons Commons NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 231 8 Attribution Attribution NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 231 9 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-2458 231 10 ShareAlike ShareAlike NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 231 11 License License NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 231 12 ; ; , en-wikipedia-org-2458 231 13 additional additional JJ en-wikipedia-org-2458 231 14 terms term NNS en-wikipedia-org-2458 231 15 may may MD en-wikipedia-org-2458 231 16 apply apply VB en-wikipedia-org-2458 231 17 . . . en-wikipedia-org-2458 232 1 By by IN en-wikipedia-org-2458 232 2 using use VBG en-wikipedia-org-2458 232 3 this this DT en-wikipedia-org-2458 232 4 site site NN en-wikipedia-org-2458 232 5 , , , en-wikipedia-org-2458 232 6 you -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-2458 232 7 agree agree VBP en-wikipedia-org-2458 232 8 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-2458 232 9 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-2458 232 10 Terms term NNS en-wikipedia-org-2458 232 11 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-2458 232 12 Use Use NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 232 13 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-2458 232 14 Privacy Privacy NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 232 15 Policy Policy NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 232 16 . . . en-wikipedia-org-2458 233 1 Wikipedia Wikipedia NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 233 2 ® ® NNPS en-wikipedia-org-2458 233 3 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-2458 233 4 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-2458 233 5 registered registered JJ en-wikipedia-org-2458 233 6 trademark trademark NN en-wikipedia-org-2458 233 7 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-2458 233 8 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-2458 233 9 Wikimedia Wikimedia NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 233 10 Foundation Foundation NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 233 11 , , , en-wikipedia-org-2458 233 12 Inc. Inc. NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 233 13 , , , en-wikipedia-org-2458 233 14 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-2458 233 15 non non JJ en-wikipedia-org-2458 233 16 - - JJ en-wikipedia-org-2458 233 17 profit profit JJ en-wikipedia-org-2458 233 18 organization organization NN en-wikipedia-org-2458 233 19 . . . en-wikipedia-org-2458 234 1 Privacy privacy NN en-wikipedia-org-2458 234 2 policy policy NN en-wikipedia-org-2458 234 3 About about IN en-wikipedia-org-2458 234 4 Wikipedia Wikipedia NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 234 5 Disclaimers Disclaimers NNPS en-wikipedia-org-2458 234 6 Contact Contact NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 234 7 Wikipedia Wikipedia NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 234 8 Mobile Mobile NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 234 9 view view NN en-wikipedia-org-2458 234 10 Developers Developers NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 234 11 Statistics Statistics NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 234 12 Cookie Cookie NNP en-wikipedia-org-2458 234 13 statement statement NN