Summary of your 'study carrel' ============================== This is a summary of your Distant Reader 'study carrel'. The Distant Reader harvested & cached your content into a collection/corpus. It then applied sets of natural language processing and text mining against the collection. The results of this process was reduced to a database file -- a 'study carrel'. The study carrel can then be queried, thus bringing light specific characteristics for your collection. These characteristics can help you summarize the collection as well as enumerate things you might want to investigate more closely. Eric Lease Morgan May 27, 2019 Number of items in the collection; 'How big is my corpus?' ---------------------------------------------------------- 121 Average length of all items measured in words; "More or less, how big is each item?" ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 5059 Average readability score of all items (0 = difficult; 100 = easy) ------------------------------------------------------------------ 49 Top 50 statistically significant keywords; "What is my collection about?" ------------------------------------------------------------------------- 48 SARS 11 Hong 9 virus 7 patient 7 Kong 6 protein 6 PCR 5 respiratory 5 health 4 United 4 RNA 4 HIV 4 ELISA 3 influenza 3 infection 3 disease 3 cell 3 acute 3 MHV 3 H5N1 2 severe 2 rotavirus 2 inhibitor 2 infectious 2 imaging 2 figure 2 diarrhea 2 case 2 agent 2 WNV 2 Taiwan 2 RSV 2 MRI 2 MHC 2 IBV 2 Health 2 HCV 2 Golgi 2 China 2 ACE2 1 year 1 viral 1 venezuelan 1 vaccine 1 vaccination 1 threat 1 syndrome 1 structure 1 specimen 1 smallpox Top 50 lemmatized nouns; "What is discussed?" --------------------------------------------- 2947 patient 2831 virus 2213 % 2032 cell 1811 protein 1458 case 1377 study 1349 infection 1329 disease 1025 result 802 syndrome 775 group 749 method 739 coronavirus 728 health 718 finding 675 system 650 influenza 649 time 640 treatment 639 image 630 sequence 625 diagnosis 620 imaging 607 response 600 antibody 599 lesion 566 mouse 551 day 549 conclusion 545 membrane 534 analysis 527 vaccine 516 year 502 number 497 outbreak 488 agent 475 control 472 sample 471 datum 468 animal 465 structure 462 peptide 459 contrast 448 detection 437 model 430 strain 417 - 412 level 408 use Top 50 proper nouns; "What are the names of persons or places?" -------------------------------------------------------------- 2578 SARS 1082 al 986 . 959 et 853 CT 622 CoV 591 S 393 PCR 388 MR 387 MRI 360 Fig 349 RNA 345 Hong 317 Kong 301 C 260 US 245 Purpose 241 China 239 M. 237 de 230 T 230 Health 224 ELISA 206 HIV 195 II 188 M 183 H5N1 182 RT 180 MHC 177 la 168 MHV 155 S. 155 ACE2 149 CNS 148 A. 147 sera 147 A 145 United 144 C. 138 Singapore 127 Vero 126 States 122 Imaging 122 CCL3 119 World 115 WNV 115 J. 110 Learning 107 ACE 106 Objectives Top 50 personal pronouns nouns; "To whom are things referred?" ------------------------------------------------------------- 1243 it 1129 we 477 they 268 i 172 them 84 he 64 us 46 she 44 one 38 you 37 itself 24 themselves 14 him 6 her 4 himself 1 yourself 1 tace 1 r 1 phenprocoumon 1 ourselves 1 ours 1 nq 1 interleukin-13 1 icd-9-cm 1 herself 1 herg 1 duck/ 1 di(c24:)pc 1 cys412 1 c16:0,c18:1)pc 1 btfe 1 autoab 1 aflmp1 1 -procleix Top 50 lemmatized verbs; "What do things do?" --------------------------------------------- 19694 be 3523 have 1936 use 1083 show 817 include 632 associate 618 do 604 perform 580 detect 522 follow 474 find 459 provide 443 increase 433 infect 431 develop 429 identify 428 base 423 report 396 suggest 392 compare 390 contain 379 require 370 obtain 370 determine 365 cause 359 evaluate 354 occur 350 describe 345 indicate 341 bind 333 demonstrate 331 induce 317 result 295 present 288 see 278 observe 269 make 268 confirm 263 relate 263 know 259 reduce 251 allow 250 emerge 250 consider 244 express 242 assess 239 affect 237 remain 234 involve 231 lead Top 50 lemmatized adjectives and adverbs; "How are things described?" --------------------------------------------------------------------- 1598 not 1133 - 1093 respiratory 982 acute 948 also 927 human 911 high 882 other 796 severe 763 clinical 757 more 719 viral 686 such 588 only 578 well 566 however 564 low 555 most 461 specific 449 different 440 new 437 infectious 421 first 412 non 376 small 360 important 359 as 354 significant 333 positive 329 early 328 possible 328 normal 326 large 315 many 310 single 290 common 285 then 279 less 277 diagnostic 274 present 274 effective 271 further 262 molecular 260 major 259 similar 258 several 246 same 244 avian 240 medical 239 available Top 50 lemmatized superlative adjectives; "How are things described to the extreme?" ------------------------------------------------------------------------- 172 most 90 least 55 Most 52 good 46 high 41 large 28 great 15 low 13 late 7 small 7 common 6 close 5 strong 5 big 4 early 4 bad 3 young 3 short 3 old 3 long 2 simple 2 poor 2 near 1 ® 1 weak 1 thick 1 steep 1 mgI 1 few 1 fast 1 endonuclease/ 1 easy 1 clear 1 carbonecarbon 1 EDRD-1 1 -d Top 50 lemmatized superlative adverbs; "How do things do to the extreme?" ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 383 most 62 least 19 well 1 hard 1 fast 1 -dvi Top 50 Internet domains; "What Webbed places are alluded to in this corpus?" ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- 9 www.who.int 5 www.hpa.org.uk 5 www.cdc.gov 4 www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov 3 www 2 www.rcsb.org 2 www.bt.cdc.gov 1 www.wpro.who.int 1 www.wpro.who 1 www.who.int)-have 1 www.sgm.ac.uk 1 www.rki.de 1 www.proteinexplorer.org 1 www.nature.com 1 www.maybridge.com 1 www.leadquest.com 1 www.icudelirium.org 1 www.hrsa.gov 1 www.hpa.org 1 www.hpa 1 www.expasy.org 1 www.eidogen.com 1 www.clinchem.org 1 www.ch.embnet.org 1 www.cengent.com 1 www.cdc 1 www.bioethics.union.edu 1 www.biochem.ucl.ac.uk 1 www.bayerhealthcare.com 1 www.basic.northwestern.edu 1 www.angis.org.au 1 www.accelrys.com 1 taiwanedoctor.doh.gov.tw 1 swissmodel.expasy 1 scop.mrc-lmb.cam.ac.uk 1 relibase.ebi.ac.uk 1 nightingale.lcs.mit.edu 1 edition.cnn.com 1 dis.mohw.go.kr 1 alto.compbio.ucsf.edu 1 alto.compbio Top 50 URLs; "What is hyperlinked from this corpus?" ---------------------------------------------------- 4 http://www.hpa.org.uk/infections/ 3 http://www 2 http://www.who.int/csr/sars/en/whoconsensus.pdf 2 http://www.who.int/csr/sars/en/ 2 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/BLAST/ 2 http://www.cdc.gov/ 2 http://www.bt.cdc.gov 1 http://www.wpro.who.int/ 1 http://www.wpro.who 1 http://www.who.int/csr/sars/primers/en/ 1 http://www.who.int/csr/sars/country/table2004_04_21/en_21/en/print.html 1 http://www.who.int/csr/sars/ 1 http://www.who.int/csr/don/2003_09_16/en/ 1 http://www.who.int/ 1 http://www.who.int)-have 1 http://www.sgm.ac.uk 1 http://www.rki.de/INFEKT/SARS/AOLG-FALLDEF-ARSUU.PDF 1 http://www.rcsb.org/pdb 1 http://www.rcsb.org/ 1 http://www.proteinexplorer.org 1 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/blast/Blast.cgi 1 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/ 1 http://www.nature.com/ 1 http://www.maybridge.com 1 http://www.leadquest.com/ 1 http://www.icudelirium.org 1 http://www.hrsa.gov/bioterrorism 1 http://www.hpa.org.uk/infections/topics_az/ 1 http://www.hpa.org 1 http://www.hpa 1 http://www.expasy.org/ 1 http://www.eidogen.com 1 http://www.clinchem.org/content/vol50/issue7/ 1 http://www.ch.embnet.org/ 1 http://www.cengent.com 1 http://www.cdc.gov/pulsenet/ 1 http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/EID/vol10no7/03-0678-G.htm 1 http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/EID/vol10no11/04-0195-G3.htm 1 http://www.cdc 1 http://www.bioethics.union.edu 1 http://www.biochem.ucl.ac.uk/bsm/pdbsum 1 http://www.bayerhealthcare.com 1 http://www.basic.northwestern.edu/bio 1 http://www.angis.org.au/Databa 1 http://www.accelrys.com 1 http://taiwanedoctor.doh.gov.tw/ 1 http://swissmodel.expasy 1 http://scop.mrc-lmb.cam.ac.uk 1 http://relibase.ebi.ac.uk 1 http://nightingale.lcs.mit.edu/cgi-bin/vmf Top 50 email addresses; "Who are you gonna call?" ------------------------------------------------- 2 bioethics@union.edu 1 jim.mcmenamin@scieh.csa.scot.nhs.uk 1 heymannd@who.int 1 franjo.grotenhermen@nova-institut.de Top 50 positive assertions; "What sentences are in the shape of noun-verb-noun?" ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 8 cells were then 5 patients did not 5 protein was not 5 viruses do not 4 cells were pre 4 imaging is useful 4 studies have also 4 study did not 4 virus did not 4 virus is not 3 cells are not 3 cells are present 3 cov are highly 3 infections are still 3 patients are more 3 patients were randomly 3 protein is not 3 results were available 3 sars are not 3 studies are necessary 3 study was therefore 3 virus has not 2 % developed acute 2 % required intensive 2 . did not 2 cases are particularly 2 cases are self 2 cases showed predominately 2 cases were due 2 cells contained detectable 2 cells did not 2 cells following mhv 2 cells were co 2 cells were first 2 cells were not 2 cov was consistently 2 cov was first 2 ct is superior 2 diagnosis are also 2 diagnosis is crucial 2 disease is endemic 2 disease is not 2 disease is very 2 findings are indeterminate 2 findings have significant 2 findings include pharyngitis 2 findings is essential 2 group were significantly 2 health are not 2 images showed complete Top 50 negative assertions; "What sentences are in the shape of noun-verb-no|not-noun?" --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 2 methods is not feasible 1 % had no aetiology 1 cases have not yet 1 cases showed no lesion 1 cases showed no uptake 1 cells are not similarly 1 disease are not sufficiently 1 disease is not well 1 disease was not community 1 diseases are not typically 1 findings showed no statistically 1 group had no significant 1 groups are not properly 1 groups showed no significant 1 health are not necessarily 1 images were not conclusive 1 method is not applicable 1 method is not only 1 methods are not sufficiently 1 patients are not delirious 1 patients had no abnormal 1 patients had no bone 1 patients had no detactable 1 patients had no imaging 1 patients is not unexpected 1 patients showed no difference 1 patients were not resectable 1 patients were not symptomatic 1 protein is not closely 1 protein is not essential 1 proteins are not rigid 1 proteins show no evidence 1 result does not necessarily 1 result was not too 1 results are not consistent 1 results had no close 1 sars are not clear 1 sars are not ideal 1 sars are not yet 1 sars did not significantly 1 sars had no direct 1 sars has not yet 1 sars was not sufficiently 1 sequences are not present 1 system do not constitutively 1 system is not yet 1 time were not statistically 1 treatment had no effect 1 virus are not pathogenic 1 virus is no evidence Sizes of items; "Measures in words, how big is each item?" ---------------------------------------------------------- 154170 cord-021087-n4epxwn9 17576 cord-286825-bu7j7kdr 7374 cord-254107-02bik024 7314 cord-339062-tq0f6d01 7138 cord-264848-wl29jk16 6949 cord-345088-krb1eidw 6839 cord-293403-o1i999hy 6422 cord-020769-elzkwyz0 6421 cord-333405-ji58jbct 6358 cord-321797-2xhusfth 5598 cord-275993-isff6lp2 5568 cord-291210-ghjseynl 5286 cord-021079-m6nbs2c0 5101 cord-266018-8bhnlsgy 5101 cord-327819-7p05jk1h 5100 cord-021116-rh0e4n2w 5099 cord-267564-ulavigi7 4952 cord-278816-l92lkj69 4855 cord-350328-wu1ygt6w 4846 cord-296605-p67twx7a 4798 cord-264713-38dlh3wg 4761 cord-284578-9opqbu7h 4717 cord-284372-v95fzp8n 4672 cord-005606-c8c2rfzi 4527 cord-268238-ipfs7hcb 4503 cord-260407-jf1dnllj 4499 cord-353308-e4s8el0s 4471 cord-300731-i2ow33bk 4443 cord-298312-tvc39eg7 4411 cord-008480-p41oae8e 4406 cord-354130-mi7saerx 4273 cord-103536-etin5i7y 4199 cord-274112-6t0wpiqy 4139 cord-322834-rl6yum7n 3976 cord-290133-4ou7ubb4 3954 cord-305341-nokybn2a 3913 cord-354209-g1zynbul 3867 cord-006544-yr4u61qv 3821 cord-269612-pmzdovna 3801 cord-288558-rthnj6wd 3765 cord-273479-kira7mz6 3675 cord-295075-cqbayzat 3674 cord-261287-l4649du3 3625 cord-335691-lsuwsm43 3570 cord-264968-ctx39vhi 3557 cord-298083-4h3tg6hg 3515 cord-331616-arnuoufn 3399 cord-261011-bcyotwkf 3353 cord-312797-hohzjx74 3215 cord-322529-3xn5v54s 3196 cord-010203-dt9m596i 3172 cord-276874-9rjbmsvb 3161 cord-312899-ot5pvtbl 3093 cord-316723-srenbxa7 3049 cord-010188-884d196k 2994 cord-260376-29ih5c9v 2950 cord-312848-vbadg8ki 2864 cord-330558-autprmr4 2810 cord-332522-adul9nzf 2800 cord-321691-46la29tm 2798 cord-004608-3u00cpsc 2797 cord-284028-l0r7f9sr 2763 cord-308833-ei1faruy 2752 cord-272467-8heg5iql 2706 cord-304899-vruq4r7z 2694 cord-326094-8id2oh1n 2690 cord-259627-8stewshp 2662 cord-339514-0aa58pi6 2599 cord-319792-16upcncw 2579 cord-339976-tg2jkss7 2554 cord-256109-dkp0fwe3 2485 cord-021554-uxxrpfl0 2426 cord-256808-lxlerb13 2367 cord-346629-770qyee8 2338 cord-354407-zzxjv666 2255 cord-009558-xw1nz6g5 2118 cord-312865-nno2yjae 2073 cord-275888-6u1o6414 2056 cord-344383-7s4gnxs4 1999 cord-271445-eft2vwgb 1947 cord-351354-10rusr6j 1843 cord-281571-vob1bu9c 1785 cord-308576-iw8oobbe 1766 cord-323996-613j97y9 1670 cord-289332-hvakv08t 1613 cord-007049-02p8ug67 1581 cord-307968-sqe7h05t 1566 cord-336605-d4loia11 1287 cord-007838-lvw31h1w 1260 cord-322877-jy1uvwre 1212 cord-007923-j3jpqd7k 1195 cord-255201-shrmdkco 1099 cord-350513-ho32ajsx 1094 cord-334366-gl5eqlkh 1001 cord-014435-45zzj4ts 978 cord-293865-0yp9wd0j 956 cord-252103-lsaa1nx0 935 cord-023610-zj13gy7z 901 cord-347410-6muxz6c5 853 cord-328271-ma3s7hrs cord-008523-avkgldnp cord-009153-zxx4m1kz cord-015734-d9h95k6l cord-022499-7d58f1k3 cord-258778-er0ug8w4 cord-260238-2p209g2p cord-260503-yq4dtf8n cord-262776-6k7tcgfs cord-270788-w0pewq52 cord-271919-pbs95hy0 cord-289605-gvc673ij cord-290396-cy4y8vnt cord-294237-6hovffso cord-301286-ska85bts cord-303171-u5jrbsii cord-307073-vatfdilt cord-314386-cxq9v218 cord-321949-s1qu3odd cord-331244-zaguyxm5 cord-336063-66qoykl1 cord-340611-7ftnttm0 Readability of items; "How difficult is each item to read?" ----------------------------------------------------------- 69.0 cord-334366-gl5eqlkh 67.0 cord-308576-iw8oobbe 66.0 cord-319792-16upcncw 64.0 cord-316723-srenbxa7 63.0 cord-284578-9opqbu7h 63.0 cord-304899-vruq4r7z 62.0 cord-332522-adul9nzf 60.0 cord-023610-zj13gy7z 60.0 cord-266018-8bhnlsgy 60.0 cord-354407-zzxjv666 58.0 cord-336605-d4loia11 57.0 cord-260376-29ih5c9v 57.0 cord-312848-vbadg8ki 56.0 cord-021116-rh0e4n2w 56.0 cord-255201-shrmdkco 56.0 cord-298083-4h3tg6hg 56.0 cord-322877-jy1uvwre 56.0 cord-345088-krb1eidw 55.0 cord-020769-elzkwyz0 55.0 cord-256808-lxlerb13 55.0 cord-291210-ghjseynl 55.0 cord-298312-tvc39eg7 54.0 cord-252103-lsaa1nx0 54.0 cord-272467-8heg5iql 54.0 cord-278816-l92lkj69 54.0 cord-308833-ei1faruy 54.0 cord-351354-10rusr6j 53.0 cord-008480-p41oae8e 53.0 cord-256109-dkp0fwe3 53.0 cord-268238-ipfs7hcb 53.0 cord-339514-0aa58pi6 53.0 cord-350328-wu1ygt6w 52.0 cord-009558-xw1nz6g5 52.0 cord-269612-pmzdovna 52.0 cord-275888-6u1o6414 52.0 cord-275993-isff6lp2 52.0 cord-276874-9rjbmsvb 52.0 cord-328271-ma3s7hrs 52.0 cord-344383-7s4gnxs4 51.0 cord-290133-4ou7ubb4 51.0 cord-293403-o1i999hy 51.0 cord-305341-nokybn2a 51.0 cord-323996-613j97y9 50.0 cord-295075-cqbayzat 50.0 cord-339976-tg2jkss7 50.0 cord-346629-770qyee8 49.0 cord-267564-ulavigi7 49.0 cord-273479-kira7mz6 49.0 cord-321797-2xhusfth 49.0 cord-350513-ho32ajsx 48.0 cord-004608-3u00cpsc 48.0 cord-007049-02p8ug67 48.0 cord-021087-n4epxwn9 48.0 cord-261011-bcyotwkf 48.0 cord-271445-eft2vwgb 48.0 cord-274112-6t0wpiqy 48.0 cord-322529-3xn5v54s 47.0 cord-007838-lvw31h1w 47.0 cord-010188-884d196k 47.0 cord-259627-8stewshp 47.0 cord-260407-jf1dnllj 47.0 cord-264968-ctx39vhi 47.0 cord-284028-l0r7f9sr 47.0 cord-286825-bu7j7kdr 47.0 cord-327819-7p05jk1h 47.0 cord-330558-autprmr4 46.0 cord-021554-uxxrpfl0 46.0 cord-103536-etin5i7y 46.0 cord-288558-rthnj6wd 46.0 cord-307968-sqe7h05t 46.0 cord-322834-rl6yum7n 46.0 cord-354130-mi7saerx 45.0 cord-312865-nno2yjae 45.0 cord-353308-e4s8el0s 44.0 cord-007923-j3jpqd7k 44.0 cord-321691-46la29tm 44.0 cord-335691-lsuwsm43 43.0 cord-014435-45zzj4ts 43.0 cord-254107-02bik024 43.0 cord-261287-l4649du3 43.0 cord-284372-v95fzp8n 43.0 cord-312899-ot5pvtbl 43.0 cord-339062-tq0f6d01 42.0 cord-264713-38dlh3wg 41.0 cord-312797-hohzjx74 41.0 cord-333405-ji58jbct 41.0 cord-347410-6muxz6c5 40.0 cord-293865-0yp9wd0j 38.0 cord-021079-m6nbs2c0 38.0 cord-296605-p67twx7a 37.0 cord-010203-dt9m596i 37.0 cord-289332-hvakv08t 37.0 cord-326094-8id2oh1n 37.0 cord-331616-arnuoufn 35.0 cord-006544-yr4u61qv 35.0 cord-264848-wl29jk16 35.0 cord-300731-i2ow33bk 35.0 cord-354209-g1zynbul 34.0 cord-005606-c8c2rfzi 34.0 cord-281571-vob1bu9c cord-008523-avkgldnp cord-009153-zxx4m1kz cord-015734-d9h95k6l cord-022499-7d58f1k3 cord-258778-er0ug8w4 cord-260238-2p209g2p cord-260503-yq4dtf8n cord-262776-6k7tcgfs cord-270788-w0pewq52 cord-271919-pbs95hy0 cord-289605-gvc673ij cord-290396-cy4y8vnt cord-294237-6hovffso cord-301286-ska85bts cord-303171-u5jrbsii cord-307073-vatfdilt cord-314386-cxq9v218 cord-321949-s1qu3odd cord-331244-zaguyxm5 cord-336063-66qoykl1 cord-340611-7ftnttm0 Item summaries; "In a narrative form, how can each item be abstracted?" ----------------------------------------------------------------------- cord-004608-3u00cpsc Unter dem Oberbegriff Arboviren (arthropod-borne viruses) werden diejenigen Viren zusammengefasst, die sich sowohl in Arthropoden wie Mücken oder Zecken als auch in Vertebraten (Vögeln, Säugetieren) vermeh-ren. Hantaviren, die zum Genus Hantavirus der Bunyaviridae gehören, werden dagegen nicht von Arthropoden auf den Menschen übertragen, sondern durch dessen Kontakt mit Ausscheidungen der natürlichen Wirte, Mäuse und Ratten. In Deutschland spielt nach dem heutigen Wissensstand nur das Virus der Frühsommermeningoenzephalitis (FSME), das durch Zecken (Ixodes ricinus) übertragen wird, epidemiologisch eine wesentliche Rolle. Für einige Viren, wie etwa West-Nil-Virus (WNV) und St.-Louis-Enzephalitis-Virus (SLEV), wurde nachgewiesen, dass die Virusvermehrung in den Mücken abhängig ist von der durchschnittlichen Umgebungstemperatur. Für verschiedene Erreger wurde gezeigt, dass einerseits infizierte Mücken überwintern können; annahme an Krankheitsfällen bei Menschen in den USA Das Verhältnis von Infektionen zu Erkrankungen wird dabei je nach Erreger und untersuchtem Kollektiv mit 20:1 bis 1.000:1 angegeben. cord-005606-c8c2rfzi -Personality changes -Increased apathy -Loss of social inhibitions, display of socially inappropriate behavior with staff -Increased irritability or suspiciousness toward family, visitors, or medical team -Outbursts of inappropriate or unprovoked anger -Memory complaints -Difficulty learning new facts and information about one''s medical condition -Persistent word finding problems -Inability to recall conversations with medical staff and recent events in the hospital such as visits by staff, family, or friends -Inability to remember having eaten or what was eaten at meal time -Executive dysfunction -Difficulty following nurses'', physicians'', or therapists'' directions -Problems with planning and decision making related to such things as discharge planning -Confusion when trying to perform multiple tasks -Functional deficits -Difficulty looking up telephone numbers or using the telephone or other equipment such as the television and hospital bed -Decline in self-care not attributable to physical problems or limitations -Inability to find one''s room -Inability to follow a conversation -Difficulty following through with tasks Caution should be exercised when drawing conclusions about cognitive functioning based on in-hospital assessments as performance may be adversely affected by factors such as fatigue and residual effects of sedative and narcotic medications. cord-006544-yr4u61qv title: Recurrent life-threatening thromboembolism and catastrophic antiphospholipid syndrome in a patient despite sufficient oral anticoagulation Over the preceding 3 years the patient had presented a wide spectrum of manifestations of APS, including recurrent venous and arterial thromboses, cardiac, gynecological (HELLP syndrome), neurological involvements, livedo reticularis, a mild thrombocytopenia and the most feared manifestation of the catastrophic antiphospholipid syndrome (CAPS). The antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) is one of the most common causes of acquired thrombophilia and is characterized by arterial and/or venous thrombosis, recurrent pregnancy losses, and the laboratory evidence of antibodies against phospholipids or phospholipidbinding protein cofactors [1] . Retrospective studies suggest that patients with APS have an increased risk of recurrent thromboembolism [4, 5, 6] , and for this reason it is recommended that they receive oral vitamin K antagonists, such as warfarin, in order to achieve an international normalized ratio (INR) range within a therapeutic level (INR fi 3). cord-007049-02p8ug67 In June 2003, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) surveyed members of the Infectious Disease Society of America Emerging Infections Network (EIN) about SARS preparedness in their hospitals. Of the 456 EIN members responding to the survey in this issue of Clinical Infectious Diseases [2] , 381 (83%) reported that patients with respiratory symptoms in their emergency department (ED) would be screened for a travel history. A careful assessment of exposures in SARS outbreaks, particularly those due to superspreading events and transmission despite compliance with isolation precautions, is needed to determine whether airborne spread occurs [10, [13] [14] [15] . At least 2 analyses of risks associated with health care worker infection despite the use of precautions now identify that 12 h of infection-control training and confidence that precautions would be protective are associated with substantial reductions in the risk of infection (Toronto SARS hospital investigation, unpublished data; Lau et al. Hospital preparedness for severe acute respiratory syndrome in the United States: views from a national survey of infectious diseases consultants cord-007838-lvw31h1w 2, 3 In general, physicians trained in aerospace medicine practice health care in populations exposed to flight and space, consult on the physical and engineering aspects of the flight environment, and manage public safety issues at a variety of regulatory agencies. They might work for the National Aeronautics and Space Administration, the Federal Aviation Administration, a commercial or corporate airline, the Department of Transportation, an aerospace manufacturer, the Occupational Safety and Health Administration, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, or in private practice. 10, 11 In addition, teamwork is ubiquitous in aerospace medicine: one is likely to take part in several committees, and if one is a flight physician, one works in a confined environment with a medical team (ie, a respiratory therapist, a nurse, paramedics), often for many hours at a time. Some aerospace medicine physicians will maintain a part-time position in an emergency department or another ambulatory setting, 9 providing both variety and the opportunity to maintain clinical skills. cord-007923-j3jpqd7k Wild cats dominate their habitat but require vast expanses to survive, which explains the tragic depredation such that every species of Felidae, except the domestic cat, is considered either endangered or threatened in the wild today by CITES, IUCN Red Book and other monitors of the world''s most endangered species. Domestic cats and dogs enjoy more medical scrutiny than any species except humans. The cat offers the promise of a second carnivore species (in addition to the dog, which shares a common ancestor with cats dating back to approximately 60 million years ago) to improve human genome annotation, as well as to complement the biomedical and genomic discoveries that make the feline genome attractive. The conserved genome of the cat is retained in the other 36 Felidae species, as well as most of the 246 species of the Carnivora order, the only reshuffled exceptions occuring in the dog and bear families. cord-008480-p41oae8e Depending on solubilization conditions, both the antigen and peptidase activity were recovered either as a broad peak with a sedimentation coefficient of 18S (2% CHAPS) or as a single peak of 7.8S (1% CHAPS plus 0.2 % C(12)E(9)), showing that Torpedo aminopeptidase N behaves as an oligomer stabilized by hydrophobic interactions, easily converted into a 160 kDa monomer. The antigen is highly concentrated in the apical membrane of proximal tubule epithelial cells (600 gold particles/μm(2) of brush border membrane) whereas no labeling could be detected in other cell types or in other membranes of the same cells (basolatéral membranes, vacuoles or vesicles). Hybrids were selected in hypoxanthine, aminopterin and thymidine medium and superuatants from the culture wefts containing hybrid cells were tested for the presence of antibodies binding to the apical membrane of tubular epithelial cells on Torpedo kidney frozen sections. cord-008523-avkgldnp cord-009153-zxx4m1kz cord-009558-xw1nz6g5 In infants younger than 1 year of age, the major agents were enteroviruses, herpes simplex virus, and the group of "others," whereas in older children, respiratory viruses and Mycoplasma Pneumoniae as well as varicella‐zoster virus, dominated. In the 1to 1 1-month age group, the major role was played by enteroviruses and HSV, followed by the group of "others" (this group includes CMV, EBV, rotavirus and reovirus, multiple etiologies, and bacterial and vaccination-associated encephalitides) (see Fig 2) . The high level of unknown causes in the youngest children aged 1 to 11 months (see Table) may reflect underdiagnosis of respiratory virus infections (see Fig 3) . VZV causes a severe disease in children younger than 1 year old f131; our series included only one such patient, and the child made a good recovery. cord-010188-884d196k Sindbis virus and Semliki Forest vires are best known as valuable models for molecular and cell biology, and it is these two viruses that are presently being developed as vectors for the expression of heterologous genes. The basic strategy for using alphaviruses as vectors for the expression of heterologous genes has been to construct cDNAs of the alphavirus genome, in which the heterologous gene is placed downstream from the promoter used to transcribe a subgenomic RNA 13 (Fig. 2a) . A second potential problem is recombination between the packaging helper virus RNA and vector RNAs. The two Sindbis RNAs can undergo recombination to produce a single molecule of RNA containing the genes that encode both the nonstructural and structural proteins m. The initial studies with Sindbis and Semliki Forest virus suggest that both viruses are promising as vectors for heterologous gene expression. cord-010203-dt9m596i Many human and animal viruses encode proteinases that play important roles at different stages in the infection cycle, including separation of functionally different domains from a precursor polyprotein (enabling cleavage products to be transported to different cellular compartments) and regulation of a variety of events in viral replication, such as uncoating, activation of replicative enzymes and morphogenesis [1] . Statine-based (I), reduced amide (II) and phosphinate (III) transition state analogues exhibited modest potency, but placement of Phe-Gly hydroxyethylene dipeptide isosteres (IV) into the consensus template yielded compounds that inhibited HIV PR at nanomolar concentrations in vitro and prevented polyprotein processing, virion maturation and viral spread at 25-100btM in cell culture. Truncation and extensive structure-activity analysis at the P1, PI" and P2'' positions led to the identification of highly potent (subnanomolar) PR inhibitors based on dihydroxyethylene (V) [12-] and hydroxyethylene (IV) [13"] isostere transition state analogues. cord-014435-45zzj4ts The U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention has quarantine responsibilities at national ports of entry or departure; this agency may also become involved when a disease is spreading across state borders or even within a state (when invited by the governor of the state or ordered by the U.S. Secretary of Health and Human Services or the U.S. President). European public health officials have forged some bilateral cooperative agreements and are discussing establishing a regional disease control center for EU nations. He further stated that policies on epidemic control that involve consistent, open, and truthful communication with the public-like those used in New York and Toronto during the recent SARS outbreak-create cooperative environments that minimize conflicts between freedom and safety and limit the effects of isolation and quarantine. The result of the debate was that 21st century methods need to be developed to control infectious disease epidemics that reconcile the need to protect public health and respect human rights. cord-015734-d9h95k6l cord-020769-elzkwyz0 This paper uses the recent SARS epidemic as a background to highlight the importance of crisis planning, particularly in emerging economies, and suggests how organizations can address these concerns. This paper will start by presenting background information on the SARS epidemic and the impact on organizations, especially those operating in emerging markets. Since emerging markets are increasingly important to the world economy and are at the same time susceptible to outbreaks of infectious diseases, we need to understand how we are linked together on an interdependent global level. If just three of the Asian emerging economies -China, India, and Indonesia -are able to maintain this growth rate of 6 percent per year, the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) has estimated that by 2010 approximately 700 million people in those countries will have an average income equivalent to that of Spain today. cord-021079-m6nbs2c0 While glial cells of the central nervous system do not constitutively express class I or II major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules, astrocytes and microglial cells can be induced by a variety of factors to express these antigens. 17 The majority of rat CNS cells newly induced to express MHC class II following 3 days of continuous intravenous administration of gamma-interferon, which is a potent inducer of class II antigens on astrocytes in vitro (see below), were found to be microglia and not astrocytes . There does not appear to be changes in MHC expression due to age factors, from the limited number of studies currently available, 23 , 48, 49 Significance of MHC expression by glial cells Antigen presentation Neonatal murine astrocytes and microglia, especially after gamma-interferon treatment, can present antigen, e .g. myelin basic protein, to previously sensitized CD4+ T cell lines in an MHC class IIrestricted manner . cord-021087-n4epxwn9 Conclusions: MRI is useful to identify tumor response to Imatinib Mesylate in advanced GIST as from the early months of therapy with the following indicators of treatment activity: A) Size of lesions; B) signal intensity; C) vascularization; D) amount of degenerative tissue or necrosis; E) presence of peritoneal fluid. Materials and Methods: 34 patients (13 female, 21 male) from two centres with proven myocardial infarction by ECG, clinical and echo criteria underwent stress/ rest Tc99 sestamibi Gated SPECT scanning with a dual headed gamma camera and late contract enhanced MRI on identical 1.5 Tesla scanners in each centre using a protocol which imaged 15 minutes after injection of 0.1 mmol/kg IV gadolinium. These preliminary results illustrate the ability of MRI to assess the integrity of the TFCC and suggests its use as the first imaging method following plain radiography in the evaluation of patients with chronic posttraumatic pain on the ulnar side of the wrist. cord-021116-rh0e4n2w This paper traces the main outlines of this emerging imaginary that has left notions of Empire as spheres of integrative production firmly behind, and is now geared towards imagining Empire as a complete, organic body of free-but-organic-and-therefore-orderly flows that however needs to be kept intact by means of epidemiological interventions aimed at excluding or neutralizing viral entities. Law and diplomacy were important technologies (however repressive at times) by which nation-states as well as Empires were held together, or indeed, by which they were produced or maintained, and by which they were made to be productive. There is no need for the productive negotiations of a ''cosmopolitan globalism'' either (to use Mikkel Rasmussen''s words 30 ), nor for reconciliatory efforts (one does not reconcile with viruses): the sanitary exclusion of viral contagion will suffice to keep the body of today''s imperial new world order healthy. cord-021554-uxxrpfl0 Diarrheal diseases are a major cause of morbidity and mortality around the world, especially in developing countries where children suffer the greatest brunt of infectious diarrhea, malnutrition, and death. In developing countries, inadequate water supply, inef®cient or nonexistent sewage removal systems, chronic malnutrition, and lack of access to oral rehydration are responsible for the high incidence of infectious diarrheal diseases. In the industrialized world, acute diarrhea is still one of the most frequent diagnoses in general practice and children, elderly, and immunocompromised patients are the most vulnerable individuals and account for the majority of these cases. Approximately 100 million episodes of acute diarrhea occur in the United States yearly, with an incidence of 1.2 to 1.5 diarrheal episodes per person-year. These patients are more likely to develop persistent or chronic diarrhea after an acute episode because of their impaired immunity, with a signi®cant increase in morbidity and mortality. cord-022499-7d58f1k3 cord-023610-zj13gy7z This provides us the opportunity to use it in EIA test system for specific antibodies detection in lung tuberculosis patient''s sera. No more than 10 % false-positive results were obtained while testing 1:200 diluted sera from non-tuberculosis lung patients. The method described is used to confirm the diagnosis of tuberculosis in clinical practice as well as for high risk groups detection in mass surveys at epidemic centres. The results of this study revealed that on admission, mean ADA level 37.07 k 2.49 U/L was significantly higher than the control group 15.88 & 0.97 U/L. The value of ADA on admission was significantly higher than at one and two months after treatment. Serum IgG to A60 presented significantly higher values after 2 months of treatment than its level on admission. When a cutoff value of 200 units was chosen, 36.6 % of patients were found to be positive for A60 IgG on admission, while the figure increased to 68.2 % after 2 months of treatment. cord-103536-etin5i7y Although in some cases matrix protein expression in eukaryotic cells is sufficient to induce virus-like particles (VLPs) [3] [4] [5] , the structural requirements for such ordered membrane-associated polymerisation reactions are not well understood and often depend on other viral components such as the glycoprotein [2] . Like the matrix protein from negative strand RNA viruses MA is associated with the viral membrane and thus performs essentially the same structural function [6] . The first evidence for the involvement of specific Gag domains in viral budding came from the work of G€ ottlinger and colleagues who reported that a deletion of the C-terminal region of HIV Gag (p6 protein) caused a significant defect in virus particle release [8] . A minimal structural conservation is the presence of late domain sequences that mediate interaction with the class E Vps machinery for budding, although this still has to be shown in case of influenza virus M1. cord-252103-lsaa1nx0 To characterize the genomic disposition of the cheetahs'' Aju-CoV strain, PCR primers based on alignment of seven coronavirus gene segments (pol1a, pol1b, S, M, N, 7a/7b, and 3′ ′UTR), were used to amplify cDNA from archived cheetah liver and kidney tissues collected during the Winston outbreak. The phylogenetic analyses indicate a close similarity of the Aju-CoV and the FCoV strains, suggesting the cheetah virus is closely related to, if not indistinguishable from, domestic cat isolates. Fourth, while mortality among humans with SARS symptoms and house cats with FCoV is low, around 5-10%, cheetahs with Aju-CoV exhibited the opposite extreme, showing 90% morbidity and over 60% mortality. If this hypothesis is correct, the greater genetic diversity of domestic cats and humans may reduce the severity of the epidemic, and also contribute to the occurrence of rare genetically determined SARS-CoV super-spreaders who can infect with high virulence. cord-254107-02bik024 The quality of these homology models, and thus their applicability to, for example, drug discovery, predominantly depends on the sequence similarity between the protein of known structure (template) and the protein to be modeled (target). In conjunction with homology models, Cengent Therapeutics (http://www.cengent.com) offers dynamic structural information generated from molecular dynamics simulations for 5500 human drug target proteins. If sequence identity is greater than ~50%, the resulting models are frequently of sufficient quality to be used in the prediction of detailed protein-ligand interactions, such as structure-based drug design and prediction of the preferred sites of metabolism of small molecules ( Figure 2 ). It has recently been shown that it is possible to design small molecules based on homology models and then to use these compounds as tools to study the physiological role of the respective target protein of that particular drug [31] . cord-255201-shrmdkco E ntre noviembre de 2002 y julio de 2003, merced a los medios de comunicación, la red de Internet y las publicaciones médicas, hemos podido seguir de cerca la eclosión, la amplia diseminación y el posterior declive de una enfermedad transmisible emergente, el síndrome respiratorio agudo grave (SRAG), causada por un coronavirus desconocido hasta hace poco (SARS-CoV) que, a través una propagación de persona a persona y un fuerte tropismo pulmonar, mostró una notable capacidad patogénica y letalidad. En este sentido, en el informe sobre la nueva epidemia elaborado por el gobierno de Canadá, se expone: «El SRAG ha sido contenido, al menos temporalmente, no mediante la revolución genómica ni con avanzados productos farmacéuticos, sino con el uso de anticuadas medidas de salud pública, como el lavado de manos, los procedimientos de control de las infecciones, el aislamiento de los casos y el seguimiento y la cuarentena de los contactos» 2 . cord-256109-dkp0fwe3 Efforts to contain severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) have been limited by the lack of a standardized, sensitive, and specific test for SARS-associated coronavirus (CoV). Efforts to contain severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) have been limited by the lack of a standardized, sensitive, and specific test for SARS-associated coronavirus (CoV). All patients who met the current World Health Organization case definition of probable SARS and who underwent a postmortem examination in Canada during the March-April 2003 outbreak were included in this study. The clinical description and RT-PCR results for the 11 patients with probable SARS from whom postmortem lung tissue samples were examined are summarized in Table 1 . By using a standardized RT-PCR assay, SARS-CoV has been unequivocally identified in the lung tissue of all patients who died with probable SARS but not in any of the controls. cord-256808-lxlerb13 Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) is a potentially severe and highly infectious disease to which healthcare workers involved in the management of cases are particularly vulnerable. These guidelines briefly summarise optimal and safe practice for clinicians involved in the emergency care of patients with probable or confirmed SARS. During 2003 Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome caused by a novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV) emerged as an infectious disease with a significant inhospital mortality and posed a considerable occupational risk for healthcare workers. Please discuss the classification of SARS patients with the Health Protection Agency''s Communicable Disease Surveillance Centre (CDSC) Duty doctor (Tel.: 0208-200-6868) and complete a standard SARS report form and fax to your local Consultant in Communicable Disease Control (CCDC) and CDSC (details at: http://www.hpa.org.uk/infections/ topics_az/SARS/forms.htm). Inform the local Health Protection Team/CCDC regarding the hospital discharge of patients to ensure follow-up in the community. Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS): infection control cord-258778-er0ug8w4 cord-259627-8stewshp Because photodynamic virus inactivation with methylene blue (MB)/light system has proven effective in blood banking, MB was selected as a photosensitizing agent, dengue virus as a model virus for enveloped RNA viruses, and an in-house fabricated narrow bandwidth light system overlapping the absorption spectrum of MB as the light source. Results showed that the concentration of MB working solution, illumination intensity of light source, illumination distance and time were four key factors affecting efficiency of virus inactivation using the MB/narrow bandwidth light system. The results indicate that MB concentration, illumination time and distance are three key factors affecting efficiency of virus inactivation when the illumination intensity of the light source was held constant. MB working concentration and illumination intensity, time and distance are the four key factors affecting the inactivation efficiency of the MB/narrow bandwidth light system. cord-260238-2p209g2p cord-260376-29ih5c9v title: SARS corona virus peptides recognized by antibodies in the sera of convalescent cases We synthesized on cellulose membranes 4942 ten-amino-acid peptides which included all of the sequences predicted for the severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) corona virus. Peptides incorporating all of the sequences predicted in the open reading frames of the SARS-CoV genome were prepared on derivatized cellulose membranes using a robotic peptide synthesizer (Autospot ASP 222, Intavis Bioanalytical Instruments, Lagenfeld, Germany). These data indicate that the four recovered cases developed antibodies with viral neutralizing potency between the time of acute and convalescent serum sampling. Therefore, those peptides strongly recognized on membranes probed with convalescent sera, but not with acute or control sera, should be the most immunodominant and may include SARS-CoV epitopes that are vulnerable to neutralization by antibody. Shown in Table 2 are the 24 overlapping membrane peptides that were recognized exclusively, or much more strongly, in multiple pairs of convalescent compared with the respective acute sera. cord-260407-jf1dnllj This study aimed to determine factors associating with individuals'' practice of the target SARS preventive behavior (facemask wearing). Three of the five components of the Health Belief Model, namely, perceived susceptibility, cues to action, and perceived benefits, were significant predictors of facemask-wearing even after considering effects of demographic characteristics. Overall, perceived benefits, perceived barriers, and perceived susceptibility are the three most powerful components of the Health Belief Model in influencing whether individuals practice different preventive behaviors [21, 29, 30] . A logistic regression with odds ratios was conducted to test the efficacy of the Health Belief Model in predicting the wearing of facemasks to prevent SARS. Similar to previous research [15 -26] , this study found the Health Belief Model useful in identifying major determinants of the wearing of facemasks to prevent contracting and spreading SARS. The remaining two components of the Health Belief Model, perceived severity and perceived barriers, were found to be nonsignificant determinants of the target SARS preventive behavior in this study. cord-260503-yq4dtf8n cord-261011-bcyotwkf To stimulate discussion, we have selected four major schools of moral values commonly used to justify global health initiatives: humanitarianism, utilitarianism, equity, and rights. At present, whether the 3 by 5 initiative was evaluated according to aggregate utility (increasing the utility of people with HIV/AIDS) or distributional equity (increasing the numbers of people in developing countries who are given antiretroviral treatment), human rights (for health care), or the need www.thelancet.com Vol 364 September 18, 2004 1071 De Cock 21 argued that a public health rather than a human rights approach should frame responses to HIV/AIDS in Africa, but again this analysis is based on a very narrow example of both ethical schools. A common usage of moral values is advocacy, often to rich and powerful leaders, institutions, and nation states with the goal of mobilising resources-finance, political will, human motivations-on behalf of particular health action. cord-261287-l4649du3 However, a cumulative sustained virological response (SVR) was observed in only 22% (95% Confidence interval (CI), 14 -30%) of 111 patients enrolled in four pilot uncontrolled studies aiming to assess the efficacy and tolerability of ribavirin plus interferon alfa1 administered thrice weekly in HIV/HCV co-infected patients [4 -7] . In order to establish that the SVR in the triple therapy arm is at least three times higher than the 18% sustained response rate observed in HIV-co-infected patients treated with interferon and ribavirin in pilot studies [4] [5] [6] [7] , it was calculated that at least 64 patients should have been enrolled. In conclusion, intensification of interferon alpha schedule and amantadine addition do not appear to improve the limited efficacy of standard combination therapy including interferon thrice weekly plus ribavirin for the treatment of chronic hepatitis C in HIV-co-infected patients. cord-262776-6k7tcgfs cord-264713-38dlh3wg Viral load and antiviral resistance or subtyping assays are now part of the biological monitoring of patients chronically infected by human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), hepatitis B virus (HBV), hepatitis C virus (HCV) and CMV. The most striking illustration of the power of molecular techniques concerns blood transmitted viruses-human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) for which spectacular progresses in the detection and treatment of viral diseases have been made following the introduction of qualitative and quantitative nucleic acid tests (NAT). For example, we have observed, using a DNA-microarray assay (see below), that the analytical sensitivity of multiplex RT-PCR detection of six viruses, i.e. influenza A, influenza B, RSV A/B, parainfluenza 1, 2 and 3 is reduced by a factor of <1-2 logs compared to single detections, depending on the virus. cord-264848-wl29jk16 Transplantation of glial-committed progenitor cells into the T8 spinal cord of MHV-infected mice demonstrating complete hindlimb paralysis resulted in migration of cells up to 12 mm from the implantation site and remyelination of up to 67% of axons. Counts of the total number of axons (normally myelinated, demyelinated, and remyelinated) within the region extending 8 mm cranial and 6 mm caudal to the transplantation site (the extent of spinal cord examined) suggest that transplanted animals had significantly more axons ( P < 0.01) within the ventral and lateral columns as compared to non-transplanted animals (Figs. Multipotential PSA-NCAM + neural precursors isolated from the postnatal rat brain have been shown to differentiate into oligodendrocytes, Schwann cells, and astrocytes following transplantation, to completely remyelinate regions of acute demyelination in the adult rat induced by ethidium bromide injection into x-irradiated dorsal column white matter . cord-264968-ctx39vhi An ELISA based on recombinant nucleocapsid protein for IgG detection was tested with serum from 149 healthy blood donors who donated 3 years previously and with serum positive for antibodies against SARS-CoV (by indirect immunofluorescence assay) from 106 patients with SARS-CoV pneumonia. An ELISA based on recombinant nucleocapsid protein for IgG detection was tested with serum from 149 healthy blood donors who donated 3 years previously and with serum positive for antibodies against SARS-CoV (by indirect immunofluorescence assay) from 106 patients with SARS-CoV pneumonia. Assessment of recombinant nucleocapsid protein ELISA Serum samples from 149 healthy blood donors who donated blood 3 years previously (aged 18 years or older) and 106 patients with pneumonia positive for antibodies against SARS-CoV detected by our indirect immunofluorescence assay 1 were used for the assessment of the ELISA-based IgG antibody test. cord-266018-8bhnlsgy The major findings of this study are (i) MHV infection of the CNS results in the appearance of two distinct populations of CD11c + cells each expressing markers characteristic of lymphoid (CD11c + CD11b À CD8a + DEC205 + ) and myeloid dendritic cells (CD11c + CD11b + CD8a À DEC205 À ), (ii) the accumulation of CD8a À DCs within the draining CLN is reduced in the absence of CCL3 signaling, (iii) expression of co-stimulatory molecules such as CD40 by CD8a À DCs within either the brain and CLN of MHV-infected CCL3 À/À mice is diminished suggesting that CCL3 signaling enhances expression of these molecules, and (iv) absence of CCL3 signaling results in the re-direction of the T cell response to viral antigens as determined by cytokine production. Our studies clearly indicate that CD8a À DCs isolated from the draining CLN of MHV-infected CCL3 +/+ mice secrete IL-12 suggesting that these cells help influence a protective Th1-mediated immune response characterized by the majority of antigen-specific T cells expressing IFN-g rather than IL-10 (Table 1 ). cord-267564-ulavigi7 Conclusions This study demonstrates that procedures used to inactivate enveloped viruses in manufacturing processes can achieve inactivation of West Nile virus and vaccinia virus. However, recent outbreaks of emergent viruses, such as West Nile virus ( WNV ), severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)-associated coronavirus and monkeypox, have indicated that potential threats to the blood supply exist and have resulted in a re-evaluation of the current pathogen safety strategy for plasma products. For VV-, WNV-or BVDV-inactivation studies, concentrated TNBP/ cholate from a stock solution was added to an aliquot of process intermediate to 0·3%/0·2% or to 0·15%/0·1% and then spiked to 10% (v/v) with virus. Table 3 Virus inactivation by tri-(n-butyl)-phosphate (TNBP)/Tween 80 in solutions of anti-haemophilic factor (AHF) or TNBP/cholate in intravenous immunoglobulin produced using the solvent/detergent process (IVIG-S/D) Incubation of WNV in an IVIG-S/D process intermediate solution, containing either 0·3% TNBP/0·2% cholate (manufacturing conditions) or 0·15% TNBP/0·1% cholate, resulted in complete inactivation of the virus within 30 min (Fig. 1c) . cord-268238-ipfs7hcb The features of autoantibodies (autoAb) to liver fumarylacetoacetate hydrolase (FAH) elicited in mice infected with mouse hepatitis virus (MHV) were studied by ELISA and western-blot competition assays. ELISA and western-blot competition assays, as well as Ab reactivity with synthetic peptides from both FAH and viral proteins, indicated that the autoAb recognized a wide range of cryptic and conformational epitopes of the antigen and that the cross-reaction showed by the anti-MHV Ab could be different between individuals. Results obtained with sera from five BALB/c and three CBA/Ht mice showed that the enzyme did not compete for Ab binding to MHV neither in ELISA nor in western-blot competition assays, suggesting that the anti-MHV Ab did not recognize the native epitopes exposed in the soluble autoAg (see representative results in Fig. 2) . cord-269612-pmzdovna Studies on the SARS outbreak in Hong Kong 1 -after the exclusion of two ''superspread'' events where special circumstances allowed index cases to infect many individuals (at the Prince of Wales Hospital and at the Amoy Gardens estate) -gave an estimated R 0 value of 2.7. From analyses of samples taken from Vietnam, Singapore and Hong Kong, laboratories in the network ruled out the possibility of infection by any of the known influenza virus strains or other established causes of pneumonia, and concluded that SARS was new. It meant that the Hong Kong Department of Health, Hospital Authority and laboratory surveillance facility 11 , and the WHO, were particularly well prepared to respond to the SARS outbreak. In March 1997, an outbreak of avian influenza caused by the A virus subtype H5N1 killed several thousand chickens in three rural Hong Kong chicken farms. cord-270788-w0pewq52 cord-271445-eft2vwgb Background: Human Metapneumovirus (hMPV), has been recently isolated from children with acute respiratory tract infections (RTIs), including bronchiolitis, and classified in the Pneumovirinae subfamily within the Paramyxoviridae family. Results and conclusions: PCR revealed the presence of hMPV in 16% of bronchiolitis cases, whereas respiratory syncytial virus (RSV; 67.9%) was the most frequently encountered viral pathogen. There were no differences in disease characteristics, either clinical or laboratory, between bronchiolitis cases where hMPV was present and those caused by RSV or other viral pathogens. A new respiratory virus, human metapneumovirus (hMPV), has been recently isolated from nasopharyngeal aspirates of young children in the Netherlands (van den Hoogen et al., 2001) . We have recently reported the results of virological evaluation of a well-characterized cohort of infants admitted to hospital with acute bronchiolitis, using reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for 11 respiratory pathogens (Papadopoulos et al., 2002) . cord-271919-pbs95hy0 cord-272467-8heg5iql We have expressed the cloned cDNA for glycoproteins from two such viruses, the E1 protein of coronavirus, which buds in the Golgi region, and VP10 protein of rotavirus, which assembles in the endoplasmic reticulum. We are investigating two viral model proteins, one for the endoplasmic reticulum and one for the Golgi complex, with a view to determining the features of each molecule responsible for its correct localisation. RNAs prepared by this method for VPlO and E l were translated efficiencly in reticulocyte lysates, Xenopus oocytes, and cultured CVl cells (Figs. However, not all of the viral protein is restricted to the flattened cisternae of the Golgi complex; some at least is found in smooth membranes which are in the same region of the cell but are in fact continuous with the rough endoplasmic reticulum [ 12, 221 . cord-273479-kira7mz6 METHODS: Using a double blind study design, 26 healthy volunteers underwent baseline assessments of mood, financial strain and work stress and were randomised to injection of Salmonella typhi vaccine or placebo injection. Increases in anxiety and depressed mood were reported over the same time-scale in the endotoxin group, and the changes were correlated with the magnitude of cytokine responses. In the light of the kinetics of proinflammatory cytokine responses observed in earlier studies, we hypothesised that compared with placebo, vaccination would induce transient negative moods in the 1 -4 h following treatment, in the absence of rises in systemic body temperature or symptoms of illness. Changes in symptoms, body temperature, blood pressure and heart rate over the study were analysed with repeated measures analysis of variance with group (vaccine, placebo) as the between-subject factor, and time (base, 1, 2, 3, 4, 6 and 8 h) as the within-subject factor. cord-274112-6t0wpiqy INTERPRETATION: The ability to produce a candidate reference virus in such a short period of time sets a new standard for rapid response to emerging infectious disease threats and clearly shows the usefulness of reverse genetics for influenza vaccine development. The agent must be handled only under conditions of at least biosafety level 3 (BSL3), and it can kill fertilised chicken eggs, the standard medium for the reassortment and Responsiveness to a pandemic alert: use of reverse genetics for rapid development of influenza vaccines propagation of influenza virus before its inactivation and formulation for use in vaccines. The vaccine-candidate reference virus stock described in this report has been produced entirely on a cell substrate licensed for the manufacture of human vaccine, and as such, is-to our knowledge-the first reverse genetically derived influenza vaccine suitable for testing in clinical trials. Recombinant influenza A virus vaccines for the pathogenic human A/Hong Kong/97 (H5N1) viruses cord-275888-6u1o6414 1 The giant porokeratosis lesion on the left hand of our patient was totally excised and grafted. A diagnosis of sarcoidosis involving the central nervous system, lacrimal gland, nasal septum, vocal cord, lung and scalp was made, and the patient was treated with 20 mg of methylprednisone on alternate days with intralesional triamcinolone injection for skin lesions. Both were healthcare assistants working in the Singapore General Hospital throughout the severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) crisis, had worn N95 masks continuously for about 3 months whilst on the wards, and had suffered an outbreak of acne of the skin occluded by the mask. Both were healthcare assistants working in the Singapore General Hospital throughout the severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) crisis, had worn N95 masks continuously for about 3 months whilst on the wards, and had suffered an outbreak of acne of the skin occluded by the mask. cord-275993-isff6lp2 Similar to other coronaviruses, spike (S)-glycoprotein of the virus interacts with a cellular receptor and mediates membrane fusion to allow viral entry into susceptible target cells. S-protein of coronaviruses, which is thought to function as a trimer (Delmas and Laude, 1990) , is responsible for both binding to cellular receptors and inducing membrane fusion for virus entry into target cells (Collins et al., 1982; Godet et al., 1994; Kubo et al., 1994) . Despite difficulties in detecting S-protein directly by immunoassays, proteins expressed from both pcDNA-S and pHCMV-S constructs were able to pseudotype MuLV particles to produce SARS pseudoviruses that could readily infect Vero E6 cells (Fig. 3A) . To assess whether SARS pseudoviruses we generated could be used to quantify virus-neutralizing antibodies, we examined their susceptibility to convalescent sera from SARS-CoV-infected patients. Pseudotyping of murine leukemia virus with the envelope glycoproteins of HIV generates a retroviral vector with specificity of infection for CD4-expressing cells cord-276874-9rjbmsvb Scanning electron and atomic force microscopy was used for the first time to view the maturation of the severe acute respiratory syndrome–associated coronavirus at the cell surface. Scanning electron and atomic force microscopy was used for the first time to view the maturation of the severe acute respiratory syndrome-associated coronavirus at the cell surface. High magnification of the maturing virus particles showed a rosette appearance with short knoblike spikes under both the scanning electron and atomic force microscopes. High magnification of the maturing virus particles showed a rosette appearance with short knoblike spikes under both the scanning electron and atomic force microscopes. The aim of this study was to use scanning electron and atomic force microscopes to investigate changes in the surface topography of SARS-CoV-infected cells at late infection. Scanning electron microscopy of Vero E6 cells infected with severe acute respiratory syndrome-associated coronavirus at 24 h after infection. cord-278816-l92lkj69 authors: Brouard, J.; Vabret, A.; Bach, N.; Toutain, F.; Duhamel, J. Freymuth Les adénovirus sont une cause commune d''atteinte respiratoire ; bien que dépendant du sérotype, ils peuvent également être la cause d''atteintes extrarespiratoires. Elle est par contre plus restreinte pour les enfants a priori sains : or chez eux des altérations bronchiolaires et bronchiques peuvent être à l''origine de lésions définitives parfois d''expression retardée. Les pneumopathies virales se définissent par l''existence d''une atteinte parenchymateuse : elles ne représentent qu''une faible part des infections respiratoires basses, environ 5 %. En dehors de ce contexte ces infections respiratoires sont le plus souvent bénignes, mais par-fois cette symptomatologie peut être marquée même chez l''enfant sain [18] . Les infections subaiguës des voies respiratoires par les AdV pourraient être impliquées dans la genèse de certaines formes de bronchopathies chroniques obstructives chez l''enfant et chez l''adulte. Les critères d''hospitalisation lors d''une pneumopathie supposée virale sont communs avec ceux des infections bactériennes. cord-281571-vob1bu9c The general concepts incorporated into the CPIP may be utilised in the contingency planning for a bioterrorism event or other communicable disease emergencies, including: a national, coordinated approach in planning; an emergency management structure to conduct the response; the use of common terminology to facilitate communication and response coordination, and the establishment of specific technical, communications and operational response groups and networks in advance. After the Hong Kong influenza A/H5N1 incident in 1997, the pandemic plan evolved to include a more comprehensive approach, incorporating the following key components: surveillance, vaccine programs, and use of antivirals, health services, emergency services, public health measures and communications. The general concepts incorporated into the CPIP that may be utilised in the contingency planning for other infectious disease emergencies include: a national, coordinated approach to planning; an emergency management structure to coordinate and conduct the response; the need for common terminology (e.g. using the same response phases), and the need to have specific technical, communications and operational response groups and networks formed in advance. cord-284028-l0r7f9sr This phenomenon revealed a loophole in the control mechanisms of international quarantine procedures, letting travelers carrying a highly contagious virus slip by undetected and causing possible multi-country outbreaks of communicable diseases. Reasons for its rapid global spread were the highly contagious nature of the virus with its air-borne route of infection, the busy links between affected countries, and probably inadequacies in international quarantine procedures. As shown in Tables 1 and 2, although none of the six patients were eventually diagnosed wild SARS, this observed phenomenon disclosed a very important loophole in the control aspect of international quarantine procedures: the inability to prevent persons with a highly contagious virus from slipping past undetected and thus preventing the further spread of epidemics like SARS on international travel routes. In this study, we identified that there were loopholes in the international quarantine system for controlling the international spread of contagious disease like SARS, especially when travelers lack a strong motivation to cooperate with national health authorities. cord-284372-v95fzp8n title: A touchdown nucleic acid amplification protocol as an alternative to culture backup for immunofluorescence in the routine diagnosis of acute viral respiratory tract infections To overcome this problem we developed a diagnostic molecular strip which combined a generic nested touchdown protocol with in-house primer master-mixes that could recognise 12 common respiratory viruses. CONCLUSIONS: The touchdown protocol with pre-dispensed primer master-mixes was suitable for replacing virus culture for the diagnosis of respiratory viruses which were negative by immunofluorescence. To test the feasibility of its routine use we needed to clinically validate its performance in a routine setting on specimens tested in parallel with our standard immunofluorescence protocol for the diagnosis of acute virus respiratory infections. In conclusion the use of the touchdown protocol with pre-dispensed and quality checked primer master-mixes was suitable for replacing virus culture for the diagnosis of respiratory viruses for immunofluorescence negative specimens. cord-284578-9opqbu7h If the NIE''s growth really were freak results from a lucky draw, then poor countries should forget about learning from the Asian examples, but instead try to improve their fortune through other means. The Asian NIE''s high degree of volatility was a consequence of their intensive investment policy (see Section 3); their luck and fortune are spin-offs from their toil and dexterity. Our recommendation to poor countries is to formulate good investment and growth policies now, as luck will take the side of those who strive. Second, for the four Asian NIEs, the relationship between growth rate and volatility is positive and statistically highly significant. The smaller the country, the higher the risk from investment indivisibility, and hence the more volatile is its economic growth. Small country-size and investment indivisibility led Asian NIEs to targeted investment policies, which brought fast growth as well as a high degree of fluctuations. cord-286825-bu7j7kdr Because this peptide has been found to be an in vivo substrate specific for the N domain of sACE, it is suggested that ACE is implicated in the process of hematopoietic stem cell regulation by permanently degrading this natural circulating inhibitor (Azizi et al., 2001; Rousseau et al., 1995) . At present mammalian M13 family of zinc proteases consists of seven known members: neutral endopeptidase (NEP); the endothelin-converting enzymes ECE-1, ECE-2, and ECE-3; the Kell blood group antigen (Kell); the phosphate regulating gene (PEX); X-converting enzyme (XCE); and secreted endopeptidase (SEP). Sequencing, expression and biochemical characterization of the Porphyromonas gingivalis pepO gene encoding a protein homologous to human endothelin-converting enzyme Functional conservation of the active sites of human and Drosophila angiotensin I-converting enzyme Peptidyl dipeptidases (Ance and Acer) of Drosophila melanogaster: Major diVerences in the substrate specificity of two homologs of human angiotensin I-converting enzyme cord-288558-rthnj6wd The role of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) coronavirus as an enteric pathogen was investigated in a cohort of 142 patients with SARS who were treated with a standard treatment protocol. The role of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) coronavirus as an enteric pathogen was investigated in a cohort of 142 patients with SARS who were treated with a standard treatment protocol. A higher mean virus load in nasopharyngeal specimens obtained on day 10 after the onset of symptoms was significantly associated with the occurrence of diarrhea (3.1 log 10 vs. A higher mean virus load in nasopharyngeal specimens obtained on day 10 after the onset of symptoms was significantly associated with the occurrence of diarrhea (3.1 log 10 vs. In this retrospective study, we attempt to correlate the virus load of SARS coronavirus shedding from the nasopharynx, the upper end of the aerodigestive tract, with the presence of diarrhea in a cohort of patients with SARS. cord-289332-hvakv08t High mobility group box 1 protein (HMGB1) is released by necrotic cells or activated macrophages/monocytes, and functions as a late mediator of lethal systemic and local pulmonary inflammation. In light of observations that three Chinese herbal formulations recommended for treatment of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) specifically inhibited the release of HMGB1 from innate immune cells, we hypothesize that HMGB1 might occupy a pathogenic role in SARS by mediating an injurious pulmonary inflammatory response. High mobility group box 1 protein (HMGB1, formerly known as HMG-1 or amphoterin) has recently been identified as a new proinflammatory cytokine and a late mediator of inflammation, sepsis, and acute lung injury. In light of observations that several Chinese herbal remedies recommended for treatment of SARS specifically inhibited the release of HMGB1 from activated innate immune cells, we hypothesize that HMGB1 might occupy a pathogenic role in SARS by mediating an injurious pulmonary inflammatory response. cord-289605-gvc673ij cord-290133-4ou7ubb4 The last recorded death due to smallpox, according to World Health Organization investigators, was likely associated with virus that had been transmitted by aerosol [16] . Such observations-along with the long incubation period of smallpox (mean, 12-14 days; range, 7-21 days)suggest that there would be adequate time to vaccinate the public and prevent a more widespread outbreak. Nonetheless, these masks, if distributed to the public, could prove to be critical for the control of a smallpox epidemic that was overwhelming our health care system, and they might also prove to be effective in limiting contagion of smaller viruses, such as influenza virus (either natural virus, as in 1918, or engineered virus [61] ). Because of the possibility of an attack involving bioengineered smallpox virus that is resistant to the current vaccine, methisazone should be reexamined, and research should be continued on other antiviral agents. cord-290396-cy4y8vnt cord-291210-ghjseynl 2, 3 In an effort to better understand the components contributing to the pathogenic mechanism of the virus, we have structurally analyzed the transmembrane domain of SCoV E protein using Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, X-ray scattering, electron microscopy and global searching molecular dynamics simulations. In order to examine the secondary structure of the transmembrane domain (TMD) of SCoV E protein, peptides were made which encompassed the entire hydrophobic region of the protein (Glu7-Arg38), as depicted in Figure 1 . So far three lines of evidence were obtained characterizing the transmembrane domain of SCoV E protein: (i) it is highly helical, (ii) it is composed of 26 amino acid residues and (iii) the helical elements are oriented normal to the membrane plane. As shown in Figure 4 , the electron density of lipid vesicles containing iodinated and unlabeled SCoV E protein transmembrane domain exhibit normal density profiles. cord-293403-o1i999hy OBJECTIVE: The article analyzes e-health progress in East Asia''s leading tiger economies: Japan, Hong Kong, Singapore, South Korea and Taiwan. In this article, we examine the progress of e-health in the five leading economies of East Asia: Japan, Hong Kong, Singapore, South Korea and Taiwan. Against the dual backdrop of sophisticated IT societies that make extensive use of the Internet and cost-effective healthcare systems driven in variable ways by actors from the public and private sectors, we now turn to a survey of e-health in the East Asian tigers. Throughout the region, the major quasi-autonomous state agencies, such as the national health insurance agencies in Japan, South Korea and Taiwan, the HKHA in Hong Kong and the two big healthcare clusters in Singapore, also have sites. Over the next 5 years, the HKHA is planning to create a Hong Kong Health Information Infrastructure, with the aim of networking all healthcare providers in the public, private and social welfare sectors. cord-293865-0yp9wd0j New restrictions on the publication of sensitive information relevant to biological weapons, on access to ''select'' biological agents for research, and on the training of scientists from specified countries are some examples. Consequently, attention to the global dimensions of bioterror threats is particularly important, including strengthening international means to identify and contain outbreaks of infectious disease. Recognition of the true international nature of the bioterror threat should make the United States take a leading role in training foreign scientists, medical professionals and public-health personnel to build a global capacity for identifying and containing disease outbreaks. Apart from the obvious barriers that restrictions on access to scientific information and tools place on research, restrictions on scientific training for foreign nationals will delay those countries from developing expertise crucial to identifying and containing disease outbreaks -key to any global strategy against bioterrorism. cord-294237-6hovffso cord-295075-cqbayzat Several old drugs that bind to SARS 3CLpro active site were selected and in silico derivatized to generate covalent irreversible inhibitors with enhanced affinity. Structural conclusions from active site similarity within the coronavirus family and virtual screening on homology models have provided some clues regarding the class of compounds that could interact with SARS protease. The present study employs in silico derivatization as a method to ''''teach old drugs to kill new bugs.'''' We have designed irreversible covalent inhibitors by selective derivatization of top non-covalent leads, which includes several old drugs especially a class of HIV inhibitors identified from virtual screening. The side chains of His163 and Phe140 and the main-chain atoms of Met165, Glu166, and His172 form the S1 subsite, which confers specificity towards Gln. Thus, specific covalent inhibitors of SARS 3CLpro could be designed by substituting the amino acid at the P1 0 position with a thiol specific reactive organic moiety like chloromethyl ketone. cord-296605-p67twx7a title: Management of Critically Ill Patients with Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) Most SARS patients would require high flow oxygen supplementation, 20–30% required intensive care unit (ICU) or high dependency care, and 13–26% developed acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). The management of critically ill SARS patients requires timely institution of pharmacotherapy where applicable and supportive treatment (oxygen therapy, noninvasive and invasive ventilation). More than onethird of all the SARS patients required high flow oxygen therapy [4] , 20-30% required intensive care unit (ICU) admission or high dependency care, and 13-26% developed acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) [5, 6] . Description and clinical treatment of an early outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) in Guangzhou, PR China Evaluation of non-invasive positive pressure ventilation in treatment for patients with severe acute respiratory syndrome Clinical observation of non-invasive positive pressure ventilation (NIPPV) in the treatment of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) cord-298083-4h3tg6hg In order to analyze the antigenicity and receptor-binding ability of SARS-CoV S protein, we expressed the S protein in Escherichia coli using a pET expression vector. By biotinylated ELISA and Western blot using biotin-labeled S protein as the probe, we identified 130-kDa and 140-kDa proteins in Vero cells that might be the cellular receptors responsible for SARS-CoV infection. Taken together, these results suggested that recombinant S protein exhibited the antigenicity and receptor-binding ability, and it could be a good candidate for further developing SARS vaccine and anti-SARS therapy. These data suggested that comparison of primary amino acid sequences does not provide insight into the receptor-binding specificity or antigenic properties of SARS-CoV S protein. To analyze the antigenicity of recombinant S protein, we performed Western blot and ELISA using sera from SARS patients or from spike-immunized rabbits. cord-298312-tvc39eg7 Historical data for over 20 years were collected on rural economic development, households, population, per capita income, community infrastructure development, capital investment, electricity consumption, output values in agriculture sector, and township and village enterprises (TVEs). We forecast electricity demand in the rural areas of the six provinces and tried to identify the best investment market in terms of high growth rate of electricity demand and greatest impact on rural electrification and economic development. Between 1995 and 2001, two additional hot topics have been added to China''s power literature: (1) continued reform of the power industry aiming at establishing a full retail market for power sector competition; and (2) rural electricity market development. In this study, we focused on electricity market analysis and power demand forecasting for the rural areas-county level and below. cord-300731-i2ow33bk Although sites and mechanisms of action and the pathologies caused by different chemical insults vary, common biochemical signaling pathways, molecular mediators, and cellular processes provide targets for MTMC drugs. The biochemical pathways associated with chemical toxicity can involve proteases, inflammatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor (TNF), interleukin (IL)-1, IL-8, and other molecules such as platelet activating factor (PAF), N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) glutamate receptors, acetylcholine (ACh), substance P, and poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) (for review, see Ref. 14). These mediators and receptors can influence inflammatory responses associated with cellular processes such as degranulation, apoptosis, and necrosis that contribute to pathologies caused by chemical agents. Therefore, many classes of compounds used as countermeasures to chemical warfare agents such as PARP inhibitors, proteases inhibitors, adenosine agonists, and NMDA receptor antagonist, although not chiefly thought of as anti-inflammatory drugs, have anti-inflammatory pharmacology (Table I ) (for review, see Ref. 14) . cord-301286-ska85bts cord-303171-u5jrbsii cord-304899-vruq4r7z L''agent infectieux étiologique a rapidement été identifié comme étant un nouveau Coronavirus, baptisé Coronavirus associé au Sras (Sras-CoV).La transmission du virus est interhumaine, par les particules respiratoires principalement. n Chine du Sud-Est, au début de l''année 2003, une épidémie de pneumopathie hautement contagieuse et potentiellement mortelle a été signalée par les autorités sanitaires chinoises.Cette entité clinique d''étiologie inconnue a été baptisée Syndrome respiratoire aigu sévère (Sras) par l''Organisation mondiale de la santé (OMS). La ribavirine est un analogue nucléosidique utilisé comme anti-viral dans le traitement de l''hépatite C chronique (Rébétol ® ), en association avec l''interféron α .La ribavirine possédant une activité in vitro contre plusieurs virus respiratoires (virus syncytial respiratoire, virus de la grippe), elle a été utilisée empiriquement par plusieurs équipes chez des patients atteints de Sras. cord-305341-nokybn2a title: Characterization of humoral responses in mice immunized with plasmid DNAs encoding SARS-CoV spike gene fragments Another interesting finding was that mouse antibodies elicited separately by plasmids encoding S1 and S2 subunits cooperatively neutralized SARS-CoV but neither the S1 nor S2 specific antibodies did, suggesting the possible role of both S1 and S2 subunits in host cell docking and entry. Animals vaccinated with DNA encoding secreting form of E2 glycoprotein of classical swine fever virus (CSFV) showed both CSFV specific antibody response and protection upon viral challenge though the native E2 was anchor membrane protein ( [28, 29] and Zeng et al., unpublished data). In the mice experiment, it was demonstrated that SARS-CoV specific antibodies could be induced by immunization with plasmids encoding S1, S2 and fragment of S1 subunit. The first paper on immunizing masques with structural genes of SARS-CoV, however, reported that co-delivery of three viral genes encoding S1, nucleocapsid (N), and membrane (M) protein could elicit a high titer of neutralizing antibody and T-cell response [24] . cord-307073-vatfdilt cord-307968-sqe7h05t We describe a pilot study that attempted to infect human volunteers with Cyclospora cayetanensis. In addition, data from Cryptosporidium human volunteer studies demonstrated that the 50% infectious dose (ID 50 ) differed (from 9 to 1,042 oocysts), depending on the isolate used in the study (10) . For these reasons, we attempted to vary the inocula by selecting oocysts from persons in different geographic regions (Haiti, Missouri, and Georgia) and increasing the numbers All oocysts in stool samples in this study were stored in potassium dichromate (2.5%), and most of the final inoculum preparations were disinfected with bleach (5.25%). Cryptosporidium parvum has been stored in 2.5% potassium dichromate (for <6 weeks to >12 weeks) and remained infectious in human volunteers, cell culture, and animals (11, 12) . However, the effects of potassium dichromate and bleach on the Cyclospora oocysts used in this study are unknown, since methods to evaluate infectivity and viability were not available. cord-308576-iw8oobbe To construct a recombinant plasmid Pet23a-M, the gene encoding severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) coronavirus membrane protein was amplified by RT-PCR and cloned into the expression plasmid Pet23a. To screen and prepare effective SARS virus vaccine and diagnostic antigens, we designed a pair of primers to amplify the gene encoding SARS coronavirus membrane protein and cloned it into an expression plasmid Pet23a. Coli BI.21 ( D E 3 ) and induced by I P T G , Western-blot showed that the expressed 27 kD protein which was characterized by SDS-PAGE and purified by metal chelated chromatography could react with antibodies in sera of SARS patients during convalescence, demonstrating the recombinant protein possessed the biological activity of membrane protein. cord-308833-ei1faruy In this research, high voltage static electricity and ultraviolet technologies were integrated to an air purifying device which can be used to trap and kill airborne bacteria and viruses in central air-conditioning systems. This provides a basis for using this particular phage strain as a viral simulant in place of SARS CoV and other airborne viruses in the tests for evaluation of bioaerosol removal and inactivation by different types of air purifiers. Fig. 4(a) shows that the plaques formed on a GSM plate were used to sample the airflow containing phage aerosol generated with a source suspension with 10 5 pfu/mL when the integrated air purifier was turned off. In addition to particle removal test, airborne bacteria were also sampled in the experimental room with the integrated air purifier. Based upon the integrated technology of high voltage electric field, ultraviolet ray, composite silver material, and activated carbon fibers, an air purifying device has been developed to prevent airborne bacteria and virus spread through central air-conditioning system. cord-312797-hohzjx74 Despite the fact that prospective and case-control studies have been limited, the epidemiology and clinical manifestations associated with hMPV have been found to be reminiscent of those of the human respiratory syncytial virus, with most severe respiratory tract infections occurring in infants, elderly subjects, and immunocompromised hosts. In addition, studies have shown that hMPV is not a new pathogen, with serological evidence of human infection dating from 1958 in The Netherlands [4] and viral isolation for the past 10-20 years in Europe and Canada [4, 7] . Symptoms of both upper and lower respiratory tract infections have been associated with hMPV in young children, although most reports are biased towards description of the most severe symptomatology in hospitalized subjects. Virological features and clinical manifestations associated with human metapneumovirus: a new paramyxovirus responsible for acute respiratory-tract infections in all age groups cord-312848-vbadg8ki In the present study, we analyzed the S glycoprotein gene to characterize 10 winter dysentery (WD) coronavirus strains circulated in Korea during 2002–2003 and compared the nucleotide (nt) and deduced amino acid (aa) sequences with the other known BCoV. The phylogenetic analysis of the entire S glycoprotein gene revealed that the aa sequences of all Korean WD strains were more homologous to each other and were very closely related to respiratory bovine coronavirus (RBCV) strain OK and enteric bovine coronavirus (EBCV) strain LY-138, but were distinct from the other known BCoVs. Based on the phylogenetic analysis of the hypervariable region of the S1 subunit, all Korean WD strains clustered with the respiratory strain OK, BCQ3994 and the enteric strain LY-138, while the Canadian BCQ calf diarrhea and WD strains, and the American RBCV LSU, French EBCV F15 and avirulent VACC, L9, and Mebus strains clustered on a separate major branch. cord-312865-nno2yjae One would therefore expect that an effective vaccine should induce mucosal immunity such as that effected by secretory immunoglobulin A (IgA), which specifically prevents an infectious agent from penetrating the mucosal epithelium, and by cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs), which specifically eradicate infected cells (5) . Human CTLs are specific for peptides presented in the context of human leukocyte antigen (HLA) molecules [generically known as ''''major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules'''']. Thus, 13 of the 15 peptides predicted to be good binders to A*0301 were found to bind to another member of the A3 supertype, HLA-A*1101. Similarly, nine of the 15 peptides predicted to be good binders to A*1101 were found to bind to HLA-A*0301 (Table 1) Once all nine supertypes have been tested, we would project to have found well over 100 different vaccine candidates. Immunogenicity of a human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) polytope vaccine containing multiple HLA A2 HIV CD8(þ) cytotoxic T-cell epitopes cord-312899-ot5pvtbl Commercial antiviral agents and pure chemical compounds extracted from traditional Chinese medicinal herbs were screened against 10 clinical isolates of SARS coronavirus by neutralisation tests with confirmation by plaque reduction assays. Interferon-beta-1a, leukocytic interferon-alpha, ribavirin, lopinavir, rimantadine, baicalin and glycyrrhizin showed antiviral activity. We report in this study on the in vitro antiviral susceptibility of 10 isolates of SARS coronavirus to commercially available antiviral agents and pure chemical compounds including baicalin, glycyrrhizin, and chlorogenic acid extracted from traditional Chinese herbs. Further testing by neutralization tests Table 3 Comparison of antiviral activity of 10 compounds against 10 strains of SARS-CoV in fRhK4 cell line, against the prototype strains (39849) with the other 9 isolates of SARS coronavirus against the active compounds confirmed detectable inhibitory activities for leukocytic interferon-alpha, interferon-beta-1a, ribavirin, lopinavir, rimantadine, and baicalin. cord-314386-cxq9v218 cord-316723-srenbxa7 Amino acid residues 450–650 of the spike (S) glycoprotein of SARS-CoV (S450-650) contains dominant epitopes for anti-viral antibodies (Abs) in patient sera. However, so far there is no enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) available for easier and more sensitive detection of anti-S Abs. Our computer-assisted analysis suggested that amino acid residues 450-650 of the S glycoprotein (S450-650) of SARS-CoV is largely solvent accessible and likely to contain dominant B cell epitopes. (2004) showing that residues 441-700 of the S protein of SARS-CoV contained dominant epitope(s) for anti-S Abs in patient sera, as determined in WB assays. All patient sera were tested for anti-SARS-CoV IgG Abs using an ELISA kit produced by Huada Institute (see below). Sera from three convalescent SARS patients and two healthy individuals were serial diluted and tested in the S450-650-based ELISAs, which detected anti-S IgG Abs in a specific and sensitive manner, with the reactivity end point from 1:400 to 1:800 diluted patient sera (Fig. 2) . cord-319792-16upcncw Following the rule: formation of the 6-helix bundle of the fusion core from severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus spike protein and identification of potent peptide inhibitors Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) has been identified as a new distinct pathological entity [1] [2] [3] and the disease infected more than 8000 people and killed 774 worldwide, mostly in Asia, before it was brought under control in July between the winter and spring in 2002-2003 (WHO website: www.who.int). The genomic sequencing reveals that, as with other enveloped RNA viruses, including the coronaviruses [10] [11] [12] , SARS-CoV envelope spike (S) protein contains highly conserved heptad repeat regions (HR1 and HR2), which have been shown as important in virus membrane fusion and successfully used as targets for virus entry/fusion inhibitors in a number of viruses [13] [14] [15] [16] [17] [18] , including a coronavirus, mouse hepatitis virus (MHV) [12] . cord-321691-46la29tm A peptide-based enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) can be used for retrospective serosurveillance of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) by helping identify undetected chains of disease transmission. A peptide-based enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) can be used for retrospective serosurveillance of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) by helping identify undetected chains of disease transmission. Such surveillance may be key to tracking the severe acute respiratory syndrome-associated coronavirus (SARS-CoV) because mild and asymptomatic cases of SARS-CoV infection that do not meet the World Health Organization''s case definition (1) have been identified by immunoassays (2) (3) (4) , and SARS-CoV-like viruses have been isolated from wild mammals (5) . The diagnostic sensitivity of the peptide ELISA was 100% on a panel of 69 convalescent-phase serum samples from SARS patients provided as a reference panel by the Center for Disease Control, Department of Health, Taiwan. The peptide ELISA was evaluated for specificity on serum samples drawn from patients associated with typical and atypical respiratory pathogens other than SARS-CoV (National Taiwan University Hospital). cord-321797-2xhusfth Hierarchical linear regression indicated that the use of wishful thinking in response to the threat of SARS was related to both avoiding public places and avoiding people perceived to be possible carriers of the SARS virus, but was not associated with the use of more adaptive health behaviors, such as using disinfectants and hand washing. Perception of SARS threat was significantly related to reports of both coping (wishful thinking and support seeking) and health behaviors (avoidant behavior, avoiding people perceived to be at risk for SARS and taking precautions). In sum, multivariate analyses controlling for differences in perceived threat of SARS, state anxiety and other ways of coping indicated that both wishful thinking and empathic responding were significantly associated with specific SARS-related health behaviors. 4 Controlling for differences in perceived threat of SARS, state anxiety and other ways of coping, support seeking was not significantly related to the SARS-related health behaviors examined in the present study. cord-321949-s1qu3odd cord-322529-3xn5v54s title: Verification of Sensitivity and Specificity of Group A Rotavirus Detection in Piglets Faeces with Monoclonal Blocking ELISA Methods Selected competitive blocking ELISA (CB‐ELISA) and electron microscopy (EM) were used for examination of 194 field faecal samples of piglets affected with diarrhoea. The sensitivity and specificity of the CB‐ELISA was verified both by inclusion of control samples containing transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV) and porcine epidemic diarrhoea virus (PEDV) in each analysis and by comparative examination of samples with the commercial ELISA kit. Sensitivity comparison of three variants of the blocking ELISA method of rotavirus A detection were performed by box titrations in microtitre plate wells pre-coated with binding antibodies. Sensitivity of the CB-ELISA method and DAS-ELISA kit was compared by examination of faecal sample of experimentally infected piglet twofold diluted 2· to 1024·. By examination of positive faecal sample twofold diluted 2· to 1024·, at least 10 times higher sensitivity of CB-ELISA method was demonstrated (Table 2) . cord-322834-rl6yum7n The available epidemic curves for SARS show marked differences between the affected regions with respect to the total number of cases and epidemic duration, even for those regions in which outbreaks started almost simultaneously and similar control measures were implemented at the same time. In this paper, we interpret the observed epidemic curves with regard to disease transmission potential and effectiveness of control measures, and we compare the epidemiologic profiles of SARS outbreaks in Hong Kong, Vietnam, Singapore, and Canada. The model uses values of k t = 0.18 for cases with a symptom onset date before March 12, 2003 , and k t = 0.08 for cases with a symptom onset date on or after March 12, 2003 ; these values correspond to the distribution of the number of secondary infections per case as observed during the severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) outbreak in Singapore (4). cord-322877-jy1uvwre To investigate the ocular manifestations of patients with severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) and to monitor the possible ocular complications arising from the treatment regimen with high-dose systemic corticosteroid drugs. In March 2003, Hong Kong was seriously affected by a massive outbreak of SARS, and we took that opportunity to conduct a prospective observational study to investigate the probable ocular manifestations arising from SARS and the possible short-term complications resulting from the pulse or high-dose corticosteroid therapy. Patients were assessed with a comprehensive ocular examination including best-corrected visual acuity, intraocular pressure (IOP) by noncontact tonometer ([NCT] Xpert Noncontact Tonometer Plus; Reichert Ophthalmic Instruments, New York, New York, USA), slit-lamp, and binocular indirect ophthalmoscopy at baseline and at 2 months and 3 months. 2 With the unremarkable ophthalmologic findings of this study, routine ocular screening in patients with SARS for diagnosis or for complications may not be worthwhile. cord-323996-613j97y9 title: Serological survey on canine coronavirus antibodies in giant pandas by virus neutralization test In order to survey the infectious situation of canine coronavirus (CCV) in giant panda population, a virus neutralization test detecting specific antibodies against CCV in giant panda''s sera was established by using two-fold dilutions of serum and 100 TCID(50) of the virus. In recent years, it was reported that CCV could infect giant pandas and others precious wild animals (Mainka et aL 1994; He et aL 1996; Gao et aL 2003; Qiao et aL 2004) . Whether it is necessary to use CCV vaccine to protect this precious animal should be researched, in order to answer these questions, the 62 sera samples of giant panda were collected from zoos and reserve regions in Sichuan Province, China and used for serological investigation of neutralizing antibodies against CCV. Diagnosis of complex infection of canine distemper virus and canine coronavirus to giant panda by multi-PCR cord-326094-8id2oh1n 10, 11 Another IOM report called for "transforming the content, methods, approaches, and settings used in health professions education" in response to the "changing needs of the population and changing demands of practice." 12 Healthy People 2010 13 encouraged the reexamination of clinical education by including an objective "to increase the proportion of schools of medicine, schools of nursing and health professional training schools whose basic curriculum for healthcare providers includes the core competencies in health promotion and disease prevention." The task of developing such a framework provided the impetus for the Association of Teachers of Preventive Medicine (ATPM) to join with the Associa-tion of Academic Health Centers to convene the Healthy People Curriculum Task Force, which is composed of a senior academic member and the executive director (or designee) from the following clinical health professional organizations: The Task Force also includes representation from the Student Health Alliance (a consortium of 11 health profession student organizations) and two resource groups, the Association of Schools of Public Health (ASPH) and Community-Campus Partnerships for Health. cord-327819-7p05jk1h 13 The nomenclature of influenza viruses includes the type of virus (A, B, or C), host of origin (excluding humans), geographical site of origin, strain number, and year of isolation, followed in parentheses by the antigenic description of the hemagglutinin and neuraminidase glycoproteins, eg, A/chicken/Hong Kong/258/97 (H5N1). 18 Other control measures include continuous surveillance of influenza virus strains in humans and in birds, careful protection of cullers through appropriate personal protective equipment, restrictions on the movement of live poultry, and use of the human influenza vaccine to reduce the risk of coinfection in poultry workers and cullers. In 1997, the first documented direct transmission of an avian influenza virus to humans occurred in Hong Kong, when an H5N1 strain caused a severe respiratory disease in 18 previously healthy young adults, 6 of whom died. On January 23, 2004, authorities in Thailand reported an outbreak of highly pathogenic avian influenza among poultry, with laboratory-confirmed cases of H5N1 infection in humans. cord-328271-ma3s7hrs title: Antibody to human and simian retrovirus, HTLV‐I, HTLV‐II, HIV, STLV‐III, and SRV‐I not increased in patients with multiple sclerosis We have tested sera from patients with multiple sclerosis, matched controls, and those with other neurological diseases, as well as sera from patients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome and controls and patients with tropical spastic paraparesis (TSP) and controls for antibody to human T‐lymphotropic virus type I (HTLV‐I), HTLV‐II, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), simian T‐lymphotropic virus type III, or simian retrovirus type I by immunofluorescent activity test, and for HTLV‐I and HIV by the ELISA method. Sera from patients with multiple sclerosis and matched controls, and from patients with optic neuritis and Parkinson''s or other neuromuscular diseases did not have antibody to any of the retroviruses tested. None of the HTLV-I ELISA readings on samples from AIDS patients or controls or from MS patients, patients with optic neuritis, contro1s, and patients with other neurological diseases were above the cutoff of 0.36. cord-330558-autprmr4 Ang II is thought to be responsible for most of the physiological and pathophysiological effects of the RAS, and inhibitors of ACE that reduce the formation of Ang II have been highly successful in the management of hypertension, are standard therapy following myocardial infarction to delay the development of heart failure, and reduce the rate of progression of renal disease [2, 3] . Recently, however, the classical view of the RAS has been challenged by the discovery of the enzyme ACE2 [4, 5] , in addition to the increasing awareness that many angiotensin peptides other than Ang II have biological activity and physiological importance [6] . Blockade of the RAS with ACE inhibitors or Ang II type 1 receptor antagonists has clearly established its key role in the pathophysiology of an increasing number of diseases, including hypertension, heart failure, ventricular remodelling, renoprotection and diabetic complications. cord-331244-zaguyxm5 cord-331616-arnuoufn The authors compare MAP testing with PCR-based detection methods, focusing on differences in animal use, laboratory requirements, sample size, and limits of detection. Until recently, the mouse antibody production (MAP) test was the primary method of screening for viruses of murine origin 6 ( Table 1) , but the application of modern molecular biology methods to this purpose presents certain advantages. Because PCR amplifies only DNA molecules, one detects viruses with RNA samples from the animals and test them for virus-specific antibodies using the enzymelinked immunosorbent (ELISA), indirect fluorescent antibody (IFA), or hemagglutination inhibition (HAI) assays. To prevent false-positive results due to contamination with PCR templates, reagent preparation, sample processing, and PCR amplification/product detection should all take place in separate laboratories. Comparison of the sensitivity of in vivo antibody production tests with in vitro PCR-based methods to detect infectious contamination of biological materials cord-332522-adul9nzf In this study, 12 sets of nested primers covering the SARS-CoV genome have been screened and showed sufficient sensitivity to detect SARS-CoV in RNA isolated from virus cultured in Vero 6 cells. To optimize further the reaction condition of those nested primers sets, seven sets of nested primers have been chosen to compare their reverse transcribed efficiency with specific and random primers, which is useful to combine RT with the first round of PCR into a one-step RT-PCR. Through investigations on a test panel of whole blood obtained from 30 SARS patients and 9 control persons, the specificity and sensitivity of the Taqman RT-nested PCR system was found to be 100 and 83%, respectively, which suggests that the method is a promising one to diagnose SARS in early stages. To compare the sensitivities of these 12 sets of nested primers, serial 10-fold di-lution genome cDNA of BJ01 that reverse transcribed with random primer was used as the template to carry out the nested PCR. cord-333405-ji58jbct Of the ''newly emerging'' and ''re-emerging/resurging'' diseases that have followed the appearance of AIDS (Fig. 1) , some have been minor curiosities, such as the 2003 cases of monkeypox imported into the United States 4 , whereas others, such as severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), which emerged in the same year 5 , have had a worldwide impact. The impact of both new and re-emerging infectious diseases on human populations is affected by the rate and degree to which they spread across geographical areas, depending on the movement of human hosts or of the vectors or reservoirs of infections. Immune deficiency associated with AIDS, and with chemotherapy for cancer, immune-mediated diseases and transplantation, has contributed to an enormous global increase in the numbers of immunosuppressed people over the past few decades (probably more than 1% of the world''s population), setting the stage for the re-emergence of many opportunistic infections. cord-334366-gl5eqlkh title: Par rapport à la vancomycine, le linézolide améliore la guérison et la survie des patients atteints de pneumonias nosocomiales à Staphylococcus aureus méthicilline-résistant (SAMR) R.G. Wunderin Plusieurs études ont montré une efficacité du linézolide identique à celle de la vancomycine dans les infections nosocomiales à Gram positif [2] [3] [4] . Dans les pneumonies confirmées à SAMR par hémoculture ou prélèvement invasif, le bénéfice de survie dans le groupe linézolide était confirmé : 85 % vs 67 %, p = 0,05. En termes de guérison clinique, des résultats identiques étaient retrouvés dans le sous-groupe des pneumonies à SAMR confirmées par hémoculture ou prélèvement invasif. Cette étude, bien que rétrospective, donc imparfaite sur le plan méthodologique, mais reprenant les résultats de deux études méthodologiquement comparables et de qualité, souligne, en termes de survie, l''intérêt d''un traitement empirique précoce par linézolide en cas de pneumonie nosocomiale suspectée à SAMR. cord-335691-lsuwsm43 To estimate rates of community-acquired pneumonia and to identify risk factors for this disease, we conducted a large, population-based cohort study of persons aged ⩾65 years that included both hospitalizations and outpatient visits for pneumonia. In multivariate analysis, age, male sex, current smoking, diabetes mellitus, congestive heart failure, lung cancer, serious nonlung cancer, COPD, asthma without COPD, dementia, stroke, receipt of prednisone, use of home oxygen services, greater number of outpatient visits, and hospitalization for pneumonia in the year prior to the study start date were independently associated with risk of all CAP (table 3) . A population-based study involving 4175 elderly persons in Finland found that crude CAP rates did not differ between men and women and that male sex was not significantly associated with CAP after accounting for age and certain chronic medical conditions and risk factors, including asthma, receipt of immunosuppressive therapy, and heart disease [21] . cord-336063-66qoykl1 cord-336605-d4loia11 To allow structure-based design of drugs directed at SARS-CoV main proteinase, we predicted its binding pockets and affinities with existing HIV, psychotic and parasite drugs (lopinavir, ritonavir, niclosamide and promazine), which show signs of inhibiting the replication of SARS-CoV. Except four drugs (lopinavir, ritonavir, niclosamide and promazine), we also conducted the docking studies of two other molecules, PNU and UC2, for their molecular formulas are close to those of niclosamide and promazine, respectively (Fig. 2) , and they both are the inhibitors of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase. Figure 3 displays the overall structures of docking for four drugs (lopinavir, ritonavir, niclosamide and promazine) and two inhibitors (PNU and UC2) to SARS-CoV main proteinase. Thus, the four drugs and two inhibitors studied here can basically bind to the active site of SARS-CoV main proteinase, a cleft between domains I and II. cord-339062-tq0f6d01 RNA viruses, including HIV 1,2 , dengue virus (DENV) 3, 4 and possibly the severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) coronavirus [5] [6] [7] , have caused recent pandemics by changing their host range to amplify in humans. In this review, we focus on selected viruses such as Venezuelan equine and Japanese encephalitis viruses (VEEV and JEV, respectively), which cause epidemics by adapting to domestic animals and exploiting them as amplification hosts. After identification of VEEV as a cause of human disease, experimental animal models revealed that equine infection results in a high titre VIRAEMIA; the animals therefore serve as highly efficient amplification hosts in the presence of abundant competent mosquito vectors 12 However, studies of dengue virus ecology in sylvatic habitats of west Africa 72 and Malaysia 73, 74 have identified transmission cycles involving non-human primates as reservoir hosts and arboreal, tree-hole dwelling Aedes (Stegomyia) spp. cord-339514-0aa58pi6 Viral particles of human severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS CoV) consist of three virion structural proteins, including spike protein, membrane protein, and envelope protein. In this report, virus-like particles were assembled in insect cells by the co-infection with recombinant baculoviruses, which separately express one of these three virion proteins. Sucrose gradient purification followed by Western blot analysis and immunogold labeling showed that the spike protein could be incorporated into the virus like particle also. Recombinant baculoviruses encoding E, M, and S protein genes were used to infect Sf21 insect cell, and the expression of each protein was checked by Western blot at 4 dpi (data not shown). The packaging signal of coronavirus RNA was previously identified by using defective interfering viral particles [26] , since the SARS-CoV is a highly infectious virus, it would be much more feasible to identify this signal by using VLPs. Moreover, S protein-containing VLPs should be able to specifically target to the host cell of the SARS CoV and serve as a safe and efficient tool to deliver Western analysis confirmed the presence of S and E proteins mainly in fractions 16-18. cord-339976-tg2jkss7 title: Detection and Monitoring of SARS Coronavirus in the Plasma and Peripheral Blood Lymphocytes of Patients with Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Reliable and sensitive determination of the SARS CoV load would aid in the early identification of infected individuals, provide guidance for treatment (especially the use of steroid hormones and antiviral agents), and aid in monitoring of a patient''s clinical course and outcome. The method could detect the CoV load during the SARS course, as demonstrated in Fig. 1B , representative data from the 44 patients tested. High frequency of point mutations clustered within the adenosine triphosphatebinding region of BCR/ABL in patients with chronic myeloid leukemia or Ph-positive acute lymphoblastic leukemia who develop imatinib (STI571) resistance Serial analysis of the plasma concentration of SARS coronavirus RNA in pediatric patients with severe acute respiratory syndrome Quantitative analysis and prognostic implication of SARS coronavirus RNA in the plasma and serum of patients with severe acute respiratory syndrome cord-340611-7ftnttm0 cord-344383-7s4gnxs4 We describe an atypical presentation of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) in a geriatric patient with multiple coexisting conditions. On the basis of epidemiologic data (contact tracing linking her to one of the three original index cases in Singapore) (12) , the index patient''s cause of death was determined to be SARS (Figure 3 ). Since the issue of a global alert on atypical pneumonia by the World Health Organization on March 12, reported cases of SARS increased daily and appeared in other countries, including Canada, the United States, Europe, and Africa. Our case serves to highlight atypical signs and symptoms of SARS, especially the resolving fever, delay in establishing a positive contact history, and the nonspecific chest radiographic appearance that could be affected by concurrent coexisting conditions, such as cardiac failure. A cluster of cases of severe acute respiratory syndrome in Hong Kong Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) in Singapore: clinical features of index patient and initial contacts cord-345088-krb1eidw title: A single amino acid mutation in the spike protein of coronavirus infectious bronchitis virus hampers its maturation and incorporation into virions at the nonpermissive temperature Here, we report the emergence and isolation of two temperature sensitive (ts) mutants and a revertant in the process of cold-adaptation of coronavirus infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) to a monkey kidney cell line. Evidence presented demonstrated that the Q(294)-to-L(294) mutation, located at a highly conserved domain of the S1 subunit, might hamper processing of the S protein to a matured 180-kDa, endo-glycosidase H-resistant glycoprotein and the translocation of the protein to the cell surface. In virus-infected cells, the Endo-H sensitive, 155-kDa form of ts291602 was abundant at the nonpermissive temperature, clearly indicating that the mutant S protein was trimmed in the ER and cis-Golgi but was not transported to the trans-Golgi. cord-346629-770qyee8 title: Phylogenetic analysis of avian infectious bronchitis virus strains isolated in Japan To define the origin and evolution of recent avian infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) in Japan, a genetic analysis was performed. By phylogenetic analysis based on the S1 gene including the sequence of the hypervariable regions, IBV isolates in Japan were classified into five genetic groups, which included two already-known groups (Mass and Gray). In this study, to define the origin and evolution of recent IBV in Japan, we determined the nucleotide sequences of IBV isolated in Japan using the reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) method coupled with direct sequencing, and analyzed the sequences phylogenetically with viruses isolated in other countries. By phylogenetic analysis, the IBV isolates in Japan used in this study were divided into five genetic groups (Fig. 1 ). Typing of field isolates of infectious bronchitis virus based on the sequence of the hypervariable region in the S1 gene cord-347410-6muxz6c5 Agencies within the Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) have been working to address readiness and response capabilities, but private organizations and professional associations also have a role to play. In keeping with the Public Health Security and Bioterrorism Preparedness and Response Act of 2002, HHS developed a department-wide strategic plan to delineate its priorities. htm) have strategic activities in education, training, licensure, and credentialing for the public health care workforce and for hospital readiness. Under the directive, HHS established the Healthcare Sector Coordinating Council, which has responsibility for activities such as communicating potential risks, threats, and vulnerabilities to private organizations. A coordinating group comprising nurses from university, public health, and response settings, with a secure system that would allow collaboration on issues like identifying and providing a roster of volunteers, would be a good national, consistent approach to identifying and addressing vulnerabilities. cord-350328-wu1ygt6w The severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) is an emerging infection caused by a novel coronavirus which first appeared in southern China at the end of 2002. The severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) is a newly recognized coronavirus infection that emerged in southern China [1] with subsequent global spread to 29 countries [2] [3] [4] [5] . The newly infected individuals traveled onward to their homes or next destinations in the USA, Canada, Singapore, Hong Kong and Ireland sparking off epidemics of varying degrees of severity in each of those countries, mainly in hospitals but also in their respective communities. A directive had gone out from the Hong Kong Department of Health on 21 February 2003 to maintain strict infection control with droplet precautions for all cases of "atypical" community-acquired pneumonia because of concerns that highly pathogenic avian influenza might be easily transmissible from person to person. Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) in Singapore: clinical features of index patient and initial contacts cord-350513-ho32ajsx Tissue and cellular tropism of the coronavirus associated with severe acute respiratory syndrome: an in‐situ hybridization study of fatal cases. Using in situ hybridization (ISH), To et al demonstrated the presence of severe acute respiratory syndrome-associated coronavirus (SARS-CoV) in pneumocytes and in the surface enterocytes of the small intestine. Supplementing their findings, we report here our recent study, which suggests that the SARS-CoV may not be exclusively located in pneumocytes, but also in pulmonary macrophages. Under low magnification, scattered cells containing dark bluish signals, which represented the SARS-CoV, were visualized ( Figure 1A , nuclear fast red counterstain) within the damaged alveolar spaces, small bronchioles, and even the vascular lumina. Tissue and cellular tropism of the coronavirus associated with severe acute respiratory syndrome: an in-situ hybridization study of fatal cases Chen and Hsiao make an interesting observation on the pathology of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS). cord-351354-10rusr6j Before the etiologic agent was identified, the diagnosis of SARS was made according to a set of clinical-epidemiologic criteria as suggested by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) (1-3). These criteria remained important in the initial diagnosis and prompt isolation of patients because the overall sensitivity of initial reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) testing for SARSassociated coronavirus (SARS CoV) RNA on upper respiratory specimens ranged from approximately 60% to 70% (though sensitivity improved with a second test) (4, 5) . By using paired serologic testing to determine SARS-CoV infection (3), we evaluated the relative importance of the clinical-epidemiologic diagnostic criteria during an outbreak. Probable SARS case-patients were those who met the CDC clinical criteria for severe respiratory illness of unknown etiology (3), and met the epidemiologic criterion for exposure in either a close or a possible contact. Our findings showed that 5.9% of cases defined as probable SARS on the basis of clinical-epidemiologic criteria had no serologic evidence of coronavirus infection. cord-353308-e4s8el0s This dramatic chain of transmission brought to the world''s attention this new respiratory disease, called severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), and clearly illustrated the potential for SARS to spread extensively from a single infected person and to rapidly disseminate globally through air travel. Diarrhoea has been reported at presentation in approximately 25% of patients, although this symptom was observed in as many as 73% of all patients affected by an outbreak at an apartment complex in Hong Kong that is believed to have resulted from fecal-oral/respiratory transmission of SARS-CoV. [53] [54] [55] [56] Given that profuse watery diarrhoea is seen in a significant proportion of patients and SARS-CoV can be shed in large quantities in stool, faeces remain a possible source of virus and fecal-oral or fecal-respiratory spread are the leading hypotheses for a large outbreak affecting more than 300 people at an apartment complex in Hong Kong. Fatal severe acute respiratory syndrome is associated with multiorgan involvement by coronavirus (SARS-CoV) cord-354130-mi7saerx The limitations of molecular methods are that they are relatively expensive, they can yield both false negative and false positive results, their high sensitivity makes them prone to cross-contamination, and many substances found in blood, feces, and other animal tissues can function Methods such as exposing sentinels to soiled bedding, as used traditionally with mice housed in static isolator cages, also require reassessment for their applicability in IVC systems. There are many ways of detecting an infectious agent that has been transmitted to one or more rodents housed in IVCs. The most direct method of surveillance is to monitor the colony mice themselves for evidence of an infection. The decreased intercage spread of an infectious agent means that infections are sporadic and confined to just a few cages at a time, and it is therefore essential to use an adequate sample size when monitoring mice housed in IVC systems. cord-354209-g1zynbul While other NCID/CDC response teams dealt with laboratory investigations, surveillance, communica-tion, and clinical infection control practices, the Community Outreach Team worked to implement rapid public health strategies to document, monitor, and assist in ameliorating specific problems associated with fear, stigmatization, and discrimination attributed to the SARS outbreak in the United States. The team carried out the following activities: 1) facilitated group discussions with key opinion leaders within the Asian community in the United States; 2) collected and monitored the CDC Public Response Service data; 3) collected and monitored Asian-language newspapers, Internet sites, and other information sources; 4) reviewed polling data and other communication information; 5) conducted community visits, panel discussions, and media interviews; 6) solicited information from state and regional minority health liaisons nationwide; 7) developed ongoing relationships with the Asian-American communities; particularly in major metropolitan areas throughout the United States; and 8) determined new datagathering strategies as needed. cord-354407-zzxjv666 title: Structural genomics of the SARS coronavirus: cloning, expression, crystallization and preliminary crystallographic study of the Nsp9 protein The aetiologic agent of the recent epidemics of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) is a positive‐stranded RNA virus (SARS‐CoV) belonging to the Coronaviridae family and its genome differs substantially from those of other known coronaviruses. The crystal structure of the main (or 3CL) protease of transmissible gastroenteritis virus, a related coronavirus, has been determined and was used to construct a model of the SARS-CoV 3CL protease, facilitating future drug design against this important target (Anand et al., 2003) . In the related mouse hepatitis virus, which is a group 2 coronavirus, the SARS-CoV Nsp9 corresponds to a 12 kDa cleavage product (P1a-12) that is found preferentially in the perinuclear region of infected cells, where it co-localizes with other components of the viral replication complex (Bost et al., 2000) .