Distant Reader

Introduction

This is a Distant Reader "study carrel", a set of structured data intended to help the student, researcher, or scholar use & understand a corpus.

This study carrel was created from a curated subset of CORD, a collection of more than 100,000 scholarly journal articles surrounding the topic of COVID-19. This resulted in a set of 121 item(s). The original versions of these items have been saved in a cache, and each of them have been transformed & saved as a set of plain text files. All of the analysis -- "reading" -- has been done against these plain text files. For example, a short narrative report has been created. This website is a more verbose version of the narrative report.

All study carrels are self-contained -- no Internet connection is necessary to use them. Download this carrel for offline reading. The carrel is made up of many subdirectories and data files. The manifest describes each one in greater detail.

Provenance

This study carrel was originally named cord-2004. It was created on 2020-11-27 at 16:37 by emorgan@nd.edu. The following query, applied against the local copy of our CORD database, was ( ( * NOT ( pdf_json:nan ) ) OR ( * NOT ( pmc_json:nan ) ) ) AND year:"2004" .

Size & Scope

Your study carrel is 505,908 words long. Each item in your study carrel is, on average, 5,059 words long. If you dig deeper, then you might want to save yourself some time by reading a shorter item. On the other hand, if your desire is for more detail, then you might consider reading a longer item. The following illustrate the overall size of your study carrel.

Readability

On a scale from 0 to 100, where 0 is very difficult and 100 is very easy, your documents have an average readability score of 49. Consequently, if you want to read something more simplistic, then consider a document with a higher score. If you want something more specialized, then consider something with a lower score. The following illustrate the overall readability of your study carrel.

Word Frequencies

By merely counting & tabulating the frequency of individual words or phrases, you can begin to get an understanding of your carrel's "aboutness". Excluding "stop words", some of the more frequent words include:

sars, patients, virus, protein, cells, respiratory, disease, cases, human, infection, acute, using, may, health, also, results, study, two, one, ct, used, imaging, coronavirus, syndrome, severe, cell, clinical, cov, viral, viruses, influenza, i, high, associated, findings, binding, treatment, diagnosis, however, proteins, will, group, time, performed, data, system, mm, studies, use, well

Using the three most frequent words, the three files containing all of those words the most are: 1) ECR – Final Programme: Scientific and Educational Exhibits, 2) Severe acute respiratory syndrome, and 3) Management of Critically Ill Patients with Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS).

The most frequent two-word phrases (bigrams) include:

acute respiratory, respiratory syndrome, severe acute, hong kong, imaging findings, sars coronavirus, public health, avian influenza, binding site, united states, amino acid, converting enzyme, binding sites, doc id, cord uid, mr imaging, learning objectives, influenza virus, health care, sars patients, world health, cognitive impairment, infectious diseases, amino acids, health organization, spike protein, class i, differential diagnosis, novel coronavirus, respiratory tract, infection control, magnetic resonance, associated coronavirus, nervous system, procedure details, influenza viruses, immune response, health behaviors, infectious disease, west nile, central nervous, sars outbreak, rpe cells, nile virus, serum samples, hepatitis virus, infected cells, sars virus, class ii, virus infection

And the three file that use all of the three most frequent phrases are: 1) Severe acute respiratory syndrome, 2) Management of Critically Ill Patients with Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS), and 3) Severe acute respiratory syndrome: review and lessons of the 2003 outbreak.

While often deemed superficial or sophomoric, rudimentary frequencies and their associated "word clouds" can be quite insightful:

Keywords

Sets of keywords -- statistically significant words -- can be enumerated by comparing the relative frequency of words with the number of times the words appear in an entire corpus. Some of the most statistically significant keywords in your study carrel include:

sars, hong, virus, patient, kong, health, protein, pcr, respiratory, united, rna, hiv, elisa, mhv, influenza, infection, h5n1, disease, cell, acute, wnv, taiwan, severe, rsv, rotavirus, mri, model, mhc, inhibitor, infectious, imaging, ibv, hospital, hcv, golgi, diarrhea, china, case, agent, ace2, year, vp40, viral, vero, venezuelan, veev, vaccine, vaccination, uc2, torpedo

And now word clouds really begin to shine:

Topic Modeling

Topic modeling is another popular approach to connoting the aboutness of a corpus. If your study carrel could be summed up in a single word, then that word might be sars, and Epidemiology of encephalitis in children: A 20‐Year survey is most about that word.

If your study carrel could be summed up in three words ("topics") then those words and their significantly associated titles include:

If your study carrel could be summed up in five topics, and each topic were each denoted with three words, then those topics and their most significantly associated files would be:

patients, ct, imaging - ECR – Final Programme: Scientific and Educational Exhibits
sars, virus, respiratory - Transmission cycles, host range, evolution and emergence of arboviral disease
health, influenza, sars - Prise en charge des pathologies respiratoires à adénovirus chez l’enfant immunocompétent À propos d’une étude rétrospective de 116 enfants hospitalisés
cells, cell, virus - Structure, Evolutionary Conservation, and Functions of Angiotensin- and Endothelin-Converting Enzymes
protein, binding, proteins - Recognition of Functional Sites in Protein Structures()

Moreover, the totality of the study carrel's aboutness, can be visualized with the following pie chart:

Noun & Verbs

Through an analysis of your study carrel's parts-of-speech, you are able to answer question beyonds aboutness. For example, a list of the most frequent nouns helps you answer what questions; "What is discussed in this collection?":

patients, virus, protein, cells, cases, disease, infection, results, study, cell, syndrome, coronavirus, health, viruses, findings, influenza, imaging, treatment, diagnosis, time, system, studies, data, group, proteins, lesions, contrast, analysis, detection, methods, membrane, conclusion, images, case, patient, mice, response, use, number, expression, control, years, sequence, days, infections, vaccine, transmission, outbreak, samples, blood

An enumeration of the verbs helps you learn what actions take place in a text or what the things in the text do. Very frequently, the most common lemmatized verbs are "be", "have", and "do"; the more interesting verbs usually occur further down the list of frequencies:

used, shown, included, associated, done, performed, detect, following, found, provides, increasing, infected, develop, identified, based, reported, suggested, compared, containing, requiring, obtained, determine, causes, evaluate, occurred, described, indicated, binding, demonstrated, induce, resulting, presented, see, observed, made, confirm, related, knowing, reducing, allow, emerging, considered, expressed, assess, affecting, remained, involved, leading, produce, taken

Proper Nouns

An extraction of proper nouns helps you determine the names of people and places in your study carrel.

SARS, CT, CoV, S, PCR, MR, MRI, Fig, RNA, Hong, Kong, C, US, Purpose, China, M., T, Health, ELISA, HIV, II, M, H5N1, RT, MHC, MHV, S., ACE2, CNS, A., sera, A, United, C., Singapore, Vero, States, Imaging, CCL3, World, WNV, J., Learning, ACE, Objectives, pH, T., K., E., CTL

An analysis of personal pronouns enables you to answer at least two questions: 1) "What, if any, is the overall gender of my study carrel?", and 2) "To what degree are the texts in my study carrel self-centered versus inclusive?"

it, we, their, our, its, they, i, them, his, he, us, her, she, one, you, itself, themselves, him, your, himself, my, btfe, yourself, tace, t2-weighted, r, phenprocoumon, ourselves, ours, nq, my-, interleukin-13, icd-9-cm, http://www.who.int)-have, herself, herg, duck/, di(c24:)pc, cys412, c16:0,c18:1)pc, autoab, aflmp1, -procleix, -functional

Below are words cloud of your study carrel's proper & personal pronouns.

Adjectives & Verbs

Learning about a corpus's adjectives and adverbs helps you answer how questions: "How are things described and how are things done?" An analysis of adjectives and adverbs also points to a corpus's overall sentiment. "In general, is my study carrel positive or negative?"

respiratory, acute, human, severe, clinical, viral, high, specific, different, infectious, new, non, important, significant, low, positive, possible, normal, first, small, many, single, common, diagnostic, present, effective, molecular, major, similar, several, early, avian, medical, available, large, anti, public, higher, pulmonary, negative, immune, various, lower, multiple, chronic, potential, inflammatory, recent, like, primary

also, however, well, highly, respectively, therefore, even, significantly, recently, often, previously, less, particularly, especially, still, probably, usually, together, approximately, first, now, much, relatively, rather, furthermore, rapidly, currently, newly, frequently, later, almost, clearly, directly, subsequently, mainly, yet, retrospectively, potentially, generally, finally, moreover, least, clinically, far, encephalitis, completely, similarly, strongly, prior, already

Next steps

There is much more to a study carrel than the things outlined above. Use this page's menubar to navigate and explore in more detail. There you will find additional features & functions including: ngrams, parts-of-speech, grammars, named entities, topic modeling, a simple search interface, etc.

Again, study carrels are self-contained. Download this carrel for offline viewing and use.

Thank you for using the Distant Reader.

Study carrel