Summary of your 'study carrel' ============================== This is a summary of your Distant Reader 'study carrel'. The Distant Reader harvested & cached your content into a collection/corpus. It then applied sets of natural language processing and text mining against the collection. The results of this process was reduced to a database file -- a 'study carrel'. The study carrel can then be queried, thus bringing light specific characteristics for your collection. These characteristics can help you summarize the collection as well as enumerate things you might want to investigate more closely. This report is a terse narrative report, and when processing is complete you will be linked to a more complete narrative report. Eric Lease Morgan Number of items in the collection; 'How big is my corpus?' ---------------------------------------------------------- 33 Average length of all items measured in words; "More or less, how big is each item?" ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 23714 Average readability score of all items (0 = difficult; 100 = easy) ------------------------------------------------------------------ 74 Top 50 statistically significant keywords; "What is my collection about?" ------------------------------------------------------------------------- 7 New 7 Mr. 6 work 6 illustration 5 Tunnel 5 Railroad 5 Company 4 York 4 Avenue 3 water 3 Street 3 River 3 Plate 3 Fig 2 time 2 man 2 like 2 good 2 form 2 West 2 Watt 2 State 2 Scotland 2 Pennsylvania 2 Ninth 2 Manhattan 2 Island 2 Hoosac 2 Commonwealth 2 Boston 1 writer 1 wood 1 western 1 tunnel 1 timber 1 test 1 strength 1 steam 1 sea 1 screw 1 sand 1 rock 1 right 1 rail 1 pressure 1 pipe 1 pile 1 pier 1 material 1 little Top 50 lemmatized nouns; "What is discussed?" --------------------------------------------- 1693 work 1451 tunnel 1248 time 1202 water 1182 man 989 ft 966 rock 907 line 897 foot 883 day 820 material 764 side 694 part 656 wood 640 end 629 pressure 595 year 595 section 587 sand 575 pile 557 wall 549 air 547 shield 524 point 518 concrete 488 place 446 test 438 way 435 engineer 434 iron 433 writer 431 pipe 430 life 429 case 423 hand 422 form 421 engine 413 inch 411 | 407 surface 402 timber 401 length 401 ground 392 steam 390 power 384 illustration 379 face 373 shaft 371 construction 369 condition Top 50 proper nouns; "What are the names of persons or places?" -------------------------------------------------------------- 6099 | 5531 _ 778 . 720 Mr. 600 Railroad 592 Watt 526 New 423 Company 414 Tunnel 377 York 369 Avenue 286 River 276 Street 268 Fig 227 West 227 M. 219 State 214 FIG 212 City 200 C. 195 East 194 Plate 184 C 182 ft 182 Greenfield 180 pp 180 Boston 176 Troy 176 Rock 176 Island 173 Pennsylvania 169 North 169 A 168 B 166 E. 163 Manhattan 156 Station 148 Boulton 147 H. 140 Long 136 Hoosac 134 Engineer 130 July 128 Commonwealth 127 Tunnels 126 Ninth 125 Eads 123 Shaft 122 yd 117 Soc Top 50 personal pronouns nouns; "To whom are things referred?" ------------------------------------------------------------- 6021 it 3278 he 3252 i 1672 they 1445 we 1368 you 922 them 871 him 671 me 428 us 311 himself 216 she 166 itself 128 myself 127 themselves 102 her 57 ourselves 50 one 41 yourself 15 mine 14 herself 7 ours 6 yours 6 his 5 oneself 4 ye 3 |cost 3 theirs 3 thee 2 ourself 1 |-----+----------+------+------+------+-------+----+--------+-------+----+ 1 lieut.-col 1 lead--6 1 hers 1 ''em Top 50 lemmatized verbs; "What do things do?" --------------------------------------------- 28158 be 6232 have 1831 do 1722 make 1078 say 1035 use 968 take 795 show 724 give 706 see 672 find 652 know 549 go 525 come 499 get 492 work 453 think 421 build 419 follow 412 require 408 place 400 leave 398 drive 396 carry 382 become 378 keep 369 seem 361 pass 349 put 334 call 333 lay 328 set 281 pay 280 provide 280 look 280 begin 266 complete 265 break 252 run 252 bring 249 consider 248 write 247 hold 247 cut 244 remove 242 increase 235 continue 234 appear 228 fill 219 stand Top 50 lemmatized adjectives and adverbs; "How are things described?" --------------------------------------------------------------------- 3509 not 1277 so 1277 more 986 only 953 other 930 great 850 very 829 up 821 then 816 first 814 much 740 as 687 same 685 about 683 well 675 such 656 good 648 out 641 now 579 most 578 also 554 long 522 large 506 many 467 even 457 small 452 high 434 down 424 little 401 less 374 own 363 still 353 new 353 far 346 never 329 in 329 here 324 old 319 too 319 however 315 necessary 312 thus 310 just 300 full 298 few 296 last 295 again 285 low 278 always 270 yet Top 50 lemmatized superlative adjectives; "How are things described to the extreme?" ------------------------------------------------------------------------- 212 good 193 least 152 most 88 great 41 high 27 bad 26 near 21 large 19 low 18 early 15 fine 15 Most 13 deep 11 small 11 long 10 heavy 8 slight 8 simple 8 late 8 dear 7 easy 6 strong 5 weak 5 able 4 rich 4 old 4 noble 4 happy 4 full 4 farth 4 eld 4 cheap 4 big 3 wise 3 strict 3 clear 2 young 2 true 2 tough 2 thin 2 sure 2 stout 2 short 2 quick 2 pure 2 mighty 2 manif 2 j 2 hard 2 gentle Top 50 lemmatized superlative adverbs; "How do things do to the extreme?" ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 427 most 39 well 35 least 1 thinnest 1 highest Top 50 Internet domains; "What Webbed places are alluded to in this corpus?" ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- 13 www.gutenberg.org 1 www.cwru.edu Top 50 URLs; "What is hyperlinked from this corpus?" ---------------------------------------------------- 1 http://www.gutenberg.org/files/18229/ 1 http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/25222 1 http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/25220 1 http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/18795 1 http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/18785 1 http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/18748 1 http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/18747 1 http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/18448 1 http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/17777 1 http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/17776 1 http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/17137 1 http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/16938 1 http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/16440 1 http://www.cwru.edu/UL/preserve/general.htm Top 50 email addresses; "Who are you gonna call?" ------------------------------------------------- Top 50 positive assertions; "What sentences are in the shape of noun-verb-noun?" ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 5 shield was about 5 work is not 4 _ is _ 4 piles are not 4 rock was very 4 water does not 4 wood is very 3 _ was not 3 material does not 3 pressure does not 3 water is not 3 water was not 3 watt did not 2 man did not 2 man has not 2 man is not 2 material is not 2 men do not 2 pile does not 2 piles are often 2 railroad is hereby 2 rock was not 2 sand was also 2 tunnel was about 2 tunnel was then 2 wall was then 2 water was so 2 watt was never 2 watt were thus 2 wood becomes brittle 2 wood does not 2 wood is gradual 2 work being now 2 work did not 2 work is far 2 work was actually 2 work was again 2 work was also 2 work was much 2 work was not 2 work went forward 1 . being common 1 . was about 1 . was satisfied 1 _ am _ 1 _ are _ 1 _ are portions 1 _ are stick 1 _ being only 1 _ carrying surface Top 50 negative assertions; "What sentences are in the shape of noun-verb-no|not-noun?" --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 . had no beneficial 1 _ had no hand 1 _ take no thought 1 day are not satisfied 1 line is not yet 1 man be not frugal 1 man has not fairly 1 man has not time 1 man is not always 1 material is not likely 1 men was not much 1 pile be not exactly 1 pile is not actually 1 piles are not all 1 piles are not much 1 piles do not generally 1 piles were not hard 1 pressure is not high 1 pressure was not generally 1 railroad were not as 1 rock has no known 1 sand is not there 1 sand were not varied 1 shields were not exactly 1 time had no boat 1 time is not far 1 water had not yet 1 water is not deep 1 water is not still 1 watt did not apparently 1 watt was no man 1 wood are not sufficient 1 wood is no indication 1 wood is not drier 1 work is not quite 1 work is not so 1 work is not subject 1 work is not yet 1 work was no longer A rudimentary bibliography -------------------------- id = 27632 author = American Society of Civil Engineers title = Transactions of the American Society of Civil Engineers, vol. LXXII, June, 1911 Water Purification Plant, Washington, D. C. Results of Operation. date = keywords = water summary = Given Turbidity in Applied Water.~ filtered water for a given turbidity of the applied water is turbidity in the filtered water, a raw water may be applied at 75 deg., having twice the turbidity of the water applied at 35 deg., to produce applied water of given turbidity will produce an effluent at 35 deg. applied and in the filtered water, it is entirely logical to _Hydraulic Replacing of Filter Sand._--The author has adopted a method of replacing clean sand in the filters which will commend method may be applied at other plants where conditions seem to replacing sand by the hydraulic method, and yet, from Mr. Johnson''s hydraulic method would be as satisfactory for other filter plants effluents from filters which have been re-sanded by the two methods The experiment of replacing sand by water, referred to by Mr. Longley, was not considered a success at the time, and the method id = 45735 author = American Society of Civil Engineers title = Transactions of the American Society of Civil Engineers, Vol. LXX, December, 1910 date = keywords = Company; Discussion; Engineer; Mr.; New summary = In 1885 he was elected Assistant City Engineer of New Orleans, which From 1892 to 1896 Mr. Brown held the office of City Engineer of New employed with the King Bridge Company as Assistant Engineer. American Bridge Company, of New York, in charge of railroad structures John Henderson Sample, the only son of Judge William Sample, was born Central lines, working up from Axeman to Division Engineer. Engineer of location and construction of the Missouri Pacific lines in as Assistant Engineer, being engaged on line and grade revision and with the gas companies of New York City for 57 years. The Engineer who was in charge of the work, writes: Engineers connected with that work. In 1893, Mr. Van der Hoek was appointed Division Engineer of the He was elected a Member of the American Society of Civil Engineers on He was elected a Member of the American Society of Civil Engineers on id = 18795 author = Bensel, J. A. (John Anderson) title = Transactions of the American Society of Civil Engineers, Vol. LXX, Dec. 1910 Address at the 42d Annual Convention, Chicago, Illinois, June 21st, 1910, Paper No. 1178 date = keywords = Society; engineer summary = AMERICAN SOCIETY OF CIVIL ENGINEERS individual achievements, engineers are behind other professional men in a fact that will be admitted by all that engineers have not as yet done Profession, John Smeaton, first made use of the term, "engineer," and descriptive of a certain class of men working along professional lines achievements of engineers, particularly in the last hundred years. graphic a showing of engineering activity as I think can be found. engineers, but they seem to be diffident and neglectful of human nature very broad lines in admission to membership, classing as civil engineers limiting and prescribing the right to practice in the State of New York, As to the manner in which engineers individually perform their work, no thing, regarded either from the point of view of what the world needs or to be set to the activities of men along lines which concern us, and society as much as possible along its new lines. id = 16440 author = Campbell, J. L. title = The Water Supply of the El Paso and Southwestern Railway from Carrizozo to Santa Rosa, N. Mex. American Society of Civil Engineers: Transactions, No. 1170 date = keywords = Bonito; Coyote; Reservoir; pipe summary = solids per gallon; and a branch pipe line takes water from the creek water to Luna Reservoir and the pumps at Mile 171, and the latter lift Where the pipe line passes a water tank on the railway, a 4-in. air-chambers, and open stand-pipes on the line, too numerous to mention _Cast-iron Pipe_.--Beginning at the first pumping plant at Coyote, at specifications of the New England Water-Works Association, the pipe was pipe 21 miles long, a large air-chamber in the form of a closed steel The supply pipe from Bonito Creek delivers water into the basin over the If the pipe line is delivering water faster than the leakage on the wood pipe, between Coyote and Bonito Creek, from the _Velocities_.--The pipe line from Bonito Creek to the Nogal Reservoir line, near the reservoir, as indicated on Fig. 2, which shows the hydraulic grades and the pipe diameters of this id = 26131 author = Carnegie, Andrew title = James Watt date = keywords = Birmingham; Black; Boulton; Britain; Dr.; Glasgow; London; Mr.; Newcomen; Priestley; Professor; Roebuck; Scotland; Small; Soho; Watt; day; engine; man; steam; work summary = Thomas Watt''s son, the father of the great inventor, followed in his of working engines, passed through Watt''s own hands, and for most of his experimental work; nursery from which came the steam engine of Watt, the When Watt gave to the steam-engine five times its efficiency by the new engine were partly supplied from Watt''s own works in Glasgow and Boulton, like most busy men, had time, and an open mind, for new ideas. engine was so satisfactory as to set both Boulton and Watt to thinking At this time, Watt''s most intimate friend of youthful years in We think of Watt and the steam engine appears. indispensable steam engine of Watt had to furnish the motive power. world performed by heating cold water places Watt and his steam engine Mr. Watt was the great _improver_ of the steam engine; but, in Thus during the five years from 1761-66 Watt had worked out all id = 18408 author = Clarke, George C. title = Transactions of the American Society of Civil Engineers, vol. LXVIII, Sept. 1910 The Site of the Terminal Station. Paper No. 1157 date = keywords = Avenue; Ninth; Seventh; Street summary = the construction of two double-track tunnels under Ninth Avenue at 33d fan-shaped areas east of the west house line of Seventh Avenue were from east of Seventh Avenue and south of 34th Street. and 33d Streets from Seventh Avenue to a point east of the west end of TYPICAL SECTIONS OF RETAINING WALL IN THIRTY-FIRST STREET] surface, crossing under Ninth Avenue and to the center line of 32d the surface of the street on a timber trestle to Tenth Avenue, which was PLANT FOR DISPOSAL OF EXCAVATED MATERIALS PIER NO. Fig. 2.--East Pit, Steam Shovel Loading Excavated Material on Car. ash-pit, and the south wall and the ends were built of concrete. of the compressor-house formed the north wall of the bin, the section The excavation for the retaining walls in 31st and 33d Streets were in The forms and bracing for the Ninth Avenue walls are shown on Fig. 8. id = 17302 author = Cresson, Benjamin Franklin title = Transactions of the American Society of Civil Engineers, vol. LXVIII, Sept. 1910 The New York Tunnel Extension of the Pennsylvania Railroad The Terminal Station - West date = keywords = Avenue; Ninth; Plate; illustration summary = Station-West is bounded as follows: By the east line of Ninth Avenue; by Terminal had excavated under Ninth Avenue a cut which came to the grade of showing rock excavation and supports of 9th Avenue structures. Fig. 1, Plate XLVII, shows the elevated railway structure and the street METHOD OF EXCAVATING NINTH AVENUE PLAN AND ELEVATION SHOWING VARIOUS STAGES METHOD OF EXCAVATING NINTH AVENUE SECTIONS SHOWING VARIOUS STAGES OF WORK avenue at each column, each set being placed on four concrete piers 6 ft. four concrete piers resting on the central rock core, the excavation on the Center line of 32nd St., looking East from Sta. 183+50, showing excavation under Ninth Avenue, permanent concrete piers feet South of center line, showing underpinning of Ninth Avenue structure Plate LII, was taken inside the concrete form for the lower face wall on Showing excavation of completion of South abutment 9th Ave. and method of Supporting Elevated Railway Column 488. id = 42149 author = Hewett, Bertram Henry Majendie title = Transactions of the American Society of Civil Engineers, Vol. LXVIII, Sept. 1910 The New York Tunnel Extension of the Pennsylvania Railroad. The North River Tunnels. Paper No. 1155 date = keywords = Company; Fig; Foreman; Manhattan; New; Shaft; Station; TABLE; Total; Tunnel; Weehawken; York; illustration; work summary = the rock from the tunnels made it necessary to start the shield-driven kinds of ground through which the shield-driven tunnels had to pass. time were much taken up with the progress of the shield-driven tunnels. TABLE 6.--ROCK TUNNEL EXCAVATION UNDER 32D STREET, EAST OF CUT-AND-COVER iron-lined tunnels and the shield chambers. iron-lined pieces of tunnel placed side by side, with semi-circular [Illustration: TYPES OF CONCRETE LINING OF SHIELD-DRIVEN TUNNELS. _Standard Cross-Section of Concrete Lining of Shield-Driven _Standard Cross-Section of Concrete Lining of Shield-Driven and the working faces, extending the pipe lines, and attending to shield of the tunnel with bolting and working platform is shown on Plate XL. TABLE 27.--SHIELD-DRIVEN TUNNEL WORK, WEEHAWKEN SHAFT, RIVER TUNNEL TABLE 27.--SHIELD-DRIVEN TUNNEL WORK, WEEHAWKEN SHAFT, RIVER TUNNEL TABLE 28.--SHIELD-DRIVEN TUNNEL WORK.--TOTAL NUMBER OF RINGS ERECTED AND TABLE 29.--MONTHLY PROGRESS OF SHIELD-DRIVEN TUNNEL WORK. down and re-erected before the concrete work in the river tunnels was id = 26052 author = How, Louis title = James B. Eads date = keywords = Eads; Jetties; Louis; Mississippi; New; River; Saint; Washington; ead; time; work summary = Eads learned while he was a clerk among them; and as time went on, he been for three years on the river, Eads gave up his clerkship to go hazardous business Eads invented many new appliances for use in its work the city of Saint Louis gave him $80, out of which he paid his own To be sure, the seven boats were not finished at the time called for. specifications called for, that before the work was finished Eads was The Saint Louis, as Eads wrote to Lincoln, when he sent him a During those trying war times all of Eads''s tremendous energy had by no given to Eads''s work. Eads, however, understood the river like a book, and he had all works of river and harbor improvement to the military engineers; Narrow the Mississippi then, at its mouth, said Eads, and id = 18548 author = Jacobs, Charles M. (Charles Mattathias) title = Transactions of the American Society of Civil Engineers, vol. LXVIII, Sept. 1910 The New York Tunnel Extension of the Pennsylvania Railroad, The North River Division. Paper No. 1151 date = keywords = City; New; Pennsylvania; Railroad; York summary = City, and also, as Chief Engineer of the North River Division of the New York Tunnel Extension of the Pennsylvania Railroad, to record in a Railroad Company was incorporated in the State of New York to construct the scheme for a tunnel to the Central Railroad of New Jersey for a line State Line to the Pennsylvania Railroad Station in New Jersey. 1899, the New York and Long Island Terminal Railroad Company was Long Island Railroad, Mr. Baldwin organized a new company to construct a Pennsylvania Railroad Company Office in New York, when Mr. Cassatt tunnel lines of the New York and New Jersey Railroads to Exchange Place, tunnels from the east side of Tenth Avenue, New York City, to the on the New York side, on the line of the tunnels near the river line of the tunnels in the yards of the Erie Railroad on the New Jersey id = 18748 author = Kempkey, A. title = Transactions of the American Society of Civil Engineers, Vol. LXX, Dec. 1910 A Concrete Water Tower, Paper No. 1173 date = keywords = Labor; form summary = construction, and the detailed cost, form the basis of this paper. To form the bottom of this tank, a plain concrete dome is The tank is covered with a roof of reinforced concrete, 4 in. and forms a level base on which the tower is built. Similar construction was used to form the taper base of the tower All horizontal bolts in the lower inside and outside forms were removed, 3.--FORMS FOR WATER TOWER VICTORIA, B.C.] 3.--FORMS FOR WATER TOWER VICTORIA, B.C.] After the dome forms had been put in, the concrete was carried up The tank is the ordinary type of light steel, the lower course TABLE 1.--COST OF HIGH-LEVEL TOWER, VICTORIA WATER-WORKS. writer''s opinion that the steel tank enclosed within the concrete of the inside and outside sheets forming the tank steel be in the form of a thin shell, and in a structure of this kind id = 17777 author = Klapp, Eugene title = Transactions of the American Society of Civil Engineers, vol. LXX, Dec. 1910 Reinforced Concrete Pier Construction date = keywords = caisson; pier summary = REINFORCED CONCRETE PIER CONSTRUCTION. A private yacht pier, built near Glen Cove, Long Island, has brought out ordinary construction, but with creosoted piles; (_b_) a concrete pier To construct such piers in the ordinary manner behind coffer-dams, and before been called to the successful use of reinforced concrete caissons These caissons are constructed wished to reduce the cost, and every other caisson in the pier head was omitted, so that, as built, the pier contains eight caissons and five the shoal water and the great height of the outer caissons in comparison water pressure would be nothing, but the filling of the caissons would The question of the effect of sea water on the concrete was given much The caissons, after being placed, were filled with sand and gravel from sending in at high tide a powerful derrick scow, many of the caissons The next caisson was then towed out, set against the floating id = 19037 author = Mason, Francis title = Transactions of the American Society of Civil Engineers, Vol. LXVIII, Sept. 1910 The New York Tunnel Extension of the Pennsylvania Railroad. The Cross-Town Tunnels. Paper No. 1158 date = keywords = Avenue; Plate; Street; tunnel summary = Typical cross-sections of the tunnels are shown on Plate XII.[B] Workings were started both east and west from the Intermediate Shafts, plant in the shafts by the subsequent work in the Cross-Town Tunnels was excavation of the Twin Tunnel in 33d Street was continued westward to Fig. 3, Plate LIX, shows the first section of the concrete lining completed placed, as shown by Fig. 1, Plate LX, the center wall and skewback were STARTED FOR THREE-TRACK TUNNEL IN 33D STREET NEAR 5TH AVENUE] the tunnel, but the lining was placed as soon as the excavation was West of the Intermediate Shaft the tunnel was excavated for full width excavation of the Twin Tunnel eastward from the end of the open-cut shaft, a drift was driven across the street at the crown of the tunnel, heading, and wall-plates and sets of three-segment arch timbering were rock on the center line between the tunnels. id = 40514 author = Massachusetts. General Court. Committee on Railways and Canals title = Minority Report of the Committee on Railways in Relation to the Hoosac Tunnel and the Railroads Leading Thereto With a bill to incorporate the State Board of Trustees of the Hoosac Tunnel Railroad; also the speech delivered by Hon. E. P. Carpenter in the Senate of Massachusetts, June 3, 1873, in support of the same date = keywords = Boston; Commonwealth; Company; Railroad; State; Tunnel summary = Railroad Companies, with authority to lease or purchase the lines to the name of the State Board of Trustees of the Hoosac Tunnel Railroad, operation of said railroads and tunnel, and they shall define the of the gross earnings of said leased railroad and property shall member of the State Board of Trustees of the Hoosac Tunnel Railroad; member of the State Board of Trustees of the Hoosac Tunnel Railroad; Boston Railroad Company, and shall pay therefor an annual rental equal same continues in force, said Troy and Boston Railroad Company may And if the Eastern Railroad Company shall so fake the said property of easterly of such new location; and the Boston and Maine Railroad shall Boston Railroad Company into one corporation, with authority to THE EFFECT OF STATE CONTROL OF THE TUNNEL LINE. THE EFFECT OF STATE CONTROL OF THE TUNNEL LINE. great extent control the whole railroad system of the State. id = 16938 author = Meem, J. C. title = Pressure, Resistance, and Stability of Earth American Society of Civil Engineers: Transactions, Paper No. 1174, Volume LXX, December 1910 date = keywords = Fig; Mr.; illustration; material; pressure; sand; water summary = over any given area in contact with the water in the one case or sand pressure required to lift the piston when in clear water alone and in illustrating the pressure due to water on a tunnel buried in sand, If water in excess be put into a cylinder containing sand, and pressure effect on the pressure exerted by the sand with or without water, as When air pressure is used to hold back the water in faces of large area, by the arching or wedging action, the pressure of any water on their The writer believes that experiments will show that in a sand-jack the pressures of subaqueous material--and on his interesting experiments in experiment with sand and water, described by the writer, and is assured theory" in material subject to water pressure, a careful reading of the will find that, if this material is free from water pressure, paper id = 59379 author = Miller, T. A. H. (Thomas Arrington Huntington) title = Plain Concrete for Farm Use date = keywords = concrete; fig; form; illustration; water summary = Portland cement concrete is the mass formed by mixing Portland cement, sand, gravel (or particles of other suitable materials), and water. In mixing concrete various proportions of cement, sand, gravel, and water of concrete produced is equal to the quantity of sand plus the gravel Table 1 shows the quantity of cement, sand, and gravel required under Forms are required to hold the concrete in place until it has attained The tendency is to use too much water in mixing concrete in a The mixed concrete should be deposited in the forms within from 20 to 30 Concrete which has set before it can be placed in the forms should not be Scum or laitance is likely to form on concrete when placed under water, [Illustration: Fig. 16.--Tremie for use in placing concrete under water.] The materials for water-tight concrete must be well graded, so as to id = 34942 author = Newman, John title = Scamping Tricks and Odd Knowledge Occasionally Practised upon Public Works date = keywords = Assoc; C.E.; CHAPTER; Engineering; Engineers; Gas; Iron; Machinery; Mr.; Portland; Practical; Steam; Treatise; content; foot; good; like; pile; right; screw; work summary = known screw piles to penetrate hard and dense sand, gravel, soft sandy "I have seen piles screwed into a kind of clay rock seam, the end of We were working two triangles of screw piles I thought lovely, and like disc piles better for sand, those that sink by water-pressure I any cast-iron screw piles that are less than half an inch in thickness. sufficient length for men to walk round, I have screwed piles by ropes, like a copper ring on the head of the iron pile and a good long timber humble like, and said to the engineer, ''I think you will agree, sir, I said to him, ''It wants a lot of experience to know when piles are not will cease work, I think, very soon?'' ''They will,'' said the engineer. ''extra'' profit string of my brain worked right, and I pointed and said, id = 18065 author = Noble, Alfred title = Transactions of the American Society of Civil Engineers, Vol. LXVIII, Sept. 1910 The New York Tunnel Extension of the Pennsylvania Railroad. The East River Division. Paper No. 1152 date = keywords = Avenue; Island; Street summary = the rock surface, and profiles along the tunnel lines were plotted from through the tunnel of the East River Gas Company at 71st Street. The work of the East River Division at this site embraced the excavation Street from the west side of Seventh Avenue to the east side of Ninth Street lines from the west end of the three-track tunnel to the shaft in 33d Street to the west line of Fifth Avenue, with a descending grade the tunnel roof at 32d Street and Fifth Avenue showed a thin cover with west of Sixth Avenue in 33d Street; the twin tunnel method was the most suitable for the East River tunnels, and the plans and record in work in any way similar to the East River tunnels, part of the tunnels east of Front Street was built without shields. easterly end of the work near East Avenue in Long Island City to the id = 40709 author = Piper, John J. title = Facts and Figures Concerning the Hoosac Tunnel date = keywords = Bird; Boston; Hoosac; Mr.; New; Tunnel; West; western summary = of the Hoosac Tunnel, and the opening of another great route to the incapacity of these lines of New England railroads to do the work that west of Greenfield, within ten miles of the Tunnel line on the same power of the Western Road, which a few years before, had only obtained policy of the Western Railroad Company in regard to the Tunnel line, the Deerfield river, in order to secure power to operate the tunneling commissioners to examine the road and tunnel, and if the report to Cost and Time required to Complete the Tunnel. Hoosac Tunnel been completed twelve years ago, we have reason to Tunnel line, which is now a greater necessity than the Western road was The Hoosac Tunnel will be about four and a half miles long, a pneumatic drill, by means of which our great tunnel will be completed id = 18747 author = Randolph, B. S. (Beverly S.) title = Transactions of the American Society of Civil Engineers, Vol. LXX, Dec. 1910 Locomotive Performance On Grades Of Various Lengths, Paper No. 1172 date = keywords = grade summary = the rate of grade encountered in the practical operation of railways. the lengths of grade as abscissas and the percentages of weight utilized grades are light in both cases, this feature of train resistance is larger train on grades less than 10 miles in length than on longer grade (as in Item 15 of Table 1) the resistance would be, gravity Examining the items in the table having grades in excess of 10 miles, it In proportioning grade resistance for any line, therefore, a locomotive a 0.02 grade on which a locomotive may be loaded on a basis of tractive Thus the length of the grade, 2.44 miles, makes the tractive is a grade of the same rate, about 1 mile long, near this hill, and a using heavier rates of grade on shorter hills than 10 miles, and indeed grades for 9-3/4 miles, a 29-ton engine id = 18229 author = Raymond, Charles W. title = Transactions of the American Society of Civil Engineers, Vol. LXVIII, Sept. 1910 The New York Tunnel Extension of the Pennsylvania Railroad. Paper No. 1150 date = keywords = Company; New; Pennsylvania; Railroad; River; York summary = Previously a tunnel designed for steam railroad traffic, to enter New York City near Christopher Street, was partly constructed, but the work to as the New York Tunnel Extension of the Pennsylvania Railroad. to as the New York Tunnel Extension of the Pennsylvania Railroad. Sunnyside Yard, in Long Island City, Borough of Queens, New York. The New York Tunnel Extension is essentially a passenger line, although Seventh Avenue in New York City, joining the Long Island System at tunnel railroad into and through New York City. City and cross the North River by ferry or the Cortlandt Street tunnels Pennsylvania, New York and Long Island Railroad Company. extend the lines of the Pennsylvania Railroad by tunnels under the North River to a passenger station to be erected in New York City and thence the City of New York, the Tunnel Company, and the Long Island Railroad now President of the Pennsylvania Tunnel and Terminal Railroad Company. id = 12299 author = Record, Samuel J. (Samuel James) title = The Mechanical Properties of Wood Including a Discussion of the Factors Affecting the Mechanical Properties, and Methods of Timber Testing date = keywords = Cir; Douglas; Fig; Footnote; Forest; Lbs; Service; U.S.; Vol; beam; illustration; strength; test; timber; wood summary = values derived from tests of small beams of dry material are | RESULTS OF STATIC BENDING TESTS ON SMALL CLEAR BEAMS OF 49 WOODS IN GREEN CONDITION | A common method of making tests upon the resistance of wood to | RESULTS OF IMPACT BENDING TESTS ON SMALL CLEAR BEAMS | After exhaustive tests on a number of different woods the U.S. Forest Service concludes as follows: "Sapwood, except that from forces, and the wood fibres are tested in tension and In drying wood no increase in strength results until the free of a transverse bending test on a small pine beam.] of a transverse bending test on a small pine beam.] Shearing specimens are frequently cut from beams after testing. The wood to be tested is cut square with the grain into PROPERTIES OF WOOD, AND TIMBER TESTING PROPERTIES OF WOOD, AND TIMBER TESTING PROPERTIES OF WOOD, AND TIMBER TESTING id = 30990 author = Stevenson, Robert Louis title = The Works of Robert Louis Stevenson - Swanston Edition, Vol. 16 date = keywords = Arbroath; August; Bell; Board; Captain; Damien; Edinburgh; God; James; John; July; June; Leith; Lighthouse; Logan; Lord; Mr.; Mrs.; Peter; Robert; Rock; Scotland; September; Smeaton; Smith; St.; Stevenson; Sunday; Thomas; Watt; boat; come; good; great; hand; leave; life; light; like; little; man; sea; time; work; writer summary = same period two physicians of the name in Edinburgh, one of whom, Dr. Archibald, appears to have been a famous man in his day and generation. In a short time the Bell Rock was laid completely under water, and the When the boats left the Bell Rock to-day it was overflowed by boats reached the rock at six a.m., and the eight artificers who landed rock, and the men worked a considerable time up to their middle in things under night on the Bell Rock, when the work was going forward, writer left the rock, after the tide''s work of this morning, in a fast sea being also considerably less, a boat landed on the rock at six p.m., to-day the sea ran so high that no boat could approach the rock. _Smeaton_ being off the rock, the boats were manned, and taking a supply id = 18012 author = Temple, E. B. title = Transactions of the American Society of Civil Engineers, Vol. LXVIII, Sept. 1910 The New York Tunnel Extension of the Pennsylvania Railroad. Meadows Division and Harrison Transfer Yard. Paper No. 1153 date = keywords = New; Railroad; York summary = The New York Tunnel Extension of the Pennsylvania Railroad diverges from a 0.5% grade, crosses over the tracks of the New York Division and the Railroad, and extends from the connection with the New York Division west of the bridge over the New York Division to a point 300 ft. and round-house in the Meadows Yard of the New York Division, were Railroad Company''s tunnel tracks at Prior Street, Jersey City. Chief Engineer, Meadows Division, Pennsylvania Tunnel and Terminal _Meadows Division, Pennsylvania Tunnel and Terminal Railroad._--The two _Meadows Division, Pennsylvania Tunnel and Terminal Railroad._--The two over the New York Division tracks, which is the point of beginning of Pennsylvania Railroad, New York Division, Passenger and Newark 0.5% from the Harrison platforms to the bridge over the New York Pennsylvania Railroad Company, and as Chief Engineer of the Meadows Pennsylvania Railroad Company, and as Chief Engineer of the Meadows id = 18785 author = Various title = Transactions of the American Society of Civil Engineers, Vol. LXX, Dec. 1910 Final Report of Special Committee on Rail Sections, Paper No. 1177 date = keywords = Committee; rail summary = OF SPECIAL COMMITTEE ON RAIL SECTIONS.[A] As previously reported to you, the Rail Committee of the American Railway Association to the Rail Committee of The American Railway no specification for Open-Hearth Steel Rails, and in order to "We recommend that the present Specifications for Steel Rails be acceptable they were, as the members of all Rail Committees were present rails rolled, of Bessemer and open-hearth steel, and put in service "SPECIFICATIONS FOR STEEL RAILS.[E] "The percentage of carbon in an entire order of rails shall average The section of rail shall conform as accurately as possible to The standard length of rail shall be 33 ft. (_a_) Drop tests shall be made on pieces of rail rolled from (A) Two pieces shall be tested from each heat of steel. defect, the top rail from each ingot of that heat shall be rejected. "(_b_) For Bessemer Steel the Manufacturer shall, before the rails id = 43055 author = Various title = Transactions of the American Society of Civil Engineers, vol. LXVIII, Sept. 1910, Start/End Papers The New York Tunnel Extension of the Pennsylvania Railroad date = keywords = Deans; Mr.; River; Tunnels summary = 1150 THE NEW YORK TUNNEL EXTENSION OF THE PENNSYLVANIA 1 1150 THE NEW YORK TUNNEL EXTENSION OF THE PENNSYLVANIA 1 V. New York Underground Railway Company: Section 1151 39 Plan and Profile, East River Tunnels 1152 71 Tunnel Lining Forms; Placing Water-Proofing; Weehawken Shaft; and Tunnel Shield Showing 1155 159 Cross-Section of Subaqueous Tunnels Showing 1155 231 Duct Bench Concrete Form in River Tunnels 1155 283 Methods of Excavation, Cross-Town Tunnels, 1158 393 Methods of Tunneling, Timbering, and Lining, 1158 399 Methods of Tunneling in Rock, East River 1159 437 Operation of Shields, East River Tunnels 1159 439 Rock and Sand, East River Tunnels Soft Clay Through Shield, East River Tunnels The first construction work of any note on which Mr. Engle was engaged Mr. Engle was a Member of the Engineers'' Club of Cincinnati from the active business, Mr. Deans organized, from the Sooysmith and Company id = 39785 author = Vogel, Robert M. title = Tunnel Engineering: A Museum Treatment date = keywords = Brunel; Greathead; Hoosac; Museum; Thames; Tunnel; figure; illustration; work summary = iron lining, and a movable shield in a subaqueous tunnel at the end air, iron lining, and a movable shield in a subaqueous tunnel at the major tunneling work in the United States. [Illustration: Figure 5.--BURLEIGH ROCK DRILL, improved model of about Latrobe stated the basic philosophy of rock-tunnel work. the first workable application of machine rock drilling to tunneling. progress of the tunnel itself, before and after use of the air drills. [Illustration: Figure 12.--WORKS AT THE CENTRAL SHAFT, HOOSAC TUNNEL, followed up by permanent masonry arching and lining in tunnel work. In that year, work was started on a tunnel under the Thames between work of any period is Henry Law''s _A Memoir of the Thames Tunnel_, tunneling work, and then, as with the shield ten years earlier, almost support for large-area tunnel works in unstable ground, and this remains the only major subaqueous tunnel work driven with air alone. id = 40427 author = Wentworth, Tappan title = Report of the Hoosac Tunnel and Troy and Greenfield Railroad, by the Joint Standing Committee of 1866. date = keywords = Commonwealth; Company; End; Greenfield; Haupt; Railroad; State; Troy; West summary = Greenfield Railroad Company shall be exclusively appropriated to work "The bonds and stock of the Troy and Greenfield Railroad Company shall 9. The Troy and Greenfield Railroad Company shall, within one year shall, within six months after the said Troy and Greenfield Railroad thousand dollars, shall be delivered to the treasurer of said company; thousand dollars, shall be delivered to the treasurer of said company; thousand dollars, shall be delivered to the treasurer of said company; miles of graded road, shall have excavated five thousand feet of tunnel said scrip, amounting to twenty thousand dollars, shall be delivered as portion of said scrip, amounting to thirty thousand dollars, shall be dollars, shall be delivered to the treasurer of the said company; and in dollars, shall be delivered to the treasurer of the said company; and in tunnel of the Troy and Greenfield Railroad Company, who shall receive an id = 18722 author = Woodard, S. H. title = Transactions of the American Society of Civil Engineers, vol. LXVIII, Sept. 1910 The New York Tunnel Extension of the Pennsylvania Railroad. The East River Tunnels. Paper No. 1159 date = keywords = Island; Long; Manhattan; Plate; Tunnel; rock summary = shafts at the river front in Long Island City, four shields were driven method in Tunnel _B_, where compressed air, but no shield, was used, the shield was re-erected in Tunnel _A_ and was shoved through the soft the end of the work it was evident that the shields in Tunnels _B_, _C_, permanent cast-iron tunnel lining was erected as the shield advanced. iron tunnel lining and the rock. The shields in each pair of tunnels were advanced through the solid rock The first work in air pressure was to remove the shield plug closing the shield, blocked all work at the face of the heading while the former in Shield _D_ are shown in Fig. 3, Plate LXX, while the method of work The shields broke through rock surface in Tunnels _B_, _C_, and _D_, at of the top of the shield; in Tunnel _B_, the rock of the