id	sid	tid	token	lemma	pos
39785	1	1	Transcriber	Transcriber	NNP
39785	1	2	's	's	POS
39785	1	3	note	note	NN
39785	1	4	:	:	:
39785	1	5	This	this	DT
39785	1	6	is	be	VBZ
39785	1	7	Paper	paper	NN
39785	1	8	41	41	CD
39785	1	9	from	from	IN
39785	1	10	the	the	DT
39785	1	11	_	_	NNP
39785	1	12	Smithsonian	Smithsonian	NNP
39785	1	13	Institution	Institution	NNP
39785	1	14	United	United	NNP
39785	1	15	States	States	NNP
39785	1	16	National	National	NNP
39785	1	17	Museum	Museum	NNP
39785	1	18	Bulletin	Bulletin	NNP
39785	1	19	240	240	CD
39785	1	20	_	_	NNP
39785	1	21	,	,	,
39785	1	22	comprising	comprise	VBG
39785	1	23	Papers	Papers	NNP
39785	1	24	34	34	CD
39785	1	25	-	-	SYM
39785	1	26	44	44	CD
39785	1	27	,	,	,
39785	1	28	which	which	WDT
39785	1	29	will	will	MD
39785	1	30	also	also	RB
39785	1	31	be	be	VB
39785	1	32	available	available	JJ
39785	1	33	as	as	IN
39785	1	34	a	a	DT
39785	1	35	complete	complete	JJ
39785	1	36	e	e	NN
39785	1	37	-	-	NN
39785	1	38	book	book	NN
39785	1	39	.	.	.
39785	2	1	The	the	DT
39785	2	2	front	front	JJ
39785	2	3	material	material	NN
39785	2	4	,	,	,
39785	2	5	introduction	introduction	NN
39785	2	6	and	and	CC
39785	2	7	relevant	relevant	JJ
39785	2	8	index	index	NN
39785	2	9	entries	entry	NNS
39785	2	10	from	from	IN
39785	2	11	the	the	DT
39785	2	12	_	_	NNP
39785	2	13	Bulletin	Bulletin	NNP
39785	2	14	_	_	NNP
39785	2	15	are	be	VBP
39785	2	16	included	include	VBN
39785	2	17	in	in	IN
39785	2	18	each	each	DT
39785	2	19	single	single	JJ
39785	2	20	-	-	HYPH
39785	2	21	paper	paper	NN
39785	2	22	e	e	NN
39785	2	23	-	-	NN
39785	2	24	book	book	NN
39785	2	25	.	.	.
39785	3	1	Italic	italic	JJ
39785	3	2	emphasis	emphasis	NN
39785	3	3	denoted	denote	VBN
39785	3	4	as	as	IN
39785	3	5	_	_	NNP
39785	3	6	Text	Text	NNP
39785	3	7	_	_	NNP
39785	3	8	.	.	.
39785	4	1	Whole	whole	JJ
39785	4	2	numbers	number	NNS
39785	4	3	and	and	CC
39785	4	4	fractions	fraction	NNS
39785	4	5	:	:	:
39785	4	6	shown	show	VBN
39785	4	7	as	as	IN
39785	4	8	1	1	CD
39785	4	9	-	-	SYM
39785	4	10	1/2	1/2	CD
39785	4	11	,	,	,
39785	4	12	3	3	CD
39785	4	13	-	-	SYM
39785	4	14	1/4	1/4	CD
39785	4	15	,	,	,
39785	4	16	etc	etc	FW
39785	4	17	.	.	.
39785	5	1	Please	please	UH
39785	5	2	see	see	VB
39785	5	3	the	the	DT
39785	5	4	end	end	NN
39785	5	5	of	of	IN
39785	5	6	the	the	DT
39785	5	7	book	book	NN
39785	5	8	for	for	IN
39785	5	9	corrections	correction	NNS
39785	5	10	and	and	CC
39785	5	11	changes	change	NNS
39785	5	12	made	make	VBN
39785	5	13	.	.	.
39785	6	1	Smithsonian	Smithsonian	NNP
39785	6	2	Institution	Institution	NNP
39785	6	3	United	United	NNP
39785	6	4	States	States	NNP
39785	6	5	National	National	NNP
39785	6	6	Museum	Museum	NNP
39785	6	7	Bulletin	Bulletin	NNP
39785	6	8	240	240	CD
39785	6	9	[	[	-LRB-
39785	6	10	Illustration	illustration	NN
39785	6	11	:	:	:
39785	6	12	Smithsonian	Smithsonian	NNP
39785	6	13	Press	Press	NNP
39785	6	14	]	]	-RRB-
39785	6	15	Museum	Museum	NNP
39785	6	16	of	of	IN
39785	6	17	History	History	NNP
39785	6	18	and	and	CC
39785	6	19	Technology	Technology	NNP
39785	6	20	Contributions	Contributions	NNPS
39785	6	21	from	from	IN
39785	6	22	the	the	DT
39785	6	23	Museum	Museum	NNP
39785	6	24	of	of	IN
39785	6	25	History	History	NNP
39785	6	26	and	and	CC
39785	6	27	Technology	Technology	NNP
39785	6	28	_	_	NNP
39785	6	29	Papers	Papers	NNP
39785	6	30	34	34	CD
39785	6	31	-	-	SYM
39785	6	32	44	44	CD
39785	6	33	_	_	NNP
39785	6	34	_	_	NNP
39785	6	35	On	on	IN
39785	6	36	Science	Science	NNP
39785	6	37	and	and	CC
39785	6	38	Technology	Technology	NNP
39785	6	39	_	_	NNP
39785	6	40	Smithsonian	Smithsonian	NNP
39785	6	41	Institution	Institution	NNP
39785	6	42	·	·	NFP
39785	6	43	Washington	Washington	NNP
39785	6	44	,	,	,
39785	6	45	D.C.	D.C.	NNP
39785	6	46	1966	1966	CD
39785	6	47	*	*	NFP
39785	6	48	*	*	NFP
39785	6	49	*	*	NFP
39785	6	50	*	*	NFP
39785	6	51	*	*	NFP
39785	6	52	_	_	NNP
39785	6	53	Publications	Publications	NNPS
39785	6	54	of	of	IN
39785	6	55	the	the	DT
39785	6	56	United	United	NNP
39785	6	57	States	States	NNP
39785	6	58	National	National	NNP
39785	6	59	Museum	Museum	NNP
39785	6	60	_	_	NNP
39785	6	61	The	the	DT
39785	6	62	scholarly	scholarly	JJ
39785	6	63	and	and	CC
39785	6	64	scientific	scientific	JJ
39785	6	65	publications	publication	NNS
39785	6	66	of	of	IN
39785	6	67	the	the	DT
39785	6	68	United	United	NNP
39785	6	69	States	States	NNP
39785	6	70	National	National	NNP
39785	6	71	Museum	Museum	NNP
39785	6	72	include	include	VBP
39785	6	73	two	two	CD
39785	6	74	series	serie	NNS
39785	6	75	,	,	,
39785	6	76	_	_	NNP
39785	6	77	Proceedings	Proceedings	NNP
39785	6	78	of	of	IN
39785	6	79	the	the	DT
39785	6	80	United	United	NNP
39785	6	81	States	States	NNP
39785	6	82	National	National	NNP
39785	6	83	Museum	Museum	NNP
39785	6	84	_	_	NNP
39785	6	85	and	and	CC
39785	6	86	_	_	NNP
39785	6	87	United	United	NNP
39785	6	88	States	States	NNP
39785	6	89	National	National	NNP
39785	6	90	Museum	Museum	NNP
39785	6	91	Bulletin	Bulletin	NNP
39785	6	92	_	_	NNP
39785	6	93	.	.	.
39785	7	1	In	in	IN
39785	7	2	these	these	DT
39785	7	3	series	series	NN
39785	7	4	,	,	,
39785	7	5	the	the	DT
39785	7	6	Museum	Museum	NNP
39785	7	7	publishes	publish	VBZ
39785	7	8	original	original	JJ
39785	7	9	articles	article	NNS
39785	7	10	and	and	CC
39785	7	11	monographs	monographs	NNPS
39785	7	12	dealing	deal	VBG
39785	7	13	with	with	IN
39785	7	14	the	the	DT
39785	7	15	collections	collection	NNS
39785	7	16	and	and	CC
39785	7	17	work	work	NN
39785	7	18	of	of	IN
39785	7	19	its	-PRON-	PRP$
39785	7	20	constituent	constituent	NN
39785	7	21	museums	museum	NNS
39785	7	22	--	--	:
39785	7	23	The	the	DT
39785	7	24	Museum	Museum	NNP
39785	7	25	of	of	IN
39785	7	26	Natural	Natural	NNP
39785	7	27	History	History	NNP
39785	7	28	and	and	CC
39785	7	29	the	the	DT
39785	7	30	Museum	Museum	NNP
39785	7	31	of	of	IN
39785	7	32	History	History	NNP
39785	7	33	and	and	CC
39785	7	34	Technology	Technology	NNP
39785	7	35	--	--	:
39785	7	36	setting	set	VBG
39785	7	37	forth	forth	RP
39785	7	38	newly	newly	RB
39785	7	39	acquired	acquire	VBN
39785	7	40	facts	fact	NNS
39785	7	41	in	in	IN
39785	7	42	the	the	DT
39785	7	43	fields	field	NNS
39785	7	44	of	of	IN
39785	7	45	anthropology	anthropology	NN
39785	7	46	,	,	,
39785	7	47	biology	biology	NN
39785	7	48	,	,	,
39785	7	49	history	history	NN
39785	7	50	,	,	,
39785	7	51	geology	geology	NN
39785	7	52	,	,	,
39785	7	53	and	and	CC
39785	7	54	technology	technology	NN
39785	7	55	.	.	.
39785	8	1	Copies	copy	NNS
39785	8	2	of	of	IN
39785	8	3	each	each	DT
39785	8	4	publication	publication	NN
39785	8	5	are	be	VBP
39785	8	6	distributed	distribute	VBN
39785	8	7	to	to	IN
39785	8	8	libraries	library	NNS
39785	8	9	,	,	,
39785	8	10	to	to	IN
39785	8	11	cultural	cultural	JJ
39785	8	12	and	and	CC
39785	8	13	scientific	scientific	JJ
39785	8	14	organizations	organization	NNS
39785	8	15	,	,	,
39785	8	16	and	and	CC
39785	8	17	to	to	IN
39785	8	18	specialists	specialist	NNS
39785	8	19	and	and	CC
39785	8	20	others	other	NNS
39785	8	21	interested	interested	JJ
39785	8	22	in	in	IN
39785	8	23	the	the	DT
39785	8	24	different	different	JJ
39785	8	25	subjects	subject	NNS
39785	8	26	.	.	.
39785	9	1	The	the	DT
39785	9	2	_	_	NNP
39785	9	3	Proceedings	Proceedings	NNP
39785	9	4	_	_	NNP
39785	9	5	,	,	,
39785	9	6	begun	begin	VBN
39785	9	7	in	in	IN
39785	9	8	1878	1878	CD
39785	9	9	,	,	,
39785	9	10	are	be	VBP
39785	9	11	intended	intend	VBN
39785	9	12	for	for	IN
39785	9	13	the	the	DT
39785	9	14	publication	publication	NN
39785	9	15	,	,	,
39785	9	16	in	in	IN
39785	9	17	separate	separate	JJ
39785	9	18	form	form	NN
39785	9	19	,	,	,
39785	9	20	of	of	IN
39785	9	21	shorter	short	JJR
39785	9	22	papers	paper	NNS
39785	9	23	from	from	IN
39785	9	24	the	the	DT
39785	9	25	Museum	Museum	NNP
39785	9	26	of	of	IN
39785	9	27	Natural	Natural	NNP
39785	9	28	History	History	NNP
39785	9	29	.	.	.
39785	10	1	These	these	DT
39785	10	2	are	be	VBP
39785	10	3	gathered	gather	VBN
39785	10	4	in	in	IN
39785	10	5	volumes	volume	NNS
39785	10	6	,	,	,
39785	10	7	octavo	octavo	JJ
39785	10	8	in	in	IN
39785	10	9	size	size	NN
39785	10	10	,	,	,
39785	10	11	with	with	IN
39785	10	12	the	the	DT
39785	10	13	publication	publication	NN
39785	10	14	date	date	NN
39785	10	15	of	of	IN
39785	10	16	each	each	DT
39785	10	17	paper	paper	NN
39785	10	18	recorded	record	VBN
39785	10	19	in	in	IN
39785	10	20	the	the	DT
39785	10	21	table	table	NN
39785	10	22	of	of	IN
39785	10	23	contents	content	NNS
39785	10	24	of	of	IN
39785	10	25	the	the	DT
39785	10	26	volume	volume	NN
39785	10	27	.	.	.
39785	11	1	In	in	IN
39785	11	2	the	the	DT
39785	11	3	_	_	NNP
39785	11	4	Bulletin	Bulletin	NNP
39785	11	5	_	_	NNP
39785	11	6	series	series	NN
39785	11	7	,	,	,
39785	11	8	the	the	DT
39785	11	9	first	first	JJ
39785	11	10	of	of	IN
39785	11	11	which	which	WDT
39785	11	12	was	be	VBD
39785	11	13	issued	issue	VBN
39785	11	14	in	in	IN
39785	11	15	1875	1875	CD
39785	11	16	,	,	,
39785	11	17	appear	appear	VB
39785	11	18	longer	long	RBR
39785	11	19	,	,	,
39785	11	20	separate	separate	JJ
39785	11	21	publications	publication	NNS
39785	11	22	consisting	consist	VBG
39785	11	23	of	of	IN
39785	11	24	monographs	monographs	NNP
39785	11	25	(	(	-LRB-
39785	11	26	occasionally	occasionally	RB
39785	11	27	in	in	IN
39785	11	28	several	several	JJ
39785	11	29	parts	part	NNS
39785	11	30	)	)	-RRB-
39785	11	31	and	and	CC
39785	11	32	volumes	volume	NNS
39785	11	33	in	in	IN
39785	11	34	which	which	WDT
39785	11	35	are	be	VBP
39785	11	36	collected	collect	VBN
39785	11	37	works	work	NNS
39785	11	38	on	on	IN
39785	11	39	related	related	JJ
39785	11	40	subjects	subject	NNS
39785	11	41	.	.	.
39785	12	1	_	_	NNP
39785	12	2	Bulletins	Bulletins	NNP
39785	12	3	_	_	NNP
39785	12	4	are	be	VBP
39785	12	5	either	either	DT
39785	12	6	octavo	octavo	NNP
39785	12	7	or	or	CC
39785	12	8	quarto	quarto	NNP
39785	12	9	in	in	IN
39785	12	10	size	size	NN
39785	12	11	,	,	,
39785	12	12	depending	depend	VBG
39785	12	13	on	on	IN
39785	12	14	the	the	DT
39785	12	15	needs	need	NNS
39785	12	16	of	of	IN
39785	12	17	the	the	DT
39785	12	18	presentation	presentation	NN
39785	12	19	.	.	.
39785	13	1	Since	since	IN
39785	13	2	1902	1902	CD
39785	13	3	papers	paper	NNS
39785	13	4	relating	relate	VBG
39785	13	5	to	to	IN
39785	13	6	the	the	DT
39785	13	7	botanical	botanical	JJ
39785	13	8	collections	collection	NNS
39785	13	9	of	of	IN
39785	13	10	the	the	DT
39785	13	11	Museum	Museum	NNP
39785	13	12	of	of	IN
39785	13	13	Natural	Natural	NNP
39785	13	14	History	History	NNP
39785	13	15	have	have	VBP
39785	13	16	been	be	VBN
39785	13	17	published	publish	VBN
39785	13	18	in	in	IN
39785	13	19	the	the	DT
39785	13	20	_	_	NNP
39785	13	21	Bulletin	Bulletin	NNP
39785	13	22	_	_	NNP
39785	13	23	series	series	NN
39785	13	24	under	under	IN
39785	13	25	the	the	DT
39785	13	26	heading	heading	NN
39785	13	27	_	_	NNP
39785	13	28	Contributions	Contributions	NNP
39785	13	29	from	from	IN
39785	13	30	the	the	DT
39785	13	31	United	United	NNP
39785	13	32	States	States	NNP
39785	13	33	National	National	NNP
39785	13	34	Herbarium	Herbarium	NNP
39785	13	35	_	_	NNP
39785	13	36	,	,	,
39785	13	37	and	and	CC
39785	13	38	since	since	IN
39785	13	39	1959	1959	CD
39785	13	40	,	,	,
39785	13	41	in	in	IN
39785	13	42	_	_	NNP
39785	13	43	Bulletins	Bulletins	NNP
39785	13	44	_	_	NNP
39785	13	45	titled	title	VBD
39785	13	46	"	"	``
39785	13	47	Contributions	contribution	NNS
39785	13	48	from	from	IN
39785	13	49	the	the	DT
39785	13	50	Museum	Museum	NNP
39785	13	51	of	of	IN
39785	13	52	History	History	NNP
39785	13	53	and	and	CC
39785	13	54	Technology	Technology	NNP
39785	13	55	,	,	,
39785	13	56	"	"	''
39785	13	57	have	have	VBP
39785	13	58	been	be	VBN
39785	13	59	gathered	gather	VBN
39785	13	60	shorter	short	JJR
39785	13	61	papers	paper	NNS
39785	13	62	relating	relate	VBG
39785	13	63	to	to	IN
39785	13	64	the	the	DT
39785	13	65	collections	collection	NNS
39785	13	66	and	and	CC
39785	13	67	research	research	NN
39785	13	68	of	of	IN
39785	13	69	that	that	DT
39785	13	70	Museum	Museum	NNP
39785	13	71	.	.	.
39785	14	1	The	the	DT
39785	14	2	present	present	JJ
39785	14	3	collection	collection	NN
39785	14	4	of	of	IN
39785	14	5	Contributions	Contributions	NNPS
39785	14	6	,	,	,
39785	14	7	Papers	Papers	NNP
39785	14	8	34	34	CD
39785	14	9	-	-	SYM
39785	14	10	44	44	CD
39785	14	11	,	,	,
39785	14	12	comprises	comprise	VBZ
39785	14	13	Bulletin	Bulletin	NNP
39785	14	14	240	240	CD
39785	14	15	.	.	.
39785	15	1	Each	each	DT
39785	15	2	of	of	IN
39785	15	3	these	these	DT
39785	15	4	papers	paper	NNS
39785	15	5	has	have	VBZ
39785	15	6	been	be	VBN
39785	15	7	previously	previously	RB
39785	15	8	published	publish	VBN
39785	15	9	in	in	IN
39785	15	10	separate	separate	JJ
39785	15	11	form	form	NN
39785	15	12	.	.	.
39785	16	1	The	the	DT
39785	16	2	year	year	NN
39785	16	3	of	of	IN
39785	16	4	publication	publication	NN
39785	16	5	is	be	VBZ
39785	16	6	shown	show	VBN
39785	16	7	on	on	IN
39785	16	8	the	the	DT
39785	16	9	last	last	JJ
39785	16	10	page	page	NN
39785	16	11	of	of	IN
39785	16	12	each	each	DT
39785	16	13	paper	paper	NN
39785	16	14	.	.	.
39785	17	1	FRANK	FRANK	NNP
39785	17	2	A.	a.	NN
39785	17	3	TAYLOR	TAYLOR	NNP
39785	17	4	_	_	NNP
39785	17	5	Director	Director	NNP
39785	17	6	,	,	,
39785	17	7	United	United	NNP
39785	17	8	States	States	NNP
39785	17	9	National	National	NNP
39785	17	10	Museum	Museum	NNP
39785	17	11	_	_	NNP
39785	17	12	*	*	NFP
39785	17	13	*	*	NFP
39785	17	14	*	*	NFP
39785	17	15	*	*	NFP
39785	17	16	*	*	NFP
39785	17	17	CONTRIBUTIONS	contributions	NN
39785	17	18	FROM	from	IN
39785	17	19	THE	the	DT
39785	17	20	MUSEUM	MUSEUM	NNP
39785	17	21	OF	of	IN
39785	17	22	HISTORY	HISTORY	NNP
39785	17	23	AND	and	CC
39785	17	24	TECHNOLOGY	TECHNOLOGY	NNP
39785	17	25	.	.	.
39785	18	1	PAPER	paper	NN
39785	18	2	41	41	CD
39785	18	3	TUNNEL	TUNNEL	NNP
39785	18	4	ENGINEERING	ENGINEERING	NNP
39785	18	5	--	--	:
39785	18	6	A	a	DT
39785	18	7	MUSEUM	MUSEUM	NNP
39785	18	8	TREATMENT	TREATMENT	NNP
39785	18	9	_	_	NNP
39785	18	10	Robert	Robert	NNP
39785	18	11	M.	M.	NNP
39785	18	12	Vogel	Vogel	NNP
39785	18	13	_	_	NNP
39785	18	14	INTRODUCTION	introduction	NN
39785	18	15	203	203	CD
39785	18	16	ROCK	rock	NN
39785	18	17	TUNNELING	tunneling	NN
39785	18	18	206	206	CD
39785	18	19	SOFT	soft	JJ
39785	18	20	-	-	HYPH
39785	18	21	GROUND	ground	NN
39785	18	22	TUNNELING	tunneling	NN
39785	18	23	215	215	CD
39785	18	24	BIBLIOGRAPHY	BIBLIOGRAPHY	NNS
39785	18	25	239	239	CD
39785	18	26	FOOTNOTES	footnote	NNS
39785	18	27	INDEX	index	NN
39785	18	28	[	[	-LRB-
39785	18	29	Illustration	illustration	NN
39785	18	30	:	:	:
39785	18	31	Figure	figure	NN
39785	18	32	1.--MINING	1.--mining	CD
39785	18	33	BY	by	IN
39785	18	34	EARLY	early	JJ
39785	18	35	EUROPEAN	european	NN
39785	18	36	CIVILIZATIONS	civilization	NNS
39785	18	37	,	,	,
39785	18	38	using	use	VBG
39785	18	39	fire	fire	NN
39785	18	40	setting	setting	NN
39785	18	41	and	and	CC
39785	18	42	hand	hand	NN
39785	18	43	chiseling	chiseling	NN
39785	18	44	to	to	TO
39785	18	45	break	break	VB
39785	18	46	out	out	RP
39785	18	47	ore	ore	NN
39785	18	48	and	and	CC
39785	18	49	rock	rock	NN
39785	18	50	.	.	.
39785	19	1	MHT	mht	JJ
39785	19	2	model--3/4	model--3/4	NNP
39785	19	3	"	"	''
39785	19	4	scale	scale	NN
39785	19	5	.	.	.
39785	20	1	(	(	-LRB-
39785	20	2	Smithsonian	smithsonian	JJ
39785	20	3	photo	photo	NN
39785	20	4	49260-H.	49260-h.	CD
39785	20	5	)	)	-RRB-
39785	20	6	]	]	-RRB-
39785	20	7	_	_	NNP
39785	20	8	Robert	Robert	NNP
39785	20	9	M.	M.	NNP
39785	20	10	Vogel	Vogel	NNP
39785	20	11	_	_	NNP
39785	20	12	TUNNEL	TUNNEL	NNP
39785	20	13	ENGINEERING	ENGINEERING	NNP
39785	20	14	--	--	:
39785	20	15	A	a	DT
39785	20	16	MUSEUM	MUSEUM	NNP
39785	20	17	TREATMENT	TREATMENT	NNP
39785	20	18	_	_	XX
39785	20	19	During	during	IN
39785	20	20	the	the	DT
39785	20	21	years	year	NNS
39785	20	22	from	from	IN
39785	20	23	1830	1830	CD
39785	20	24	to	to	IN
39785	20	25	1900	1900	CD
39785	20	26	,	,	,
39785	20	27	extensive	extensive	JJ
39785	20	28	developments	development	NNS
39785	20	29	took	take	VBD
39785	20	30	place	place	NN
39785	20	31	in	in	IN
39785	20	32	the	the	DT
39785	20	33	field	field	NN
39785	20	34	of	of	IN
39785	20	35	tunneling	tunneling	NN
39785	20	36	,	,	,
39785	20	37	which	which	WDT
39785	20	38	today	today	NN
39785	20	39	is	be	VBZ
39785	20	40	an	an	DT
39785	20	41	important	important	JJ
39785	20	42	,	,	,
39785	20	43	firmly	firmly	RB
39785	20	44	established	establish	VBD
39785	20	45	branch	branch	NN
39785	20	46	of	of	IN
39785	20	47	civil	civil	JJ
39785	20	48	engineering	engineering	NN
39785	20	49	.	.	.
39785	21	1	This	this	DT
39785	21	2	paper	paper	NN
39785	21	3	offers	offer	VBZ
39785	21	4	a	a	DT
39785	21	5	picture	picture	NN
39785	21	6	of	of	IN
39785	21	7	its	-PRON-	PRP$
39785	21	8	growth	growth	NN
39785	21	9	from	from	IN
39785	21	10	the	the	DT
39785	21	11	historical	historical	JJ
39785	21	12	standpoint	standpoint	NN
39785	21	13	,	,	,
39785	21	14	based	base	VBN
39785	21	15	on	on	IN
39785	21	16	a	a	DT
39785	21	17	series	series	NN
39785	21	18	of	of	IN
39785	21	19	models	model	NNS
39785	21	20	constructed	construct	VBN
39785	21	21	for	for	IN
39785	21	22	the	the	DT
39785	21	23	Hall	Hall	NNP
39785	21	24	of	of	IN
39785	21	25	Civil	Civil	NNP
39785	21	26	Engineering	Engineering	NNP
39785	21	27	in	in	IN
39785	21	28	the	the	DT
39785	21	29	new	new	JJ
39785	21	30	Museum	Museum	NNP
39785	21	31	of	of	IN
39785	21	32	History	History	NNP
39785	21	33	and	and	CC
39785	21	34	Technology	Technology	NNP
39785	21	35	.	.	.
39785	22	1	The	the	DT
39785	22	2	eight	eight	CD
39785	22	3	models	model	NNS
39785	22	4	described	describe	VBD
39785	22	5	highlight	highlight	VBP
39785	22	6	the	the	DT
39785	22	7	fundamental	fundamental	JJ
39785	22	8	advances	advance	NNS
39785	22	9	which	which	WDT
39785	22	10	have	have	VBP
39785	22	11	occurred	occur	VBN
39785	22	12	between	between	IN
39785	22	13	primitive	primitive	JJ
39785	22	14	man	man	NN
39785	22	15	's	's	POS
39785	22	16	first	first	JJ
39785	22	17	systematic	systematic	JJ
39785	22	18	use	use	NN
39785	22	19	of	of	IN
39785	22	20	fire	fire	NN
39785	22	21	for	for	IN
39785	22	22	excavating	excavate	VBG
39785	22	23	rock	rock	NN
39785	22	24	in	in	IN
39785	22	25	mining	mining	NN
39785	22	26	,	,	,
39785	22	27	and	and	CC
39785	22	28	the	the	DT
39785	22	29	use	use	NN
39785	22	30	in	in	IN
39785	22	31	combination	combination	NN
39785	22	32	of	of	IN
39785	22	33	compressed	compress	VBN
39785	22	34	air	air	NN
39785	22	35	,	,	,
39785	22	36	an	an	DT
39785	22	37	iron	iron	NN
39785	22	38	lining	lining	NN
39785	22	39	,	,	,
39785	22	40	and	and	CC
39785	22	41	a	a	DT
39785	22	42	movable	movable	JJ
39785	22	43	shield	shield	NN
39785	22	44	in	in	IN
39785	22	45	a	a	DT
39785	22	46	subaqueous	subaqueous	JJ
39785	22	47	tunnel	tunnel	NN
39785	22	48	at	at	IN
39785	22	49	the	the	DT
39785	22	50	end	end	NN
39785	22	51	of	of	IN
39785	22	52	the	the	DT
39785	22	53	19th	19th	JJ
39785	22	54	century	century	NN
39785	22	55	.	.	.
39785	22	56	_	_	NNP
39785	22	57	THE	the	DT
39785	22	58	AUTHOR	AUTHOR	NNP
39785	22	59	:	:	:
39785	22	60	_	_	NNP
39785	22	61	Robert	Robert	NNP
39785	22	62	M.	M.	NNP
39785	22	63	Vogel	Vogel	NNP
39785	22	64	is	be	VBZ
39785	22	65	curator	curator	NN
39785	22	66	of	of	IN
39785	22	67	heavy	heavy	JJ
39785	22	68	machinery	machinery	NN
39785	22	69	and	and	CC
39785	22	70	civil	civil	JJ
39785	22	71	engineering	engineering	NN
39785	22	72	,	,	,
39785	22	73	in	in	IN
39785	22	74	the	the	DT
39785	22	75	Smithsonian	Smithsonian	NNP
39785	22	76	Institution	Institution	NNP
39785	22	77	's	's	POS
39785	22	78	Museum	Museum	NNP
39785	22	79	of	of	IN
39785	22	80	History	History	NNP
39785	22	81	and	and	CC
39785	22	82	Technology	Technology	NNP
39785	22	83	.	.	.
39785	22	84	_	_	NNP
39785	22	85	Introduction	introduction	NN
39785	22	86	With	with	IN
39785	22	87	few	few	JJ
39785	22	88	exceptions	exception	NNS
39785	22	89	,	,	,
39785	22	90	civil	civil	JJ
39785	22	91	engineering	engineering	NN
39785	22	92	is	be	VBZ
39785	22	93	a	a	DT
39785	22	94	field	field	NN
39785	22	95	in	in	IN
39785	22	96	which	which	WDT
39785	22	97	the	the	DT
39785	22	98	ultimate	ultimate	JJ
39785	22	99	goal	goal	NN
39785	22	100	is	be	VBZ
39785	22	101	the	the	DT
39785	22	102	assemblage	assemblage	NN
39785	22	103	of	of	IN
39785	22	104	materials	material	NNS
39785	22	105	into	into	IN
39785	22	106	a	a	DT
39785	22	107	useful	useful	JJ
39785	22	108	structural	structural	JJ
39785	22	109	form	form	NN
39785	22	110	according	accord	VBG
39785	22	111	to	to	IN
39785	22	112	a	a	DT
39785	22	113	scientifically	scientifically	RB
39785	22	114	derived	derive	VBN
39785	22	115	plan	plan	NN
39785	22	116	which	which	WDT
39785	22	117	is	be	VBZ
39785	22	118	based	base	VBN
39785	22	119	on	on	IN
39785	22	120	various	various	JJ
39785	22	121	natural	natural	JJ
39785	22	122	and	and	CC
39785	22	123	man	man	NN
39785	22	124	-	-	HYPH
39785	22	125	imposed	impose	VBN
39785	22	126	conditions	condition	NNS
39785	22	127	.	.	.
39785	23	1	This	this	DT
39785	23	2	is	be	VBZ
39785	23	3	true	true	JJ
39785	23	4	whether	whether	IN
39785	23	5	the	the	DT
39785	23	6	result	result	NN
39785	23	7	be	be	VB
39785	23	8	,	,	,
39785	23	9	for	for	IN
39785	23	10	example	example	NN
39785	23	11	,	,	,
39785	23	12	a	a	DT
39785	23	13	dam	dam	NN
39785	23	14	,	,	,
39785	23	15	a	a	DT
39785	23	16	building	building	NN
39785	23	17	,	,	,
39785	23	18	a	a	DT
39785	23	19	bridge	bridge	NN
39785	23	20	,	,	,
39785	23	21	or	or	CC
39785	23	22	even	even	RB
39785	23	23	the	the	DT
39785	23	24	fixed	fix	VBN
39785	23	25	plant	plant	NN
39785	23	26	of	of	IN
39785	23	27	a	a	DT
39785	23	28	railroad	railroad	NN
39785	23	29	.	.	.
39785	24	1	However	however	RB
39785	24	2	,	,	,
39785	24	3	one	one	CD
39785	24	4	principal	principal	JJ
39785	24	5	branch	branch	NN
39785	24	6	of	of	IN
39785	24	7	the	the	DT
39785	24	8	field	field	NN
39785	24	9	is	be	VBZ
39785	24	10	based	base	VBN
39785	24	11	upon	upon	IN
39785	24	12	an	an	DT
39785	24	13	entirely	entirely	RB
39785	24	14	different	different	JJ
39785	24	15	concept	concept	NN
39785	24	16	.	.	.
39785	25	1	In	in	IN
39785	25	2	the	the	DT
39785	25	3	engineering	engineering	NN
39785	25	4	of	of	IN
39785	25	5	tunnels	tunnel	NNS
39785	25	6	the	the	DT
39785	25	7	utility	utility	NN
39785	25	8	of	of	IN
39785	25	9	the	the	DT
39785	25	10	"	"	``
39785	25	11	structure	structure	NN
39785	25	12	"	"	''
39785	25	13	is	be	VBZ
39785	25	14	derived	derive	VBN
39785	25	15	not	not	RB
39785	25	16	from	from	IN
39785	25	17	the	the	DT
39785	25	18	bringing	bringing	NN
39785	25	19	together	together	RB
39785	25	20	of	of	IN
39785	25	21	elements	element	NNS
39785	25	22	but	but	CC
39785	25	23	from	from	IN
39785	25	24	the	the	DT
39785	25	25	separation	separation	NN
39785	25	26	of	of	IN
39785	25	27	one	one	CD
39785	25	28	portion	portion	NN
39785	25	29	of	of	IN
39785	25	30	naturally	naturally	RB
39785	25	31	existing	exist	VBG
39785	25	32	material	material	NN
39785	25	33	from	from	IN
39785	25	34	another	another	DT
39785	25	35	to	to	TO
39785	25	36	permit	permit	VB
39785	25	37	passage	passage	NN
39785	25	38	through	through	IN
39785	25	39	a	a	DT
39785	25	40	former	former	JJ
39785	25	41	barrier	barrier	NN
39785	25	42	.	.	.
39785	26	1	In	in	IN
39785	26	2	tunneling	tunnel	VBG
39785	26	3	hard	hard	RB
39785	26	4	,	,	,
39785	26	5	firm	firm	JJ
39785	26	6	rock	rock	NN
39785	26	7	,	,	,
39785	26	8	this	this	DT
39785	26	9	is	be	VBZ
39785	26	10	practically	practically	RB
39785	26	11	the	the	DT
39785	26	12	entire	entire	JJ
39785	26	13	compass	compass	NN
39785	26	14	of	of	IN
39785	26	15	the	the	DT
39785	26	16	work	work	NN
39785	26	17	:	:	:
39785	26	18	breaking	break	VBG
39785	26	19	away	away	RP
39785	26	20	the	the	DT
39785	26	21	rock	rock	NN
39785	26	22	from	from	IN
39785	26	23	the	the	DT
39785	26	24	mother	mother	NN
39785	26	25	mass	mass	NN
39785	26	26	,	,	,
39785	26	27	and	and	CC
39785	26	28	,	,	,
39785	26	29	coincidently	coincidently	RB
39785	26	30	,	,	,
39785	26	31	removing	remove	VBG
39785	26	32	it	-PRON-	PRP
39785	26	33	from	from	IN
39785	26	34	the	the	DT
39785	26	35	workings	working	NNS
39785	26	36	.	.	.
39785	27	1	The	the	DT
39785	27	2	opposite	opposite	JJ
39785	27	3	extreme	extreme	NN
39785	27	4	in	in	IN
39785	27	5	conditions	condition	NNS
39785	27	6	is	be	VBZ
39785	27	7	met	meet	VBN
39785	27	8	in	in	IN
39785	27	9	the	the	DT
39785	27	10	soft	soft	JJ
39785	27	11	-	-	HYPH
39785	27	12	ground	ground	NN
39785	27	13	tunnel	tunnel	NN
39785	27	14	,	,	,
39785	27	15	driven	drive	VBN
39785	27	16	through	through	IN
39785	27	17	material	material	NN
39785	27	18	incapable	incapable	JJ
39785	27	19	of	of	IN
39785	27	20	supporting	support	VBG
39785	27	21	itself	-PRON-	PRP
39785	27	22	above	above	IN
39785	27	23	the	the	DT
39785	27	24	tunnel	tunnel	NN
39785	27	25	opening	opening	NN
39785	27	26	.	.	.
39785	28	1	Here	here	RB
39785	28	2	,	,	,
39785	28	3	the	the	DT
39785	28	4	excavation	excavation	NN
39785	28	5	of	of	IN
39785	28	6	the	the	DT
39785	28	7	tunneled	tunneled	JJ
39785	28	8	substance	substance	NN
39785	28	9	is	be	VBZ
39785	28	10	of	of	IN
39785	28	11	relatively	relatively	RB
39785	28	12	small	small	JJ
39785	28	13	concern	concern	NN
39785	28	14	,	,	,
39785	28	15	eclipsed	eclipse	VBN
39785	28	16	by	by	IN
39785	28	17	the	the	DT
39785	28	18	problem	problem	NN
39785	28	19	of	of	IN
39785	28	20	preventing	prevent	VBG
39785	28	21	the	the	DT
39785	28	22	surrounding	surround	VBG
39785	28	23	material	material	NN
39785	28	24	from	from	IN
39785	28	25	collapsing	collapse	VBG
39785	28	26	into	into	IN
39785	28	27	the	the	DT
39785	28	28	bore	bore	NN
39785	28	29	.	.	.
39785	29	1	[	[	-LRB-
39785	29	2	Illustration	illustration	NN
39785	29	3	:	:	:
39785	29	4	Figure	Figure	NNP
39785	29	5	2.--HOOSAC	2.--HOOSAC	NNP
39785	29	6	TUNNEL	TUNNEL	NNP
39785	29	7	.	.	.
39785	30	1	METHOD	METHOD	NNP
39785	30	2	OF	of	IN
39785	30	3	WORKING	WORKING	NNP
39785	30	4	EARLY	early	NN
39785	30	5	SECTIONS	section	NNS
39785	30	6	of	of	IN
39785	30	7	the	the	DT
39785	30	8	project	project	NN
39785	30	9	;	;	:
39785	30	10	blast	blast	NN
39785	30	11	holes	hole	NNS
39785	30	12	drilled	drill	VBN
39785	30	13	by	by	IN
39785	30	14	hand	hand	NN
39785	30	15	jacking	jacking	NN
39785	30	16	.	.	.
39785	31	1	MHT	MHT	NNP
39785	31	2	model--1/2	model--1/2	NNP
39785	31	3	"	"	''
39785	31	4	scale	scale	NN
39785	31	5	.	.	.
39785	32	1	(	(	-LRB-
39785	32	2	Smithsonian	smithsonian	JJ
39785	32	3	photo	photo	NN
39785	32	4	49260-L.	49260-l.	CD
39785	32	5	)	)	-RRB-
39785	32	6	]	]	-RRB-
39785	32	7	In	in	IN
39785	32	8	one	one	CD
39785	32	9	other	other	JJ
39785	32	10	principal	principal	JJ
39785	32	11	respect	respect	NN
39785	32	12	does	do	VBZ
39785	32	13	tunnel	tunnel	VB
39785	32	14	engineering	engineering	NN
39785	32	15	differ	differ	VBP
39785	32	16	widely	widely	RB
39785	32	17	from	from	IN
39785	32	18	its	-PRON-	PRP$
39785	32	19	collateral	collateral	JJ
39785	32	20	branches	branch	NNS
39785	32	21	of	of	IN
39785	32	22	civil	civil	JJ
39785	32	23	engineering	engineering	NN
39785	32	24	.	.	.
39785	33	1	Few	few	JJ
39785	33	2	other	other	JJ
39785	33	3	physical	physical	JJ
39785	33	4	undertakings	undertaking	NNS
39785	33	5	are	be	VBP
39785	33	6	approached	approach	VBN
39785	33	7	with	with	IN
39785	33	8	anything	anything	NN
39785	33	9	like	like	IN
39785	33	10	the	the	DT
39785	33	11	uncertainty	uncertainty	NN
39785	33	12	attending	attend	VBG
39785	33	13	a	a	DT
39785	33	14	tunnel	tunnel	NN
39785	33	15	work	work	NN
39785	33	16	.	.	.
39785	34	1	This	this	DT
39785	34	2	is	be	VBZ
39785	34	3	even	even	RB
39785	34	4	more	more	RBR
39785	34	5	true	true	JJ
39785	34	6	in	in	IN
39785	34	7	mountain	mountain	NN
39785	34	8	tunnels	tunnel	NNS
39785	34	9	,	,	,
39785	34	10	for	for	IN
39785	34	11	which	which	WDT
39785	34	12	test	test	NN
39785	34	13	borings	boring	NNS
39785	34	14	frequently	frequently	RB
39785	34	15	can	can	MD
39785	34	16	not	not	RB
39785	34	17	be	be	VB
39785	34	18	made	make	VBN
39785	34	19	to	to	TO
39785	34	20	determine	determine	VB
39785	34	21	the	the	DT
39785	34	22	nature	nature	NN
39785	34	23	of	of	IN
39785	34	24	the	the	DT
39785	34	25	material	material	NN
39785	34	26	and	and	CC
39785	34	27	the	the	DT
39785	34	28	geologic	geologic	NN
39785	34	29	conditions	condition	NNS
39785	34	30	which	which	WDT
39785	34	31	will	will	MD
39785	34	32	be	be	VB
39785	34	33	encountered	encounter	VBN
39785	34	34	.	.	.
39785	35	1	The	the	DT
39785	35	2	course	course	NN
39785	35	3	of	of	IN
39785	35	4	tunnel	tunnel	NN
39785	35	5	work	work	NN
39785	35	6	is	be	VBZ
39785	35	7	not	not	RB
39785	35	8	subject	subject	JJ
39785	35	9	to	to	IN
39785	35	10	an	an	DT
39785	35	11	overall	overall	JJ
39785	35	12	preliminary	preliminary	JJ
39785	35	13	survey	survey	NN
39785	35	14	;	;	:
39785	35	15	the	the	DT
39785	35	16	engineer	engineer	NN
39785	35	17	is	be	VBZ
39785	35	18	faced	face	VBN
39785	35	19	with	with	IN
39785	35	20	not	not	RB
39785	35	21	only	only	RB
39785	35	22	the	the	DT
39785	35	23	inability	inability	NN
39785	35	24	to	to	TO
39785	35	25	anticipate	anticipate	VB
39785	35	26	general	general	JJ
39785	35	27	contingencies	contingency	NNS
39785	35	28	common	common	JJ
39785	35	29	to	to	IN
39785	35	30	all	all	DT
39785	35	31	engineering	engineering	NN
39785	35	32	work	work	NN
39785	35	33	,	,	,
39785	35	34	but	but	CC
39785	35	35	with	with	IN
39785	35	36	the	the	DT
39785	35	37	peculiar	peculiar	JJ
39785	35	38	and	and	CC
39785	35	39	often	often	RB
39785	35	40	overwhelming	overwhelming	JJ
39785	35	41	unpredictability	unpredictability	NN
39785	35	42	of	of	IN
39785	35	43	the	the	DT
39785	35	44	very	very	JJ
39785	35	45	basis	basis	NN
39785	35	46	of	of	IN
39785	35	47	his	-PRON-	PRP$
39785	35	48	work	work	NN
39785	35	49	.	.	.
39785	36	1	Subaqueous	subaqueous	JJ
39785	36	2	and	and	CC
39785	36	3	soft	soft	JJ
39785	36	4	-	-	HYPH
39785	36	5	ground	ground	NN
39785	36	6	work	work	NN
39785	36	7	on	on	IN
39785	36	8	the	the	DT
39785	36	9	other	other	JJ
39785	36	10	hand	hand	NN
39785	36	11	,	,	,
39785	36	12	while	while	IN
39785	36	13	still	still	RB
39785	36	14	subject	subject	JJ
39785	36	15	to	to	IN
39785	36	16	many	many	JJ
39785	36	17	indeterminates	indeterminate	NNS
39785	36	18	,	,	,
39785	36	19	is	be	VBZ
39785	36	20	now	now	RB
39785	36	21	far	far	RB
39785	36	22	more	more	RBR
39785	36	23	predictable	predictable	JJ
39785	36	24	than	than	IN
39785	36	25	during	during	IN
39785	36	26	its	-PRON-	PRP$
39785	36	27	early	early	JJ
39785	36	28	history	history	NN
39785	36	29	,	,	,
39785	36	30	simply	simply	RB
39785	36	31	because	because	IN
39785	36	32	the	the	DT
39785	36	33	nature	nature	NN
39785	36	34	of	of	IN
39785	36	35	the	the	DT
39785	36	36	adverse	adverse	JJ
39785	36	37	condition	condition	NN
39785	36	38	prevailing	prevail	VBG
39785	36	39	eventually	eventually	RB
39785	36	40	was	be	VBD
39785	36	41	understood	understand	VBN
39785	36	42	to	to	TO
39785	36	43	be	be	VB
39785	36	44	quite	quite	RB
39785	36	45	predictable	predictable	JJ
39785	36	46	.	.	.
39785	37	1	The	the	DT
39785	37	2	steady	steady	JJ
39785	37	3	pressures	pressure	NNS
39785	37	4	of	of	IN
39785	37	5	earth	earth	NN
39785	37	6	and	and	CC
39785	37	7	water	water	NN
39785	37	8	to	to	TO
39785	37	9	refill	refill	VB
39785	37	10	the	the	DT
39785	37	11	excavated	excavated	JJ
39785	37	12	area	area	NN
39785	37	13	are	be	VBP
39785	37	14	today	today	NN
39785	37	15	overcome	overcome	VBN
39785	37	16	with	with	IN
39785	37	17	relative	relative	JJ
39785	37	18	ease	ease	NN
39785	37	19	and	and	CC
39785	37	20	consistency	consistency	NN
39785	37	21	by	by	IN
39785	37	22	the	the	DT
39785	37	23	tunneler	tunneler	NN
39785	37	24	.	.	.
39785	38	1	In	in	IN
39785	38	2	tunneling	tunnel	VBG
39785	38	3	as	as	IN
39785	38	4	in	in	IN
39785	38	5	no	no	DT
39785	38	6	other	other	JJ
39785	38	7	branch	branch	NN
39785	38	8	of	of	IN
39785	38	9	civil	civil	JJ
39785	38	10	engineering	engineering	NN
39785	38	11	did	do	VBD
39785	38	12	empiricism	empiricism	NN
39785	38	13	so	so	RB
39785	38	14	long	long	RB
39785	38	15	resist	resist	VB
39785	38	16	the	the	DT
39785	38	17	advance	advance	NN
39785	38	18	of	of	IN
39785	38	19	scientific	scientific	JJ
39785	38	20	theory	theory	NN
39785	38	21	;	;	:
39785	38	22	in	in	IN
39785	38	23	no	no	DT
39785	38	24	other	other	JJ
39785	38	25	did	do	VBD
39785	38	26	the	the	DT
39785	38	27	"	"	``
39785	38	28	practical	practical	JJ
39785	38	29	engineer	engineer	NN
39785	38	30	"	"	''
39785	38	31	remain	remain	VB
39785	38	32	to	to	IN
39785	38	33	such	such	PDT
39785	38	34	an	an	DT
39785	38	35	extent	extent	NN
39785	38	36	the	the	DT
39785	38	37	key	key	JJ
39785	38	38	figure	figure	NN
39785	38	39	in	in	IN
39785	38	40	establishing	establish	VBG
39785	38	41	the	the	DT
39785	38	42	success	success	NN
39785	38	43	or	or	CC
39785	38	44	failure	failure	NN
39785	38	45	of	of	IN
39785	38	46	a	a	DT
39785	38	47	project	project	NN
39785	38	48	.	.	.
39785	39	1	The	the	DT
39785	39	2	Hoosac	Hoosac	NNP
39785	39	3	Tunnel	Tunnel	NNP
39785	39	4	,	,	,
39785	39	5	after	after	IN
39785	39	6	25	25	CD
39785	39	7	years	year	NNS
39785	39	8	of	of	IN
39785	39	9	legislative	legislative	JJ
39785	39	10	,	,	,
39785	39	11	financial	financial	JJ
39785	39	12	,	,	,
39785	39	13	and	and	CC
39785	39	14	technical	technical	JJ
39785	39	15	difficulties	difficulty	NNS
39785	39	16	,	,	,
39785	39	17	in	in	IN
39785	39	18	1875	1875	CD
39785	39	19	was	be	VBD
39785	39	20	finally	finally	RB
39785	39	21	driven	drive	VBN
39785	39	22	to	to	IN
39785	39	23	successful	successful	JJ
39785	39	24	completion	completion	NN
39785	39	25	only	only	RB
39785	39	26	by	by	IN
39785	39	27	the	the	DT
39785	39	28	efforts	effort	NNS
39785	39	29	of	of	IN
39785	39	30	a	a	DT
39785	39	31	group	group	NN
39785	39	32	who	who	WP
39785	39	33	,	,	,
39785	39	34	while	while	IN
39785	39	35	in	in	IN
39785	39	36	the	the	DT
39785	39	37	majority	majority	NN
39785	39	38	were	be	VBD
39785	39	39	trained	train	VBN
39785	39	40	civil	civil	JJ
39785	39	41	engineers	engineer	NNS
39785	39	42	,	,	,
39785	39	43	were	be	VBD
39785	39	44	to	to	IN
39785	39	45	an	an	DT
39785	39	46	even	even	RB
39785	39	47	greater	great	JJR
39785	39	48	extent	extent	NN
39785	39	49	men	man	NNS
39785	39	50	of	of	IN
39785	39	51	vast	vast	JJ
39785	39	52	practical	practical	JJ
39785	39	53	ability	ability	NN
39785	39	54	,	,	,
39785	39	55	more	more	JJR
39785	39	56	at	at	IN
39785	39	57	home	home	NN
39785	39	58	in	in	IN
39785	39	59	field	field	NN
39785	39	60	than	than	IN
39785	39	61	office	office	NN
39785	39	62	.	.	.
39785	40	1	DeWitt	DeWitt	NNP
39785	40	2	C.	C.	NNP
39785	40	3	Haskin	Haskin	NNP
39785	40	4	(	(	-LRB-
39785	40	5	see	see	VB
39785	40	6	p.	p.	NN
39785	40	7	234	234	CD
39785	40	8	)	)	-RRB-
39785	40	9	,	,	,
39785	40	10	during	during	IN
39785	40	11	the	the	DT
39785	40	12	inquest	inquest	NN
39785	40	13	that	that	WDT
39785	40	14	followed	follow	VBD
39785	40	15	the	the	DT
39785	40	16	death	death	NN
39785	40	17	of	of	IN
39785	40	18	a	a	DT
39785	40	19	number	number	NN
39785	40	20	of	of	IN
39785	40	21	men	man	NNS
39785	40	22	in	in	IN
39785	40	23	a	a	DT
39785	40	24	blowout	blowout	NN
39785	40	25	of	of	IN
39785	40	26	his	-PRON-	PRP$
39785	40	27	pneumatically	pneumatically	RB
39785	40	28	driven	drive	VBN
39785	40	29	Hudson	Hudson	NNP
39785	40	30	River	River	NNP
39785	40	31	Tunnel	Tunnel	NNP
39785	40	32	in	in	IN
39785	40	33	1880	1880	CD
39785	40	34	,	,	,
39785	40	35	stated	state	VBN
39785	40	36	in	in	IN
39785	40	37	his	-PRON-	PRP$
39785	40	38	own	own	JJ
39785	40	39	defense	defense	NN
39785	40	40	:	:	:
39785	40	41	"	"	``
39785	40	42	I	-PRON-	PRP
39785	40	43	am	be	VBP
39785	40	44	not	not	RB
39785	40	45	a	a	DT
39785	40	46	scientific	scientific	JJ
39785	40	47	engineer	engineer	NN
39785	40	48	,	,	,
39785	40	49	but	but	CC
39785	40	50	a	a	DT
39785	40	51	practical	practical	JJ
39785	40	52	one	one	CD
39785	40	53	...	...	.
39785	41	1	I	-PRON-	PRP
39785	41	2	know	know	VBP
39785	41	3	nothing	nothing	NN
39785	41	4	of	of	IN
39785	41	5	mathematics	mathematic	NNS
39785	41	6	;	;	:
39785	41	7	in	in	IN
39785	41	8	my	-PRON-	PRP$
39785	41	9	experience	experience	NN
39785	41	10	I	-PRON-	PRP
39785	41	11	have	have	VBP
39785	41	12	grasped	grasp	VBN
39785	41	13	such	such	JJ
39785	41	14	matters	matter	NNS
39785	41	15	as	as	IN
39785	41	16	a	a	DT
39785	41	17	whole	whole	NN
39785	41	18	;	;	:
39785	41	19	I	-PRON-	PRP
39785	41	20	believe	believe	VBP
39785	41	21	that	that	IN
39785	41	22	the	the	DT
39785	41	23	study	study	NN
39785	41	24	of	of	IN
39785	41	25	mathematics	mathematic	NNS
39785	41	26	in	in	IN
39785	41	27	that	that	DT
39785	41	28	kind	kind	NN
39785	41	29	of	of	IN
39785	41	30	work	work	NN
39785	41	31	[	[	-LRB-
39785	41	32	tunneling	tunneling	NN
39785	41	33	]	]	-RRB-
39785	41	34	has	have	VBZ
39785	41	35	a	a	DT
39785	41	36	tendency	tendency	NN
39785	41	37	to	to	TO
39785	41	38	dwarf	dwarf	VB
39785	41	39	the	the	DT
39785	41	40	mind	mind	NN
39785	41	41	rather	rather	RB
39785	41	42	than	than	IN
39785	41	43	enlighten	enlighten	VB
39785	41	44	it	-PRON-	PRP
39785	41	45	....	....	.
39785	41	46	"	"	''
39785	41	47	An	an	DT
39785	41	48	extreme	extreme	JJ
39785	41	49	attitude	attitude	NN
39785	41	50	perhaps	perhaps	RB
39785	41	51	,	,	,
39785	41	52	and	and	CC
39785	41	53	one	one	CD
39785	41	54	which	which	WDT
39785	41	55	by	by	IN
39785	41	56	no	no	DT
39785	41	57	means	means	NN
39785	41	58	adds	add	VBZ
39785	41	59	to	to	IN
39785	41	60	Haskin	Haskin	NNP
39785	41	61	's	's	POS
39785	41	62	stature	stature	NN
39785	41	63	,	,	,
39785	41	64	but	but	CC
39785	41	65	a	a	DT
39785	41	66	not	not	RB
39785	41	67	unusual	unusual	JJ
39785	41	68	one	one	CD
39785	41	69	in	in	IN
39785	41	70	tunnel	tunnel	NN
39785	41	71	work	work	NN
39785	41	72	at	at	IN
39785	41	73	the	the	DT
39785	41	74	time	time	NN
39785	41	75	.	.	.
39785	42	1	It	-PRON-	PRP
39785	42	2	would	would	MD
39785	42	3	not	not	RB
39785	42	4	of	of	RB
39785	42	5	course	course	NN
39785	42	6	be	be	VB
39785	42	7	fair	fair	JJ
39785	42	8	to	to	TO
39785	42	9	imply	imply	VB
39785	42	10	that	that	IN
39785	42	11	such	such	JJ
39785	42	12	men	man	NNS
39785	42	13	as	as	IN
39785	42	14	Herman	Herman	NNP
39785	42	15	Haupt	Haupt	NNP
39785	42	16	,	,	,
39785	42	17	Brunel	Brunel	NNP
39785	42	18	the	the	DT
39785	42	19	elder	elder	NN
39785	42	20	,	,	,
39785	42	21	and	and	CC
39785	42	22	Greathead	Greathead	NNP
39785	42	23	were	be	VBD
39785	42	24	not	not	RB
39785	42	25	accomplished	accomplish	VBN
39785	42	26	theoretical	theoretical	JJ
39785	42	27	engineers	engineer	NNS
39785	42	28	.	.	.
39785	43	1	But	but	CC
39785	43	2	it	-PRON-	PRP
39785	43	3	was	be	VBD
39785	43	4	their	-PRON-	PRP$
39785	43	5	innate	innate	JJ
39785	43	6	ability	ability	NN
39785	43	7	to	to	TO
39785	43	8	evaluate	evaluate	VB
39785	43	9	and	and	CC
39785	43	10	control	control	VB
39785	43	11	the	the	DT
39785	43	12	overlying	overlie	VBG
39785	43	13	physical	physical	JJ
39785	43	14	conditions	condition	NNS
39785	43	15	of	of	IN
39785	43	16	the	the	DT
39785	43	17	site	site	NN
39785	43	18	and	and	CC
39785	43	19	work	work	NN
39785	43	20	that	that	WDT
39785	43	21	made	make	VBD
39785	43	22	possible	possible	JJ
39785	43	23	their	-PRON-	PRP$
39785	43	24	significant	significant	JJ
39785	43	25	contributions	contribution	NNS
39785	43	26	to	to	IN
39785	43	27	the	the	DT
39785	43	28	development	development	NN
39785	43	29	of	of	IN
39785	43	30	tunnel	tunnel	NNP
39785	43	31	engineering	engineering	NNP
39785	43	32	.	.	.
39785	44	1	Tunneling	tunneling	NN
39785	44	2	remained	remain	VBD
39785	44	3	largely	largely	RB
39785	44	4	independent	independent	JJ
39785	44	5	of	of	IN
39785	44	6	the	the	DT
39785	44	7	realm	realm	NN
39785	44	8	of	of	IN
39785	44	9	mathematical	mathematical	JJ
39785	44	10	analysis	analysis	NN
39785	44	11	long	long	RB
39785	44	12	after	after	IN
39785	44	13	the	the	DT
39785	44	14	time	time	NN
39785	44	15	when	when	WRB
39785	44	16	all	all	DT
39785	44	17	but	but	IN
39785	44	18	the	the	DT
39785	44	19	most	most	RBS
39785	44	20	insignificant	insignificant	JJ
39785	44	21	engineering	engineering	NN
39785	44	22	works	work	NNS
39785	44	23	were	be	VBD
39785	44	24	designed	design	VBN
39785	44	25	by	by	IN
39785	44	26	that	that	DT
39785	44	27	means	mean	VBZ
39785	44	28	.	.	.
39785	45	1	Thus	thus	RB
39785	45	2	,	,	,
39785	45	3	as	as	IN
39785	45	4	structural	structural	JJ
39785	45	5	engineering	engineering	NN
39785	45	6	has	have	VBZ
39785	45	7	advanced	advance	VBN
39785	45	8	as	as	IN
39785	45	9	the	the	DT
39785	45	10	result	result	NN
39785	45	11	of	of	IN
39785	45	12	a	a	DT
39785	45	13	flow	flow	NN
39785	45	14	of	of	IN
39785	45	15	new	new	JJ
39785	45	16	theoretical	theoretical	JJ
39785	45	17	concepts	concept	NNS
39785	45	18	,	,	,
39785	45	19	new	new	JJ
39785	45	20	,	,	,
39785	45	21	improved	improve	VBN
39785	45	22	,	,	,
39785	45	23	and	and	CC
39785	45	24	strengthened	strengthen	VBD
39785	45	25	materials	material	NNS
39785	45	26	,	,	,
39785	45	27	and	and	CC
39785	45	28	new	new	JJ
39785	45	29	methods	method	NNS
39785	45	30	of	of	IN
39785	45	31	fastening	fastening	NN
39785	45	32	,	,	,
39785	45	33	the	the	DT
39785	45	34	progress	progress	NN
39785	45	35	of	of	IN
39785	45	36	tunnel	tunnel	NN
39785	45	37	engineering	engineering	NN
39785	45	38	has	have	VBZ
39785	45	39	been	be	VBN
39785	45	40	due	due	RB
39785	45	41	more	more	JJR
39785	45	42	to	to	IN
39785	45	43	the	the	DT
39785	45	44	continual	continual	JJ
39785	45	45	refinement	refinement	NN
39785	45	46	of	of	IN
39785	45	47	constructional	constructional	JJ
39785	45	48	techniques	technique	NNS
39785	45	49	.	.	.
39785	46	1	A	a	DT
39785	46	2	NEW	new	JJ
39785	46	3	HALL	hall	NN
39785	46	4	OF	of	IN
39785	46	5	CIVIL	CIVIL	NNP
39785	46	6	ENGINEERING	ENGINEERING	NNP
39785	46	7	In	in	IN
39785	46	8	the	the	DT
39785	46	9	Museum	Museum	NNP
39785	46	10	of	of	IN
39785	46	11	History	History	NNP
39785	46	12	and	and	CC
39785	46	13	Technology	Technology	NNP
39785	46	14	has	have	VBZ
39785	46	15	recently	recently	RB
39785	46	16	been	be	VBN
39785	46	17	established	establish	VBN
39785	46	18	a	a	DT
39785	46	19	Hall	Hall	NNP
39785	46	20	of	of	IN
39785	46	21	Civil	Civil	NNP
39785	46	22	Engineering	Engineering	NNP
39785	46	23	in	in	IN
39785	46	24	which	which	WDT
39785	46	25	the	the	DT
39785	46	26	engineering	engineering	NN
39785	46	27	of	of	IN
39785	46	28	tunnels	tunnel	NNS
39785	46	29	is	be	VBZ
39785	46	30	comprehensively	comprehensively	RB
39785	46	31	treated	treat	VBN
39785	46	32	from	from	IN
39785	46	33	the	the	DT
39785	46	34	historical	historical	JJ
39785	46	35	standpoint	standpoint	NN
39785	46	36	--	--	:
39785	46	37	something	something	NN
39785	46	38	not	not	RB
39785	46	39	previously	previously	RB
39785	46	40	done	do	VBN
39785	46	41	in	in	IN
39785	46	42	an	an	DT
39785	46	43	American	american	JJ
39785	46	44	museum	museum	NN
39785	46	45	.	.	.
39785	47	1	The	the	DT
39785	47	2	guiding	guiding	NN
39785	47	3	precept	precept	NN
39785	47	4	of	of	IN
39785	47	5	the	the	DT
39785	47	6	exhibit	exhibit	NN
39785	47	7	has	have	VBZ
39785	47	8	not	not	RB
39785	47	9	been	be	VBN
39785	47	10	to	to	TO
39785	47	11	outline	outline	VB
39785	47	12	exhaustively	exhaustively	RB
39785	47	13	the	the	DT
39785	47	14	entire	entire	JJ
39785	47	15	history	history	NN
39785	47	16	of	of	IN
39785	47	17	tunneling	tunneling	NN
39785	47	18	,	,	,
39785	47	19	but	but	CC
39785	47	20	rather	rather	RB
39785	47	21	to	to	TO
39785	47	22	show	show	VB
39785	47	23	the	the	DT
39785	47	24	fundamental	fundamental	JJ
39785	47	25	advances	advance	NNS
39785	47	26	which	which	WDT
39785	47	27	have	have	VBP
39785	47	28	occurred	occur	VBN
39785	47	29	between	between	IN
39785	47	30	primitive	primitive	JJ
39785	47	31	man	man	NN
39785	47	32	's	's	POS
39785	47	33	first	first	JJ
39785	47	34	systematic	systematic	JJ
39785	47	35	use	use	NN
39785	47	36	of	of	IN
39785	47	37	fire	fire	NN
39785	47	38	for	for	IN
39785	47	39	excavating	excavate	VBG
39785	47	40	rock	rock	NN
39785	47	41	in	in	IN
39785	47	42	mining	mining	NN
39785	47	43	,	,	,
39785	47	44	and	and	CC
39785	47	45	the	the	DT
39785	47	46	use	use	NN
39785	47	47	in	in	IN
39785	47	48	combination	combination	NN
39785	47	49	of	of	IN
39785	47	50	compressed	compress	VBN
39785	47	51	air	air	NN
39785	47	52	,	,	,
39785	47	53	iron	iron	NN
39785	47	54	lining	lining	NN
39785	47	55	,	,	,
39785	47	56	and	and	CC
39785	47	57	a	a	DT
39785	47	58	movable	movable	JJ
39785	47	59	shield	shield	NN
39785	47	60	in	in	IN
39785	47	61	a	a	DT
39785	47	62	subaqueous	subaqueous	JJ
39785	47	63	tunnel	tunnel	NN
39785	47	64	at	at	IN
39785	47	65	the	the	DT
39785	47	66	end	end	NN
39785	47	67	of	of	IN
39785	47	68	the	the	DT
39785	47	69	19th	19th	JJ
39785	47	70	century	century	NN
39785	47	71	.	.	.
39785	48	1	This	this	DT
39785	48	2	termination	termination	NN
39785	48	3	date	date	NN
39785	48	4	was	be	VBD
39785	48	5	selected	select	VBN
39785	48	6	because	because	IN
39785	48	7	it	-PRON-	PRP
39785	48	8	was	be	VBD
39785	48	9	during	during	IN
39785	48	10	the	the	DT
39785	48	11	period	period	NN
39785	48	12	from	from	IN
39785	48	13	about	about	RB
39785	48	14	1830	1830	CD
39785	48	15	to	to	IN
39785	48	16	1900	1900	CD
39785	48	17	that	that	IN
39785	48	18	the	the	DT
39785	48	19	most	most	RBS
39785	48	20	concentrated	concentrated	JJ
39785	48	21	development	development	NN
39785	48	22	took	take	VBD
39785	48	23	place	place	NN
39785	48	24	,	,	,
39785	48	25	and	and	CC
39785	48	26	during	during	IN
39785	48	27	which	which	WDT
39785	48	28	tunneling	tunneling	NN
39785	48	29	became	become	VBD
39785	48	30	a	a	DT
39785	48	31	firmly	firmly	RB
39785	48	32	established	establish	VBN
39785	48	33	and	and	CC
39785	48	34	important	important	JJ
39785	48	35	branch	branch	NN
39785	48	36	of	of	IN
39785	48	37	civil	civil	JJ
39785	48	38	engineering	engineering	NN
39785	48	39	and	and	CC
39785	48	40	indeed	indeed	RB
39785	48	41	,	,	,
39785	48	42	of	of	IN
39785	48	43	modern	modern	JJ
39785	48	44	civilization	civilization	NN
39785	48	45	.	.	.
39785	49	1	The	the	DT
39785	49	2	techniques	technique	NNS
39785	49	3	of	of	IN
39785	49	4	present	present	JJ
39785	49	5	-	-	HYPH
39785	49	6	day	day	NN
39785	49	7	tunneling	tunneling	NN
39785	49	8	are	be	VBP
39785	49	9	so	so	RB
39785	49	10	fully	fully	RB
39785	49	11	related	relate	VBN
39785	49	12	in	in	IN
39785	49	13	current	current	JJ
39785	49	14	writing	writing	NN
39785	49	15	that	that	IN
39785	49	16	it	-PRON-	PRP
39785	49	17	was	be	VBD
39785	49	18	deemed	deem	VBN
39785	49	19	far	far	RB
39785	49	20	more	more	RBR
39785	49	21	useful	useful	JJ
39785	49	22	to	to	TO
39785	49	23	devote	devote	VB
39785	49	24	the	the	DT
39785	49	25	exhibit	exhibit	NN
39785	49	26	entirely	entirely	RB
39785	49	27	to	to	IN
39785	49	28	a	a	DT
39785	49	29	segment	segment	NN
39785	49	30	of	of	IN
39785	49	31	the	the	DT
39785	49	32	field	field	NN
39785	49	33	's	's	POS
39785	49	34	history	history	NN
39785	49	35	which	which	WDT
39785	49	36	is	be	VBZ
39785	49	37	less	less	RBR
39785	49	38	commonly	commonly	RB
39785	49	39	treated	treat	VBN
39785	49	40	.	.	.
39785	50	1	[	[	-LRB-
39785	50	2	Illustration	illustration	NN
39785	50	3	:	:	:
39785	50	4	Figure	Figure	NNP
39785	50	5	3.--HOOSAC	3.--HOOSAC	NNP
39785	50	6	TUNNEL	TUNNEL	NNP
39785	50	7	.	.	.
39785	51	1	WORKING	working	NN
39785	51	2	OF	of	IN
39785	51	3	LATER	later	JJ
39785	51	4	STAGES	STAGES	NNP
39785	51	5	with	with	IN
39785	51	6	Burleigh	Burleigh	NNP
39785	51	7	pneumatic	pneumatic	JJ
39785	51	8	drills	drill	NNS
39785	51	9	mounted	mount	VBN
39785	51	10	on	on	IN
39785	51	11	carriages	carriage	NNS
39785	51	12	.	.	.
39785	52	1	The	the	DT
39785	52	2	bottom	bottom	NN
39785	52	3	heading	heading	NN
39785	52	4	is	be	VBZ
39785	52	5	being	be	VBG
39785	52	6	drilled	drill	VBN
39785	52	7	in	in	IN
39785	52	8	preparation	preparation	NN
39785	52	9	for	for	IN
39785	52	10	blasting	blast	VBG
39785	52	11	out	out	RP
39785	52	12	with	with	IN
39785	52	13	nitroglycerine	nitroglycerine	NN
39785	52	14	.	.	.
39785	53	1	MHT	MHT	NNP
39785	53	2	model--1/2	model--1/2	NNP
39785	53	3	"	"	''
39785	53	4	scale	scale	NN
39785	53	5	.	.	.
39785	54	1	(	(	-LRB-
39785	54	2	Smithsonian	smithsonian	JJ
39785	54	3	photo	photo	NN
39785	54	4	49260-M.	49260-m.	CD
39785	54	5	)	)	-RRB-
39785	54	6	]	]	-RRB-
39785	54	7	The	the	DT
39785	54	8	major	major	JJ
39785	54	9	advances	advance	NNS
39785	54	10	,	,	,
39785	54	11	which	which	WDT
39785	54	12	have	have	VBP
39785	54	13	already	already	RB
39785	54	14	been	be	VBN
39785	54	15	spoken	speak	VBN
39785	54	16	of	of	IN
39785	54	17	as	as	IN
39785	54	18	being	be	VBG
39785	54	19	ones	one	NNS
39785	54	20	of	of	IN
39785	54	21	technique	technique	NN
39785	54	22	rather	rather	RB
39785	54	23	than	than	IN
39785	54	24	theory	theory	NN
39785	54	25	,	,	,
39785	54	26	devolve	devolve	NN
39785	54	27	quite	quite	RB
39785	54	28	naturally	naturally	RB
39785	54	29	into	into	IN
39785	54	30	two	two	CD
39785	54	31	basic	basic	JJ
39785	54	32	classifications	classification	NNS
39785	54	33	:	:	:
39785	54	34	the	the	DT
39785	54	35	one	one	CD
39785	54	36	of	of	IN
39785	54	37	supporting	support	VBG
39785	54	38	a	a	DT
39785	54	39	mass	mass	NN
39785	54	40	of	of	IN
39785	54	41	loose	loose	JJ
39785	54	42	,	,	,
39785	54	43	unstable	unstable	JJ
39785	54	44	,	,	,
39785	54	45	pressure	pressure	NN
39785	54	46	-	-	HYPH
39785	54	47	exerting	exert	VBG
39785	54	48	material	material	NN
39785	54	49	--	--	:
39785	54	50	soft	soft	JJ
39785	54	51	-	-	HYPH
39785	54	52	ground	ground	NN
39785	54	53	tunneling	tunneling	NN
39785	54	54	;	;	:
39785	54	55	and	and	CC
39785	54	56	the	the	DT
39785	54	57	diametrically	diametrically	RB
39785	54	58	opposite	opposite	JJ
39785	54	59	problem	problem	NN
39785	54	60	of	of	IN
39785	54	61	separating	separate	VBG
39785	54	62	rock	rock	NN
39785	54	63	from	from	IN
39785	54	64	the	the	DT
39785	54	65	basic	basic	JJ
39785	54	66	mass	mass	NN
39785	54	67	when	when	WRB
39785	54	68	it	-PRON-	PRP
39785	54	69	is	be	VBZ
39785	54	70	so	so	RB
39785	54	71	firm	firm	JJ
39785	54	72	and	and	CC
39785	54	73	solid	solid	JJ
39785	54	74	that	that	IN
39785	54	75	it	-PRON-	PRP
39785	54	76	can	can	MD
39785	54	77	support	support	VB
39785	54	78	its	-PRON-	PRP$
39785	54	79	own	own	JJ
39785	54	80	overbearing	overbearing	JJ
39785	54	81	weight	weight	NN
39785	54	82	as	as	IN
39785	54	83	an	an	DT
39785	54	84	opening	opening	NN
39785	54	85	is	be	VBZ
39785	54	86	forced	force	VBN
39785	54	87	through	through	IN
39785	54	88	it	-PRON-	PRP
39785	54	89	--	--	:
39785	54	90	rock	rock	NN
39785	54	91	,	,	,
39785	54	92	or	or	CC
39785	54	93	hard	hard	JJ
39785	54	94	-	-	HYPH
39785	54	95	ground	ground	NN
39785	54	96	tunneling	tunneling	NN
39785	54	97	.	.	.
39785	55	1	To	to	TO
39785	55	2	exhibit	exhibit	VB
39785	55	3	the	the	DT
39785	55	4	sequence	sequence	NN
39785	55	5	in	in	IN
39785	55	6	a	a	DT
39785	55	7	thorough	thorough	JJ
39785	55	8	manner	manner	NN
39785	55	9	,	,	,
39785	55	10	inviting	inviting	NN
39785	55	11	and	and	CC
39785	55	12	capable	capable	JJ
39785	55	13	of	of	IN
39785	55	14	easy	easy	JJ
39785	55	15	and	and	CC
39785	55	16	correct	correct	VB
39785	55	17	interpretation	interpretation	NN
39785	55	18	by	by	IN
39785	55	19	the	the	DT
39785	55	20	nonprofessional	nonprofessional	JJ
39785	55	21	viewer	viewer	NN
39785	55	22	,	,	,
39785	55	23	models	model	NNS
39785	55	24	offered	offer	VBD
39785	55	25	the	the	DT
39785	55	26	only	only	JJ
39785	55	27	logical	logical	JJ
39785	55	28	means	mean	NNS
39785	55	29	of	of	IN
39785	55	30	presentation	presentation	NN
39785	55	31	.	.	.
39785	56	1	Six	six	CD
39785	56	2	tunnels	tunnel	NNS
39785	56	3	were	be	VBD
39785	56	4	selected	select	VBN
39785	56	5	,	,	,
39785	56	6	all	all	DT
39785	56	7	driven	drive	VBN
39785	56	8	in	in	IN
39785	56	9	the	the	DT
39785	56	10	19th	19th	JJ
39785	56	11	century	century	NN
39785	56	12	.	.	.
39785	57	1	Each	each	DT
39785	57	2	represents	represent	VBZ
39785	57	3	either	either	CC
39785	57	4	a	a	DT
39785	57	5	fundamental	fundamental	JJ
39785	57	6	,	,	,
39785	57	7	new	new	JJ
39785	57	8	concept	concept	NN
39785	57	9	of	of	IN
39785	57	10	tunneling	tunneling	NN
39785	57	11	technique	technique	NN
39785	57	12	,	,	,
39785	57	13	or	or	CC
39785	57	14	an	an	DT
39785	57	15	important	important	JJ
39785	57	16	,	,	,
39785	57	17	early	early	JJ
39785	57	18	application	application	NN
39785	57	19	of	of	IN
39785	57	20	one	one	CD
39785	57	21	.	.	.
39785	58	1	Models	model	NNS
39785	58	2	of	of	IN
39785	58	3	these	these	DT
39785	58	4	works	work	NNS
39785	58	5	form	form	VBP
39785	58	6	the	the	DT
39785	58	7	basis	basis	NN
39785	58	8	of	of	IN
39785	58	9	the	the	DT
39785	58	10	exhibit	exhibit	NN
39785	58	11	.	.	.
39785	59	1	No	no	DT
39785	59	2	effort	effort	NN
39785	59	3	was	be	VBD
39785	59	4	made	make	VBN
39785	59	5	to	to	TO
39785	59	6	restrict	restrict	VB
39785	59	7	the	the	DT
39785	59	8	work	work	NN
39785	59	9	to	to	IN
39785	59	10	projects	project	NNS
39785	59	11	on	on	IN
39785	59	12	American	american	JJ
39785	59	13	soil	soil	NN
39785	59	14	.	.	.
39785	60	1	This	this	DT
39785	60	2	would	would	MD
39785	60	3	,	,	,
39785	60	4	in	in	IN
39785	60	5	fact	fact	NN
39785	60	6	,	,	,
39785	60	7	have	have	VBP
39785	60	8	been	be	VBN
39785	60	9	quite	quite	RB
39785	60	10	impossible	impossible	JJ
39785	60	11	if	if	IN
39785	60	12	an	an	DT
39785	60	13	accurate	accurate	JJ
39785	60	14	picture	picture	NN
39785	60	15	of	of	IN
39785	60	16	tunnel	tunnel	NN
39785	60	17	technology	technology	NN
39785	60	18	was	be	VBD
39785	60	19	to	to	TO
39785	60	20	be	be	VB
39785	60	21	drawn	draw	VBN
39785	60	22	;	;	:
39785	60	23	for	for	IN
39785	60	24	as	as	IN
39785	60	25	in	in	IN
39785	60	26	virtually	virtually	RB
39785	60	27	all	all	DT
39785	60	28	other	other	JJ
39785	60	29	areas	area	NNS
39785	60	30	of	of	IN
39785	60	31	technology	technology	NN
39785	60	32	,	,	,
39785	60	33	the	the	DT
39785	60	34	overall	overall	JJ
39785	60	35	development	development	NN
39785	60	36	in	in	IN
39785	60	37	this	this	DT
39785	60	38	field	field	NN
39785	60	39	has	have	VBZ
39785	60	40	been	be	VBN
39785	60	41	international	international	JJ
39785	60	42	.	.	.
39785	61	1	The	the	DT
39785	61	2	art	art	NN
39785	61	3	of	of	IN
39785	61	4	mining	mining	NN
39785	61	5	was	be	VBD
39785	61	6	first	first	RB
39785	61	7	developed	develop	VBN
39785	61	8	highly	highly	RB
39785	61	9	in	in	IN
39785	61	10	the	the	DT
39785	61	11	Middle	Middle	NNP
39785	61	12	Ages	Ages	NNPS
39785	61	13	in	in	IN
39785	61	14	the	the	DT
39785	61	15	Germanic	germanic	JJ
39785	61	16	states	state	NNS
39785	61	17	;	;	:
39785	61	18	the	the	DT
39785	61	19	tunnel	tunnel	NNP
39785	61	20	shield	shield	NNP
39785	61	21	was	be	VBD
39785	61	22	invented	invent	VBN
39785	61	23	by	by	IN
39785	61	24	a	a	DT
39785	61	25	Frenchman	Frenchman	NNP
39785	61	26	residing	reside	VBG
39785	61	27	in	in	IN
39785	61	28	England	England	NNP
39785	61	29	,	,	,
39785	61	30	and	and	CC
39785	61	31	the	the	DT
39785	61	32	use	use	NN
39785	61	33	of	of	IN
39785	61	34	compressed	compress	VBN
39785	61	35	air	air	NN
39785	61	36	to	to	TO
39785	61	37	exclude	exclude	VB
39785	61	38	the	the	DT
39785	61	39	water	water	NN
39785	61	40	from	from	IN
39785	61	41	subaqueous	subaqueous	JJ
39785	61	42	tunnels	tunnel	NNS
39785	61	43	was	be	VBD
39785	61	44	first	first	RB
39785	61	45	introduced	introduce	VBN
39785	61	46	on	on	IN
39785	61	47	a	a	DT
39785	61	48	major	major	JJ
39785	61	49	work	work	NN
39785	61	50	by	by	IN
39785	61	51	an	an	DT
39785	61	52	American	American	NNP
39785	61	53	.	.	.
39785	62	1	In	in	IN
39785	62	2	addition	addition	NN
39785	62	3	,	,	,
39785	62	4	the	the	DT
39785	62	5	two	two	CD
39785	62	6	main	main	JJ
39785	62	7	subdivisions	subdivision	NNS
39785	62	8	,	,	,
39785	62	9	rock	rock	NN
39785	62	10	and	and	CC
39785	62	11	soft	soft	JJ
39785	62	12	-	-	HYPH
39785	62	13	ground	ground	NN
39785	62	14	tunneling	tunneling	NN
39785	62	15	,	,	,
39785	62	16	are	be	VBP
39785	62	17	each	each	DT
39785	62	18	introduced	introduce	VBN
39785	62	19	by	by	IN
39785	62	20	a	a	DT
39785	62	21	model	model	NN
39785	62	22	not	not	RB
39785	62	23	of	of	IN
39785	62	24	an	an	DT
39785	62	25	actual	actual	JJ
39785	62	26	working	working	NN
39785	62	27	,	,	,
39785	62	28	but	but	CC
39785	62	29	of	of	IN
39785	62	30	one	one	CD
39785	62	31	typifying	typify	VBG
39785	62	32	early	early	JJ
39785	62	33	classical	classical	JJ
39785	62	34	methods	method	NNS
39785	62	35	which	which	WDT
39785	62	36	were	be	VBD
39785	62	37	in	in	IN
39785	62	38	use	use	NN
39785	62	39	for	for	IN
39785	62	40	centuries	century	NNS
39785	62	41	until	until	IN
39785	62	42	the	the	DT
39785	62	43	comparatively	comparatively	RB
39785	62	44	recent	recent	JJ
39785	62	45	development	development	NN
39785	62	46	of	of	IN
39785	62	47	more	more	JJR
39785	62	48	efficient	efficient	JJ
39785	62	49	systems	system	NNS
39785	62	50	of	of	IN
39785	62	51	earth	earth	NN
39785	62	52	support	support	NN
39785	62	53	and	and	CC
39785	62	54	rock	rock	NN
39785	62	55	breaking	breaking	NN
39785	62	56	.	.	.
39785	63	1	Particular	particular	JJ
39785	63	2	attention	attention	NN
39785	63	3	is	be	VBZ
39785	63	4	given	give	VBN
39785	63	5	to	to	IN
39785	63	6	accuracy	accuracy	NN
39785	63	7	of	of	IN
39785	63	8	detail	detail	NN
39785	63	9	throughout	throughout	IN
39785	63	10	the	the	DT
39785	63	11	series	series	NN
39785	63	12	of	of	IN
39785	63	13	eight	eight	CD
39785	63	14	models	model	NNS
39785	63	15	;	;	:
39785	63	16	original	original	JJ
39785	63	17	sources	source	NNS
39785	63	18	of	of	IN
39785	63	19	descriptive	descriptive	JJ
39785	63	20	and	and	CC
39785	63	21	graphic	graphic	JJ
39785	63	22	information	information	NN
39785	63	23	were	be	VBD
39785	63	24	used	use	VBN
39785	63	25	in	in	IN
39785	63	26	their	-PRON-	PRP$
39785	63	27	construction	construction	NN
39785	63	28	wherever	wherever	WRB
39785	63	29	possible	possible	JJ
39785	63	30	.	.	.
39785	64	1	In	in	IN
39785	64	2	all	all	DT
39785	64	3	cases	case	NNS
39785	64	4	except	except	IN
39785	64	5	the	the	DT
39785	64	6	introductory	introductory	JJ
39785	64	7	model	model	NN
39785	64	8	in	in	IN
39785	64	9	the	the	DT
39785	64	10	rock	rock	NN
39785	64	11	-	-	HYPH
39785	64	12	tunneling	tunnel	VBG
39785	64	13	series	series	NN
39785	64	14	,	,	,
39785	64	15	representing	represent	VBG
39785	64	16	copper	copper	NN
39785	64	17	mining	mining	NN
39785	64	18	by	by	IN
39785	64	19	early	early	JJ
39785	64	20	civilizations	civilization	NNS
39785	64	21	,	,	,
39785	64	22	these	these	DT
39785	64	23	sources	source	NNS
39785	64	24	were	be	VBD
39785	64	25	contemporary	contemporary	JJ
39785	64	26	accounts	account	NNS
39785	64	27	.	.	.
39785	65	1	The	the	DT
39785	65	2	plan	plan	NN
39785	65	3	to	to	TO
39785	65	4	use	use	VB
39785	65	5	a	a	DT
39785	65	6	uniform	uniform	JJ
39785	65	7	scale	scale	NN
39785	65	8	of	of	IN
39785	65	9	reduction	reduction	NN
39785	65	10	throughout	throughout	IN
39785	65	11	,	,	,
39785	65	12	in	in	IN
39785	65	13	order	order	NN
39785	65	14	to	to	TO
39785	65	15	facilitate	facilitate	VB
39785	65	16	the	the	DT
39785	65	17	viewers	viewer	NNS
39785	65	18	'	'	POS
39785	65	19	interpretation	interpretation	NN
39785	65	20	,	,	,
39785	65	21	unfortunately	unfortunately	RB
39785	65	22	proved	prove	VBN
39785	65	23	impractical	impractical	JJ
39785	65	24	,	,	,
39785	65	25	due	due	IN
39785	65	26	to	to	IN
39785	65	27	the	the	DT
39785	65	28	great	great	JJ
39785	65	29	difference	difference	NN
39785	65	30	in	in	IN
39785	65	31	the	the	DT
39785	65	32	amount	amount	NN
39785	65	33	of	of	IN
39785	65	34	area	area	NN
39785	65	35	to	to	TO
39785	65	36	be	be	VB
39785	65	37	encompassed	encompass	VBN
39785	65	38	in	in	IN
39785	65	39	different	different	JJ
39785	65	40	models	model	NNS
39785	65	41	,	,	,
39785	65	42	and	and	CC
39785	65	43	the	the	DT
39785	65	44	necessity	necessity	NN
39785	65	45	that	that	WDT
39785	65	46	the	the	DT
39785	65	47	cases	case	NNS
39785	65	48	holding	hold	VBG
39785	65	49	them	-PRON-	PRP
39785	65	50	be	be	VB
39785	65	51	of	of	IN
39785	65	52	uniform	uniform	JJ
39785	65	53	height	height	NN
39785	65	54	.	.	.
39785	66	1	The	the	DT
39785	66	2	related	related	JJ
39785	66	3	models	model	NNS
39785	66	4	of	of	IN
39785	66	5	the	the	DT
39785	66	6	Broadway	Broadway	NNP
39785	66	7	and	and	CC
39785	66	8	Tower	Tower	NNP
39785	66	9	Subways	Subways	NNP
39785	66	10	represent	represent	VBP
39785	66	11	short	short	JJ
39785	66	12	sections	section	NNS
39785	66	13	of	of	IN
39785	66	14	tunnels	tunnel	NNS
39785	66	15	only	only	RB
39785	66	16	8	8	CD
39785	66	17	feet	foot	NNS
39785	66	18	or	or	CC
39785	66	19	so	so	RB
39785	66	20	in	in	IN
39785	66	21	diameter	diameter	NN
39785	66	22	enabling	enable	VBG
39785	66	23	a	a	DT
39785	66	24	relatively	relatively	RB
39785	66	25	large	large	JJ
39785	66	26	scale	scale	NN
39785	66	27	,	,	,
39785	66	28	1	1	CD
39785	66	29	-	-	SYM
39785	66	30	1/2	1/2	CD
39785	66	31	inches	inch	NNS
39785	66	32	to	to	IN
39785	66	33	the	the	DT
39785	66	34	foot	foot	NN
39785	66	35	,	,	,
39785	66	36	to	to	TO
39785	66	37	be	be	VB
39785	66	38	used	use	VBN
39785	66	39	.	.	.
39785	67	1	Conversely	conversely	RB
39785	67	2	,	,	,
39785	67	3	in	in	IN
39785	67	4	order	order	NN
39785	67	5	that	that	IN
39785	67	6	the	the	DT
39785	67	7	model	model	NN
39785	67	8	of	of	IN
39785	67	9	Brunel	Brunel	NNP
39785	67	10	's	's	POS
39785	67	11	Thames	Thames	NNP
39785	67	12	Tunnel	Tunnel	NNP
39785	67	13	be	be	VB
39785	67	14	most	most	RBS
39785	67	15	effective	effective	JJ
39785	67	16	,	,	,
39785	67	17	it	-PRON-	PRP
39785	67	18	was	be	VBD
39785	67	19	necessary	necessary	JJ
39785	67	20	to	to	TO
39785	67	21	include	include	VB
39785	67	22	one	one	CD
39785	67	23	of	of	IN
39785	67	24	the	the	DT
39785	67	25	vertical	vertical	JJ
39785	67	26	terminal	terminal	NN
39785	67	27	shafts	shaft	NNS
39785	67	28	used	use	VBN
39785	67	29	in	in	IN
39785	67	30	its	-PRON-	PRP$
39785	67	31	construction	construction	NN
39785	67	32	.	.	.
39785	68	1	These	these	DT
39785	68	2	were	be	VBD
39785	68	3	about	about	RB
39785	68	4	60	60	CD
39785	68	5	feet	foot	NNS
39785	68	6	in	in	IN
39785	68	7	depth	depth	NN
39785	68	8	,	,	,
39785	68	9	and	and	CC
39785	68	10	thus	thus	RB
39785	68	11	the	the	DT
39785	68	12	much	much	RB
39785	68	13	smaller	small	JJR
39785	68	14	scale	scale	NN
39785	68	15	of	of	IN
39785	68	16	1/4	1/4	CD
39785	68	17	inch	inch	NN
39785	68	18	to	to	IN
39785	68	19	the	the	DT
39785	68	20	foot	foot	NN
39785	68	21	was	be	VBD
39785	68	22	used	use	VBN
39785	68	23	.	.	.
39785	69	1	This	this	DT
39785	69	2	variation	variation	NN
39785	69	3	is	be	VBZ
39785	69	4	not	not	RB
39785	69	5	as	as	RB
39785	69	6	confusing	confusing	JJ
39785	69	7	as	as	IN
39785	69	8	might	may	MD
39785	69	9	be	be	VB
39785	69	10	thought	think	VBN
39785	69	11	,	,	,
39785	69	12	for	for	IN
39785	69	13	the	the	DT
39785	69	14	human	human	JJ
39785	69	15	figures	figure	NNS
39785	69	16	in	in	IN
39785	69	17	each	each	DT
39785	69	18	model	model	NN
39785	69	19	provide	provide	VBP
39785	69	20	an	an	DT
39785	69	21	immediate	immediate	JJ
39785	69	22	and	and	CC
39785	69	23	positive	positive	JJ
39785	69	24	sense	sense	NN
39785	69	25	of	of	IN
39785	69	26	proportion	proportion	NN
39785	69	27	and	and	CC
39785	69	28	scale	scale	NN
39785	69	29	.	.	.
39785	70	1	Careful	careful	JJ
39785	70	2	thought	thought	NN
39785	70	3	was	be	VBD
39785	70	4	devoted	devoted	JJ
39785	70	5	to	to	IN
39785	70	6	the	the	DT
39785	70	7	internal	internal	JJ
39785	70	8	lighting	lighting	NN
39785	70	9	of	of	IN
39785	70	10	the	the	DT
39785	70	11	models	model	NNS
39785	70	12	,	,	,
39785	70	13	as	as	IN
39785	70	14	this	this	DT
39785	70	15	was	be	VBD
39785	70	16	one	one	CD
39785	70	17	of	of	IN
39785	70	18	the	the	DT
39785	70	19	critical	critical	JJ
39785	70	20	factors	factor	NNS
39785	70	21	in	in	IN
39785	70	22	establishing	establish	VBG
39785	70	23	,	,	,
39785	70	24	so	so	RB
39785	70	25	far	far	RB
39785	70	26	as	as	IN
39785	70	27	is	be	VBZ
39785	70	28	possible	possible	JJ
39785	70	29	in	in	IN
39785	70	30	a	a	DT
39785	70	31	model	model	NN
39785	70	32	,	,	,
39785	70	33	an	an	DT
39785	70	34	atmosphere	atmosphere	NN
39785	70	35	convincingly	convincingly	RB
39785	70	36	representative	representative	JJ
39785	70	37	of	of	IN
39785	70	38	work	work	NN
39785	70	39	conducted	conduct	VBN
39785	70	40	solely	solely	RB
39785	70	41	by	by	IN
39785	70	42	artificial	artificial	JJ
39785	70	43	light	light	NN
39785	70	44	.	.	.
39785	71	1	Remarkable	remarkable	JJ
39785	71	2	realism	realism	NN
39785	71	3	was	be	VBD
39785	71	4	achieved	achieve	VBN
39785	71	5	by	by	IN
39785	71	6	use	use	NN
39785	71	7	of	of	IN
39785	71	8	plastic	plastic	JJ
39785	71	9	rods	rod	NNS
39785	71	10	to	to	TO
39785	71	11	conduct	conduct	VB
39785	71	12	light	light	NN
39785	71	13	to	to	IN
39785	71	14	the	the	DT
39785	71	15	tiny	tiny	JJ
39785	71	16	sources	source	NNS
39785	71	17	of	of	IN
39785	71	18	tunnel	tunnel	NN
39785	71	19	illumination	illumination	NN
39785	71	20	,	,	,
39785	71	21	such	such	JJ
39785	71	22	as	as	IN
39785	71	23	the	the	DT
39785	71	24	candles	candle	NNS
39785	71	25	on	on	IN
39785	71	26	the	the	DT
39785	71	27	miners	miner	NNS
39785	71	28	'	'	POS
39785	71	29	hats	hat	NNS
39785	71	30	in	in	IN
39785	71	31	the	the	DT
39785	71	32	Hoosac	Hoosac	NNP
39785	71	33	Tunnel	Tunnel	NNP
39785	71	34	,	,	,
39785	71	35	and	and	CC
39785	71	36	the	the	DT
39785	71	37	gas	gas	NN
39785	71	38	lights	light	NNS
39785	71	39	in	in	IN
39785	71	40	the	the	DT
39785	71	41	Thames	Thames	NNP
39785	71	42	Tunnel	Tunnel	NNP
39785	71	43	.	.	.
39785	72	1	No	no	DT
39785	72	2	overscaled	overscale	VBN
39785	72	3	miniature	miniature	JJ
39785	72	4	bulbs	bulb	NNS
39785	72	5	,	,	,
39785	72	6	generally	generally	RB
39785	72	7	applied	apply	VBN
39785	72	8	in	in	IN
39785	72	9	such	such	JJ
39785	72	10	cases	case	NNS
39785	72	11	,	,	,
39785	72	12	were	be	VBD
39785	72	13	used	use	VBN
39785	72	14	.	.	.
39785	73	1	At	at	IN
39785	73	2	several	several	JJ
39785	73	3	points	point	NNS
39785	73	4	where	where	WRB
39785	73	5	the	the	DT
39785	73	6	general	general	JJ
39785	73	7	lighting	lighting	NN
39785	73	8	within	within	IN
39785	73	9	the	the	DT
39785	73	10	tunnel	tunnel	NN
39785	73	11	proper	proper	JJ
39785	73	12	has	have	VBZ
39785	73	13	been	be	VBN
39785	73	14	kept	keep	VBN
39785	73	15	at	at	IN
39785	73	16	a	a	DT
39785	73	17	low	low	JJ
39785	73	18	level	level	NN
39785	73	19	to	to	TO
39785	73	20	simulate	simulate	VB
39785	73	21	the	the	DT
39785	73	22	natural	natural	JJ
39785	73	23	atmosphere	atmosphere	NN
39785	73	24	of	of	IN
39785	73	25	the	the	DT
39785	73	26	work	work	NN
39785	73	27	,	,	,
39785	73	28	hidden	hide	VBN
39785	73	29	lamps	lamp	NNS
39785	73	30	can	can	MD
39785	73	31	be	be	VB
39785	73	32	operated	operate	VBN
39785	73	33	by	by	IN
39785	73	34	push	push	NN
39785	73	35	-	-	HYPH
39785	73	36	button	button	NN
39785	73	37	in	in	IN
39785	73	38	order	order	NN
39785	73	39	to	to	TO
39785	73	40	bring	bring	VB
39785	73	41	out	out	RP
39785	73	42	detail	detail	NN
39785	73	43	which	which	WDT
39785	73	44	otherwise	otherwise	RB
39785	73	45	would	would	MD
39785	73	46	be	be	VB
39785	73	47	unseen	unseen	JJ
39785	73	48	.	.	.
39785	74	1	The	the	DT
39785	74	2	remainder	remainder	NN
39785	74	3	of	of	IN
39785	74	4	the	the	DT
39785	74	5	material	material	NN
39785	74	6	in	in	IN
39785	74	7	the	the	DT
39785	74	8	Museum	Museum	NNP
39785	74	9	's	's	POS
39785	74	10	tunneling	tunneling	NN
39785	74	11	section	section	NN
39785	74	12	further	further	RB
39785	74	13	extends	extend	VBZ
39785	74	14	the	the	DT
39785	74	15	two	two	CD
39785	74	16	major	major	JJ
39785	74	17	aspects	aspect	NNS
39785	74	18	of	of	IN
39785	74	19	tunneling	tunnel	VBG
39785	74	20	.	.	.
39785	75	1	Space	space	NN
39785	75	2	limitations	limitation	NNS
39785	75	3	did	do	VBD
39785	75	4	not	not	RB
39785	75	5	permit	permit	VB
39785	75	6	treatment	treatment	NN
39785	75	7	of	of	IN
39785	75	8	the	the	DT
39785	75	9	many	many	JJ
39785	75	10	interesting	interesting	JJ
39785	75	11	ancillary	ancillary	JJ
39785	75	12	matters	matter	NNS
39785	75	13	vital	vital	JJ
39785	75	14	to	to	TO
39785	75	15	tunnel	tunnel	VB
39785	75	16	engineering	engineering	NN
39785	75	17	,	,	,
39785	75	18	such	such	JJ
39785	75	19	as	as	IN
39785	75	20	the	the	DT
39785	75	21	unique	unique	JJ
39785	75	22	problems	problem	NNS
39785	75	23	of	of	IN
39785	75	24	subterranean	subterranean	JJ
39785	75	25	surveying	surveying	NN
39785	75	26	,	,	,
39785	75	27	and	and	CC
39785	75	28	the	the	DT
39785	75	29	extreme	extreme	JJ
39785	75	30	accuracy	accuracy	NN
39785	75	31	required	require	VBN
39785	75	32	in	in	IN
39785	75	33	the	the	DT
39785	75	34	triangulation	triangulation	NN
39785	75	35	and	and	CC
39785	75	36	subsequent	subsequent	JJ
39785	75	37	guidance	guidance	NN
39785	75	38	of	of	IN
39785	75	39	the	the	DT
39785	75	40	boring	boring	NN
39785	75	41	in	in	IN
39785	75	42	long	long	JJ
39785	75	43	mountain	mountain	NN
39785	75	44	tunnels	tunnel	NNS
39785	75	45	;	;	:
39785	75	46	nor	nor	CC
39785	75	47	the	the	DT
39785	75	48	difficult	difficult	JJ
39785	75	49	problems	problem	NNS
39785	75	50	of	of	IN
39785	75	51	ventilating	ventilate	VBG
39785	75	52	long	long	JJ
39785	75	53	workings	working	NNS
39785	75	54	,	,	,
39785	75	55	both	both	CC
39785	75	56	during	during	IN
39785	75	57	driving	driving	NN
39785	75	58	and	and	CC
39785	75	59	in	in	IN
39785	75	60	service	service	NN
39785	75	61	;	;	:
39785	75	62	nor	nor	CC
39785	75	63	the	the	DT
39785	75	64	several	several	JJ
39785	75	65	major	major	JJ
39785	75	66	methods	method	NNS
39785	75	67	developed	develop	VBN
39785	75	68	through	through	IN
39785	75	69	the	the	DT
39785	75	70	years	year	NNS
39785	75	71	for	for	IN
39785	75	72	driving	drive	VBG
39785	75	73	or	or	CC
39785	75	74	constructing	construct	VBG
39785	75	75	tunnels	tunnel	NNS
39785	75	76	in	in	IN
39785	75	77	other	other	JJ
39785	75	78	than	than	IN
39785	75	79	the	the	DT
39785	75	80	conventional	conventional	JJ
39785	75	81	manner	manner	NN
39785	75	82	.	.	.
39785	76	1	[	[	-LRB-
39785	76	2	1	1	LS
39785	76	3	]	]	-RRB-
39785	76	4	Rock	Rock	NNP
39785	76	5	Tunneling	Tunneling	NNP
39785	76	6	While	while	IN
39785	76	7	the	the	DT
39785	76	8	art	art	NN
39785	76	9	of	of	IN
39785	76	10	tunneling	tunnel	VBG
39785	76	11	soft	soft	JJ
39785	76	12	ground	ground	NN
39785	76	13	is	be	VBZ
39785	76	14	of	of	IN
39785	76	15	relatively	relatively	RB
39785	76	16	recent	recent	JJ
39785	76	17	origin	origin	NN
39785	76	18	,	,	,
39785	76	19	that	that	DT
39785	76	20	of	of	IN
39785	76	21	rock	rock	NN
39785	76	22	tunneling	tunneling	NN
39785	76	23	is	be	VBZ
39785	76	24	deeply	deeply	RB
39785	76	25	rooted	root	VBN
39785	76	26	in	in	IN
39785	76	27	antiquity	antiquity	NN
39785	76	28	.	.	.
39785	77	1	However	however	RB
39785	77	2	,	,	,
39785	77	3	the	the	DT
39785	77	4	line	line	NN
39785	77	5	of	of	IN
39785	77	6	its	-PRON-	PRP$
39785	77	7	development	development	NN
39785	77	8	is	be	VBZ
39785	77	9	not	not	RB
39785	77	10	absolutely	absolutely	RB
39785	77	11	direct	direct	JJ
39785	77	12	,	,	,
39785	77	13	but	but	CC
39785	77	14	is	be	VBZ
39785	77	15	more	more	RBR
39785	77	16	logically	logically	RB
39785	77	17	followed	follow	VBN
39785	77	18	through	through	IN
39785	77	19	a	a	DT
39785	77	20	closely	closely	RB
39785	77	21	related	related	JJ
39785	77	22	branch	branch	NN
39785	77	23	of	of	IN
39785	77	24	technology	technology	NN
39785	77	25	--	--	:
39785	77	26	mining	mining	NN
39785	77	27	.	.	.
39785	78	1	The	the	DT
39785	78	2	development	development	NN
39785	78	3	of	of	IN
39785	78	4	mining	mining	NN
39785	78	5	techniques	technique	NNS
39785	78	6	is	be	VBZ
39785	78	7	a	a	DT
39785	78	8	practically	practically	RB
39785	78	9	unbroken	unbroken	JJ
39785	78	10	one	one	CD
39785	78	11	,	,	,
39785	78	12	whereas	whereas	IN
39785	78	13	there	there	EX
39785	78	14	appears	appear	VBZ
39785	78	15	little	little	JJ
39785	78	16	continuity	continuity	NN
39785	78	17	or	or	CC
39785	78	18	relationship	relationship	NN
39785	78	19	between	between	IN
39785	78	20	the	the	DT
39785	78	21	few	few	JJ
39785	78	22	works	work	NNS
39785	78	23	undertaken	undertake	VBN
39785	78	24	before	before	IN
39785	78	25	about	about	IN
39785	78	26	the	the	DT
39785	78	27	18th	18th	JJ
39785	78	28	century	century	NN
39785	78	29	for	for	IN
39785	78	30	passage	passage	NN
39785	78	31	through	through	IN
39785	78	32	the	the	DT
39785	78	33	earth	earth	NN
39785	78	34	.	.	.
39785	79	1	The	the	DT
39785	79	2	Egyptians	Egyptians	NNPS
39785	79	3	were	be	VBD
39785	79	4	the	the	DT
39785	79	5	first	first	JJ
39785	79	6	people	people	NNS
39785	79	7	in	in	IN
39785	79	8	recorded	record	VBN
39785	79	9	history	history	NN
39785	79	10	to	to	TO
39785	79	11	have	have	VB
39785	79	12	driven	drive	VBN
39785	79	13	openings	opening	NNS
39785	79	14	,	,	,
39785	79	15	often	often	RB
39785	79	16	of	of	IN
39785	79	17	considerable	considerable	JJ
39785	79	18	magnitude	magnitude	NN
39785	79	19	,	,	,
39785	79	20	through	through	IN
39785	79	21	solid	solid	JJ
39785	79	22	rock	rock	NN
39785	79	23	.	.	.
39785	80	1	As	as	IN
39785	80	2	is	be	VBZ
39785	80	3	true	true	JJ
39785	80	4	of	of	IN
39785	80	5	all	all	DT
39785	80	6	major	major	JJ
39785	80	7	works	work	NNS
39785	80	8	of	of	IN
39785	80	9	that	that	DT
39785	80	10	nation	nation	NN
39785	80	11	,	,	,
39785	80	12	the	the	DT
39785	80	13	capability	capability	NN
39785	80	14	of	of	IN
39785	80	15	such	such	JJ
39785	80	16	grand	grand	JJ
39785	80	17	proportion	proportion	NN
39785	80	18	was	be	VBD
39785	80	19	due	due	JJ
39785	80	20	solely	solely	RB
39785	80	21	to	to	IN
39785	80	22	the	the	DT
39785	80	23	inexhaustible	inexhaustible	JJ
39785	80	24	supply	supply	NN
39785	80	25	of	of	IN
39785	80	26	human	human	JJ
39785	80	27	power	power	NN
39785	80	28	and	and	CC
39785	80	29	the	the	DT
39785	80	30	casual	casual	JJ
39785	80	31	evaluation	evaluation	NN
39785	80	32	of	of	IN
39785	80	33	life	life	NN
39785	80	34	.	.	.
39785	81	1	The	the	DT
39785	81	2	tombs	tomb	NNS
39785	81	3	and	and	CC
39785	81	4	temples	temple	NNS
39785	81	5	won	win	VBD
39785	81	6	from	from	IN
39785	81	7	the	the	DT
39785	81	8	rock	rock	NN
39785	81	9	masses	masse	NNS
39785	81	10	of	of	IN
39785	81	11	the	the	DT
39785	81	12	Nile	Nile	NNP
39785	81	13	Valley	Valley	NNP
39785	81	14	are	be	VBP
39785	81	15	monuments	monument	NNS
39785	81	16	of	of	IN
39785	81	17	perseverance	perseverance	NN
39785	81	18	rather	rather	RB
39785	81	19	than	than	IN
39785	81	20	technical	technical	JJ
39785	81	21	skill	skill	NN
39785	81	22	.	.	.
39785	82	1	Neither	neither	CC
39785	82	2	the	the	DT
39785	82	3	Egyptians	Egyptians	NNPS
39785	82	4	nor	nor	CC
39785	82	5	any	any	DT
39785	82	6	other	other	JJ
39785	82	7	peoples	people	NNS
39785	82	8	before	before	IN
39785	82	9	the	the	DT
39785	82	10	Middle	Middle	NNP
39785	82	11	Ages	Ages	NNPS
39785	82	12	have	have	VBP
39785	82	13	left	leave	VBN
39785	82	14	any	any	DT
39785	82	15	consistent	consistent	JJ
39785	82	16	evidence	evidence	NN
39785	82	17	that	that	IN
39785	82	18	they	-PRON-	PRP
39785	82	19	were	be	VBD
39785	82	20	able	able	JJ
39785	82	21	to	to	TO
39785	82	22	pierce	pierce	VB
39785	82	23	ground	ground	NN
39785	82	24	that	that	WDT
39785	82	25	would	would	MD
39785	82	26	not	not	RB
39785	82	27	support	support	VB
39785	82	28	itself	-PRON-	PRP
39785	82	29	above	above	IN
39785	82	30	the	the	DT
39785	82	31	opening	opening	NN
39785	82	32	as	as	IN
39785	82	33	would	would	MD
39785	82	34	firm	firm	VB
39785	82	35	rock	rock	NN
39785	82	36	.	.	.
39785	83	1	In	in	IN
39785	83	2	Egypt	Egypt	NNP
39785	83	3	were	be	VBD
39785	83	4	established	establish	VBN
39785	83	5	the	the	DT
39785	83	6	methods	method	NNS
39785	83	7	of	of	IN
39785	83	8	rock	rock	NN
39785	83	9	breaking	breaking	NN
39785	83	10	that	that	WDT
39785	83	11	were	be	VBD
39785	83	12	to	to	TO
39785	83	13	remain	remain	VB
39785	83	14	classical	classical	JJ
39785	83	15	until	until	IN
39785	83	16	the	the	DT
39785	83	17	first	first	JJ
39785	83	18	use	use	NN
39785	83	19	of	of	IN
39785	83	20	gun	gun	NN
39785	83	21	-	-	HYPH
39785	83	22	powder	powder	NN
39785	83	23	blasting	blasting	NN
39785	83	24	in	in	IN
39785	83	25	the	the	DT
39785	83	26	17th	17th	JJ
39785	83	27	century	century	NN
39785	83	28	which	which	WDT
39785	83	29	formed	form	VBD
39785	83	30	the	the	DT
39785	83	31	basis	basis	NN
39785	83	32	of	of	IN
39785	83	33	the	the	DT
39785	83	34	ensuing	ensue	VBG
39785	83	35	technology	technology	NN
39785	83	36	of	of	IN
39785	83	37	mining	mining	NN
39785	83	38	.	.	.
39785	84	1	Notwithstanding	notwithstanding	IN
39785	84	2	the	the	DT
39785	84	3	religious	religious	JJ
39785	84	4	motives	motive	NNS
39785	84	5	which	which	WDT
39785	84	6	inspired	inspire	VBD
39785	84	7	the	the	DT
39785	84	8	earliest	early	JJS
39785	84	9	rock	rock	NN
39785	84	10	excavations	excavation	NNS
39785	84	11	,	,	,
39785	84	12	more	more	RBR
39785	84	13	constant	constant	JJ
39785	84	14	and	and	CC
39785	84	15	universal	universal	JJ
39785	84	16	throughout	throughout	IN
39785	84	17	history	history	NN
39785	84	18	has	have	VBZ
39785	84	19	been	be	VBN
39785	84	20	the	the	DT
39785	84	21	incentive	incentive	NN
39785	84	22	to	to	TO
39785	84	23	obtain	obtain	VB
39785	84	24	the	the	DT
39785	84	25	useful	useful	JJ
39785	84	26	and	and	CC
39785	84	27	decorative	decorative	JJ
39785	84	28	minerals	mineral	NNS
39785	84	29	hidden	hide	VBN
39785	84	30	beneath	beneath	IN
39785	84	31	the	the	DT
39785	84	32	earth	earth	NN
39785	84	33	's	's	POS
39785	84	34	surface	surface	NN
39785	84	35	.	.	.
39785	85	1	It	-PRON-	PRP
39785	85	2	was	be	VBD
39785	85	3	the	the	DT
39785	85	4	miner	miner	NN
39785	85	5	who	who	WP
39785	85	6	developed	develop	VBD
39785	85	7	the	the	DT
39785	85	8	methods	method	NNS
39785	85	9	introduced	introduce	VBN
39785	85	10	by	by	IN
39785	85	11	the	the	DT
39785	85	12	early	early	JJ
39785	85	13	civilizations	civilization	NNS
39785	85	14	to	to	TO
39785	85	15	break	break	VB
39785	85	16	rock	rock	NN
39785	85	17	away	away	RB
39785	85	18	from	from	IN
39785	85	19	the	the	DT
39785	85	20	primary	primary	JJ
39785	85	21	mass	mass	NN
39785	85	22	,	,	,
39785	85	23	and	and	CC
39785	85	24	who	who	WP
39785	85	25	added	add	VBD
39785	85	26	the	the	DT
39785	85	27	refinements	refinement	NNS
39785	85	28	of	of	IN
39785	85	29	subterranean	subterranean	NN
39785	85	30	surveying	surveying	NN
39785	85	31	and	and	CC
39785	85	32	ventilating	ventilating	NN
39785	85	33	,	,	,
39785	85	34	all	all	DT
39785	85	35	of	of	IN
39785	85	36	which	which	WDT
39785	85	37	were	be	VBD
39785	85	38	later	later	RB
39785	85	39	to	to	TO
39785	85	40	be	be	VB
39785	85	41	assimilated	assimilate	VBN
39785	85	42	into	into	IN
39785	85	43	the	the	DT
39785	85	44	new	new	JJ
39785	85	45	art	art	NN
39785	85	46	of	of	IN
39785	85	47	driving	drive	VBG
39785	85	48	tunnels	tunnel	NNS
39785	85	49	of	of	IN
39785	85	50	large	large	JJ
39785	85	51	diameter	diameter	NN
39785	85	52	.	.	.
39785	86	1	The	the	DT
39785	86	2	connection	connection	NN
39785	86	3	is	be	VBZ
39785	86	4	the	the	DT
39785	86	5	more	more	RBR
39785	86	6	evident	evident	JJ
39785	86	7	from	from	IN
39785	86	8	the	the	DT
39785	86	9	fact	fact	NN
39785	86	10	that	that	IN
39785	86	11	tunnelmen	tunnelman	NNS
39785	86	12	are	be	VBP
39785	86	13	still	still	RB
39785	86	14	known	know	VBN
39785	86	15	as	as	IN
39785	86	16	miners	miner	NNS
39785	86	17	.	.	.
39785	87	1	COPPER	COPPER	NNP
39785	87	2	MINING	MINING	NNP
39785	87	3	,	,	,
39785	87	4	B.C.	B.C.	NNP
39785	88	1	Therefore	therefore	RB
39785	88	2	,	,	,
39785	88	3	the	the	DT
39785	88	4	first	first	JJ
39785	88	5	model	model	NN
39785	88	6	of	of	IN
39785	88	7	the	the	DT
39785	88	8	sequence	sequence	NN
39785	88	9	,	,	,
39785	88	10	reflecting	reflect	VBG
39785	88	11	elemental	elemental	JJ
39785	88	12	rock	rock	NN
39785	88	13	-	-	HYPH
39785	88	14	breaking	break	VBG
39785	88	15	techniques	technique	NNS
39785	88	16	,	,	,
39785	88	17	depicts	depict	VBZ
39785	88	18	a	a	DT
39785	88	19	hard	hard	JJ
39785	88	20	-	-	HYPH
39785	88	21	rock	rock	NN
39785	88	22	copper	copper	NN
39785	88	23	mine	mine	NN
39785	88	24	(	(	-LRB-
39785	88	25	fig	fig	NN
39785	88	26	.	.	.
39785	89	1	1	1	LS
39785	89	2	)	)	-RRB-
39785	89	3	.	.	.
39785	90	1	Due	due	IN
39785	90	2	to	to	IN
39785	90	3	the	the	DT
39785	90	4	absence	absence	NN
39785	90	5	of	of	IN
39785	90	6	specific	specific	JJ
39785	90	7	information	information	NN
39785	90	8	about	about	IN
39785	90	9	such	such	JJ
39785	90	10	works	work	NNS
39785	90	11	during	during	IN
39785	90	12	the	the	DT
39785	90	13	pre	pre	JJ
39785	90	14	-	-	JJ
39785	90	15	Christian	christian	JJ
39785	90	16	eras	era	NNS
39785	90	17	,	,	,
39785	90	18	this	this	DT
39785	90	19	model	model	NN
39785	90	20	is	be	VBZ
39785	90	21	based	base	VBN
39785	90	22	on	on	IN
39785	90	23	no	no	DT
39785	90	24	particular	particular	JJ
39785	90	25	period	period	NN
39785	90	26	or	or	CC
39785	90	27	locale	locale	NN
39785	90	28	,	,	,
39785	90	29	but	but	CC
39785	90	30	represents	represent	VBZ
39785	90	31	in	in	IN
39785	90	32	a	a	DT
39785	90	33	general	general	JJ
39785	90	34	way	way	NN
39785	90	35	,	,	,
39785	90	36	a	a	DT
39785	90	37	mine	mine	NN
39785	90	38	in	in	IN
39785	90	39	the	the	DT
39785	90	40	Rio	Rio	NNP
39785	90	41	Tinto	Tinto	NNP
39785	90	42	area	area	NN
39785	90	43	of	of	IN
39785	90	44	Spain	Spain	NNP
39785	90	45	where	where	WRB
39785	90	46	copper	copper	NN
39785	90	47	has	have	VBZ
39785	90	48	been	be	VBN
39785	90	49	extracted	extract	VBN
39785	90	50	since	since	IN
39785	90	51	at	at	IN
39785	90	52	least	least	JJS
39785	90	53	1000	1000	CD
39785	90	54	B.C.	B.C.	NNP
39785	91	1	Similar	similar	JJ
39785	91	2	workings	working	NNS
39785	91	3	existed	exist	VBD
39785	91	4	in	in	IN
39785	91	5	the	the	DT
39785	91	6	Tirol	Tirol	NNP
39785	91	7	as	as	RB
39785	91	8	early	early	RB
39785	91	9	as	as	IN
39785	91	10	about	about	RB
39785	91	11	1600	1600	CD
39785	91	12	B.C.	B.C.	NNP
39785	92	1	Two	two	CD
39785	92	2	means	mean	NNS
39785	92	3	of	of	IN
39785	92	4	breaking	break	VBG
39785	92	5	away	away	RB
39785	92	6	the	the	DT
39785	92	7	rock	rock	NN
39785	92	8	are	be	VBP
39785	92	9	shown	show	VBN
39785	92	10	:	:	:
39785	92	11	to	to	IN
39785	92	12	the	the	DT
39785	92	13	left	left	NN
39785	92	14	is	be	VBZ
39785	92	15	the	the	DT
39785	92	16	most	most	RBS
39785	92	17	primitive	primitive	JJ
39785	92	18	of	of	IN
39785	92	19	all	all	DT
39785	92	20	methods	method	NNS
39785	92	21	,	,	,
39785	92	22	the	the	DT
39785	92	23	hammer	hammer	NN
39785	92	24	and	and	CC
39785	92	25	chisel	chisel	NN
39785	92	26	,	,	,
39785	92	27	which	which	WDT
39785	92	28	require	require	VBP
39785	92	29	no	no	DT
39785	92	30	further	further	JJ
39785	92	31	description	description	NN
39785	92	32	.	.	.
39785	93	1	At	at	IN
39785	93	2	the	the	DT
39785	93	3	right	right	JJ
39785	93	4	side	side	NN
39785	93	5	,	,	,
39785	93	6	the	the	DT
39785	93	7	two	two	CD
39785	93	8	figures	figure	NNS
39785	93	9	are	be	VBP
39785	93	10	shown	show	VBN
39785	93	11	utilizing	utilize	VBG
39785	93	12	the	the	DT
39785	93	13	first	first	JJ
39785	93	14	rock	rock	NN
39785	93	15	-	-	HYPH
39785	93	16	breaking	breaking	NN
39785	93	17	method	method	NN
39785	93	18	in	in	IN
39785	93	19	which	which	WDT
39785	93	20	a	a	DT
39785	93	21	force	force	NN
39785	93	22	beyond	beyond	IN
39785	93	23	that	that	DT
39785	93	24	of	of	IN
39785	93	25	human	human	JJ
39785	93	26	muscles	muscle	NNS
39785	93	27	was	be	VBD
39785	93	28	employed	employ	VBN
39785	93	29	,	,	,
39785	93	30	the	the	DT
39785	93	31	age	age	NN
39785	93	32	-	-	HYPH
39785	93	33	old	old	JJ
39785	93	34	"	"	``
39785	93	35	fire	fire	NN
39785	93	36	-	-	HYPH
39785	93	37	setting	set	VBG
39785	93	38	"	"	''
39785	93	39	method	method	NN
39785	93	40	.	.	.
39785	94	1	The	the	DT
39785	94	2	rock	rock	NN
39785	94	3	was	be	VBD
39785	94	4	thoroughly	thoroughly	RB
39785	94	5	heated	heat	VBN
39785	94	6	by	by	IN
39785	94	7	a	a	DT
39785	94	8	fierce	fierce	JJ
39785	94	9	fire	fire	NN
39785	94	10	built	build	VBN
39785	94	11	against	against	IN
39785	94	12	its	-PRON-	PRP$
39785	94	13	face	face	NN
39785	94	14	and	and	CC
39785	94	15	then	then	RB
39785	94	16	suddenly	suddenly	RB
39785	94	17	cooled	cool	VBN
39785	94	18	by	by	IN
39785	94	19	dashing	dash	VBG
39785	94	20	water	water	NN
39785	94	21	against	against	IN
39785	94	22	it	-PRON-	PRP
39785	94	23	.	.	.
39785	95	1	The	the	DT
39785	95	2	thermal	thermal	JJ
39785	95	3	shock	shock	NN
39785	95	4	disintegrated	disintegrate	VBD
39785	95	5	the	the	DT
39785	95	6	rock	rock	NN
39785	95	7	or	or	CC
39785	95	8	ore	ore	VB
39785	95	9	into	into	IN
39785	95	10	bits	bit	NNS
39785	95	11	easily	easily	RB
39785	95	12	removable	removable	JJ
39785	95	13	by	by	IN
39785	95	14	hand	hand	NN
39785	95	15	.	.	.
39785	96	1	[	[	-LRB-
39785	96	2	Illustration	illustration	NN
39785	96	3	:	:	:
39785	96	4	Figure	Figure	NNP
39785	96	5	4.--HOOSAC	4.--hoosac	CD
39785	96	6	TUNNEL	TUNNEL	NNP
39785	96	7	.	.	.
39785	97	1	Bottom	bottom	NN
39785	97	2	of	of	IN
39785	97	3	the	the	DT
39785	97	4	central	central	JJ
39785	97	5	shaft	shaft	NN
39785	97	6	showing	show	VBG
39785	97	7	elevator	elevator	NN
39785	97	8	car	car	NN
39785	97	9	and	and	CC
39785	97	10	rock	rock	NN
39785	97	11	skip	skip	NNS
39785	97	12	;	;	:
39785	97	13	pumps	pump	VBZ
39785	97	14	at	at	IN
39785	97	15	far	far	RB
39785	97	16	right	right	RB
39785	97	17	.	.	.
39785	98	1	In	in	IN
39785	98	2	the	the	DT
39785	98	3	center	center	NN
39785	98	4	,	,	,
39785	98	5	the	the	DT
39785	98	6	top	top	JJ
39785	98	7	bench	bench	NN
39785	98	8	is	be	VBZ
39785	98	9	being	be	VBG
39785	98	10	drilled	drill	VBN
39785	98	11	by	by	IN
39785	98	12	a	a	DT
39785	98	13	single	single	JJ
39785	98	14	column	column	NN
39785	98	15	-	-	HYPH
39785	98	16	mounted	mount	VBN
39785	98	17	Burleigh	Burleigh	NNP
39785	98	18	drill	drill	NN
39785	98	19	.	.	.
39785	99	1	MHT	MHT	NNP
39785	99	2	model--1/2	model--1/2	NNP
39785	99	3	"	"	''
39785	99	4	scale	scale	NN
39785	99	5	.	.	.
39785	100	1	(	(	-LRB-
39785	100	2	Smithsonian	smithsonian	JJ
39785	100	3	photo	photo	NN
39785	100	4	49260-N.	49260-n.	CD
39785	100	5	)	)	-RRB-
39785	100	6	]	]	-RRB-
39785	100	7	The	the	DT
39785	100	8	practice	practice	NN
39785	100	9	of	of	IN
39785	100	10	this	this	DT
39785	100	11	method	method	NN
39785	100	12	below	below	IN
39785	100	13	ground	ground	NN
39785	100	14	,	,	,
39785	100	15	of	of	IN
39785	100	16	course	course	NN
39785	100	17	,	,	,
39785	100	18	produced	produce	VBD
39785	100	19	a	a	DT
39785	100	20	fearfully	fearfully	RB
39785	100	21	vitiated	vitiate	VBN
39785	100	22	atmosphere	atmosphere	NN
39785	100	23	.	.	.
39785	101	1	It	-PRON-	PRP
39785	101	2	is	be	VBZ
39785	101	3	difficult	difficult	JJ
39785	101	4	to	to	TO
39785	101	5	imagine	imagine	VB
39785	101	6	whether	whether	IN
39785	101	7	the	the	DT
39785	101	8	smoke	smoke	NN
39785	101	9	,	,	,
39785	101	10	the	the	DT
39785	101	11	steam	steam	NN
39785	101	12	,	,	,
39785	101	13	or	or	CC
39785	101	14	the	the	DT
39785	101	15	toxic	toxic	JJ
39785	101	16	fumes	fume	NNS
39785	101	17	from	from	IN
39785	101	18	the	the	DT
39785	101	19	roasting	roast	VBG
39785	101	20	ore	ore	NN
39785	101	21	was	be	VBD
39785	101	22	the	the	DT
39785	101	23	more	more	RBR
39785	101	24	distressing	distressing	JJ
39785	101	25	to	to	IN
39785	101	26	the	the	DT
39785	101	27	miners	miner	NNS
39785	101	28	.	.	.
39785	102	1	Even	even	RB
39785	102	2	when	when	WRB
39785	102	3	performed	perform	VBN
39785	102	4	by	by	IN
39785	102	5	labor	labor	NN
39785	102	6	considered	consider	VBD
39785	102	7	more	more	RBR
39785	102	8	or	or	CC
39785	102	9	less	less	RBR
39785	102	10	expendable	expendable	JJ
39785	102	11	,	,	,
39785	102	12	the	the	DT
39785	102	13	method	method	NN
39785	102	14	could	could	MD
39785	102	15	be	be	VB
39785	102	16	employed	employ	VBN
39785	102	17	only	only	RB
39785	102	18	where	where	WRB
39785	102	19	there	there	EX
39785	102	20	was	be	VBD
39785	102	21	ventilation	ventilation	NN
39785	102	22	of	of	IN
39785	102	23	some	some	DT
39785	102	24	sort	sort	NN
39785	102	25	:	:	:
39785	102	26	natural	natural	JJ
39785	102	27	chimneys	chimney	NNS
39785	102	28	and	and	CC
39785	102	29	convection	convection	NN
39785	102	30	currents	current	NNS
39785	102	31	were	be	VBD
39785	102	32	the	the	DT
39785	102	33	chief	chief	JJ
39785	102	34	sources	source	NNS
39785	102	35	of	of	IN
39785	102	36	air	air	NN
39785	102	37	circulation	circulation	NN
39785	102	38	.	.	.
39785	103	1	Despite	despite	IN
39785	103	2	the	the	DT
39785	103	3	drawbacks	drawback	NNS
39785	103	4	of	of	IN
39785	103	5	the	the	DT
39785	103	6	fire	fire	NN
39785	103	7	system	system	NN
39785	103	8	,	,	,
39785	103	9	its	-PRON-	PRP$
39785	103	10	simplicity	simplicity	NN
39785	103	11	and	and	CC
39785	103	12	efficacy	efficacy	NN
39785	103	13	weighed	weigh	VBD
39785	103	14	so	so	RB
39785	103	15	heavily	heavily	RB
39785	103	16	in	in	IN
39785	103	17	its	-PRON-	PRP$
39785	103	18	favor	favor	NN
39785	103	19	that	that	IN
39785	103	20	its	-PRON-	PRP$
39785	103	21	history	history	NN
39785	103	22	of	of	IN
39785	103	23	use	use	NN
39785	103	24	is	be	VBZ
39785	103	25	unbroken	unbroken	VBN
39785	103	26	almost	almost	RB
39785	103	27	to	to	IN
39785	103	28	the	the	DT
39785	103	29	present	present	JJ
39785	103	30	day	day	NN
39785	103	31	.	.	.
39785	104	1	Fire	fire	NN
39785	104	2	setting	setting	NN
39785	104	3	was	be	VBD
39785	104	4	of	of	IN
39785	104	5	greatest	great	JJS
39785	104	6	importance	importance	NN
39785	104	7	during	during	IN
39785	104	8	the	the	DT
39785	104	9	years	year	NNS
39785	104	10	of	of	IN
39785	104	11	intensive	intensive	JJ
39785	104	12	mining	mining	NN
39785	104	13	in	in	IN
39785	104	14	Europe	Europe	NNP
39785	104	15	before	before	IN
39785	104	16	the	the	DT
39785	104	17	advent	advent	NN
39785	104	18	of	of	IN
39785	104	19	explosive	explosive	JJ
39785	104	20	blasting	blasting	NN
39785	104	21	,	,	,
39785	104	22	but	but	CC
39785	104	23	its	-PRON-	PRP$
39785	104	24	use	use	NN
39785	104	25	in	in	IN
39785	104	26	many	many	JJ
39785	104	27	remote	remote	JJ
39785	104	28	areas	area	NNS
39785	104	29	hardly	hardly	RB
39785	104	30	slackened	slacken	VBD
39785	104	31	until	until	IN
39785	104	32	the	the	DT
39785	104	33	early	early	JJ
39785	104	34	20th	20th	JJ
39785	104	35	century	century	NN
39785	104	36	because	because	IN
39785	104	37	of	of	IN
39785	104	38	its	-PRON-	PRP$
39785	104	39	low	low	JJ
39785	104	40	cost	cost	NN
39785	104	41	when	when	WRB
39785	104	42	compared	compare	VBN
39785	104	43	to	to	IN
39785	104	44	powder	powder	NN
39785	104	45	.	.	.
39785	105	1	For	for	IN
39785	105	2	this	this	DT
39785	105	3	same	same	JJ
39785	105	4	reason	reason	NN
39785	105	5	,	,	,
39785	105	6	it	-PRON-	PRP
39785	105	7	did	do	VBD
39785	105	8	have	have	VB
39785	105	9	limited	limited	JJ
39785	105	10	application	application	NN
39785	105	11	in	in	IN
39785	105	12	actual	actual	JJ
39785	105	13	tunnel	tunnel	NN
39785	105	14	work	work	NN
39785	105	15	until	until	IN
39785	105	16	about	about	IN
39785	105	17	1900	1900	CD
39785	105	18	.	.	.
39785	106	1	Direct	direct	JJ
39785	106	2	handwork	handwork	NN
39785	106	3	with	with	IN
39785	106	4	pick	pick	NN
39785	106	5	,	,	,
39785	106	6	chisel	chisel	NN
39785	106	7	and	and	CC
39785	106	8	hammer	hammer	NN
39785	106	9	,	,	,
39785	106	10	and	and	CC
39785	106	11	fire	fire	NN
39785	106	12	setting	setting	NN
39785	106	13	were	be	VBD
39785	106	14	the	the	DT
39785	106	15	principal	principal	JJ
39785	106	16	means	mean	NNS
39785	106	17	of	of	IN
39785	106	18	rock	rock	NN
39785	106	19	removal	removal	NN
39785	106	20	for	for	IN
39785	106	21	centuries	century	NNS
39785	106	22	.	.	.
39785	107	1	Although	although	IN
39785	107	2	various	various	JJ
39785	107	3	wedging	wedging	NN
39785	107	4	systems	system	NNS
39785	107	5	were	be	VBD
39785	107	6	also	also	RB
39785	107	7	in	in	IN
39785	107	8	favor	favor	NN
39785	107	9	in	in	IN
39785	107	10	some	some	DT
39785	107	11	situations	situation	NNS
39785	107	12	,	,	,
39785	107	13	their	-PRON-	PRP$
39785	107	14	importance	importance	NN
39785	107	15	was	be	VBD
39785	107	16	so	so	RB
39785	107	17	slight	slight	JJ
39785	107	18	that	that	IN
39785	107	19	they	-PRON-	PRP
39785	107	20	were	be	VBD
39785	107	21	not	not	RB
39785	107	22	shown	show	VBN
39785	107	23	in	in	IN
39785	107	24	the	the	DT
39785	107	25	model	model	NN
39785	107	26	.	.	.
39785	108	1	HOOSAC	HOOSAC	NNP
39785	108	2	TUNNEL	TUNNEL	NNP
39785	108	3	It	-PRON-	PRP
39785	108	4	was	be	VBD
39785	108	5	possible	possible	JJ
39785	108	6	in	in	IN
39785	108	7	the	the	DT
39785	108	8	model	model	NN
39785	108	9	series	series	NNP
39785	108	10	,	,	,
39785	108	11	without	without	IN
39785	108	12	neglecting	neglect	VBG
39785	108	13	any	any	DT
39785	108	14	major	major	JJ
39785	108	15	advancement	advancement	NN
39785	108	16	in	in	IN
39785	108	17	the	the	DT
39785	108	18	art	art	NN
39785	108	19	of	of	IN
39785	108	20	rock	rock	NN
39785	108	21	tunneling	tunneling	NN
39785	108	22	,	,	,
39785	108	23	to	to	TO
39785	108	24	complete	complete	VB
39785	108	25	the	the	DT
39785	108	26	sequence	sequence	NN
39785	108	27	of	of	IN
39785	108	28	development	development	NN
39785	108	29	with	with	IN
39785	108	30	only	only	RB
39785	108	31	a	a	DT
39785	108	32	single	single	JJ
39785	108	33	additional	additional	JJ
39785	108	34	model	model	NN
39785	108	35	.	.	.
39785	109	1	Many	many	JJ
39785	109	2	of	of	IN
39785	109	3	the	the	DT
39785	109	4	greatest	great	JJS
39785	109	5	works	work	NNS
39785	109	6	of	of	IN
39785	109	7	civil	civil	JJ
39785	109	8	engineering	engineering	NN
39785	109	9	have	have	VBP
39785	109	10	been	be	VBN
39785	109	11	those	those	DT
39785	109	12	concerned	concern	VBN
39785	109	13	directly	directly	RB
39785	109	14	with	with	IN
39785	109	15	transport	transport	NN
39785	109	16	,	,	,
39785	109	17	and	and	CC
39785	109	18	hence	hence	RB
39785	109	19	are	be	VBP
39785	109	20	the	the	DT
39785	109	21	product	product	NN
39785	109	22	of	of	IN
39785	109	23	the	the	DT
39785	109	24	present	present	JJ
39785	109	25	era	era	NN
39785	109	26	,	,	,
39785	109	27	beginning	begin	VBG
39785	109	28	in	in	IN
39785	109	29	the	the	DT
39785	109	30	early	early	JJ
39785	109	31	19th	19th	JJ
39785	109	32	century	century	NN
39785	109	33	.	.	.
39785	110	1	The	the	DT
39785	110	2	development	development	NN
39785	110	3	of	of	IN
39785	110	4	the	the	DT
39785	110	5	ancient	ancient	JJ
39785	110	6	arts	art	NNS
39785	110	7	of	of	IN
39785	110	8	route	route	NN
39785	110	9	location	location	NN
39785	110	10	,	,	,
39785	110	11	bridge	bridge	NN
39785	110	12	construction	construction	NN
39785	110	13	,	,	,
39785	110	14	and	and	CC
39785	110	15	tunnel	tunnel	NN
39785	110	16	driving	driving	NN
39785	110	17	received	receive	VBD
39785	110	18	a	a	DT
39785	110	19	powerful	powerful	JJ
39785	110	20	stimulation	stimulation	NN
39785	110	21	after	after	IN
39785	110	22	1800	1800	CD
39785	110	23	under	under	IN
39785	110	24	the	the	DT
39785	110	25	impetus	impetus	NN
39785	110	26	of	of	IN
39785	110	27	the	the	DT
39785	110	28	modern	modern	JJ
39785	110	29	canal	canal	NN
39785	110	30	,	,	,
39785	110	31	highway	highway	NN
39785	110	32	,	,	,
39785	110	33	and	and	CC
39785	110	34	,	,	,
39785	110	35	especially	especially	RB
39785	110	36	,	,	,
39785	110	37	the	the	DT
39785	110	38	railroad	railroad	NN
39785	110	39	.	.	.
39785	111	1	The	the	DT
39785	111	2	Hoosac	Hoosac	NNP
39785	111	3	Tunnel	Tunnel	NNP
39785	111	4	,	,	,
39785	111	5	driven	drive	VBN
39785	111	6	through	through	IN
39785	111	7	Hoosac	Hoosac	NNP
39785	111	8	Mountain	Mountain	NNP
39785	111	9	in	in	IN
39785	111	10	the	the	DT
39785	111	11	very	very	RB
39785	111	12	northwest	northwest	NN
39785	111	13	corner	corner	NN
39785	111	14	of	of	IN
39785	111	15	Massachusetts	Massachusetts	NNP
39785	111	16	between	between	IN
39785	111	17	1851	1851	CD
39785	111	18	and	and	CC
39785	111	19	1875	1875	CD
39785	111	20	,	,	,
39785	111	21	was	be	VBD
39785	111	22	the	the	DT
39785	111	23	first	first	JJ
39785	111	24	major	major	JJ
39785	111	25	tunneling	tunneling	NN
39785	111	26	work	work	NN
39785	111	27	in	in	IN
39785	111	28	the	the	DT
39785	111	29	United	United	NNP
39785	111	30	States	States	NNP
39785	111	31	.	.	.
39785	112	1	Its	-PRON-	PRP$
39785	112	2	importance	importance	NN
39785	112	3	is	be	VBZ
39785	112	4	due	due	JJ
39785	112	5	not	not	RB
39785	112	6	so	so	RB
39785	112	7	much	much	JJ
39785	112	8	to	to	IN
39785	112	9	this	this	DT
39785	112	10	as	as	IN
39785	112	11	to	to	IN
39785	112	12	its	-PRON-	PRP$
39785	112	13	being	be	VBG
39785	112	14	literally	literally	RB
39785	112	15	the	the	DT
39785	112	16	fountainhead	fountainhead	NN
39785	112	17	of	of	IN
39785	112	18	modern	modern	JJ
39785	112	19	rock	rock	NN
39785	112	20	-	-	HYPH
39785	112	21	tunneling	tunnel	VBG
39785	112	22	technology	technology	NN
39785	112	23	.	.	.
39785	113	1	The	the	DT
39785	113	2	remarkable	remarkable	JJ
39785	113	3	thing	thing	NN
39785	113	4	is	be	VBZ
39785	113	5	that	that	IN
39785	113	6	the	the	DT
39785	113	7	work	work	NN
39785	113	8	was	be	VBD
39785	113	9	begun	begin	VBN
39785	113	10	using	use	VBG
39785	113	11	methods	method	NNS
39785	113	12	of	of	IN
39785	113	13	driving	drive	VBG
39785	113	14	almost	almost	RB
39785	113	15	unchanged	unchanged	JJ
39785	113	16	during	during	IN
39785	113	17	centuries	century	NNS
39785	113	18	previous	previous	JJ
39785	113	19	,	,	,
39785	113	20	and	and	CC
39785	113	21	was	be	VBD
39785	113	22	completed	complete	VBN
39785	113	23	twenty	twenty	CD
39785	113	24	years	year	NNS
39785	113	25	later	later	RB
39785	113	26	by	by	IN
39785	113	27	techniques	technique	NNS
39785	113	28	which	which	WDT
39785	113	29	were	be	VBD
39785	113	30	,	,	,
39785	113	31	for	for	IN
39785	113	32	the	the	DT
39785	113	33	day	day	NN
39785	113	34	,	,	,
39785	113	35	almost	almost	RB
39785	113	36	totally	totally	RB
39785	113	37	mechanized	mechanized	JJ
39785	113	38	.	.	.
39785	114	1	The	the	DT
39785	114	2	basic	basic	JJ
39785	114	3	pattern	pattern	NN
39785	114	4	of	of	IN
39785	114	5	operation	operation	NN
39785	114	6	set	set	VBN
39785	114	7	at	at	IN
39785	114	8	Hoosac	Hoosac	NNP
39785	114	9	,	,	,
39785	114	10	using	use	VBG
39785	114	11	pneumatic	pneumatic	JJ
39785	114	12	rock	rock	NN
39785	114	13	drills	drill	NNS
39785	114	14	and	and	CC
39785	114	15	efficient	efficient	JJ
39785	114	16	explosives	explosive	NNS
39785	114	17	,	,	,
39785	114	18	remains	remain	VBZ
39785	114	19	practically	practically	RB
39785	114	20	unchanged	unchanged	JJ
39785	114	21	today	today	NN
39785	114	22	.	.	.
39785	115	1	The	the	DT
39785	115	2	general	general	JJ
39785	115	3	history	history	NN
39785	115	4	of	of	IN
39785	115	5	the	the	DT
39785	115	6	Hoosac	Hoosac	NNP
39785	115	7	project	project	NN
39785	115	8	is	be	VBZ
39785	115	9	so	so	RB
39785	115	10	thoroughly	thoroughly	RB
39785	115	11	recorded	record	VBN
39785	115	12	that	that	IN
39785	115	13	the	the	DT
39785	115	14	briefest	brief	JJS
39785	115	15	outline	outline	NN
39785	115	16	of	of	IN
39785	115	17	its	-PRON-	PRP$
39785	115	18	political	political	JJ
39785	115	19	aspects	aspect	NNS
39785	115	20	will	will	MD
39785	115	21	suffice	suffice	VB
39785	115	22	here	here	RB
39785	115	23	.	.	.
39785	116	1	Hoosac	Hoosac	NNP
39785	116	2	Mountain	Mountain	NNP
39785	116	3	was	be	VBD
39785	116	4	the	the	DT
39785	116	5	chief	chief	JJ
39785	116	6	obstacle	obstacle	NN
39785	116	7	in	in	IN
39785	116	8	the	the	DT
39785	116	9	path	path	NN
39785	116	10	of	of	IN
39785	116	11	a	a	DT
39785	116	12	railroad	railroad	NN
39785	116	13	projected	project	VBN
39785	116	14	between	between	IN
39785	116	15	Greenfield	Greenfield	NNP
39785	116	16	,	,	,
39785	116	17	Massachusetts	Massachusetts	NNP
39785	116	18	,	,	,
39785	116	19	and	and	CC
39785	116	20	Troy	Troy	NNP
39785	116	21	,	,	,
39785	116	22	New	New	NNP
39785	116	23	York	York	NNP
39785	116	24	.	.	.
39785	117	1	The	the	DT
39785	117	2	line	line	NN
39785	117	3	was	be	VBD
39785	117	4	launched	launch	VBN
39785	117	5	by	by	IN
39785	117	6	a	a	DT
39785	117	7	group	group	NN
39785	117	8	of	of	IN
39785	117	9	Boston	Boston	NNP
39785	117	10	merchants	merchant	NNS
39785	117	11	to	to	TO
39785	117	12	provide	provide	VB
39785	117	13	a	a	DT
39785	117	14	direct	direct	JJ
39785	117	15	route	route	NN
39785	117	16	to	to	IN
39785	117	17	the	the	DT
39785	117	18	rapidly	rapidly	RB
39785	117	19	developing	develop	VBG
39785	117	20	West	West	NNP
39785	117	21	,	,	,
39785	117	22	in	in	IN
39785	117	23	competition	competition	NN
39785	117	24	with	with	IN
39785	117	25	the	the	DT
39785	117	26	coastal	coastal	JJ
39785	117	27	routes	route	NNS
39785	117	28	via	via	IN
39785	117	29	New	New	NNP
39785	117	30	York	York	NNP
39785	117	31	.	.	.
39785	118	1	The	the	DT
39785	118	2	only	only	JJ
39785	118	3	route	route	NN
39785	118	4	economically	economically	RB
39785	118	5	reasonable	reasonable	JJ
39785	118	6	included	include	VBD
39785	118	7	a	a	DT
39785	118	8	tunnel	tunnel	NN
39785	118	9	of	of	IN
39785	118	10	nearly	nearly	RB
39785	118	11	five	five	CD
39785	118	12	miles	mile	NNS
39785	118	13	through	through	IN
39785	118	14	the	the	DT
39785	118	15	mountain	mountain	NN
39785	118	16	--	--	:
39785	118	17	a	a	DT
39785	118	18	length	length	NN
39785	118	19	absolutely	absolutely	RB
39785	118	20	without	without	IN
39785	118	21	precedent	precedent	NN
39785	118	22	,	,	,
39785	118	23	and	and	CC
39785	118	24	an	an	DT
39785	118	25	immense	immense	JJ
39785	118	26	undertaking	undertaking	NN
39785	118	27	in	in	IN
39785	118	28	view	view	NN
39785	118	29	of	of	IN
39785	118	30	the	the	DT
39785	118	31	relatively	relatively	RB
39785	118	32	primitive	primitive	JJ
39785	118	33	rock	rock	NN
39785	118	34	-	-	HYPH
39785	118	35	working	work	VBG
39785	118	36	methods	method	NNS
39785	118	37	then	then	RB
39785	118	38	available	available	JJ
39785	118	39	.	.	.
39785	119	1	[	[	-LRB-
39785	119	2	Illustration	illustration	NN
39785	119	3	:	:	:
39785	119	4	Figure	figure	NN
39785	119	5	5.--BURLEIGH	5.--BURLEIGH	NNP
39785	119	6	ROCK	ROCK	NNP
39785	119	7	DRILL	DRILL	NNP
39785	119	8	,	,	,
39785	119	9	improved	improved	JJ
39785	119	10	model	model	NN
39785	119	11	of	of	IN
39785	119	12	about	about	RB
39785	119	13	1870	1870	CD
39785	119	14	,	,	,
39785	119	15	mounted	mount	VBN
39785	119	16	on	on	IN
39785	119	17	frame	frame	NN
39785	119	18	for	for	IN
39785	119	19	surface	surface	NN
39785	119	20	work	work	NN
39785	119	21	.	.	.
39785	120	1	(	(	-LRB-
39785	120	2	Catalog	catalog	NN
39785	120	3	and	and	CC
39785	120	4	price	price	NN
39785	120	5	list	list	NN
39785	120	6	:	:	:
39785	120	7	The	the	DT
39785	120	8	Burleigh	Burleigh	NNP
39785	120	9	Rock	Rock	NNP
39785	120	10	Drill	Drill	NNP
39785	120	11	Company	Company	NNP
39785	120	12	,	,	,
39785	120	13	1876	1876	CD
39785	120	14	.	.	.
39785	120	15	)	)	-RRB-
39785	120	16	]	]	-RRB-
39785	121	1	The	the	DT
39785	121	2	bore	bore	NN
39785	121	3	's	's	POS
39785	121	4	great	great	JJ
39785	121	5	length	length	NN
39785	121	6	and	and	CC
39785	121	7	the	the	DT
39785	121	8	desire	desire	NN
39785	121	9	for	for	IN
39785	121	10	rapid	rapid	JJ
39785	121	11	exploitation	exploitation	NN
39785	121	12	inspired	inspire	VBD
39785	121	13	innovation	innovation	NN
39785	121	14	from	from	IN
39785	121	15	the	the	DT
39785	121	16	outset	outset	NN
39785	121	17	of	of	IN
39785	121	18	the	the	DT
39785	121	19	work	work	NN
39785	121	20	.	.	.
39785	122	1	The	the	DT
39785	122	2	earliest	early	JJS
39785	122	3	attempts	attempt	NNS
39785	122	4	at	at	IN
39785	122	5	mechanization	mechanization	NN
39785	122	6	,	,	,
39785	122	7	although	although	IN
39785	122	8	ineffectual	ineffectual	JJ
39785	122	9	and	and	CC
39785	122	10	without	without	IN
39785	122	11	influence	influence	NN
39785	122	12	on	on	IN
39785	122	13	tunnel	tunnel	NN
39785	122	14	engineering	engineering	NN
39785	122	15	until	until	IN
39785	122	16	many	many	JJ
39785	122	17	years	year	NNS
39785	122	18	later	later	RB
39785	122	19	,	,	,
39785	122	20	are	be	VBP
39785	122	21	of	of	IN
39785	122	22	interest	interest	NN
39785	122	23	.	.	.
39785	123	1	These	these	DT
39785	123	2	took	take	VBD
39785	123	3	the	the	DT
39785	123	4	form	form	NN
39785	123	5	of	of	IN
39785	123	6	several	several	JJ
39785	123	7	experimental	experimental	JJ
39785	123	8	machines	machine	NNS
39785	123	9	of	of	IN
39785	123	10	the	the	DT
39785	123	11	"	"	``
39785	123	12	full	full	JJ
39785	123	13	area	area	NN
39785	123	14	"	"	''
39785	123	15	type	type	NN
39785	123	16	,	,	,
39785	123	17	intended	intend	VBN
39785	123	18	to	to	TO
39785	123	19	excavate	excavate	VB
39785	123	20	the	the	DT
39785	123	21	entire	entire	JJ
39785	123	22	face	face	NN
39785	123	23	of	of	IN
39785	123	24	the	the	DT
39785	123	25	work	work	NN
39785	123	26	in	in	IN
39785	123	27	a	a	DT
39785	123	28	single	single	JJ
39785	123	29	operation	operation	NN
39785	123	30	by	by	IN
39785	123	31	cutting	cut	VBG
39785	123	32	one	one	CD
39785	123	33	or	or	CC
39785	123	34	more	more	JJR
39785	123	35	concentric	concentric	JJ
39785	123	36	grooves	groove	NNS
39785	123	37	in	in	IN
39785	123	38	the	the	DT
39785	123	39	rock	rock	NN
39785	123	40	.	.	.
39785	124	1	The	the	DT
39785	124	2	rock	rock	NN
39785	124	3	remaining	remain	VBG
39785	124	4	between	between	IN
39785	124	5	the	the	DT
39785	124	6	grooves	groove	NNS
39785	124	7	was	be	VBD
39785	124	8	to	to	TO
39785	124	9	be	be	VB
39785	124	10	blasted	blast	VBN
39785	124	11	out	out	RP
39785	124	12	.	.	.
39785	125	1	The	the	DT
39785	125	2	first	first	JJ
39785	125	3	such	such	JJ
39785	125	4	machine	machine	NN
39785	125	5	tested	test	VBN
39785	125	6	succeeded	succeed	VBD
39785	125	7	in	in	IN
39785	125	8	boring	bore	VBG
39785	125	9	a	a	DT
39785	125	10	24-foot	24-foot	CD
39785	125	11	diameter	diameter	NN
39785	125	12	opening	opening	NN
39785	125	13	for	for	IN
39785	125	14	10	10	CD
39785	125	15	feet	foot	NNS
39785	125	16	before	before	IN
39785	125	17	its	-PRON-	PRP$
39785	125	18	total	total	JJ
39785	125	19	failure	failure	NN
39785	125	20	.	.	.
39785	126	1	Several	several	JJ
39785	126	2	later	later	JJ
39785	126	3	machines	machine	NNS
39785	126	4	proved	prove	VBN
39785	126	5	of	of	IN
39785	126	6	equal	equal	JJ
39785	126	7	merit	merit	NN
39785	126	8	.	.	.
39785	127	1	[	[	-LRB-
39785	127	2	2	2	LS
39785	127	3	]	]	-RRB-
39785	127	4	It	-PRON-	PRP
39785	127	5	was	be	VBD
39785	127	6	the	the	DT
39785	127	7	Baltimore	Baltimore	NNP
39785	127	8	and	and	CC
39785	127	9	Ohio	Ohio	NNP
39785	127	10	's	's	POS
39785	127	11	eminent	eminent	JJ
39785	127	12	chief	chief	NN
39785	127	13	engineer	engineer	NN
39785	127	14	,	,	,
39785	127	15	Benjamin	Benjamin	NNP
39785	127	16	H.	H.	NNP
39785	127	17	Latrobe	Latrobe	NNP
39785	127	18	,	,	,
39785	127	19	who	who	WP
39785	127	20	in	in	IN
39785	127	21	his	-PRON-	PRP$
39785	127	22	_	_	NNP
39785	127	23	Report	Report	NNP
39785	127	24	on	on	IN
39785	127	25	the	the	DT
39785	127	26	Hoosac	Hoosac	NNP
39785	127	27	Tunnel	Tunnel	NNP
39785	127	28	_	_	NNP
39785	127	29	(	(	-LRB-
39785	127	30	Baltimore	Baltimore	NNP
39785	127	31	,	,	,
39785	127	32	Oct.	October	NNP
39785	127	33	1	1	CD
39785	127	34	,	,	,
39785	127	35	1862	1862	CD
39785	127	36	,	,	,
39785	127	37	p.	p.	NN
39785	127	38	125	125	CD
39785	127	39	)	)	-RRB-
39785	127	40	stated	state	VBD
39785	127	41	that	that	IN
39785	127	42	such	such	JJ
39785	127	43	apparatus	apparatus	NN
39785	127	44	contained	contain	VBN
39785	127	45	in	in	IN
39785	127	46	its	-PRON-	PRP$
39785	127	47	own	own	JJ
39785	127	48	structure	structure	NN
39785	127	49	the	the	DT
39785	127	50	elements	element	NNS
39785	127	51	of	of	IN
39785	127	52	failure	failure	NN
39785	127	53	,	,	,
39785	127	54	"	"	''
39785	127	55	...	...	:
39785	127	56	as	as	IN
39785	127	57	they	-PRON-	PRP
39785	127	58	require	require	VBP
39785	127	59	the	the	DT
39785	127	60	machines	machine	NNS
39785	127	61	to	to	TO
39785	127	62	do	do	VB
39785	127	63	too	too	RB
39785	127	64	much	much	JJ
39785	127	65	and	and	CC
39785	127	66	the	the	DT
39785	127	67	powder	powder	NN
39785	127	68	too	too	RB
39785	127	69	little	little	JJ
39785	127	70	of	of	IN
39785	127	71	the	the	DT
39785	127	72	work	work	NN
39785	127	73	,	,	,
39785	127	74	thus	thus	RB
39785	127	75	contradicting	contradict	VBG
39785	127	76	the	the	DT
39785	127	77	fundamental	fundamental	JJ
39785	127	78	principles	principle	NNS
39785	127	79	upon	upon	IN
39785	127	80	which	which	WDT
39785	127	81	all	all	DT
39785	127	82	labor	labor	NN
39785	127	83	-	-	HYPH
39785	127	84	saving	save	VBG
39785	127	85	machinery	machinery	NN
39785	127	86	is	be	VBZ
39785	127	87	framed	frame	VBN
39785	127	88	...	...	.
39785	128	1	I	-PRON-	PRP
39785	128	2	could	could	MD
39785	128	3	only	only	RB
39785	128	4	look	look	VB
39785	128	5	upon	upon	IN
39785	128	6	it	-PRON-	PRP
39785	128	7	as	as	IN
39785	128	8	a	a	DT
39785	128	9	misapplication	misapplication	NN
39785	128	10	of	of	IN
39785	128	11	mechanical	mechanical	JJ
39785	128	12	genius	genius	NN
39785	128	13	.	.	.
39785	128	14	"	"	''
39785	129	1	[	[	-LRB-
39785	129	2	Illustration	illustration	NN
39785	129	3	:	:	:
39785	129	4	Figure	figure	NN
39785	129	5	6.--HOOSAC	6.--HOOSAC	NNP
39785	129	6	TUNNEL	TUNNEL	NNP
39785	129	7	.	.	.
39785	130	1	Flash	Flash	NNP
39785	130	2	-	-	HYPH
39785	130	3	powder	powder	NN
39785	130	4	photograph	photograph	NN
39785	130	5	of	of	IN
39785	130	6	Burleigh	Burleigh	NNP
39785	130	7	drills	drill	NNS
39785	130	8	at	at	IN
39785	130	9	the	the	DT
39785	130	10	working	work	VBG
39785	130	11	face	face	NN
39785	130	12	.	.	.
39785	131	1	(	(	-LRB-
39785	131	2	_	_	NNP
39785	131	3	Photo	Photo	NNP
39785	131	4	courtesy	courtesy	NN
39785	131	5	of	of	IN
39785	131	6	State	State	NNP
39785	131	7	Library	Library	NNP
39785	131	8	,	,	,
39785	131	9	Commonwealth	Commonwealth	NNP
39785	131	10	of	of	IN
39785	131	11	Massachusetts	Massachusetts	NNP
39785	131	12	.	.	.
39785	131	13	_	_	NNP
39785	131	14	)	)	-RRB-
39785	131	15	]	]	-RRB-
39785	131	16	Latrobe	Latrobe	NNP
39785	131	17	stated	state	VBD
39785	131	18	the	the	DT
39785	131	19	basic	basic	JJ
39785	131	20	philosophy	philosophy	NN
39785	131	21	of	of	IN
39785	131	22	rock	rock	NN
39785	131	23	-	-	HYPH
39785	131	24	tunnel	tunnel	NN
39785	131	25	work	work	NN
39785	131	26	.	.	.
39785	132	1	No	no	DT
39785	132	2	mechanical	mechanical	JJ
39785	132	3	agent	agent	NN
39785	132	4	has	have	VBZ
39785	132	5	ever	ever	RB
39785	132	6	been	be	VBN
39785	132	7	able	able	JJ
39785	132	8	to	to	TO
39785	132	9	improve	improve	VB
39785	132	10	upon	upon	IN
39785	132	11	the	the	DT
39785	132	12	efficiency	efficiency	NN
39785	132	13	of	of	IN
39785	132	14	explosives	explosive	NNS
39785	132	15	for	for	IN
39785	132	16	the	the	DT
39785	132	17	shattering	shattering	NN
39785	132	18	of	of	IN
39785	132	19	rock	rock	NN
39785	132	20	.	.	.
39785	133	1	For	for	IN
39785	133	2	this	this	DT
39785	133	3	reason	reason	NN
39785	133	4	,	,	,
39785	133	5	the	the	DT
39785	133	6	logical	logical	JJ
39785	133	7	application	application	NN
39785	133	8	of	of	IN
39785	133	9	machinery	machinery	NN
39785	133	10	to	to	IN
39785	133	11	tunneling	tunnel	VBG
39785	133	12	was	be	VBD
39785	133	13	not	not	RB
39785	133	14	in	in	IN
39785	133	15	replacing	replace	VBG
39785	133	16	or	or	CC
39785	133	17	altering	alter	VBG
39785	133	18	the	the	DT
39785	133	19	fundamental	fundamental	JJ
39785	133	20	process	process	NN
39785	133	21	itself	-PRON-	PRP
39785	133	22	,	,	,
39785	133	23	but	but	CC
39785	133	24	in	in	IN
39785	133	25	enabling	enable	VBG
39785	133	26	it	-PRON-	PRP
39785	133	27	to	to	TO
39785	133	28	be	be	VB
39785	133	29	conducted	conduct	VBN
39785	133	30	with	with	IN
39785	133	31	greater	great	JJR
39785	133	32	speed	speed	NN
39785	133	33	by	by	IN
39785	133	34	mechanically	mechanically	RB
39785	133	35	drilling	drill	VBG
39785	133	36	the	the	DT
39785	133	37	blasting	blast	VBG
39785	133	38	holes	hole	NNS
39785	133	39	to	to	TO
39785	133	40	receive	receive	VB
39785	133	41	the	the	DT
39785	133	42	explosive	explosive	NN
39785	133	43	.	.	.
39785	134	1	Actual	actual	JJ
39785	134	2	work	work	NN
39785	134	3	on	on	IN
39785	134	4	the	the	DT
39785	134	5	Hoosac	Hoosac	NNP
39785	134	6	Tunnel	Tunnel	NNP
39785	134	7	began	begin	VBD
39785	134	8	at	at	IN
39785	134	9	both	both	DT
39785	134	10	ends	end	NNS
39785	134	11	of	of	IN
39785	134	12	the	the	DT
39785	134	13	tunnel	tunnel	NN
39785	134	14	in	in	IN
39785	134	15	about	about	IN
39785	134	16	1854	1854	CD
39785	134	17	,	,	,
39785	134	18	but	but	CC
39785	134	19	without	without	IN
39785	134	20	much	much	JJ
39785	134	21	useful	useful	JJ
39785	134	22	effect	effect	NN
39785	134	23	until	until	IN
39785	134	24	1858	1858	CD
39785	134	25	when	when	WRB
39785	134	26	a	a	DT
39785	134	27	contract	contract	NN
39785	134	28	was	be	VBD
39785	134	29	let	let	VBN
39785	134	30	to	to	IN
39785	134	31	the	the	DT
39785	134	32	renowned	renowne	VBN
39785	134	33	civil	civil	JJ
39785	134	34	engineer	engineer	NN
39785	134	35	and	and	CC
39785	134	36	railroad	railroad	NN
39785	134	37	builder	builder	NN
39785	134	38	,	,	,
39785	134	39	Herman	Herman	NNP
39785	134	40	Haupt	Haupt	NNP
39785	134	41	of	of	IN
39785	134	42	Philadelphia	Philadelphia	NNP
39785	134	43	.	.	.
39785	135	1	Haupt	haupt	VB
39785	135	2	immediately	immediately	RB
39785	135	3	resumed	resume	VBD
39785	135	4	investigations	investigation	NNS
39785	135	5	of	of	IN
39785	135	6	improved	improve	VBN
39785	135	7	tunneling	tunneling	NN
39785	135	8	methods	method	NNS
39785	135	9	,	,	,
39785	135	10	both	both	DT
39785	135	11	full	full	JJ
39785	135	12	-	-	HYPH
39785	135	13	area	area	NN
39785	135	14	machines	machine	NNS
39785	135	15	and	and	CC
39785	135	16	mechanical	mechanical	JJ
39785	135	17	rock	rock	NN
39785	135	18	drills	drill	NNS
39785	135	19	.	.	.
39785	136	1	At	at	IN
39785	136	2	this	this	DT
39785	136	3	time	time	NN
39785	136	4	mechanical	mechanical	JJ
39785	136	5	rock	rock	NN
39785	136	6	-	-	HYPH
39785	136	7	drill	drill	NN
39785	136	8	technology	technology	NN
39785	136	9	was	be	VBD
39785	136	10	in	in	IN
39785	136	11	a	a	DT
39785	136	12	state	state	NN
39785	136	13	beyond	beyond	IN
39785	136	14	,	,	,
39785	136	15	but	but	CC
39785	136	16	not	not	RB
39785	136	17	far	far	RB
39785	136	18	beyond	beyond	IN
39785	136	19	,	,	,
39785	136	20	initial	initial	JJ
39785	136	21	experimentation	experimentation	NN
39785	136	22	.	.	.
39785	137	1	There	there	EX
39785	137	2	existed	exist	VBD
39785	137	3	one	one	CD
39785	137	4	workable	workable	JJ
39785	137	5	American	american	JJ
39785	137	6	machine	machine	NN
39785	137	7	,	,	,
39785	137	8	the	the	DT
39785	137	9	Fowle	Fowle	NNP
39785	137	10	drill	drill	NN
39785	137	11	,	,	,
39785	137	12	invented	invent	VBN
39785	137	13	in	in	IN
39785	137	14	1851	1851	CD
39785	137	15	.	.	.
39785	138	1	It	-PRON-	PRP
39785	138	2	was	be	VBD
39785	138	3	steam	steam	NN
39785	138	4	-	-	HYPH
39785	138	5	driven	drive	VBN
39785	138	6	,	,	,
39785	138	7	and	and	CC
39785	138	8	had	have	VBD
39785	138	9	been	be	VBN
39785	138	10	used	use	VBN
39785	138	11	in	in	IN
39785	138	12	quarry	quarry	NNP
39785	138	13	work	work	NN
39785	138	14	,	,	,
39785	138	15	although	although	IN
39785	138	16	apparently	apparently	RB
39785	138	17	not	not	RB
39785	138	18	to	to	IN
39785	138	19	any	any	DT
39785	138	20	commercial	commercial	JJ
39785	138	21	extent	extent	NN
39785	138	22	.	.	.
39785	139	1	However	however	RB
39785	139	2	,	,	,
39785	139	3	it	-PRON-	PRP
39785	139	4	was	be	VBD
39785	139	5	far	far	RB
39785	139	6	too	too	RB
39785	139	7	large	large	JJ
39785	139	8	and	and	CC
39785	139	9	cumbersome	cumbersome	JJ
39785	139	10	to	to	TO
39785	139	11	find	find	VB
39785	139	12	any	any	DT
39785	139	13	possible	possible	JJ
39785	139	14	application	application	NN
39785	139	15	in	in	IN
39785	139	16	tunneling	tunneling	NN
39785	139	17	.	.	.
39785	140	1	Nevertheless	nevertheless	RB
39785	140	2	,	,	,
39785	140	3	it	-PRON-	PRP
39785	140	4	contained	contain	VBD
39785	140	5	in	in	IN
39785	140	6	its	-PRON-	PRP$
39785	140	7	operating	operating	NN
39785	140	8	principle	principle	NN
39785	140	9	,	,	,
39785	140	10	the	the	DT
39785	140	11	seed	seed	NN
39785	140	12	of	of	IN
39785	140	13	a	a	DT
39785	140	14	practical	practical	JJ
39785	140	15	rock	rock	NN
39785	140	16	drill	drill	NN
39785	140	17	in	in	IN
39785	140	18	that	that	IN
39785	140	19	the	the	DT
39785	140	20	drill	drill	NN
39785	140	21	rod	rod	NN
39785	140	22	was	be	VBD
39785	140	23	attached	attach	VBN
39785	140	24	directly	directly	RB
39785	140	25	to	to	IN
39785	140	26	and	and	CC
39785	140	27	reciprocated	reciprocate	VBN
39785	140	28	by	by	IN
39785	140	29	a	a	DT
39785	140	30	double	double	RB
39785	140	31	-	-	HYPH
39785	140	32	acting	act	VBG
39785	140	33	steam	steam	NN
39785	140	34	piston	piston	NN
39785	140	35	.	.	.
39785	141	1	A	a	DT
39785	141	2	point	point	NN
39785	141	3	of	of	IN
39785	141	4	great	great	JJ
39785	141	5	importance	importance	NN
39785	141	6	was	be	VBD
39785	141	7	the	the	DT
39785	141	8	independence	independence	NN
39785	141	9	of	of	IN
39785	141	10	its	-PRON-	PRP$
39785	141	11	operation	operation	NN
39785	141	12	on	on	IN
39785	141	13	gravity	gravity	NN
39785	141	14	,	,	,
39785	141	15	permitting	permit	VBG
39785	141	16	drilling	drilling	NN
39785	141	17	in	in	IN
39785	141	18	any	any	DT
39785	141	19	direction	direction	NN
39785	141	20	.	.	.
39785	142	1	While	while	IN
39785	142	2	experimenting	experiment	VBG
39785	142	3	,	,	,
39785	142	4	Haupt	Haupt	NNP
39785	142	5	drove	drive	VBD
39785	142	6	the	the	DT
39785	142	7	work	work	NN
39785	142	8	onward	onward	RB
39785	142	9	by	by	IN
39785	142	10	the	the	DT
39785	142	11	classical	classical	JJ
39785	142	12	methods	method	NNS
39785	142	13	,	,	,
39785	142	14	shown	show	VBN
39785	142	15	in	in	IN
39785	142	16	the	the	DT
39785	142	17	left	left	JJ
39785	142	18	-	-	HYPH
39785	142	19	hand	hand	NN
39785	142	20	section	section	NN
39785	142	21	of	of	IN
39785	142	22	the	the	DT
39785	142	23	model	model	NN
39785	142	24	(	(	-LRB-
39785	142	25	fig	fig	NN
39785	142	26	.	.	.
39785	143	1	2	2	LS
39785	143	2	)	)	-RRB-
39785	143	3	.	.	.
39785	144	1	At	at	IN
39785	144	2	the	the	DT
39785	144	3	far	far	RB
39785	144	4	right	right	UH
39785	144	5	an	an	DT
39785	144	6	advance	advance	NN
39785	144	7	heading	heading	NN
39785	144	8	or	or	CC
39785	144	9	adit	adit	NN
39785	144	10	is	be	VBZ
39785	144	11	being	be	VBG
39785	144	12	formed	form	VBN
39785	144	13	by	by	IN
39785	144	14	pick	pick	NN
39785	144	15	and	and	CC
39785	144	16	hammer	hammer	NN
39785	144	17	work	work	NN
39785	144	18	;	;	:
39785	144	19	this	this	DT
39785	144	20	is	be	VBZ
39785	144	21	then	then	RB
39785	144	22	deepened	deepen	VBN
39785	144	23	into	into	IN
39785	144	24	a	a	DT
39785	144	25	top	top	JJ
39785	144	26	heading	heading	NN
39785	144	27	with	with	IN
39785	144	28	enough	enough	JJ
39785	144	29	height	height	NN
39785	144	30	to	to	TO
39785	144	31	permit	permit	VB
39785	144	32	hammer	hammer	NN
39785	144	33	drilling	drilling	NN
39785	144	34	,	,	,
39785	144	35	actually	actually	RB
39785	144	36	the	the	DT
39785	144	37	basic	basic	JJ
39785	144	38	tunneling	tunneling	NN
39785	144	39	operation	operation	NN
39785	144	40	.	.	.
39785	145	1	A	a	DT
39785	145	2	team	team	NN
39785	145	3	is	be	VBZ
39785	145	4	shown	show	VBN
39785	145	5	"	"	``
39785	145	6	double	double	JJ
39785	145	7	jacking	jacking	NN
39785	145	8	,	,	,
39785	145	9	"	"	''
39785	145	10	i.e.	i.e.	FW
39785	145	11	,	,	,
39785	145	12	using	use	VBG
39785	145	13	two	two	CD
39785	145	14	-	-	HYPH
39785	145	15	handed	handed	JJ
39785	145	16	hammers	hammer	NNS
39785	145	17	,	,	,
39785	145	18	the	the	DT
39785	145	19	steel	steel	NN
39785	145	20	held	hold	VBN
39785	145	21	by	by	IN
39785	145	22	a	a	DT
39785	145	23	third	third	JJ
39785	145	24	man	man	NN
39785	145	25	.	.	.
39785	146	1	This	this	DT
39785	146	2	was	be	VBD
39785	146	3	the	the	DT
39785	146	4	most	most	RBS
39785	146	5	efficient	efficient	JJ
39785	146	6	of	of	IN
39785	146	7	the	the	DT
39785	146	8	several	several	JJ
39785	146	9	hand	hand	NN
39785	146	10	-	-	HYPH
39785	146	11	drilling	drilling	NN
39785	146	12	methods	method	NNS
39785	146	13	.	.	.
39785	147	1	The	the	DT
39785	147	2	top	top	RB
39785	147	3	-	-	HYPH
39785	147	4	heading	head	VBG
39785	147	5	plan	plan	NN
39785	147	6	was	be	VBD
39785	147	7	followed	follow	VBN
39785	147	8	so	so	IN
39785	147	9	that	that	IN
39785	147	10	the	the	DT
39785	147	11	bulk	bulk	NN
39785	147	12	of	of	IN
39785	147	13	the	the	DT
39785	147	14	rock	rock	NN
39785	147	15	could	could	MD
39785	147	16	be	be	VB
39785	147	17	removed	remove	VBN
39785	147	18	in	in	IN
39785	147	19	the	the	DT
39785	147	20	form	form	NN
39785	147	21	of	of	IN
39785	147	22	a	a	DT
39785	147	23	bottom	bottom	JJ
39785	147	24	bench	bench	NN
39785	147	25	,	,	,
39785	147	26	and	and	CC
39785	147	27	the	the	DT
39785	147	28	majority	majority	NN
39785	147	29	of	of	IN
39785	147	30	drilling	drilling	NN
39785	147	31	would	would	MD
39785	147	32	be	be	VB
39785	147	33	downward	downward	JJ
39785	147	34	,	,	,
39785	147	35	obviously	obviously	RB
39785	147	36	the	the	DT
39785	147	37	most	most	RBS
39785	147	38	effective	effective	JJ
39785	147	39	direction	direction	NN
39785	147	40	.	.	.
39785	148	1	Blasting	Blasting	NNP
39785	148	2	was	be	VBD
39785	148	3	with	with	IN
39785	148	4	black	black	JJ
39785	148	5	powder	powder	NN
39785	148	6	and	and	CC
39785	148	7	its	-PRON-	PRP$
39785	148	8	commercial	commercial	JJ
39785	148	9	variants	variant	NNS
39785	148	10	.	.	.
39785	149	1	Some	some	DT
39785	149	2	liberty	liberty	NN
39785	149	3	was	be	VBD
39785	149	4	taken	take	VBN
39785	149	5	in	in	IN
39785	149	6	depicting	depict	VBG
39785	149	7	these	these	DT
39785	149	8	steps	step	NNS
39785	149	9	so	so	IN
39785	149	10	that	that	IN
39785	149	11	both	both	DT
39785	149	12	operations	operation	NNS
39785	149	13	might	may	MD
39785	149	14	be	be	VB
39785	149	15	shown	show	VBN
39785	149	16	within	within	IN
39785	149	17	the	the	DT
39785	149	18	scope	scope	NN
39785	149	19	of	of	IN
39785	149	20	the	the	DT
39785	149	21	model	model	NN
39785	149	22	:	:	:
39785	149	23	in	in	IN
39785	149	24	practice	practice	NN
39785	149	25	the	the	DT
39785	149	26	heading	heading	NN
39785	149	27	was	be	VBD
39785	149	28	kept	keep	VBN
39785	149	29	between	between	IN
39785	149	30	400	400	CD
39785	149	31	and	and	CC
39785	149	32	600	600	CD
39785	149	33	feet	foot	NNS
39785	149	34	in	in	IN
39785	149	35	advance	advance	NN
39785	149	36	of	of	IN
39785	149	37	the	the	DT
39785	149	38	bench	bench	NN
39785	149	39	so	so	IN
39785	149	40	that	that	IN
39785	149	41	heading	head	VBG
39785	149	42	blasts	blast	NNS
39785	149	43	would	would	MD
39785	149	44	not	not	RB
39785	149	45	interfere	interfere	VB
39785	149	46	with	with	IN
39785	149	47	the	the	DT
39785	149	48	bench	bench	NN
39785	149	49	work	work	NN
39785	149	50	.	.	.
39785	150	1	The	the	DT
39785	150	2	bench	bench	NN
39785	150	3	carriage	carriage	NN
39785	150	4	simply	simply	RB
39785	150	5	facilitated	facilitate	VBD
39785	150	6	handling	handling	NN
39785	150	7	of	of	IN
39785	150	8	the	the	DT
39785	150	9	blasted	blast	VBN
39785	150	10	rock	rock	NN
39785	150	11	.	.	.
39785	151	1	It	-PRON-	PRP
39785	151	2	was	be	VBD
39785	151	3	rolled	roll	VBN
39785	151	4	back	back	RB
39785	151	5	during	during	IN
39785	151	6	blasts	blast	NNS
39785	151	7	.	.	.
39785	152	1	[	[	-LRB-
39785	152	2	Illustration	illustration	NN
39785	152	3	:	:	:
39785	152	4	Figure	Figure	NNP
39785	152	5	7.--HOOSAC	7.--HOOSAC	NNP
39785	152	6	TUNNEL	TUNNEL	NNP
39785	152	7	.	.	.
39785	153	1	GROUP	GROUP	NNP
39785	153	2	OF	of	IN
39785	153	3	MINERS	MINERS	NNP
39785	153	4	descending	descend	VBG
39785	153	5	the	the	DT
39785	153	6	west	west	JJ
39785	153	7	shaft	shaft	NN
39785	153	8	with	with	IN
39785	153	9	a	a	DT
39785	153	10	Burleigh	Burleigh	NNP
39785	153	11	drill	drill	NN
39785	153	12	.	.	.
39785	154	1	(	(	-LRB-
39785	154	2	_	_	NNP
39785	154	3	Photo	Photo	NNP
39785	154	4	courtesy	courtesy	NN
39785	154	5	of	of	IN
39785	154	6	State	State	NNP
39785	154	7	Library	Library	NNP
39785	154	8	,	,	,
39785	154	9	Commonwealth	Commonwealth	NNP
39785	154	10	of	of	IN
39785	154	11	Massachusetts	Massachusetts	NNP
39785	154	12	.	.	.
39785	154	13	_	_	NNP
39785	154	14	)	)	-RRB-
39785	154	15	]	]	-RRB-
39785	154	16	The	the	DT
39785	154	17	experiments	experiment	NNS
39785	154	18	conducted	conduct	VBN
39785	154	19	by	by	IN
39785	154	20	Haupt	Haupt	NNP
39785	154	21	with	with	IN
39785	154	22	machine	machine	NN
39785	154	23	drills	drill	NNS
39785	154	24	produced	produce	VBD
39785	154	25	no	no	DT
39785	154	26	immediate	immediate	JJ
39785	154	27	useful	useful	JJ
39785	154	28	results	result	NNS
39785	154	29	.	.	.
39785	155	1	A	a	DT
39785	155	2	drill	drill	NN
39785	155	3	designed	design	VBN
39785	155	4	by	by	IN
39785	155	5	Haupt	Haupt	NNP
39785	155	6	and	and	CC
39785	155	7	his	-PRON-	PRP$
39785	155	8	associate	associate	NN
39785	155	9	,	,	,
39785	155	10	Stuart	Stuart	NNP
39785	155	11	Gwynn	Gwynn	NNP
39785	155	12	,	,	,
39785	155	13	in	in	IN
39785	155	14	1858	1858	CD
39785	155	15	bored	bored	JJ
39785	155	16	hard	hard	JJ
39785	155	17	granite	granite	NN
39785	155	18	at	at	IN
39785	155	19	the	the	DT
39785	155	20	rate	rate	NN
39785	155	21	of	of	IN
39785	155	22	5/8	5/8	CD
39785	155	23	inch	inch	NN
39785	155	24	per	per	IN
39785	155	25	minute	minute	NN
39785	155	26	,	,	,
39785	155	27	but	but	CC
39785	155	28	was	be	VBD
39785	155	29	not	not	RB
39785	155	30	substantial	substantial	JJ
39785	155	31	enough	enough	RB
39785	155	32	to	to	TO
39785	155	33	bear	bear	VB
39785	155	34	up	up	RP
39785	155	35	in	in	IN
39785	155	36	service	service	NN
39785	155	37	.	.	.
39785	156	1	Haupt	Haupt	NNP
39785	156	2	left	leave	VBD
39785	156	3	the	the	DT
39785	156	4	work	work	NN
39785	156	5	in	in	IN
39785	156	6	1861	1861	CD
39785	156	7	,	,	,
39785	156	8	victim	victim	NN
39785	156	9	of	of	IN
39785	156	10	intense	intense	JJ
39785	156	11	political	political	JJ
39785	156	12	pressures	pressure	NNS
39785	156	13	and	and	CC
39785	156	14	totally	totally	RB
39785	156	15	unjust	unjust	JJ
39785	156	16	accusations	accusation	NNS
39785	156	17	of	of	IN
39785	156	18	corruption	corruption	NN
39785	156	19	and	and	CC
39785	156	20	mismanagement	mismanagement	NN
39785	156	21	.	.	.
39785	157	1	The	the	DT
39785	157	2	work	work	NN
39785	157	3	was	be	VBD
39785	157	4	suspended	suspend	VBN
39785	157	5	until	until	IN
39785	157	6	taken	take	VBN
39785	157	7	over	over	RP
39785	157	8	by	by	IN
39785	157	9	a	a	DT
39785	157	10	state	state	NN
39785	157	11	commission	commission	NN
39785	157	12	in	in	IN
39785	157	13	1862	1862	CD
39785	157	14	.	.	.
39785	158	1	Despite	despite	IN
39785	158	2	frightful	frightful	JJ
39785	158	3	ineptitude	ineptitude	NN
39785	158	4	and	and	CC
39785	158	5	very	very	RB
39785	158	6	real	real	JJ
39785	158	7	corruption	corruption	NN
39785	158	8	,	,	,
39785	158	9	this	this	DT
39785	158	10	period	period	NN
39785	158	11	was	be	VBD
39785	158	12	exceedingly	exceedingly	RB
39785	158	13	important	important	JJ
39785	158	14	in	in	IN
39785	158	15	the	the	DT
39785	158	16	long	long	JJ
39785	158	17	history	history	NN
39785	158	18	both	both	DT
39785	158	19	of	of	IN
39785	158	20	Hoosac	Hoosac	NNP
39785	158	21	Tunnel	Tunnel	NNP
39785	158	22	and	and	CC
39785	158	23	of	of	IN
39785	158	24	rock	rock	NN
39785	158	25	tunneling	tunneling	NN
39785	158	26	in	in	IN
39785	158	27	general	general	JJ
39785	158	28	.	.	.
39785	159	1	The	the	DT
39785	159	2	merely	merely	RB
39785	159	3	routine	routine	JJ
39785	159	4	criticism	criticism	NN
39785	159	5	of	of	IN
39785	159	6	the	the	DT
39785	159	7	project	project	NN
39785	159	8	had	have	VBN
39785	159	9	by	by	IN
39785	159	10	this	this	DT
39785	159	11	time	time	NN
39785	159	12	become	become	VB
39785	159	13	violent	violent	JJ
39785	159	14	due	due	IN
39785	159	15	to	to	IN
39785	159	16	the	the	DT
39785	159	17	inordinate	inordinate	JJ
39785	159	18	length	length	NN
39785	159	19	of	of	IN
39785	159	20	time	time	NN
39785	159	21	already	already	RB
39785	159	22	elapsed	elapse	VBN
39785	159	23	and	and	CC
39785	159	24	the	the	DT
39785	159	25	immense	immense	JJ
39785	159	26	cost	cost	NN
39785	159	27	,	,	,
39785	159	28	compared	compare	VBN
39785	159	29	to	to	IN
39785	159	30	the	the	DT
39785	159	31	small	small	JJ
39785	159	32	portion	portion	NN
39785	159	33	of	of	IN
39785	159	34	work	work	NN
39785	159	35	completed	complete	VBN
39785	159	36	.	.	.
39785	160	1	This	this	DT
39785	160	2	served	serve	VBD
39785	160	3	to	to	TO
39785	160	4	generate	generate	VB
39785	160	5	in	in	IN
39785	160	6	the	the	DT
39785	160	7	commission	commission	NN
39785	160	8	a	a	DT
39785	160	9	strong	strong	JJ
39785	160	10	sense	sense	NN
39785	160	11	of	of	IN
39785	160	12	urgency	urgency	NN
39785	160	13	to	to	TO
39785	160	14	hurry	hurry	VB
39785	160	15	the	the	DT
39785	160	16	project	project	NN
39785	160	17	along	along	IN
39785	160	18	.	.	.
39785	161	1	Charles	Charles	NNP
39785	161	2	S.	S.	NNP
39785	161	3	Storrow	Storrow	NNP
39785	161	4	,	,	,
39785	161	5	a	a	DT
39785	161	6	competent	competent	JJ
39785	161	7	engineer	engineer	NN
39785	161	8	,	,	,
39785	161	9	was	be	VBD
39785	161	10	sent	send	VBN
39785	161	11	to	to	IN
39785	161	12	Europe	Europe	NNP
39785	161	13	to	to	TO
39785	161	14	report	report	VB
39785	161	15	on	on	IN
39785	161	16	the	the	DT
39785	161	17	progress	progress	NN
39785	161	18	of	of	IN
39785	161	19	tunneling	tunnel	VBG
39785	161	20	there	there	RB
39785	161	21	,	,	,
39785	161	22	and	and	CC
39785	161	23	in	in	IN
39785	161	24	particular	particular	JJ
39785	161	25	on	on	IN
39785	161	26	mechanization	mechanization	NN
39785	161	27	at	at	IN
39785	161	28	the	the	DT
39785	161	29	Mont	Mont	NNP
39785	161	30	Cenis	Cenis	NNP
39785	161	31	Tunnel	Tunnel	NNP
39785	161	32	then	then	RB
39785	161	33	under	under	IN
39785	161	34	construction	construction	NN
39785	161	35	between	between	IN
39785	161	36	France	France	NNP
39785	161	37	and	and	CC
39785	161	38	Italy	Italy	NNP
39785	161	39	.	.	.
39785	162	1	Germain	Germain	NNP
39785	162	2	Sommeiller	Sommeiller	NNP
39785	162	3	,	,	,
39785	162	4	its	-PRON-	PRP$
39785	162	5	chief	chief	JJ
39785	162	6	engineer	engineer	NN
39785	162	7	,	,	,
39785	162	8	had	have	VBD
39785	162	9	,	,	,
39785	162	10	after	after	IN
39785	162	11	experimentation	experimentation	NN
39785	162	12	similar	similar	JJ
39785	162	13	to	to	IN
39785	162	14	Haupt	Haupt	NNP
39785	162	15	's	's	POS
39785	162	16	,	,	,
39785	162	17	invented	invent	VBD
39785	162	18	a	a	DT
39785	162	19	reasonably	reasonably	RB
39785	162	20	efficient	efficient	JJ
39785	162	21	drilling	drilling	NN
39785	162	22	machine	machine	NN
39785	162	23	which	which	WDT
39785	162	24	had	have	VBD
39785	162	25	gone	go	VBN
39785	162	26	into	into	IN
39785	162	27	service	service	NN
39785	162	28	at	at	IN
39785	162	29	Mont	Mont	NNP
39785	162	30	Cenis	Cenis	NNP
39785	162	31	in	in	IN
39785	162	32	March	March	NNP
39785	162	33	1861	1861	CD
39785	162	34	.	.	.
39785	163	1	It	-PRON-	PRP
39785	163	2	was	be	VBD
39785	163	3	a	a	DT
39785	163	4	distinct	distinct	JJ
39785	163	5	improvement	improvement	NN
39785	163	6	over	over	IN
39785	163	7	hand	hand	NN
39785	163	8	drilling	drilling	NN
39785	163	9	,	,	,
39785	163	10	almost	almost	RB
39785	163	11	doubling	double	VBG
39785	163	12	the	the	DT
39785	163	13	drilling	drilling	NN
39785	163	14	rate	rate	NN
39785	163	15	,	,	,
39785	163	16	but	but	CC
39785	163	17	was	be	VBD
39785	163	18	complex	complex	JJ
39785	163	19	and	and	CC
39785	163	20	highly	highly	RB
39785	163	21	unreliable	unreliable	JJ
39785	163	22	.	.	.
39785	164	1	Two	two	CD
39785	164	2	hundred	hundred	CD
39785	164	3	drills	drill	NNS
39785	164	4	were	be	VBD
39785	164	5	required	require	VBN
39785	164	6	to	to	TO
39785	164	7	keep	keep	VB
39785	164	8	16	16	CD
39785	164	9	drills	drill	NNS
39785	164	10	at	at	IN
39785	164	11	work	work	NN
39785	164	12	.	.	.
39785	165	1	But	but	CC
39785	165	2	the	the	DT
39785	165	3	vital	vital	JJ
39785	165	4	point	point	NN
39785	165	5	in	in	IN
39785	165	6	this	this	DT
39785	165	7	was	be	VBD
39785	165	8	the	the	DT
39785	165	9	fact	fact	NN
39785	165	10	that	that	IN
39785	165	11	Sommeiller	Sommeiller	NNP
39785	165	12	drove	drive	VBD
39785	165	13	his	-PRON-	PRP$
39785	165	14	drills	drill	NNS
39785	165	15	not	not	RB
39785	165	16	with	with	IN
39785	165	17	steam	steam	NN
39785	165	18	,	,	,
39785	165	19	but	but	CC
39785	165	20	air	air	NN
39785	165	21	,	,	,
39785	165	22	compressed	compress	VBN
39785	165	23	at	at	IN
39785	165	24	the	the	DT
39785	165	25	tunnel	tunnel	NNP
39785	165	26	portals	portal	NNS
39785	165	27	and	and	CC
39785	165	28	piped	pipe	VBD
39785	165	29	to	to	IN
39785	165	30	the	the	DT
39785	165	31	work	work	NN
39785	165	32	face	face	NN
39785	165	33	.	.	.
39785	166	1	It	-PRON-	PRP
39785	166	2	was	be	VBD
39785	166	3	this	this	DT
39785	166	4	single	single	JJ
39785	166	5	factor	factor	NN
39785	166	6	,	,	,
39785	166	7	one	one	CD
39785	166	8	of	of	IN
39785	166	9	application	application	NN
39785	166	10	rather	rather	RB
39785	166	11	than	than	IN
39785	166	12	invention	invention	NN
39785	166	13	,	,	,
39785	166	14	that	that	WDT
39785	166	15	made	make	VBD
39785	166	16	the	the	DT
39785	166	17	mechanical	mechanical	JJ
39785	166	18	drill	drill	NN
39785	166	19	feasible	feasible	JJ
39785	166	20	for	for	IN
39785	166	21	tunneling	tunnel	VBG
39785	166	22	.	.	.
39785	167	1	All	all	DT
39785	167	2	previous	previous	JJ
39785	167	3	effort	effort	NN
39785	167	4	in	in	IN
39785	167	5	the	the	DT
39785	167	6	field	field	NN
39785	167	7	of	of	IN
39785	167	8	machine	machine	NN
39785	167	9	drilling	drilling	NN
39785	167	10	,	,	,
39785	167	11	on	on	IN
39785	167	12	both	both	DT
39785	167	13	sides	side	NNS
39785	167	14	of	of	IN
39785	167	15	the	the	DT
39785	167	16	Atlantic	Atlantic	NNP
39785	167	17	,	,	,
39785	167	18	had	have	VBD
39785	167	19	been	be	VBN
39785	167	20	directed	direct	VBN
39785	167	21	toward	toward	IN
39785	167	22	steam	steam	NN
39785	167	23	as	as	IN
39785	167	24	the	the	DT
39785	167	25	motive	motive	JJ
39785	167	26	power	power	NN
39785	167	27	.	.	.
39785	168	1	In	in	IN
39785	168	2	deep	deep	JJ
39785	168	3	tunnels	tunnel	NNS
39785	168	4	,	,	,
39785	168	5	with	with	IN
39785	168	6	ventilation	ventilation	NN
39785	168	7	already	already	RB
39785	168	8	an	an	DT
39785	168	9	inherent	inherent	JJ
39785	168	10	problem	problem	NN
39785	168	11	,	,	,
39785	168	12	the	the	DT
39785	168	13	exhaust	exhaust	NN
39785	168	14	of	of	IN
39785	168	15	a	a	DT
39785	168	16	steam	steam	NN
39785	168	17	drill	drill	NN
39785	168	18	into	into	IN
39785	168	19	the	the	DT
39785	168	20	atmosphere	atmosphere	NN
39785	168	21	was	be	VBD
39785	168	22	inadmissible	inadmissible	JJ
39785	168	23	.	.	.
39785	169	1	Further	further	RB
39785	169	2	,	,	,
39785	169	3	steam	steam	NN
39785	169	4	could	could	MD
39785	169	5	not	not	RB
39785	169	6	be	be	VB
39785	169	7	piped	pipe	VBN
39785	169	8	over	over	RP
39785	169	9	great	great	JJ
39785	169	10	distances	distance	NNS
39785	169	11	due	due	IN
39785	169	12	to	to	IN
39785	169	13	serious	serious	JJ
39785	169	14	losses	loss	NNS
39785	169	15	of	of	IN
39785	169	16	energy	energy	NN
39785	169	17	from	from	IN
39785	169	18	radiation	radiation	NN
39785	169	19	of	of	IN
39785	169	20	heat	heat	NN
39785	169	21	,	,	,
39785	169	22	and	and	CC
39785	169	23	condensation	condensation	NN
39785	169	24	.	.	.
39785	170	1	Steam	steam	NN
39785	170	2	generation	generation	NN
39785	170	3	within	within	IN
39785	170	4	the	the	DT
39785	170	5	tunnel	tunnel	NN
39785	170	6	itself	-PRON-	PRP
39785	170	7	was	be	VBD
39785	170	8	obviously	obviously	RB
39785	170	9	out	out	IN
39785	170	10	of	of	IN
39785	170	11	the	the	DT
39785	170	12	question	question	NN
39785	170	13	.	.	.
39785	171	1	It	-PRON-	PRP
39785	171	2	was	be	VBD
39785	171	3	the	the	DT
39785	171	4	combination	combination	NN
39785	171	5	of	of	IN
39785	171	6	a	a	DT
39785	171	7	practical	practical	JJ
39785	171	8	drill	drill	NN
39785	171	9	,	,	,
39785	171	10	and	and	CC
39785	171	11	the	the	DT
39785	171	12	parallel	parallel	JJ
39785	171	13	invention	invention	NN
39785	171	14	by	by	IN
39785	171	15	Sommeiller	Sommeiller	NNP
39785	171	16	of	of	IN
39785	171	17	a	a	DT
39785	171	18	practical	practical	JJ
39785	171	19	air	air	NN
39785	171	20	compressor	compressor	NN
39785	171	21	that	that	WDT
39785	171	22	resulted	result	VBD
39785	171	23	in	in	IN
39785	171	24	the	the	DT
39785	171	25	first	first	JJ
39785	171	26	workable	workable	JJ
39785	171	27	application	application	NN
39785	171	28	of	of	IN
39785	171	29	machine	machine	NN
39785	171	30	rock	rock	NN
39785	171	31	drilling	drilling	NN
39785	171	32	to	to	IN
39785	171	33	tunneling	tunnel	VBG
39785	171	34	.	.	.
39785	172	1	[	[	-LRB-
39785	172	2	Illustration	illustration	NN
39785	172	3	:	:	:
39785	172	4	Figures	figure	NNS
39785	172	5	8	8	CD
39785	172	6	&	&	CC
39785	172	7	9.--HOOSAC	9.--HOOSAC	NNP
39785	172	8	TUNNEL	TUNNEL	NNP
39785	172	9	.	.	.
39785	173	1	CONTEMPORARY	contemporary	NN
39785	173	2	ENGRAVINGS	engraving	NNS
39785	173	3	.	.	.
39785	174	1	As	as	IN
39785	174	2	such	such	JJ
39785	174	3	large	large	JJ
39785	174	4	general	general	JJ
39785	174	5	areas	area	NNS
39785	174	6	could	could	MD
39785	174	7	not	not	RB
39785	174	8	be	be	VB
39785	174	9	sufficiently	sufficiently	RB
39785	174	10	illuminated	illuminate	VBN
39785	174	11	for	for	IN
39785	174	12	photography	photography	NN
39785	174	13	,	,	,
39785	174	14	the	the	DT
39785	174	15	Museum	Museum	NNP
39785	174	16	model	model	NN
39785	174	17	was	be	VBD
39785	174	18	based	base	VBN
39785	174	19	primarily	primarily	RB
39785	174	20	on	on	IN
39785	174	21	artists	artist	NNS
39785	174	22	'	'	POS
39785	174	23	versions	version	NNS
39785	174	24	of	of	IN
39785	174	25	the	the	DT
39785	174	26	work	work	NN
39785	174	27	.	.	.
39785	175	1	(	(	-LRB-
39785	175	2	_	_	NNP
39785	175	3	Science	Science	NNP
39785	175	4	Record	Record	NNP
39785	175	5	_	_	NNP
39785	175	6	,	,	,
39785	175	7	1872	1872	CD
39785	175	8	;	;	:
39785	175	9	_	_	NNP
39785	175	10	Leslie	Leslie	NNP
39785	175	11	's	's	POS
39785	175	12	Weekly	Weekly	NNP
39785	175	13	_	_	NNP
39785	175	14	,	,	,
39785	175	15	1873	1873	CD
39785	175	16	.	.	.
39785	175	17	)	)	-RRB-
39785	175	18	]	]	-RRB-
39785	176	1	The	the	DT
39785	176	2	Sommeiller	Sommeiller	NNP
39785	176	3	drills	drill	VBZ
39785	176	4	greatly	greatly	RB
39785	176	5	impressed	impressed	JJ
39785	176	6	Storrow	Storrow	NNP
39785	176	7	,	,	,
39785	176	8	and	and	CC
39785	176	9	his	-PRON-	PRP$
39785	176	10	report	report	NN
39785	176	11	of	of	IN
39785	176	12	November	November	NNP
39785	176	13	1862	1862	CD
39785	176	14	strongly	strongly	RB
39785	176	15	favored	favor	VBD
39785	176	16	their	-PRON-	PRP$
39785	176	17	adoption	adoption	NN
39785	176	18	at	at	IN
39785	176	19	Hoosac	Hoosac	NNP
39785	176	20	.	.	.
39785	177	1	It	-PRON-	PRP
39785	177	2	is	be	VBZ
39785	177	3	curious	curious	JJ
39785	177	4	however	however	RB
39785	177	5	,	,	,
39785	177	6	that	that	IN
39785	177	7	not	not	RB
39785	177	8	a	a	DT
39785	177	9	single	single	JJ
39785	177	10	one	one	NN
39785	177	11	was	be	VBD
39785	177	12	brought	bring	VBN
39785	177	13	to	to	IN
39785	177	14	the	the	DT
39785	177	15	U.S.	U.S.	NNP
39785	177	16	,	,	,
39785	177	17	even	even	RB
39785	177	18	on	on	IN
39785	177	19	trial	trial	NN
39785	177	20	.	.	.
39785	178	1	Storrow	Storrow	NNP
39785	178	2	does	do	VBZ
39785	178	3	speak	speak	VB
39785	178	4	of	of	IN
39785	178	5	Sommeiller	Sommeiller	NNP
39785	178	6	's	's	POS
39785	178	7	intent	intent	NN
39785	178	8	to	to	TO
39785	178	9	keep	keep	VB
39785	178	10	the	the	DT
39785	178	11	details	detail	NNS
39785	178	12	of	of	IN
39785	178	13	the	the	DT
39785	178	14	machine	machine	NN
39785	178	15	to	to	IN
39785	178	16	himself	-PRON-	PRP
39785	178	17	until	until	IN
39785	178	18	it	-PRON-	PRP
39785	178	19	had	have	VBD
39785	178	20	been	be	VBN
39785	178	21	further	further	RB
39785	178	22	improved	improve	VBN
39785	178	23	,	,	,
39785	178	24	with	with	IN
39785	178	25	a	a	DT
39785	178	26	view	view	NN
39785	178	27	to	to	IN
39785	178	28	its	-PRON-	PRP$
39785	178	29	eventual	eventual	JJ
39785	178	30	exploitation	exploitation	NN
39785	178	31	.	.	.
39785	179	1	The	the	DT
39785	179	2	fact	fact	NN
39785	179	3	is	be	VBZ
39785	179	4	,	,	,
39785	179	5	that	that	IN
39785	179	6	although	although	IN
39785	179	7	workable	workable	NNP
39785	179	8	,	,	,
39785	179	9	the	the	DT
39785	179	10	Sommeiller	Sommeiller	NNP
39785	179	11	drill	drill	NN
39785	179	12	proved	prove	VBD
39785	179	13	to	to	TO
39785	179	14	be	be	VB
39785	179	15	a	a	DT
39785	179	16	dead	dead	JJ
39785	179	17	end	end	NN
39785	179	18	in	in	IN
39785	179	19	rock	rock	NN
39785	179	20	-	-	HYPH
39785	179	21	drill	drill	NN
39785	179	22	development	development	NN
39785	179	23	because	because	IN
39785	179	24	of	of	IN
39785	179	25	its	-PRON-	PRP$
39785	179	26	many	many	JJ
39785	179	27	basic	basic	JJ
39785	179	28	deficiencies	deficiency	NNS
39785	179	29	.	.	.
39785	180	1	It	-PRON-	PRP
39785	180	2	did	do	VBD
39785	180	3	exert	exert	VB
39785	180	4	the	the	DT
39785	180	5	indirect	indirect	JJ
39785	180	6	influence	influence	NN
39785	180	7	of	of	IN
39785	180	8	inspiration	inspiration	NN
39785	180	9	which	which	WDT
39785	180	10	,	,	,
39785	180	11	coupled	couple	VBN
39785	180	12	with	with	IN
39785	180	13	a	a	DT
39785	180	14	pressing	press	VBG
39785	180	15	need	need	NN
39785	180	16	for	for	IN
39785	180	17	haste	haste	NN
39785	180	18	,	,	,
39785	180	19	led	lead	VBD
39785	180	20	to	to	IN
39785	180	21	renewed	renew	VBN
39785	180	22	trials	trial	NNS
39785	180	23	of	of	IN
39785	180	24	drilling	drill	VBG
39785	180	25	machinery	machinery	NN
39785	180	26	at	at	IN
39785	180	27	Hoosac	Hoosac	NNP
39785	180	28	.	.	.
39785	181	1	Thomas	Thomas	NNP
39785	181	2	Doane	Doane	NNP
39785	181	3	,	,	,
39785	181	4	chief	chief	JJ
39785	181	5	engineer	engineer	NN
39785	181	6	under	under	IN
39785	181	7	the	the	DT
39785	181	8	state	state	NNP
39785	181	9	commission	commission	NNP
39785	181	10	,	,	,
39785	181	11	carried	carry	VBD
39785	181	12	this	this	DT
39785	181	13	program	program	NN
39785	181	14	forth	forth	RB
39785	181	15	with	with	IN
39785	181	16	intensity	intensity	NN
39785	181	17	,	,	,
39785	181	18	seeking	seeking	NN
39785	181	19	and	and	CC
39785	181	20	encouraging	encourage	VBG
39785	181	21	inventors	inventor	NNS
39785	181	22	,	,	,
39785	181	23	and	and	CC
39785	181	24	himself	-PRON-	PRP
39785	181	25	working	work	VBG
39785	181	26	on	on	IN
39785	181	27	the	the	DT
39785	181	28	problem	problem	NN
39785	181	29	.	.	.
39785	182	1	The	the	DT
39785	182	2	pattern	pattern	NN
39785	182	3	of	of	IN
39785	182	4	the	the	DT
39785	182	5	Sommeiller	Sommeiller	NNP
39785	182	6	drill	drill	NN
39785	182	7	was	be	VBD
39785	182	8	generally	generally	RB
39785	182	9	followed	follow	VBN
39785	182	10	;	;	:
39785	182	11	that	that	RB
39785	182	12	is	is	RB
39785	182	13	,	,	,
39785	182	14	the	the	DT
39785	182	15	drill	drill	NN
39785	182	16	was	be	VBD
39785	182	17	designed	design	VBN
39785	182	18	as	as	IN
39785	182	19	a	a	DT
39785	182	20	separate	separate	JJ
39785	182	21	,	,	,
39785	182	22	relatively	relatively	RB
39785	182	23	light	light	JJ
39785	182	24	mechanical	mechanical	JJ
39785	182	25	element	element	NN
39785	182	26	,	,	,
39785	182	27	adapted	adapt	VBN
39785	182	28	for	for	IN
39785	182	29	transportation	transportation	NN
39785	182	30	by	by	IN
39785	182	31	several	several	JJ
39785	182	32	miners	miner	NNS
39785	182	33	,	,	,
39785	182	34	and	and	CC
39785	182	35	attachable	attachable	JJ
39785	182	36	to	to	IN
39785	182	37	a	a	DT
39785	182	38	movable	movable	JJ
39785	182	39	frame	frame	NN
39785	182	40	or	or	CC
39785	182	41	carriage	carriage	NN
39785	182	42	during	during	IN
39785	182	43	operation	operation	NN
39785	182	44	.	.	.
39785	183	1	Air	air	NN
39785	183	2	was	be	VBD
39785	183	3	of	of	IN
39785	183	4	course	course	NN
39785	183	5	the	the	DT
39785	183	6	presumed	presume	VBN
39785	183	7	power	power	NN
39785	183	8	.	.	.
39785	184	1	To	to	TO
39785	184	2	be	be	VB
39785	184	3	effective	effective	JJ
39785	184	4	,	,	,
39785	184	5	it	-PRON-	PRP
39785	184	6	was	be	VBD
39785	184	7	necessary	necessary	JJ
39785	184	8	that	that	IN
39785	184	9	a	a	DT
39785	184	10	drill	drill	NN
39785	184	11	automatically	automatically	RB
39785	184	12	feed	feed	VBP
39785	184	13	the	the	DT
39785	184	14	drill	drill	NN
39785	184	15	rod	rod	NN
39785	184	16	as	as	IN
39785	184	17	the	the	DT
39785	184	18	hole	hole	NN
39785	184	19	deepened	deepen	VBD
39785	184	20	,	,	,
39785	184	21	and	and	CC
39785	184	22	also	also	RB
39785	184	23	rotate	rotate	VB
39785	184	24	the	the	DT
39785	184	25	rod	rod	NN
39785	184	26	automatically	automatically	RB
39785	184	27	to	to	TO
39785	184	28	maintain	maintain	VB
39785	184	29	a	a	DT
39785	184	30	round	round	JJ
39785	184	31	,	,	,
39785	184	32	smooth	smooth	JJ
39785	184	33	hole	hole	NN
39785	184	34	.	.	.
39785	185	1	Extreme	extreme	JJ
39785	185	2	durability	durability	NN
39785	185	3	was	be	VBD
39785	185	4	essential	essential	JJ
39785	185	5	,	,	,
39785	185	6	and	and	CC
39785	185	7	usually	usually	RB
39785	185	8	proved	prove	VBD
39785	185	9	the	the	DT
39785	185	10	source	source	NN
39785	185	11	of	of	IN
39785	185	12	a	a	DT
39785	185	13	machine	machine	NN
39785	185	14	's	's	POS
39785	185	15	failure	failure	NN
39785	185	16	.	.	.
39785	186	1	The	the	DT
39785	186	2	combination	combination	NN
39785	186	3	of	of	IN
39785	186	4	these	these	DT
39785	186	5	characteristics	characteristic	NNS
39785	186	6	into	into	IN
39785	186	7	a	a	DT
39785	186	8	machine	machine	NN
39785	186	9	capable	capable	JJ
39785	186	10	of	of	IN
39785	186	11	driving	drive	VBG
39785	186	12	the	the	DT
39785	186	13	drill	drill	NN
39785	186	14	rod	rod	NN
39785	186	15	into	into	IN
39785	186	16	the	the	DT
39785	186	17	rock	rock	NN
39785	186	18	with	with	IN
39785	186	19	great	great	JJ
39785	186	20	force	force	NN
39785	186	21	,	,	,
39785	186	22	perhaps	perhaps	RB
39785	186	23	five	five	CD
39785	186	24	times	time	NNS
39785	186	25	per	per	IN
39785	186	26	second	second	NN
39785	186	27	,	,	,
39785	186	28	was	be	VBD
39785	186	29	a	a	DT
39785	186	30	severe	severe	JJ
39785	186	31	test	test	NN
39785	186	32	of	of	IN
39785	186	33	ingenuity	ingenuity	NN
39785	186	34	and	and	CC
39785	186	35	materials	material	NNS
39785	186	36	.	.	.
39785	187	1	Doane	doane	NN
39785	187	2	in	in	IN
39785	187	3	1864	1864	CD
39785	187	4	had	have	VBD
39785	187	5	three	three	CD
39785	187	6	different	different	JJ
39785	187	7	experimental	experimental	JJ
39785	187	8	drills	drill	NNS
39785	187	9	in	in	IN
39785	187	10	hand	hand	NN
39785	187	11	,	,	,
39785	187	12	as	as	RB
39785	187	13	well	well	RB
39785	187	14	as	as	IN
39785	187	15	various	various	JJ
39785	187	16	steam	steam	NN
39785	187	17	and	and	CC
39785	187	18	water	water	NN
39785	187	19	-	-	HYPH
39785	187	20	powered	power	VBN
39785	187	21	compressors	compressor	NNS
39785	187	22	.	.	.
39785	188	1	Success	Success	NNP
39785	188	2	finally	finally	RB
39785	188	3	came	come	VBD
39785	188	4	in	in	IN
39785	188	5	1865	1865	CD
39785	188	6	with	with	IN
39785	188	7	the	the	DT
39785	188	8	invention	invention	NN
39785	188	9	of	of	IN
39785	188	10	a	a	DT
39785	188	11	drill	drill	NN
39785	188	12	by	by	IN
39785	188	13	Charles	Charles	NNP
39785	188	14	Burleigh	Burleigh	NNP
39785	188	15	,	,	,
39785	188	16	a	a	DT
39785	188	17	mechanical	mechanical	JJ
39785	188	18	engineer	engineer	NN
39785	188	19	at	at	IN
39785	188	20	the	the	DT
39785	188	21	well	well	RB
39785	188	22	-	-	HYPH
39785	188	23	known	know	VBN
39785	188	24	Putnam	Putnam	NNP
39785	188	25	Machine	Machine	NNP
39785	188	26	Works	Works	NNP
39785	188	27	of	of	IN
39785	188	28	Fitchburg	Fitchburg	NNP
39785	188	29	,	,	,
39785	188	30	Massachusetts	Massachusetts	NNP
39785	188	31	.	.	.
39785	189	1	The	the	DT
39785	189	2	drills	drill	NNS
39785	189	3	were	be	VBD
39785	189	4	first	first	RB
39785	189	5	applied	apply	VBN
39785	189	6	in	in	IN
39785	189	7	the	the	DT
39785	189	8	east	east	NN
39785	189	9	heading	heading	NN
39785	189	10	in	in	IN
39785	189	11	June	June	NNP
39785	189	12	of	of	IN
39785	189	13	1866	1866	CD
39785	189	14	.	.	.
39785	190	1	Although	although	IN
39785	190	2	working	work	VBG
39785	190	3	well	well	RB
39785	190	4	,	,	,
39785	190	5	their	-PRON-	PRP$
39785	190	6	initial	initial	JJ
39785	190	7	success	success	NN
39785	190	8	was	be	VBD
39785	190	9	limited	limit	VBN
39785	190	10	by	by	IN
39785	190	11	lack	lack	NN
39785	190	12	of	of	IN
39785	190	13	reliability	reliability	NN
39785	190	14	and	and	CC
39785	190	15	a	a	DT
39785	190	16	resulting	result	VBG
39785	190	17	high	high	JJ
39785	190	18	expense	expense	NN
39785	190	19	for	for	IN
39785	190	20	repairs	repair	NNS
39785	190	21	.	.	.
39785	191	1	They	-PRON-	PRP
39785	191	2	were	be	VBD
39785	191	3	described	describe	VBN
39785	191	4	as	as	IN
39785	191	5	having	have	VBG
39785	191	6	"	"	``
39785	191	7	several	several	JJ
39785	191	8	weakest	weak	JJS
39785	191	9	points	point	NNS
39785	191	10	.	.	.
39785	191	11	"	"	''
39785	192	1	In	in	IN
39785	192	2	November	November	NNP
39785	192	3	,	,	,
39785	192	4	these	these	DT
39785	192	5	drills	drill	NNS
39785	192	6	were	be	VBD
39785	192	7	replaced	replace	VBN
39785	192	8	by	by	IN
39785	192	9	an	an	DT
39785	192	10	improved	improve	VBN
39785	192	11	Burleigh	Burleigh	NNP
39785	192	12	drill	drill	NN
39785	192	13	which	which	WDT
39785	192	14	was	be	VBD
39785	192	15	used	use	VBN
39785	192	16	with	with	IN
39785	192	17	total	total	JJ
39785	192	18	success	success	NN
39785	192	19	to	to	IN
39785	192	20	the	the	DT
39785	192	21	end	end	NN
39785	192	22	of	of	IN
39785	192	23	the	the	DT
39785	192	24	work	work	NN
39785	192	25	.	.	.
39785	193	1	The	the	DT
39785	193	2	era	era	NN
39785	193	3	of	of	IN
39785	193	4	modern	modern	JJ
39785	193	5	rock	rock	NN
39785	193	6	tunneling	tunneling	NN
39785	193	7	was	be	VBD
39785	193	8	thus	thus	RB
39785	193	9	launched	launch	VBN
39785	193	10	by	by	IN
39785	193	11	Sommeiller	Sommeiller	NNP
39785	193	12	's	's	POS
39785	193	13	insight	insight	NN
39785	193	14	in	in	IN
39785	193	15	initially	initially	RB
39785	193	16	applying	apply	VBG
39785	193	17	pneumatic	pneumatic	JJ
39785	193	18	power	power	NN
39785	193	19	to	to	IN
39785	193	20	a	a	DT
39785	193	21	machine	machine	NN
39785	193	22	drill	drill	NN
39785	193	23	,	,	,
39785	193	24	by	by	IN
39785	193	25	Doane	Doane	NNP
39785	193	26	's	's	POS
39785	193	27	persistence	persistence	NN
39785	193	28	in	in	IN
39785	193	29	searching	search	VBG
39785	193	30	for	for	IN
39785	193	31	a	a	DT
39785	193	32	thoroughly	thoroughly	RB
39785	193	33	practical	practical	JJ
39785	193	34	drill	drill	NN
39785	193	35	,	,	,
39785	193	36	and	and	CC
39785	193	37	by	by	IN
39785	193	38	Burleigh	Burleigh	NNP
39785	193	39	's	's	POS
39785	193	40	mechanical	mechanical	JJ
39785	193	41	talent	talent	NN
39785	193	42	in	in	IN
39785	193	43	producing	produce	VBG
39785	193	44	one	one	CD
39785	193	45	.	.	.
39785	194	1	The	the	DT
39785	194	2	desperate	desperate	JJ
39785	194	3	need	need	NN
39785	194	4	to	to	TO
39785	194	5	complete	complete	VB
39785	194	6	the	the	DT
39785	194	7	Hoosac	Hoosac	NNP
39785	194	8	Tunnel	Tunnel	NNP
39785	194	9	may	may	MD
39785	194	10	reasonably	reasonably	RB
39785	194	11	be	be	VB
39785	194	12	considered	consider	VBN
39785	194	13	the	the	DT
39785	194	14	greatest	great	JJS
39785	194	15	single	single	JJ
39785	194	16	spur	spur	NN
39785	194	17	to	to	IN
39785	194	18	the	the	DT
39785	194	19	development	development	NN
39785	194	20	of	of	IN
39785	194	21	a	a	DT
39785	194	22	successful	successful	JJ
39785	194	23	drill	drill	NN
39785	194	24	.	.	.
39785	195	1	The	the	DT
39785	195	2	significance	significance	NN
39785	195	3	of	of	IN
39785	195	4	this	this	DT
39785	195	5	invention	invention	NN
39785	195	6	was	be	VBD
39785	195	7	far	far	RB
39785	195	8	reaching	reach	VBG
39785	195	9	.	.	.
39785	196	1	Burleigh	Burleigh	NNP
39785	196	2	's	's	POS
39785	196	3	was	be	VBD
39785	196	4	the	the	DT
39785	196	5	first	first	JJ
39785	196	6	practical	practical	JJ
39785	196	7	mechanical	mechanical	JJ
39785	196	8	rock	rock	NN
39785	196	9	drill	drill	NN
39785	196	10	in	in	IN
39785	196	11	America	America	NNP
39785	196	12	and	and	CC
39785	196	13	,	,	,
39785	196	14	in	in	IN
39785	196	15	view	view	NN
39785	196	16	of	of	IN
39785	196	17	its	-PRON-	PRP$
39785	196	18	dependability	dependability	NN
39785	196	19	,	,	,
39785	196	20	efficiency	efficiency	NN
39785	196	21	,	,	,
39785	196	22	and	and	CC
39785	196	23	simplicity	simplicity	NN
39785	196	24	when	when	WRB
39785	196	25	compared	compare	VBN
39785	196	26	to	to	IN
39785	196	27	the	the	DT
39785	196	28	Sommeiller	Sommeiller	NNP
39785	196	29	drill	drill	NN
39785	196	30	,	,	,
39785	196	31	perhaps	perhaps	RB
39785	196	32	in	in	IN
39785	196	33	the	the	DT
39785	196	34	world	world	NN
39785	196	35	.	.	.
39785	197	1	The	the	DT
39785	197	2	Burleigh	Burleigh	NNP
39785	197	3	drill	drill	NN
39785	197	4	achieved	achieve	VBD
39785	197	5	success	success	NN
39785	197	6	almost	almost	RB
39785	197	7	immediately	immediately	RB
39785	197	8	.	.	.
39785	198	1	It	-PRON-	PRP
39785	198	2	was	be	VBD
39785	198	3	placed	place	VBN
39785	198	4	in	in	IN
39785	198	5	production	production	NN
39785	198	6	by	by	IN
39785	198	7	Putnam	Putnam	NNP
39785	198	8	for	for	IN
39785	198	9	the	the	DT
39785	198	10	Burleigh	Burleigh	NNP
39785	198	11	Rock	Rock	NNP
39785	198	12	Drill	Drill	NNP
39785	198	13	Company	Company	NNP
39785	198	14	before	before	IN
39785	198	15	completion	completion	NN
39785	198	16	of	of	IN
39785	198	17	Hoosac	Hoosac	NNP
39785	198	18	in	in	IN
39785	198	19	1876	1876	CD
39785	198	20	,	,	,
39785	198	21	and	and	CC
39785	198	22	its	-PRON-	PRP$
39785	198	23	use	use	NN
39785	198	24	spread	spread	VBD
39785	198	25	throughout	throughout	IN
39785	198	26	the	the	DT
39785	198	27	western	western	JJ
39785	198	28	mining	mining	NN
39785	198	29	regions	region	NNS
39785	198	30	and	and	CC
39785	198	31	other	other	JJ
39785	198	32	tunnel	tunnel	NN
39785	198	33	works	work	NNS
39785	198	34	.	.	.
39785	199	1	For	for	IN
39785	199	2	a	a	DT
39785	199	3	major	major	JJ
39785	199	4	invention	invention	NN
39785	199	5	,	,	,
39785	199	6	its	-PRON-	PRP$
39785	199	7	adoption	adoption	NN
39785	199	8	was	be	VBD
39785	199	9	,	,	,
39785	199	10	in	in	IN
39785	199	11	relative	relative	JJ
39785	199	12	terms	term	NNS
39785	199	13	,	,	,
39785	199	14	instantaneous	instantaneous	JJ
39785	199	15	.	.	.
39785	200	1	It	-PRON-	PRP
39785	200	2	was	be	VBD
39785	200	3	the	the	DT
39785	200	4	prototype	prototype	NN
39785	200	5	of	of	IN
39785	200	6	all	all	DT
39785	200	7	succeeding	succeed	VBG
39785	200	8	piston	piston	NN
39785	200	9	-	-	HYPH
39785	200	10	type	type	NN
39785	200	11	drills	drill	NNS
39785	200	12	,	,	,
39785	200	13	which	which	WDT
39785	200	14	came	come	VBD
39785	200	15	to	to	TO
39785	200	16	be	be	VB
39785	200	17	known	know	VBN
39785	200	18	generically	generically	RB
39785	200	19	as	as	IN
39785	200	20	"	"	``
39785	200	21	burleighs	burleigh	NNS
39785	200	22	,	,	,
39785	200	23	"	"	''
39785	200	24	regardless	regardless	RB
39785	200	25	of	of	IN
39785	200	26	manufacture	manufacture	NN
39785	200	27	.	.	.
39785	201	1	Walter	Walter	NNP
39785	201	2	Shanley	Shanley	NNP
39785	201	3	,	,	,
39785	201	4	the	the	DT
39785	201	5	Canadian	canadian	JJ
39785	201	6	contractor	contractor	NN
39785	201	7	who	who	WP
39785	201	8	ultimately	ultimately	RB
39785	201	9	completed	complete	VBD
39785	201	10	the	the	DT
39785	201	11	Hoosac	Hoosac	NNP
39785	201	12	,	,	,
39785	201	13	reported	report	VBN
39785	201	14	in	in	IN
39785	201	15	1870	1870	CD
39785	201	16	,	,	,
39785	201	17	after	after	IN
39785	201	18	the	the	DT
39785	201	19	drills	drill	NNS
39785	201	20	had	have	VBD
39785	201	21	been	be	VBN
39785	201	22	in	in	IN
39785	201	23	service	service	NN
39785	201	24	for	for	IN
39785	201	25	a	a	DT
39785	201	26	sufficient	sufficient	JJ
39785	201	27	time	time	NN
39785	201	28	that	that	WDT
39785	201	29	the	the	DT
39785	201	30	techniques	technique	NNS
39785	201	31	for	for	IN
39785	201	32	their	-PRON-	PRP$
39785	201	33	most	most	RBS
39785	201	34	efficient	efficient	JJ
39785	201	35	use	use	NN
39785	201	36	were	be	VBD
39785	201	37	fully	fully	RB
39785	201	38	understood	understand	VBN
39785	201	39	and	and	CC
39785	201	40	effectively	effectively	RB
39785	201	41	applied	apply	VBD
39785	201	42	,	,	,
39785	201	43	that	that	IN
39785	201	44	the	the	DT
39785	201	45	Burleigh	Burleigh	NNP
39785	201	46	drills	drill	VBZ
39785	201	47	saved	save	VBN
39785	201	48	about	about	RB
39785	201	49	half	half	PDT
39785	201	50	the	the	DT
39785	201	51	drilling	drilling	NN
39785	201	52	costs	cost	NNS
39785	201	53	over	over	IN
39785	201	54	hand	hand	NN
39785	201	55	drilling	drilling	NN
39785	201	56	.	.	.
39785	202	1	The	the	DT
39785	202	2	per	per	IN
39785	202	3	-	-	HYPH
39785	202	4	inch	inch	NN
39785	202	5	cost	cost	NN
39785	202	6	of	of	IN
39785	202	7	machine	machine	NN
39785	202	8	drilling	drilling	NN
39785	202	9	averaged	average	VBD
39785	202	10	5.5	5.5	CD
39785	202	11	cents	cent	NNS
39785	202	12	,	,	,
39785	202	13	all	all	DT
39785	202	14	inclusive	inclusive	JJ
39785	202	15	,	,	,
39785	202	16	vs.	vs.	CC
39785	202	17	11.2	11.2	CD
39785	202	18	cents	cent	NNS
39785	202	19	for	for	IN
39785	202	20	handwork	handwork	NN
39785	202	21	.	.	.
39785	203	1	The	the	DT
39785	203	2	more	more	RBR
39785	203	3	important	important	JJ
39785	203	4	point	point	NN
39785	203	5	,	,	,
39785	203	6	that	that	DT
39785	203	7	of	of	IN
39785	203	8	speed	speed	NN
39785	203	9	,	,	,
39785	203	10	is	be	VBZ
39785	203	11	shown	show	VBN
39785	203	12	by	by	IN
39785	203	13	the	the	DT
39785	203	14	reports	report	NNS
39785	203	15	of	of	IN
39785	203	16	average	average	JJ
39785	203	17	monthly	monthly	JJ
39785	203	18	progress	progress	NN
39785	203	19	of	of	IN
39785	203	20	the	the	DT
39785	203	21	tunnel	tunnel	NN
39785	203	22	itself	-PRON-	PRP
39785	203	23	,	,	,
39785	203	24	before	before	IN
39785	203	25	and	and	CC
39785	203	26	after	after	IN
39785	203	27	use	use	NN
39785	203	28	of	of	IN
39785	203	29	the	the	DT
39785	203	30	air	air	NN
39785	203	31	drills	drill	NNS
39785	203	32	.	.	.
39785	204	1	_	_	NNP
39785	204	2	Year	Year	NNP
39785	204	3	_	_	NNP
39785	204	4	_	_	NNP
39785	204	5	Average	average	JJ
39785	204	6	monthly	monthly	JJ
39785	204	7	progress	progress	NN
39785	204	8	in	in	IN
39785	204	9	feet	foot	NNS
39785	204	10	_	_	NNP
39785	204	11	1865	1865	CD
39785	204	12	55	55	CD
39785	204	13	1866	1866	CD
39785	204	14	48	48	CD
39785	204	15	1867	1867	CD
39785	204	16	99	99	CD
39785	204	17	1868	1868	CD
39785	204	18	--	--	:
39785	204	19	1869	1869	CD
39785	204	20	138	138	CD
39785	204	21	1870	1870	CD
39785	204	22	126	126	CD
39785	204	23	1871	1871	CD
39785	204	24	145	145	CD
39785	204	25	1872	1872	CD
39785	204	26	124	124	CD
39785	204	27	[	[	-LRB-
39785	204	28	Illustration	illustration	NN
39785	204	29	:	:	:
39785	204	30	Figure	figure	NN
39785	204	31	10.--TRINITROGLYCERINE	10.--trinitroglycerine	CD
39785	204	32	BLAST	blast	NN
39785	204	33	at	at	IN
39785	204	34	Hoosac	Hoosac	NNP
39785	204	35	Tunnel	Tunnel	NNP
39785	204	36	.	.	.
39785	205	1	(	(	-LRB-
39785	205	2	_	_	NNP
39785	205	3	Leslie	Leslie	NNP
39785	205	4	's	's	POS
39785	205	5	Weekly	Weekly	NNP
39785	205	6	_	_	NNP
39785	205	7	,	,	,
39785	205	8	1873	1873	CD
39785	205	9	.	.	.
39785	205	10	)	)	-RRB-
39785	205	11	]	]	-RRB-
39785	206	1	The	the	DT
39785	206	2	right	right	JJ
39785	206	3	portion	portion	NN
39785	206	4	of	of	IN
39785	206	5	the	the	DT
39785	206	6	model	model	NN
39785	206	7	(	(	-LRB-
39785	206	8	fig	fig	NN
39785	206	9	.	.	.
39785	207	1	3	3	LS
39785	207	2	)	)	-RRB-
39785	207	3	represents	represent	VBZ
39785	207	4	the	the	DT
39785	207	5	workings	working	NNS
39785	207	6	during	during	IN
39785	207	7	the	the	DT
39785	207	8	final	final	JJ
39785	207	9	period	period	NN
39785	207	10	.	.	.
39785	208	1	The	the	DT
39785	208	2	bottom	bottom	JJ
39785	208	3	heading	heading	NN
39785	208	4	system	system	NN
39785	208	5	was	be	VBD
39785	208	6	generally	generally	RB
39785	208	7	used	use	VBN
39785	208	8	after	after	IN
39785	208	9	the	the	DT
39785	208	10	Burleigh	Burleigh	NNP
39785	208	11	drills	drill	NNS
39785	208	12	had	have	VBD
39785	208	13	been	be	VBN
39785	208	14	introduced	introduce	VBN
39785	208	15	.	.	.
39785	209	1	Four	four	CD
39785	209	2	to	to	TO
39785	209	3	six	six	CD
39785	209	4	drills	drill	NNS
39785	209	5	were	be	VBD
39785	209	6	mounted	mount	VBN
39785	209	7	on	on	IN
39785	209	8	a	a	DT
39785	209	9	carriage	carriage	NN
39785	209	10	designed	design	VBN
39785	209	11	by	by	IN
39785	209	12	Doane	Doane	NNP
39785	209	13	.	.	.
39785	210	1	These	these	DT
39785	210	2	drove	drive	VBD
39785	210	3	the	the	DT
39785	210	4	holes	hole	NNS
39785	210	5	for	for	IN
39785	210	6	the	the	DT
39785	210	7	first	first	JJ
39785	210	8	blast	blast	NN
39785	210	9	in	in	IN
39785	210	10	the	the	DT
39785	210	11	center	center	NN
39785	210	12	of	of	IN
39785	210	13	the	the	DT
39785	210	14	heading	heading	NN
39785	210	15	in	in	IN
39785	210	16	about	about	RB
39785	210	17	six	six	CD
39785	210	18	hours	hour	NNS
39785	210	19	.	.	.
39785	211	1	The	the	DT
39785	211	2	full	full	JJ
39785	211	3	width	width	NN
39785	211	4	of	of	IN
39785	211	5	the	the	DT
39785	211	6	heading	heading	NN
39785	211	7	,	,	,
39785	211	8	the	the	DT
39785	211	9	24-foot	24-foot	CD
39785	211	10	width	width	NN
39785	211	11	of	of	IN
39785	211	12	the	the	DT
39785	211	13	tunnel	tunnel	NN
39785	211	14	,	,	,
39785	211	15	was	be	VBD
39785	211	16	then	then	RB
39785	211	17	drilled	drill	VBN
39785	211	18	and	and	CC
39785	211	19	blasted	blast	VBD
39785	211	20	out	out	RP
39785	211	21	in	in	IN
39785	211	22	two	two	CD
39785	211	23	more	more	JJR
39785	211	24	stages	stage	NNS
39785	211	25	.	.	.
39785	212	1	As	as	IN
39785	212	2	in	in	IN
39785	212	3	the	the	DT
39785	212	4	early	early	JJ
39785	212	5	section	section	NN
39785	212	6	,	,	,
39785	212	7	the	the	DT
39785	212	8	benches	bench	NNS
39785	212	9	to	to	IN
39785	212	10	the	the	DT
39785	212	11	rear	rear	NN
39785	212	12	were	be	VBD
39785	212	13	later	later	RB
39785	212	14	removed	remove	VBN
39785	212	15	to	to	IN
39785	212	16	the	the	DT
39785	212	17	full	full	JJ
39785	212	18	-	-	HYPH
39785	212	19	tunnel	tunnel	NN
39785	212	20	height	height	NN
39785	212	21	of	of	IN
39785	212	22	about	about	IN
39785	212	23	20	20	CD
39785	212	24	feet	foot	NNS
39785	212	25	.	.	.
39785	213	1	This	this	DT
39785	213	2	operation	operation	NN
39785	213	3	is	be	VBZ
39785	213	4	shown	show	VBN
39785	213	5	by	by	IN
39785	213	6	a	a	DT
39785	213	7	single	single	JJ
39785	213	8	drill	drill	NN
39785	213	9	(	(	-LRB-
39785	213	10	fig	fig	NN
39785	213	11	.	.	.
39785	214	1	4	4	LS
39785	214	2	)	)	-RRB-
39785	214	3	mounted	mount	VBD
39785	214	4	on	on	IN
39785	214	5	a	a	DT
39785	214	6	screw	screw	NN
39785	214	7	column	column	NN
39785	214	8	.	.	.
39785	215	1	Three	three	CD
39785	215	2	8-hour	8-hour	CD
39785	215	3	shifts	shift	NNS
39785	215	4	carried	carry	VBD
39785	215	5	the	the	DT
39785	215	6	work	work	NN
39785	215	7	forward	forward	RB
39785	215	8	:	:	:
39785	215	9	drilling	drill	VBG
39785	215	10	occupied	occupy	VBD
39785	215	11	half	half	PDT
39785	215	12	the	the	DT
39785	215	13	time	time	NN
39785	215	14	and	and	CC
39785	215	15	half	half	NN
39785	215	16	was	be	VBD
39785	215	17	spent	spend	VBN
39785	215	18	in	in	IN
39785	215	19	running	run	VBG
39785	215	20	the	the	DT
39785	215	21	carriage	carriage	NN
39785	215	22	back	back	RB
39785	215	23	,	,	,
39785	215	24	blasting	blasting	NN
39785	215	25	,	,	,
39785	215	26	and	and	CC
39785	215	27	mucking	mucking	NN
39785	215	28	(	(	-LRB-
39785	215	29	clearing	clear	VBG
39785	215	30	the	the	DT
39785	215	31	broken	broken	JJ
39785	215	32	rock	rock	NN
39785	215	33	)	)	-RRB-
39785	215	34	.	.	.
39785	216	1	[	[	-LRB-
39785	216	2	Illustration	illustration	NN
39785	216	3	:	:	:
39785	216	4	Figure	figure	NN
39785	216	5	11.--HOOSAC	11.--hoosac	CD
39785	216	6	TUNNEL	TUNNEL	NNP
39785	216	7	survey	survey	NN
39785	216	8	crew	crew	NN
39785	216	9	at	at	IN
39785	216	10	engineering	engineering	NN
39785	216	11	office	office	NN
39785	216	12	.	.	.
39785	217	1	The	the	DT
39785	217	2	highest	high	JJS
39785	217	3	accuracy	accuracy	NN
39785	217	4	of	of	IN
39785	217	5	the	the	DT
39785	217	6	aboveground	aboveground	JJ
39785	217	7	and	and	CC
39785	217	8	underground	underground	JJ
39785	217	9	survey	survey	NN
39785	217	10	work	work	NN
39785	217	11	was	be	VBD
39785	217	12	required	require	VBN
39785	217	13	to	to	TO
39785	217	14	insure	insure	VB
39785	217	15	proper	proper	JJ
39785	217	16	vertical	vertical	JJ
39785	217	17	and	and	CC
39785	217	18	horizontal	horizontal	JJ
39785	217	19	alignment	alignment	NN
39785	217	20	and	and	CC
39785	217	21	meeting	meeting	NN
39785	217	22	of	of	IN
39785	217	23	the	the	DT
39785	217	24	several	several	JJ
39785	217	25	separately	separately	RB
39785	217	26	driven	drive	VBN
39785	217	27	sections	section	NNS
39785	217	28	.	.	.
39785	218	1	(	(	-LRB-
39785	218	2	_	_	NNP
39785	218	3	Photo	Photo	NNP
39785	218	4	courtesy	courtesy	NN
39785	218	5	of	of	IN
39785	218	6	State	State	NNP
39785	218	7	Library	Library	NNP
39785	218	8	,	,	,
39785	218	9	Commonwealth	Commonwealth	NNP
39785	218	10	of	of	IN
39785	218	11	Massachusetts	Massachusetts	NNP
39785	218	12	.	.	.
39785	218	13	_	_	NNP
39785	218	14	)	)	-RRB-
39785	218	15	]	]	-RRB-
39785	218	16	The	the	DT
39785	218	17	tunnel	tunnel	NN
39785	218	18	's	's	POS
39785	218	19	1028-foot	1028-foot	CD
39785	218	20	central	central	JJ
39785	218	21	shaft	shaft	NN
39785	218	22	,	,	,
39785	218	23	completed	complete	VBN
39785	218	24	under	under	IN
39785	218	25	the	the	DT
39785	218	26	Shanley	Shanley	NNP
39785	218	27	contract	contract	NN
39785	218	28	in	in	IN
39785	218	29	1870	1870	CD
39785	218	30	to	to	TO
39785	218	31	provide	provide	VB
39785	218	32	two	two	CD
39785	218	33	additional	additional	JJ
39785	218	34	work	work	NN
39785	218	35	faces	face	VBZ
39785	218	36	as	as	RB
39785	218	37	well	well	RB
39785	218	38	as	as	IN
39785	218	39	a	a	DT
39785	218	40	ventilation	ventilation	NN
39785	218	41	shaft	shaft	NN
39785	218	42	is	be	VBZ
39785	218	43	shown	show	VBN
39785	218	44	at	at	IN
39785	218	45	the	the	DT
39785	218	46	far	far	RB
39785	218	47	right	right	JJ
39785	218	48	side	side	NN
39785	218	49	of	of	IN
39785	218	50	this	this	DT
39785	218	51	half	half	NN
39785	218	52	of	of	IN
39785	218	53	the	the	DT
39785	218	54	model	model	NN
39785	218	55	.	.	.
39785	219	1	Completed	complete	VBN
39785	219	2	so	so	RB
39785	219	3	near	near	IN
39785	219	4	the	the	DT
39785	219	5	end	end	NN
39785	219	6	of	of	IN
39785	219	7	the	the	DT
39785	219	8	project	project	NN
39785	219	9	,	,	,
39785	219	10	only	only	RB
39785	219	11	15	15	CD
39785	219	12	percent	percent	NN
39785	219	13	of	of	IN
39785	219	14	the	the	DT
39785	219	15	tunnel	tunnel	NN
39785	219	16	was	be	VBD
39785	219	17	driven	drive	VBN
39785	219	18	from	from	IN
39785	219	19	the	the	DT
39785	219	20	shaft	shaft	NN
39785	219	21	.	.	.
39785	220	1	The	the	DT
39785	220	2	enormous	enormous	JJ
39785	220	3	increase	increase	NN
39785	220	4	in	in	IN
39785	220	5	rate	rate	NN
39785	220	6	of	of	IN
39785	220	7	progress	progress	NN
39785	220	8	was	be	VBD
39785	220	9	not	not	RB
39785	220	10	due	due	JJ
39785	220	11	entirely	entirely	RB
39785	220	12	to	to	IN
39785	220	13	machine	machine	NN
39785	220	14	drilling	drilling	NN
39785	220	15	.	.	.
39785	221	1	From	from	IN
39785	221	2	the	the	DT
39785	221	3	outset	outset	NN
39785	221	4	of	of	IN
39785	221	5	his	-PRON-	PRP$
39785	221	6	jurisdiction	jurisdiction	NN
39785	221	7	,	,	,
39785	221	8	Doane	Doane	NNP
39785	221	9	undertook	undertake	VBD
39785	221	10	experiments	experiment	NNS
39785	221	11	with	with	IN
39785	221	12	explosives	explosive	NNS
39785	221	13	as	as	RB
39785	221	14	well	well	RB
39785	221	15	as	as	IN
39785	221	16	drills	drill	NNS
39785	221	17	,	,	,
39785	221	18	seeking	seek	VBG
39785	221	19	an	an	DT
39785	221	20	agent	agent	NN
39785	221	21	more	more	RBR
39785	221	22	effective	effective	JJ
39785	221	23	than	than	IN
39785	221	24	black	black	JJ
39785	221	25	powder	powder	NN
39785	221	26	.	.	.
39785	222	1	In	in	IN
39785	222	2	this	this	DT
39785	222	3	case	case	NN
39785	222	4	,	,	,
39785	222	5	the	the	DT
39785	222	6	need	need	NN
39785	222	7	for	for	IN
39785	222	8	speed	speed	NN
39785	222	9	was	be	VBD
39785	222	10	not	not	RB
39785	222	11	the	the	DT
39785	222	12	sole	sole	JJ
39785	222	13	stimulus	stimulus	NN
39785	222	14	.	.	.
39785	223	1	As	as	IN
39785	223	2	the	the	DT
39785	223	3	east	east	NNP
39785	223	4	and	and	CC
39785	223	5	west	west	NNP
39785	223	6	headings	heading	NNS
39785	223	7	advanced	advance	VBD
39785	223	8	further	further	RB
39785	223	9	and	and	CC
39785	223	10	further	far	RBR
39785	223	11	from	from	IN
39785	223	12	the	the	DT
39785	223	13	portals	portal	NNS
39785	223	14	,	,	,
39785	223	15	the	the	DT
39785	223	16	problem	problem	NN
39785	223	17	of	of	IN
39785	223	18	ventilation	ventilation	NN
39785	223	19	grew	grow	VBD
39785	223	20	more	more	RBR
39785	223	21	acute	acute	JJ
39785	223	22	,	,	,
39785	223	23	and	and	CC
39785	223	24	it	-PRON-	PRP
39785	223	25	became	become	VBD
39785	223	26	increasingly	increasingly	RB
39785	223	27	difficult	difficult	JJ
39785	223	28	to	to	TO
39785	223	29	exhaust	exhaust	VB
39785	223	30	the	the	DT
39785	223	31	toxic	toxic	JJ
39785	223	32	fumes	fume	NNS
39785	223	33	produced	produce	VBN
39785	223	34	by	by	IN
39785	223	35	the	the	DT
39785	223	36	black	black	JJ
39785	223	37	powder	powder	NN
39785	223	38	blasts	blast	NNS
39785	223	39	.	.	.
39785	224	1	In	in	IN
39785	224	2	1866	1866	CD
39785	224	3	,	,	,
39785	224	4	Doane	Doane	NNP
39785	224	5	imported	import	VBN
39785	224	6	from	from	IN
39785	224	7	Europe	Europe	NNP
39785	224	8	a	a	DT
39785	224	9	sample	sample	NN
39785	224	10	of	of	IN
39785	224	11	trinitroglycerine	trinitroglycerine	NN
39785	224	12	,	,	,
39785	224	13	the	the	DT
39785	224	14	liquid	liquid	NN
39785	224	15	explosive	explosive	NN
39785	224	16	newly	newly	RB
39785	224	17	introduced	introduce	VBN
39785	224	18	by	by	IN
39785	224	19	Nobel	Nobel	NNP
39785	224	20	,	,	,
39785	224	21	known	know	VBN
39785	224	22	in	in	IN
39785	224	23	Europe	Europe	NNP
39785	224	24	as	as	IN
39785	224	25	"	"	``
39785	224	26	glonoïn	glonoïn	NN
39785	224	27	oil	oil	NN
39785	224	28	"	"	''
39785	224	29	and	and	CC
39785	224	30	in	in	IN
39785	224	31	the	the	DT
39785	224	32	United	United	NNP
39785	224	33	States	States	NNP
39785	224	34	as	as	IN
39785	224	35	"	"	``
39785	224	36	nitroglycerine	nitroglycerine	NN
39785	224	37	.	.	.
39785	224	38	"	"	''
39785	225	1	It	-PRON-	PRP
39785	225	2	already	already	RB
39785	225	3	had	have	VBD
39785	225	4	acquired	acquire	VBN
39785	225	5	a	a	DT
39785	225	6	fearsome	fearsome	JJ
39785	225	7	reputation	reputation	NN
39785	225	8	from	from	IN
39785	225	9	its	-PRON-	PRP$
39785	225	10	tendency	tendency	NN
39785	225	11	to	to	TO
39785	225	12	decompose	decompose	VB
39785	225	13	with	with	IN
39785	225	14	heat	heat	NN
39785	225	15	and	and	CC
39785	225	16	age	age	NN
39785	225	17	and	and	CC
39785	225	18	to	to	TO
39785	225	19	explode	explode	VB
39785	225	20	with	with	IN
39785	225	21	or	or	CC
39785	225	22	without	without	IN
39785	225	23	the	the	DT
39785	225	24	slightest	slight	JJS
39785	225	25	provocation	provocation	NN
39785	225	26	.	.	.
39785	226	1	Nevertheless	nevertheless	RB
39785	226	2	,	,	,
39785	226	3	its	-PRON-	PRP$
39785	226	4	tremendous	tremendous	JJ
39785	226	5	power	power	NN
39785	226	6	and	and	CC
39785	226	7	characteristic	characteristic	NN
39785	226	8	of	of	IN
39785	226	9	almost	almost	RB
39785	226	10	complete	complete	JJ
39785	226	11	smokelessness	smokelessness	NN
39785	226	12	led	lead	VBN
39785	226	13	Doane	Doane	NNP
39785	226	14	to	to	TO
39785	226	15	employ	employ	VB
39785	226	16	the	the	DT
39785	226	17	chemist	chemist	NN
39785	226	18	George	George	NNP
39785	226	19	W.	W.	NNP
39785	226	20	Mowbray	Mowbray	NNP
39785	226	21	,	,	,
39785	226	22	who	who	WP
39785	226	23	had	have	VBD
39785	226	24	blasted	blast	VBN
39785	226	25	for	for	IN
39785	226	26	Drake	Drake	NNP
39785	226	27	in	in	IN
39785	226	28	the	the	DT
39785	226	29	Pennsylvania	Pennsylvania	NNP
39785	226	30	oil	oil	NN
39785	226	31	fields	field	NNS
39785	226	32	,	,	,
39785	226	33	to	to	TO
39785	226	34	develop	develop	VB
39785	226	35	techniques	technique	NNS
39785	226	36	for	for	IN
39785	226	37	the	the	DT
39785	226	38	bulk	bulk	JJ
39785	226	39	manufacture	manufacture	NN
39785	226	40	of	of	IN
39785	226	41	the	the	DT
39785	226	42	new	new	JJ
39785	226	43	agent	agent	NN
39785	226	44	and	and	CC
39785	226	45	for	for	IN
39785	226	46	its	-PRON-	PRP$
39785	226	47	safe	safe	JJ
39785	226	48	employment	employment	NN
39785	226	49	in	in	IN
39785	226	50	the	the	DT
39785	226	51	tunnel	tunnel	NN
39785	226	52	.	.	.
39785	227	1	Mowbray	Mowbray	NNP
39785	227	2	established	establish	VBD
39785	227	3	a	a	DT
39785	227	4	works	work	NNS
39785	227	5	on	on	IN
39785	227	6	the	the	DT
39785	227	7	mountain	mountain	NN
39785	227	8	and	and	CC
39785	227	9	shortly	shortly	RB
39785	227	10	developed	develop	VBD
39785	227	11	a	a	DT
39785	227	12	completely	completely	RB
39785	227	13	new	new	JJ
39785	227	14	blasting	blast	VBG
39785	227	15	practice	practice	NN
39785	227	16	based	base	VBN
39785	227	17	on	on	IN
39785	227	18	the	the	DT
39785	227	19	explosive	explosive	NN
39785	227	20	.	.	.
39785	228	1	Its	-PRON-	PRP$
39785	228	2	stability	stability	NN
39785	228	3	was	be	VBD
39785	228	4	greatly	greatly	RB
39785	228	5	increased	increase	VBN
39785	228	6	by	by	IN
39785	228	7	maintaining	maintain	VBG
39785	228	8	absolute	absolute	JJ
39785	228	9	purity	purity	NN
39785	228	10	in	in	IN
39785	228	11	the	the	DT
39785	228	12	manufacturing	manufacturing	NN
39785	228	13	process	process	NN
39785	228	14	.	.	.
39785	229	1	Freezing	freeze	VBG
39785	229	2	the	the	DT
39785	229	3	liquid	liquid	NN
39785	229	4	to	to	TO
39785	229	5	reduce	reduce	VB
39785	229	6	its	-PRON-	PRP$
39785	229	7	sensitivity	sensitivity	NN
39785	229	8	during	during	IN
39785	229	9	transport	transport	NN
39785	229	10	to	to	IN
39785	229	11	the	the	DT
39785	229	12	headings	heading	NNS
39785	229	13	,	,	,
39785	229	14	and	and	CC
39785	229	15	extreme	extreme	JJ
39785	229	16	caution	caution	NN
39785	229	17	in	in	IN
39785	229	18	its	-PRON-	PRP$
39785	229	19	handling	handling	NN
39785	229	20	further	further	RB
39785	229	21	reduced	reduce	VBD
39785	229	22	the	the	DT
39785	229	23	hazard	hazard	NN
39785	229	24	of	of	IN
39785	229	25	its	-PRON-	PRP$
39785	229	26	use	use	NN
39785	229	27	.	.	.
39785	230	1	At	at	IN
39785	230	2	the	the	DT
39785	230	3	heading	heading	NN
39785	230	4	,	,	,
39785	230	5	the	the	DT
39785	230	6	liquid	liquid	NN
39785	230	7	was	be	VBD
39785	230	8	poured	pour	VBN
39785	230	9	into	into	IN
39785	230	10	cylindrical	cylindrical	JJ
39785	230	11	cartridges	cartridge	NNS
39785	230	12	for	for	IN
39785	230	13	placement	placement	NN
39785	230	14	in	in	IN
39785	230	15	the	the	DT
39785	230	16	holes	hole	NNS
39785	230	17	.	.	.
39785	231	1	As	as	IN
39785	231	2	with	with	IN
39785	231	3	the	the	DT
39785	231	4	Burleigh	Burleigh	NNP
39785	231	5	drill	drill	NN
39785	231	6	,	,	,
39785	231	7	the	the	DT
39785	231	8	general	general	JJ
39785	231	9	adoption	adoption	NN
39785	231	10	of	of	IN
39785	231	11	nitroglycerine	nitroglycerine	NNP
39785	231	12	was	be	VBD
39785	231	13	immediate	immediate	JJ
39785	231	14	once	once	IN
39785	231	15	its	-PRON-	PRP$
39785	231	16	qualities	quality	NNS
39785	231	17	had	have	VBD
39785	231	18	been	be	VBN
39785	231	19	demonstrated	demonstrate	VBN
39785	231	20	.	.	.
39785	232	1	The	the	DT
39785	232	2	effect	effect	NN
39785	232	3	on	on	IN
39785	232	4	the	the	DT
39785	232	5	work	work	NN
39785	232	6	was	be	VBD
39785	232	7	notable	notable	JJ
39785	232	8	.	.	.
39785	233	1	Its	-PRON-	PRP$
39785	233	2	explosive	explosive	JJ
39785	233	3	characteristics	characteristic	NNS
39785	233	4	permitted	permit	VBD
39785	233	5	fewer	few	JJR
39785	233	6	blast	blast	NN
39785	233	7	holes	hole	NNS
39785	233	8	over	over	IN
39785	233	9	a	a	DT
39785	233	10	given	give	VBN
39785	233	11	frontal	frontal	JJ
39785	233	12	area	area	NN
39785	233	13	of	of	IN
39785	233	14	working	work	VBG
39785	233	15	face	face	NN
39785	233	16	,	,	,
39785	233	17	and	and	CC
39785	233	18	at	at	IN
39785	233	19	the	the	DT
39785	233	20	same	same	JJ
39785	233	21	time	time	NN
39785	233	22	it	-PRON-	PRP
39785	233	23	was	be	VBD
39785	233	24	capable	capable	JJ
39785	233	25	of	of	IN
39785	233	26	effectively	effectively	RB
39785	233	27	blowing	blow	VBG
39785	233	28	from	from	IN
39785	233	29	a	a	DT
39785	233	30	deeper	deep	JJR
39785	233	31	drill	drill	NN
39785	233	32	hole	hole	NN
39785	233	33	,	,	,
39785	233	34	42	42	CD
39785	233	35	inches	inch	NNS
39785	233	36	against	against	IN
39785	233	37	30	30	CD
39785	233	38	inches	inch	NNS
39785	233	39	for	for	IN
39785	233	40	black	black	JJ
39785	233	41	powder	powder	NN
39785	233	42	,	,	,
39785	233	43	so	so	IN
39785	233	44	that	that	IN
39785	233	45	under	under	IN
39785	233	46	ideal	ideal	JJ
39785	233	47	conditions	condition	NNS
39785	233	48	40	40	CD
39785	233	49	percent	percent	NN
39785	233	50	more	more	JJR
39785	233	51	tunnel	tunnel	NN
39785	233	52	length	length	NN
39785	233	53	was	be	VBD
39785	233	54	advanced	advance	VBN
39785	233	55	per	per	IN
39785	233	56	cycle	cycle	NN
39785	233	57	of	of	IN
39785	233	58	operations	operation	NNS
39785	233	59	.	.	.
39785	234	1	A	a	DT
39785	234	2	new	new	JJ
39785	234	3	fuse	fuse	NN
39785	234	4	and	and	CC
39785	234	5	a	a	DT
39785	234	6	system	system	NN
39785	234	7	of	of	IN
39785	234	8	electric	electric	JJ
39785	234	9	ignition	ignition	NN
39785	234	10	were	be	VBD
39785	234	11	developed	develop	VBN
39785	234	12	which	which	WDT
39785	234	13	permitted	permit	VBD
39785	234	14	simultaneous	simultaneous	JJ
39785	234	15	detonation	detonation	NN
39785	234	16	and	and	CC
39785	234	17	resulted	result	VBD
39785	234	18	in	in	IN
39785	234	19	a	a	DT
39785	234	20	degree	degree	NN
39785	234	21	of	of	IN
39785	234	22	effectiveness	effectiveness	NN
39785	234	23	impossible	impossible	JJ
39785	234	24	with	with	IN
39785	234	25	the	the	DT
39785	234	26	powder	powder	NN
39785	234	27	train	train	NN
39785	234	28	and	and	CC
39785	234	29	cord	cord	NN
39785	234	30	fusing	fuse	VBG
39785	234	31	used	use	VBN
39785	234	32	with	with	IN
39785	234	33	the	the	DT
39785	234	34	black	black	JJ
39785	234	35	powder	powder	NN
39785	234	36	.	.	.
39785	235	1	Over	over	IN
39785	235	2	a	a	DT
39785	235	3	million	million	CD
39785	235	4	pounds	pound	NNS
39785	235	5	of	of	IN
39785	235	6	nitroglycerine	nitroglycerine	NN
39785	235	7	were	be	VBD
39785	235	8	produced	produce	VBN
39785	235	9	by	by	IN
39785	235	10	Mowbray	Mowbray	NNP
39785	235	11	between	between	IN
39785	235	12	1866	1866	CD
39785	235	13	and	and	CC
39785	235	14	completion	completion	NN
39785	235	15	of	of	IN
39785	235	16	the	the	DT
39785	235	17	tunnel	tunnel	NN
39785	235	18	.	.	.
39785	236	1	[	[	-LRB-
39785	236	2	Illustration	illustration	NN
39785	236	3	:	:	:
39785	236	4	Figure	figure	NN
39785	236	5	12.--WORKS	12.--works	CD
39785	236	6	AT	at	IN
39785	236	7	THE	the	DT
39785	236	8	CENTRAL	CENTRAL	NNP
39785	236	9	SHAFT	SHAFT	NNS
39785	236	10	,	,	,
39785	236	11	HOOSAC	HOOSAC	NNP
39785	236	12	TUNNEL	TUNNEL	NNP
39785	236	13	,	,	,
39785	236	14	for	for	IN
39785	236	15	hoisting	hoisting	NN
39785	236	16	,	,	,
39785	236	17	pumping	pumping	NN
39785	236	18	and	and	CC
39785	236	19	air	air	NN
39785	236	20	compressing	compressing	NN
39785	236	21	machinery	machinery	NN
39785	236	22	,	,	,
39785	236	23	and	and	CC
39785	236	24	general	general	JJ
39785	236	25	repair	repair	NN
39785	236	26	,	,	,
39785	236	27	1871	1871	CD
39785	236	28	.	.	.
39785	237	1	(	(	-LRB-
39785	237	2	_	_	NNP
39785	237	3	Photo	Photo	NNP
39785	237	4	courtesy	courtesy	NN
39785	237	5	of	of	IN
39785	237	6	State	State	NNP
39785	237	7	Library	Library	NNP
39785	237	8	,	,	,
39785	237	9	Commonwealth	Commonwealth	NNP
39785	237	10	of	of	IN
39785	237	11	Massachusetts	Massachusetts	NNP
39785	237	12	.	.	.
39785	237	13	_	_	NNP
39785	237	14	)	)	-RRB-
39785	237	15	]	]	-RRB-
39785	237	16	[	[	-LRB-
39785	237	17	Illustration	illustration	NN
39785	237	18	:	:	:
39785	237	19	Figure	figure	NN
39785	237	20	13.--HOOSAC	13.--HOOSAC	NNP
39785	237	21	TUNNEL	TUNNEL	NNP
39785	237	22	.	.	.
39785	238	1	AIR	AIR	NNP
39785	238	2	-	-	HYPH
39785	238	3	COMPRESSOR	COMPRESSOR	NNP
39785	238	4	BUILDING	building	NN
39785	238	5	on	on	IN
39785	238	6	Hoosac	Hoosac	NNP
39785	238	7	River	River	NNP
39785	238	8	near	near	IN
39785	238	9	North	North	NNP
39785	238	10	Adams	Adams	NNP
39785	238	11	.	.	.
39785	239	1	The	the	DT
39785	239	2	compressors	compressor	NNS
39785	239	3	were	be	VBD
39785	239	4	driven	drive	VBN
39785	239	5	partially	partially	RB
39785	239	6	by	by	IN
39785	239	7	waterpower	waterpower	NNP
39785	239	8	,	,	,
39785	239	9	derived	derive	VBN
39785	239	10	from	from	IN
39785	239	11	the	the	DT
39785	239	12	river	river	NN
39785	239	13	.	.	.
39785	240	1	(	(	-LRB-
39785	240	2	_	_	NNP
39785	240	3	Photo	Photo	NNP
39785	240	4	courtesy	courtesy	NN
39785	240	5	of	of	IN
39785	240	6	State	State	NNP
39785	240	7	Library	Library	NNP
39785	240	8	,	,	,
39785	240	9	Commonwealth	Commonwealth	NNP
39785	240	10	of	of	IN
39785	240	11	Massachusetts	Massachusetts	NNP
39785	240	12	.	.	.
39785	240	13	_	_	NNP
39785	240	14	)	)	-RRB-
39785	240	15	]	]	-RRB-
39785	240	16	[	[	-LRB-
39785	240	17	Illustration	illustration	NN
39785	240	18	:	:	:
39785	240	19	Figure	figure	VB
39785	240	20	14.--WEST	14.--west	NN
39785	240	21	PORTAL	PORTAL	NNS
39785	240	22	OF	of	IN
39785	240	23	HOOSAC	HOOSAC	NNP
39785	240	24	TUNNEL	TUNNEL	NNP
39785	240	25	before	before	IN
39785	240	26	completion	completion	NN
39785	240	27	,	,	,
39785	240	28	1868	1868	CD
39785	240	29	,	,	,
39785	240	30	showing	show	VBG
39785	240	31	six	six	CD
39785	240	32	rings	ring	NNS
39785	240	33	of	of	IN
39785	240	34	lining	line	VBG
39785	240	35	brick	brick	NN
39785	240	36	.	.	.
39785	241	1	(	(	-LRB-
39785	241	2	_	_	NNP
39785	241	3	Photo	Photo	NNP
39785	241	4	courtesy	courtesy	NN
39785	241	5	of	of	IN
39785	241	6	State	State	NNP
39785	241	7	Library	Library	NNP
39785	241	8	,	,	,
39785	241	9	Commonwealth	Commonwealth	NNP
39785	241	10	of	of	IN
39785	241	11	Massachusetts	Massachusetts	NNP
39785	241	12	.	.	.
39785	241	13	_	_	NNP
39785	241	14	)	)	-RRB-
39785	241	15	]	]	-RRB-
39785	241	16	When	when	WRB
39785	241	17	the	the	DT
39785	241	18	Shanleys	Shanleys	NNP
39785	241	19	took	take	VBD
39785	241	20	the	the	DT
39785	241	21	work	work	NN
39785	241	22	over	over	RP
39785	241	23	in	in	IN
39785	241	24	1868	1868	CD
39785	241	25	,	,	,
39785	241	26	following	follow	VBG
39785	241	27	political	political	JJ
39785	241	28	difficulties	difficulty	NNS
39785	241	29	attending	attend	VBG
39785	241	30	operation	operation	NN
39785	241	31	by	by	IN
39785	241	32	the	the	DT
39785	241	33	State	State	NNP
39785	241	34	,	,	,
39785	241	35	the	the	DT
39785	241	36	period	period	NN
39785	241	37	of	of	IN
39785	241	38	experimentation	experimentation	NN
39785	241	39	was	be	VBD
39785	241	40	over	over	RB
39785	241	41	.	.	.
39785	242	1	The	the	DT
39785	242	2	tunnel	tunnel	NN
39785	242	3	was	be	VBD
39785	242	4	being	be	VBG
39785	242	5	advanced	advance	VBN
39785	242	6	by	by	IN
39785	242	7	totally	totally	RB
39785	242	8	modern	modern	JJ
39785	242	9	methods	method	NNS
39785	242	10	,	,	,
39785	242	11	and	and	CC
39785	242	12	to	to	IN
39785	242	13	the	the	DT
39785	242	14	present	present	JJ
39785	242	15	day	day	NN
39785	242	16	the	the	DT
39785	242	17	overall	overall	JJ
39785	242	18	concepts	concept	NNS
39785	242	19	have	have	VBP
39785	242	20	remained	remain	VBN
39785	242	21	fundamentally	fundamentally	RB
39785	242	22	unaltered	unaltered	JJ
39785	242	23	:	:	:
39785	242	24	the	the	DT
39785	242	25	Burleigh	Burleigh	NNP
39785	242	26	piston	piston	NN
39785	242	27	drill	drill	NN
39785	242	28	has	have	VBZ
39785	242	29	been	be	VBN
39785	242	30	replaced	replace	VBN
39785	242	31	by	by	IN
39785	242	32	the	the	DT
39785	242	33	lighter	light	JJR
39785	242	34	hammer	hammer	NN
39785	242	35	drill	drill	NN
39785	242	36	;	;	:
39785	242	37	the	the	DT
39785	242	38	Doane	Doane	NNP
39785	242	39	drill	drill	NN
39785	242	40	carriage	carriage	NN
39785	242	41	by	by	IN
39785	242	42	the	the	DT
39785	242	43	more	more	RBR
39785	242	44	flexible	flexible	JJ
39785	242	45	"	"	``
39785	242	46	jumbo	jumbo	JJ
39785	242	47	"	"	''
39785	242	48	;	;	:
39785	242	49	nitroglycerine	nitroglycerine	NN
39785	242	50	by	by	IN
39785	242	51	its	-PRON-	PRP$
39785	242	52	more	more	RBR
39785	242	53	stable	stable	JJ
39785	242	54	descendant	descendant	JJ
39785	242	55	dynamite	dynamite	NN
39785	242	56	and	and	CC
39785	242	57	its	-PRON-	PRP$
39785	242	58	alternatives	alternative	NNS
39785	242	59	;	;	:
39785	242	60	and	and	CC
39785	242	61	static	static	JJ
39785	242	62	-	-	HYPH
39785	242	63	electric	electric	JJ
39785	242	64	blasting	blasting	NN
39785	242	65	machines	machine	NNS
39785	242	66	by	by	IN
39785	242	67	more	more	RBR
39785	242	68	dependable	dependable	JJ
39785	242	69	magnetoelectric	magnetoelectric	NN
39785	242	70	.	.	.
39785	243	1	But	but	CC
39785	243	2	these	these	DT
39785	243	3	are	be	VBP
39785	243	4	all	all	DT
39785	243	5	in	in	IN
39785	243	6	the	the	DT
39785	243	7	nature	nature	NN
39785	243	8	of	of	IN
39785	243	9	improvements	improvement	NNS
39785	243	10	,	,	,
39785	243	11	not	not	RB
39785	243	12	innovations	innovation	NNS
39785	243	13	.	.	.
39785	244	1	Unlike	unlike	IN
39785	244	2	the	the	DT
39785	244	3	preceding	precede	VBG
39785	244	4	model	model	NN
39785	244	5	,	,	,
39785	244	6	there	there	EX
39785	244	7	was	be	VBD
39785	244	8	good	good	JJ
39785	244	9	documentation	documentation	NN
39785	244	10	for	for	IN
39785	244	11	this	this	DT
39785	244	12	one	one	NN
39785	244	13	.	.	.
39785	245	1	Also	also	RB
39785	245	2	,	,	,
39785	245	3	the	the	DT
39785	245	4	Hoosac	Hoosac	NNP
39785	245	5	was	be	VBD
39785	245	6	apparently	apparently	RB
39785	245	7	the	the	DT
39785	245	8	first	first	JJ
39785	245	9	American	american	JJ
39785	245	10	tunnel	tunnel	NN
39785	245	11	to	to	TO
39785	245	12	be	be	VB
39785	245	13	well	well	RB
39785	245	14	recorded	record	VBN
39785	245	15	photographically	photographically	RB
39785	245	16	.	.	.
39785	246	1	Early	early	JJ
39785	246	2	flashlight	flashlight	JJ
39785	246	3	views	view	NNS
39785	246	4	exist	exist	VBP
39785	246	5	of	of	IN
39785	246	6	the	the	DT
39785	246	7	drills	drill	NNS
39785	246	8	working	work	VBG
39785	246	9	at	at	IN
39785	246	10	the	the	DT
39785	246	11	heading	heading	NN
39785	246	12	(	(	-LRB-
39785	246	13	fig	fig	NN
39785	246	14	.	.	.
39785	247	1	6	6	LS
39785	247	2	)	)	-RRB-
39785	247	3	as	as	RB
39785	247	4	well	well	RB
39785	247	5	as	as	IN
39785	247	6	of	of	IN
39785	247	7	the	the	DT
39785	247	8	portals	portal	NNS
39785	247	9	,	,	,
39785	247	10	the	the	DT
39785	247	11	winding	winding	NN
39785	247	12	and	and	CC
39785	247	13	pumping	pumping	NN
39785	247	14	works	work	NNS
39785	247	15	at	at	IN
39785	247	16	the	the	DT
39785	247	17	central	central	JJ
39785	247	18	shaft	shaft	NN
39785	247	19	,	,	,
39785	247	20	and	and	CC
39785	247	21	much	much	JJ
39785	247	22	of	of	IN
39785	247	23	the	the	DT
39785	247	24	machinery	machinery	NN
39785	247	25	and	and	CC
39785	247	26	associated	associate	VBN
39785	247	27	aspects	aspect	NNS
39785	247	28	of	of	IN
39785	247	29	the	the	DT
39785	247	30	project	project	NN
39785	247	31	.	.	.
39785	248	1	These	these	DT
39785	248	2	and	and	CC
39785	248	3	copies	copy	NNS
39785	248	4	of	of	IN
39785	248	5	drawings	drawing	NNS
39785	248	6	of	of	IN
39785	248	7	much	much	JJ
39785	248	8	of	of	IN
39785	248	9	Doane	Doane	NNP
39785	248	10	's	's	POS
39785	248	11	experimental	experimental	JJ
39785	248	12	apparatus	apparatus	NN
39785	248	13	,	,	,
39785	248	14	a	a	DT
39785	248	15	rare	rare	JJ
39785	248	16	technological	technological	JJ
39785	248	17	record	record	NN
39785	248	18	,	,	,
39785	248	19	are	be	VBP
39785	248	20	preserved	preserve	VBN
39785	248	21	at	at	IN
39785	248	22	the	the	DT
39785	248	23	Massachusetts	Massachusetts	NNP
39785	248	24	State	State	NNP
39785	248	25	Library	Library	NNP
39785	248	26	.	.	.
39785	249	1	Soft	soft	JJ
39785	249	2	-	-	HYPH
39785	249	3	Ground	ground	NN
39785	249	4	Tunneling	Tunneling	NNP
39785	249	5	So	so	RB
39785	249	6	great	great	JJ
39785	249	7	is	be	VBZ
39785	249	8	the	the	DT
39785	249	9	difference	difference	NN
39785	249	10	between	between	IN
39785	249	11	hard	hard	JJ
39785	249	12	-	-	HYPH
39785	249	13	rock	rock	NN
39785	249	14	and	and	CC
39785	249	15	soft	soft	JJ
39785	249	16	-	-	HYPH
39785	249	17	ground	ground	NN
39785	249	18	tunneling	tunneling	NN
39785	249	19	that	that	WDT
39785	249	20	they	-PRON-	PRP
39785	249	21	constitute	constitute	VBP
39785	249	22	two	two	CD
39785	249	23	almost	almost	RB
39785	249	24	separate	separate	JJ
39785	249	25	branches	branch	NNS
39785	249	26	of	of	IN
39785	249	27	the	the	DT
39785	249	28	field	field	NN
39785	249	29	.	.	.
39785	250	1	In	in	IN
39785	250	2	penetrating	penetrating	NN
39785	250	3	ground	ground	NN
39785	250	4	lacking	lack	VBG
39785	250	5	the	the	DT
39785	250	6	firmness	firmness	NN
39785	250	7	or	or	CC
39785	250	8	cohesion	cohesion	NN
39785	250	9	to	to	TO
39785	250	10	support	support	VB
39785	250	11	itself	-PRON-	PRP
39785	250	12	above	above	IN
39785	250	13	an	an	DT
39785	250	14	opening	opening	NN
39785	250	15	,	,	,
39785	250	16	the	the	DT
39785	250	17	miner	miner	NN
39785	250	18	's	's	POS
39785	250	19	chief	chief	JJ
39785	250	20	concern	concern	NN
39785	250	21	is	be	VBZ
39785	250	22	not	not	RB
39785	250	23	that	that	DT
39785	250	24	of	of	IN
39785	250	25	removing	remove	VBG
39785	250	26	the	the	DT
39785	250	27	material	material	NN
39785	250	28	,	,	,
39785	250	29	but	but	CC
39785	250	30	of	of	IN
39785	250	31	preventing	prevent	VBG
39785	250	32	its	-PRON-	PRP$
39785	250	33	collapse	collapse	NN
39785	250	34	into	into	IN
39785	250	35	his	-PRON-	PRP$
39785	250	36	excavation	excavation	NN
39785	250	37	.	.	.
39785	251	1	The	the	DT
39785	251	2	primitive	primitive	JJ
39785	251	3	methods	method	NNS
39785	251	4	depending	depend	VBG
39785	251	5	upon	upon	IN
39785	251	6	brute	brute	JJ
39785	251	7	strength	strength	NN
39785	251	8	and	and	CC
39785	251	9	direct	direct	JJ
39785	251	10	application	application	NN
39785	251	11	of	of	IN
39785	251	12	fire	fire	NN
39785	251	13	and	and	CC
39785	251	14	human	human	JJ
39785	251	15	force	force	NN
39785	251	16	were	be	VBD
39785	251	17	suitable	suitable	JJ
39785	251	18	for	for	IN
39785	251	19	assault	assault	NN
39785	251	20	on	on	IN
39785	251	21	rock	rock	NN
39785	251	22	,	,	,
39785	251	23	but	but	CC
39785	251	24	lacked	lack	VBD
39785	251	25	the	the	DT
39785	251	26	artifice	artifice	NN
39785	251	27	needed	need	VBN
39785	251	28	for	for	IN
39785	251	29	delving	delve	VBG
39785	251	30	into	into	IN
39785	251	31	less	less	JJR
39785	251	32	stable	stable	JJ
39785	251	33	material	material	NN
39785	251	34	.	.	.
39785	252	1	Roman	roman	JJ
39785	252	2	engineers	engineer	NNS
39785	252	3	were	be	VBD
39785	252	4	accomplished	accomplish	VBN
39785	252	5	in	in	IN
39785	252	6	spanning	span	VBG
39785	252	7	subterranean	subterranean	JJ
39785	252	8	ways	way	NNS
39785	252	9	with	with	IN
39785	252	10	masonry	masonry	NN
39785	252	11	arches	arch	NNS
39785	252	12	,	,	,
39785	252	13	but	but	CC
39785	252	14	apparently	apparently	RB
39785	252	15	most	most	JJS
39785	252	16	of	of	IN
39785	252	17	their	-PRON-	PRP$
39785	252	18	work	work	NN
39785	252	19	was	be	VBD
39785	252	20	done	do	VBN
39785	252	21	by	by	IN
39785	252	22	cut	cut	VBN
39785	252	23	-	-	HYPH
39785	252	24	and	and	CC
39785	252	25	-	-	HYPH
39785	252	26	cover	cover	VB
39785	252	27	methods	method	NNS
39785	252	28	rather	rather	RB
39785	252	29	than	than	IN
39785	252	30	by	by	IN
39785	252	31	actual	actual	JJ
39785	252	32	mining	mining	NN
39785	252	33	.	.	.
39785	253	1	Not	not	RB
39785	253	2	until	until	IN
39785	253	3	the	the	DT
39785	253	4	Middle	Middle	NNP
39785	253	5	Ages	Ages	NNPS
39785	253	6	did	do	VBD
39785	253	7	the	the	DT
39785	253	8	skill	skill	NN
39785	253	9	of	of	IN
39785	253	10	effectively	effectively	RB
39785	253	11	working	work	VBG
39785	253	12	openings	opening	NNS
39785	253	13	in	in	IN
39785	253	14	soft	soft	JJ
39785	253	15	ground	ground	NN
39785	253	16	develop	develop	VBP
39785	253	17	,	,	,
39785	253	18	and	and	CC
39785	253	19	not	not	RB
39785	253	20	until	until	IN
39785	253	21	the	the	DT
39785	253	22	Renaissance	Renaissance	NNP
39785	253	23	was	be	VBD
39785	253	24	this	this	DT
39785	253	25	development	development	NN
39785	253	26	so	so	RB
39785	253	27	consistently	consistently	RB
39785	253	28	successful	successful	JJ
39785	253	29	that	that	IN
39785	253	30	it	-PRON-	PRP
39785	253	31	could	could	MD
39785	253	32	be	be	VB
39785	253	33	considered	consider	VBN
39785	253	34	a	a	DT
39785	253	35	science	science	NN
39785	253	36	.	.	.
39785	254	1	RENAISSANCE	RENAISSANCE	NNP
39785	254	2	MINING	MINING	NNP
39785	254	3	From	from	IN
39785	254	4	the	the	DT
39785	254	5	earliest	early	JJS
39785	254	6	periods	period	NNS
39785	254	7	of	of	IN
39785	254	8	rock	rock	NN
39785	254	9	working	working	NN
39785	254	10	,	,	,
39785	254	11	the	the	DT
39785	254	12	quest	quest	NN
39785	254	13	for	for	IN
39785	254	14	minerals	mineral	NNS
39785	254	15	and	and	CC
39785	254	16	metals	metal	NNS
39785	254	17	was	be	VBD
39785	254	18	the	the	DT
39785	254	19	primary	primary	JJ
39785	254	20	force	force	NN
39785	254	21	that	that	WDT
39785	254	22	drove	drive	VBD
39785	254	23	men	man	NNS
39785	254	24	underground	underground	RB
39785	254	25	.	.	.
39785	255	1	It	-PRON-	PRP
39785	255	2	was	be	VBD
39785	255	3	the	the	DT
39785	255	4	technology	technology	NN
39785	255	5	of	of	IN
39785	255	6	mining	mining	NN
39785	255	7	,	,	,
39785	255	8	the	the	DT
39785	255	9	product	product	NN
39785	255	10	of	of	IN
39785	255	11	slow	slow	JJ
39785	255	12	evolution	evolution	NN
39785	255	13	over	over	IN
39785	255	14	the	the	DT
39785	255	15	centuries	century	NNS
39785	255	16	,	,	,
39785	255	17	that	that	WDT
39785	255	18	became	become	VBD
39785	255	19	the	the	DT
39785	255	20	technology	technology	NN
39785	255	21	of	of	IN
39785	255	22	the	the	DT
39785	255	23	early	early	JJ
39785	255	24	tunnel	tunnel	NN
39785	255	25	,	,	,
39785	255	26	with	with	IN
39785	255	27	no	no	DT
39785	255	28	significant	significant	JJ
39785	255	29	modification	modification	NN
39785	255	30	except	except	IN
39785	255	31	in	in	IN
39785	255	32	size	size	NN
39785	255	33	of	of	IN
39785	255	34	workings	working	NNS
39785	255	35	.	.	.
39785	256	1	Every	every	DT
39785	256	2	aspect	aspect	NN
39785	256	3	of	of	IN
39785	256	4	16th	16th	JJ
39785	256	5	century	century	NN
39785	256	6	mining	mining	NN
39785	256	7	is	be	VBZ
39785	256	8	definitively	definitively	RB
39785	256	9	detailed	detail	VBN
39785	256	10	in	in	IN
39785	256	11	Georgius	Georgius	NNP
39785	256	12	Agricola	Agricola	NNP
39785	256	13	's	's	POS
39785	256	14	remarkable	remarkable	JJ
39785	256	15	_	_	NNP
39785	256	16	De	De	NNP
39785	256	17	re	re	NNP
39785	256	18	Metallica	Metallica	NNP
39785	256	19	_	_	NNP
39785	256	20	,	,	,
39785	256	21	first	first	RB
39785	256	22	published	publish	VBN
39785	256	23	in	in	IN
39785	256	24	Basel	Basel	NNP
39785	256	25	in	in	IN
39785	256	26	1556	1556	CD
39785	256	27	.	.	.
39785	257	1	During	during	IN
39785	257	2	its	-PRON-	PRP$
39785	257	3	time	time	NN
39785	257	4	of	of	IN
39785	257	5	active	active	JJ
39785	257	6	influence	influence	NN
39785	257	7	,	,	,
39785	257	8	which	which	WDT
39785	257	9	extended	extend	VBD
39785	257	10	for	for	IN
39785	257	11	two	two	CD
39785	257	12	centuries	century	NNS
39785	257	13	,	,	,
39785	257	14	it	-PRON-	PRP
39785	257	15	served	serve	VBD
39785	257	16	as	as	IN
39785	257	17	the	the	DT
39785	257	18	authoritative	authoritative	JJ
39785	257	19	work	work	NN
39785	257	20	on	on	IN
39785	257	21	the	the	DT
39785	257	22	subject	subject	NN
39785	257	23	.	.	.
39785	258	1	It	-PRON-	PRP
39785	258	2	remains	remain	VBZ
39785	258	3	today	today	NN
39785	258	4	an	an	DT
39785	258	5	unparalleled	unparalleled	JJ
39785	258	6	early	early	JJ
39785	258	7	record	record	NN
39785	258	8	of	of	IN
39785	258	9	an	an	DT
39785	258	10	entire	entire	JJ
39785	258	11	branch	branch	NN
39785	258	12	of	of	IN
39785	258	13	technology	technology	NN
39785	258	14	.	.	.
39785	259	1	The	the	DT
39785	259	2	superb	superb	JJ
39785	259	3	woodcuts	woodcut	NNS
39785	259	4	of	of	IN
39785	259	5	mine	mine	JJ
39785	259	6	workings	working	NNS
39785	259	7	and	and	CC
39785	259	8	tools	tool	NNS
39785	259	9	in	in	IN
39785	259	10	themselves	-PRON-	PRP
39785	259	11	constitute	constitute	VBP
39785	259	12	a	a	DT
39785	259	13	precise	precise	JJ
39785	259	14	description	description	NN
39785	259	15	of	of	IN
39785	259	16	the	the	DT
39785	259	17	techniques	technique	NNS
39785	259	18	of	of	IN
39785	259	19	the	the	DT
39785	259	20	period	period	NN
39785	259	21	,	,	,
39785	259	22	and	and	CC
39785	259	23	provided	provide	VBD
39785	259	24	an	an	DT
39785	259	25	ideal	ideal	JJ
39785	259	26	source	source	NN
39785	259	27	of	of	IN
39785	259	28	information	information	NN
39785	259	29	upon	upon	IN
39785	259	30	which	which	WDT
39785	259	31	to	to	TO
39785	259	32	base	base	VB
39785	259	33	the	the	DT
39785	259	34	first	first	JJ
39785	259	35	model	model	NN
39785	259	36	in	in	IN
39785	259	37	the	the	DT
39785	259	38	soft	soft	JJ
39785	259	39	-	-	HYPH
39785	259	40	ground	ground	NN
39785	259	41	series	series	NN
39785	259	42	.	.	.
39785	260	1	[	[	-LRB-
39785	260	2	Illustration	illustration	NN
39785	260	3	:	:	:
39785	260	4	Figure	figure	NN
39785	260	5	15.--CENTERING	15.--centering	NN
39785	260	6	FOR	for	IN
39785	260	7	PLACEMENT	placement	NN
39785	260	8	OF	of	IN
39785	260	9	FINISHED	FINISHED	NNP
39785	260	10	STONEWORK	STONEWORK	NNP
39785	260	11	at	at	IN
39785	260	12	west	west	NNP
39785	260	13	portal	portal	NNP
39785	260	14	,	,	,
39785	260	15	1874	1874	CD
39785	260	16	.	.	.
39785	261	1	At	at	IN
39785	261	2	top	top	JJ
39785	261	3	-	-	HYPH
39785	261	4	right	right	NN
39785	261	5	are	be	VBP
39785	261	6	the	the	DT
39785	261	7	sheds	shed	NNS
39785	261	8	where	where	WRB
39785	261	9	the	the	DT
39785	261	10	lining	line	VBG
39785	261	11	brick	brick	NN
39785	261	12	was	be	VBD
39785	261	13	produced	produce	VBN
39785	261	14	.	.	.
39785	262	1	(	(	-LRB-
39785	262	2	_	_	NNP
39785	262	3	Photo	Photo	NNP
39785	262	4	courtesy	courtesy	NN
39785	262	5	of	of	IN
39785	262	6	State	State	NNP
39785	262	7	Library	Library	NNP
39785	262	8	,	,	,
39785	262	9	Commonwealth	Commonwealth	NNP
39785	262	10	of	of	IN
39785	262	11	Massachusetts	Massachusetts	NNP
39785	262	12	.	.	.
39785	262	13	_	_	NNP
39785	262	14	)	)	-RRB-
39785	262	15	]	]	-RRB-
39785	262	16	The	the	DT
39785	262	17	model	model	NN
39785	262	18	,	,	,
39785	262	19	representing	represent	VBG
39785	262	20	a	a	DT
39785	262	21	typical	typical	JJ
39785	262	22	European	european	JJ
39785	262	23	mine	mine	NN
39785	262	24	,	,	,
39785	262	25	demonstrates	demonstrate	VBZ
39785	262	26	the	the	DT
39785	262	27	early	early	JJ
39785	262	28	use	use	NN
39785	262	29	of	of	IN
39785	262	30	timber	timber	NN
39785	262	31	frames	frame	NNS
39785	262	32	or	or	CC
39785	262	33	"	"	``
39785	262	34	sets	set	NNS
39785	262	35	"	"	''
39785	262	36	to	to	TO
39785	262	37	support	support	VB
39785	262	38	the	the	DT
39785	262	39	soft	soft	JJ
39785	262	40	material	material	NN
39785	262	41	of	of	IN
39785	262	42	the	the	DT
39785	262	43	walls	wall	NNS
39785	262	44	and	and	CC
39785	262	45	roof	roof	NN
39785	262	46	.	.	.
39785	263	1	In	in	IN
39785	263	2	areas	area	NNS
39785	263	3	of	of	IN
39785	263	4	only	only	JJ
39785	263	5	moderate	moderate	JJ
39785	263	6	instability	instability	NN
39785	263	7	,	,	,
39785	263	8	the	the	DT
39785	263	9	sets	set	NNS
39785	263	10	alone	alone	RB
39785	263	11	were	be	VBD
39785	263	12	sufficient	sufficient	JJ
39785	263	13	to	to	TO
39785	263	14	counteract	counteract	VB
39785	263	15	the	the	DT
39785	263	16	earth	earth	NN
39785	263	17	pressure	pressure	NN
39785	263	18	,	,	,
39785	263	19	and	and	CC
39785	263	20	were	be	VBD
39785	263	21	spaced	space	VBN
39785	263	22	according	accord	VBG
39785	263	23	to	to	IN
39785	263	24	the	the	DT
39785	263	25	degree	degree	NN
39785	263	26	of	of	IN
39785	263	27	support	support	NN
39785	263	28	required	require	VBN
39785	263	29	.	.	.
39785	264	1	In	in	IN
39785	264	2	more	more	JJR
39785	264	3	extreme	extreme	JJ
39785	264	4	conditions	condition	NNS
39785	264	5	,	,	,
39785	264	6	a	a	DT
39785	264	7	solid	solid	JJ
39785	264	8	lagging	lagging	NN
39785	264	9	of	of	IN
39785	264	10	small	small	JJ
39785	264	11	poles	pole	NNS
39785	264	12	or	or	CC
39785	264	13	boards	board	NNS
39785	264	14	was	be	VBD
39785	264	15	set	set	VBN
39785	264	16	outside	outside	IN
39785	264	17	the	the	DT
39785	264	18	frames	frame	NNS
39785	264	19	,	,	,
39785	264	20	as	as	IN
39785	264	21	shown	show	VBN
39785	264	22	in	in	IN
39785	264	23	the	the	DT
39785	264	24	model	model	NN
39785	264	25	,	,	,
39785	264	26	to	to	TO
39785	264	27	provide	provide	VB
39785	264	28	absolute	absolute	JJ
39785	264	29	support	support	NN
39785	264	30	of	of	IN
39785	264	31	the	the	DT
39785	264	32	ground	ground	NN
39785	264	33	.	.	.
39785	265	1	Details	detail	NNS
39785	265	2	of	of	IN
39785	265	3	the	the	DT
39785	265	4	framing	framing	NN
39785	265	5	,	,	,
39785	265	6	the	the	DT
39785	265	7	windlass	windlass	NN
39785	265	8	,	,	,
39785	265	9	and	and	CC
39785	265	10	all	all	DT
39785	265	11	tools	tool	NNS
39785	265	12	and	and	CC
39785	265	13	appliances	appliance	NNS
39785	265	14	were	be	VBD
39785	265	15	supplied	supply	VBN
39785	265	16	by	by	IN
39785	265	17	Agricola	Agricola	NNP
39785	265	18	,	,	,
39785	265	19	with	with	IN
39785	265	20	no	no	DT
39785	265	21	need	need	NN
39785	265	22	for	for	IN
39785	265	23	interpretation	interpretation	NN
39785	265	24	or	or	CC
39785	265	25	interpolation	interpolation	NN
39785	265	26	.	.	.
39785	266	1	The	the	DT
39785	266	2	basic	basic	JJ
39785	266	3	framing	framing	NN
39785	266	4	pattern	pattern	NN
39785	266	5	of	of	IN
39785	266	6	sill	sill	NN
39785	266	7	,	,	,
39785	266	8	side	side	NN
39785	266	9	posts	post	NNS
39785	266	10	and	and	CC
39785	266	11	cap	cap	NN
39785	266	12	piece	piece	NN
39785	266	13	,	,	,
39785	266	14	all	all	DT
39785	266	15	morticed	mortice	VBN
39785	266	16	together	together	RB
39785	266	17	,	,	,
39785	266	18	with	with	IN
39785	266	19	lagging	lagging	JJ
39785	266	20	used	use	VBN
39785	266	21	where	where	WRB
39785	266	22	needed	need	VBN
39785	266	23	,	,	,
39785	266	24	was	be	VBD
39785	266	25	translated	translate	VBN
39785	266	26	unaltered	unaltered	JJ
39785	266	27	into	into	IN
39785	266	28	tunneling	tunneling	NN
39785	266	29	practice	practice	NN
39785	266	30	,	,	,
39785	266	31	particularly	particularly	RB
39785	266	32	in	in	IN
39785	266	33	small	small	JJ
39785	266	34	exploratory	exploratory	JJ
39785	266	35	drifts	drift	NNS
39785	266	36	.	.	.
39785	267	1	It	-PRON-	PRP
39785	267	2	remained	remain	VBD
39785	267	3	in	in	IN
39785	267	4	this	this	DT
39785	267	5	application	application	NN
39785	267	6	until	until	IN
39785	267	7	well	well	RB
39785	267	8	into	into	IN
39785	267	9	the	the	DT
39785	267	10	20th	20th	JJ
39785	267	11	century	century	NN
39785	267	12	.	.	.
39785	268	1	The	the	DT
39785	268	2	pressure	pressure	NN
39785	268	3	exerted	exert	VBN
39785	268	4	upon	upon	IN
39785	268	5	tunnels	tunnel	NNS
39785	268	6	of	of	IN
39785	268	7	large	large	JJ
39785	268	8	area	area	NN
39785	268	9	was	be	VBD
39785	268	10	countered	counter	VBN
39785	268	11	during	during	IN
39785	268	12	construction	construction	NN
39785	268	13	by	by	IN
39785	268	14	timbering	timbere	VBG
39785	268	15	systems	system	NNS
39785	268	16	of	of	IN
39785	268	17	greater	great	JJR
39785	268	18	elaboration	elaboration	NN
39785	268	19	,	,	,
39785	268	20	evolved	evolve	VBN
39785	268	21	from	from	IN
39785	268	22	the	the	DT
39785	268	23	basic	basic	JJ
39785	268	24	one	one	CD
39785	268	25	.	.	.
39785	269	1	By	by	IN
39785	269	2	the	the	DT
39785	269	3	time	time	NN
39785	269	4	that	that	WDT
39785	269	5	tunnels	tunnel	NNS
39785	269	6	of	of	IN
39785	269	7	section	section	NN
39785	269	8	large	large	JJ
39785	269	9	enough	enough	RB
39785	269	10	to	to	TO
39785	269	11	accommodate	accommodate	VB
39785	269	12	canals	canal	NNS
39785	269	13	and	and	CC
39785	269	14	railways	railway	NNS
39785	269	15	were	be	VBD
39785	269	16	being	be	VBG
39785	269	17	undertaken	undertake	VBN
39785	269	18	as	as	IN
39785	269	19	matter	matter	JJ
39785	269	20	-	-	HYPH
39785	269	21	of	of	IN
39785	269	22	-	-	HYPH
39785	269	23	course	course	NN
39785	269	24	civil	civil	JJ
39785	269	25	engineering	engineering	NN
39785	269	26	works	work	NNS
39785	269	27	,	,	,
39785	269	28	a	a	DT
39785	269	29	series	series	NN
39785	269	30	of	of	IN
39785	269	31	nationally	nationally	RB
39785	269	32	distinguishable	distinguishable	JJ
39785	269	33	systems	system	NNS
39785	269	34	had	have	VBD
39785	269	35	emerged	emerge	VBN
39785	269	36	,	,	,
39785	269	37	each	each	DT
39785	269	38	possessing	possess	VBG
39785	269	39	characteristic	characteristic	JJ
39785	269	40	points	point	NNS
39785	269	41	of	of	IN
39785	269	42	favor	favor	NN
39785	269	43	and	and	CC
39785	269	44	fault	fault	NN
39785	269	45	.	.	.
39785	270	1	As	as	IN
39785	270	2	might	may	MD
39785	270	3	be	be	VB
39785	270	4	suspected	suspect	VBN
39785	270	5	,	,	,
39785	270	6	the	the	DT
39785	270	7	English	english	JJ
39785	270	8	system	system	NN
39785	270	9	of	of	IN
39785	270	10	tunnel	tunnel	NN
39785	270	11	timbering	timbering	NN
39785	270	12	,	,	,
39785	270	13	for	for	IN
39785	270	14	instance	instance	NN
39785	270	15	,	,	,
39785	270	16	was	be	VBD
39785	270	17	rarely	rarely	RB
39785	270	18	applied	apply	VBN
39785	270	19	on	on	IN
39785	270	20	the	the	DT
39785	270	21	Continent	continent	NN
39785	270	22	,	,	,
39785	270	23	nor	nor	CC
39785	270	24	were	be	VBD
39785	270	25	the	the	DT
39785	270	26	German	german	JJ
39785	270	27	,	,	,
39785	270	28	Austrian	austrian	JJ
39785	270	29	or	or	CC
39785	270	30	Belgian	belgian	JJ
39785	270	31	systems	system	NNS
39785	270	32	normally	normally	RB
39785	270	33	seen	see	VBN
39785	270	34	in	in	IN
39785	270	35	Great	Great	NNP
39785	270	36	Britain	Britain	NNP
39785	270	37	.	.	.
39785	271	1	All	all	DT
39785	271	2	were	be	VBD
39785	271	3	used	use	VBN
39785	271	4	at	at	IN
39785	271	5	one	one	CD
39785	271	6	time	time	NN
39785	271	7	or	or	CC
39785	271	8	another	another	DT
39785	271	9	in	in	IN
39785	271	10	this	this	DT
39785	271	11	country	country	NN
39785	271	12	,	,	,
39785	271	13	until	until	IN
39785	271	14	the	the	DT
39785	271	15	American	american	JJ
39785	271	16	system	system	NN
39785	271	17	was	be	VBD
39785	271	18	introduced	introduce	VBN
39785	271	19	in	in	IN
39785	271	20	about	about	RB
39785	271	21	1855	1855	CD
39785	271	22	.	.	.
39785	272	1	While	while	IN
39785	272	2	the	the	DT
39785	272	3	timbering	timbering	NN
39785	272	4	commonly	commonly	RB
39785	272	5	remained	remain	VBD
39785	272	6	in	in	IN
39785	272	7	place	place	NN
39785	272	8	in	in	IN
39785	272	9	mines	mine	NNS
39785	272	10	,	,	,
39785	272	11	it	-PRON-	PRP
39785	272	12	would	would	MD
39785	272	13	be	be	VB
39785	272	14	followed	follow	VBN
39785	272	15	up	up	RP
39785	272	16	by	by	IN
39785	272	17	permanent	permanent	JJ
39785	272	18	masonry	masonry	NN
39785	272	19	arching	arch	VBG
39785	272	20	and	and	CC
39785	272	21	lining	line	VBG
39785	272	22	in	in	IN
39785	272	23	tunnel	tunnel	NN
39785	272	24	work	work	NN
39785	272	25	.	.	.
39785	273	1	Overhead	overhead	NN
39785	273	2	in	in	IN
39785	273	3	the	the	DT
39785	273	4	museum	museum	NN
39785	273	5	Hall	Hall	NNP
39785	273	6	of	of	IN
39785	273	7	Civil	Civil	NNP
39785	273	8	Engineering	Engineering	NNP
39785	273	9	are	be	VBP
39785	273	10	frames	frame	NNS
39785	273	11	representing	represent	VBG
39785	273	12	the	the	DT
39785	273	13	English	English	NNP
39785	273	14	,	,	,
39785	273	15	Austrian	austrian	JJ
39785	273	16	and	and	CC
39785	273	17	American	american	JJ
39785	273	18	systems	system	NNS
39785	273	19	.	.	.
39785	274	1	Nearby	nearby	RB
39785	274	2	,	,	,
39785	274	3	a	a	DT
39785	274	4	series	series	NN
39785	274	5	of	of	IN
39785	274	6	small	small	JJ
39785	274	7	relief	relief	NN
39785	274	8	models	model	NNS
39785	274	9	(	(	-LRB-
39785	274	10	fig	fig	VB
39785	274	11	.	.	.
39785	275	1	19	19	CD
39785	275	2	)	)	-RRB-
39785	275	3	is	be	VBZ
39785	275	4	used	use	VBN
39785	275	5	to	to	TO
39785	275	6	show	show	VB
39785	275	7	the	the	DT
39785	275	8	sequence	sequence	NN
39785	275	9	of	of	IN
39785	275	10	enlargement	enlargement	NN
39785	275	11	in	in	IN
39785	275	12	a	a	DT
39785	275	13	soft	soft	JJ
39785	275	14	-	-	HYPH
39785	275	15	ground	ground	NN
39785	275	16	railroad	railroad	NN
39785	275	17	tunnel	tunnel	NN
39785	275	18	of	of	IN
39785	275	19	about	about	IN
39785	275	20	1855	1855	CD
39785	275	21	,	,	,
39785	275	22	using	use	VBG
39785	275	23	the	the	DT
39785	275	24	Austrian	austrian	JJ
39785	275	25	system	system	NN
39785	275	26	.	.	.
39785	276	1	Temporary	temporary	JJ
39785	276	2	timber	timber	NN
39785	276	3	support	support	NN
39785	276	4	of	of	IN
39785	276	5	tunnels	tunnel	NNS
39785	276	6	fell	fall	VBD
39785	276	7	from	from	IN
39785	276	8	use	use	NN
39785	276	9	gradually	gradually	RB
39785	276	10	after	after	IN
39785	276	11	the	the	DT
39785	276	12	advent	advent	NN
39785	276	13	of	of	IN
39785	276	14	shield	shield	NN
39785	276	15	tunneling	tunneling	NN
39785	276	16	in	in	IN
39785	276	17	conjunction	conjunction	NN
39785	276	18	with	with	IN
39785	276	19	cast	cast	NN
39785	276	20	-	-	HYPH
39785	276	21	iron	iron	NN
39785	276	22	lining	lining	NN
39785	276	23	.	.	.
39785	277	1	This	this	DT
39785	277	2	formed	form	VBD
39785	277	3	a	a	DT
39785	277	4	perfect	perfect	JJ
39785	277	5	support	support	NN
39785	277	6	immediately	immediately	RB
39785	277	7	behind	behind	IN
39785	277	8	the	the	DT
39785	277	9	shield	shield	NN
39785	277	10	,	,	,
39785	277	11	as	as	RB
39785	277	12	well	well	RB
39785	277	13	as	as	IN
39785	277	14	the	the	DT
39785	277	15	permanent	permanent	JJ
39785	277	16	lining	lining	NN
39785	277	17	of	of	IN
39785	277	18	the	the	DT
39785	277	19	tunnel	tunnel	NN
39785	277	20	.	.	.
39785	278	1	BRUNEL	BRUNEL	NNP
39785	278	2	'S	's	POS
39785	278	3	THAMES	thames	NN
39785	278	4	TUNNEL	TUNNEL	NNP
39785	278	5	The	the	DT
39785	278	6	interior	interior	JJ
39785	278	7	surfaces	surface	NNS
39785	278	8	of	of	IN
39785	278	9	tunnels	tunnel	NNS
39785	278	10	through	through	IN
39785	278	11	ground	ground	NN
39785	278	12	merely	merely	RB
39785	278	13	unstable	unstable	JJ
39785	278	14	are	be	VBP
39785	278	15	amenable	amenable	JJ
39785	278	16	to	to	TO
39785	278	17	support	support	VB
39785	278	18	by	by	IN
39785	278	19	various	various	JJ
39785	278	20	systems	system	NNS
39785	278	21	of	of	IN
39785	278	22	timbering	timbere	VBG
39785	278	23	and	and	CC
39785	278	24	arching	arching	NN
39785	278	25	.	.	.
39785	279	1	This	this	DT
39785	279	2	becomes	become	VBZ
39785	279	3	less	less	RBR
39785	279	4	true	true	JJ
39785	279	5	as	as	IN
39785	279	6	the	the	DT
39785	279	7	fluidity	fluidity	NN
39785	279	8	of	of	IN
39785	279	9	the	the	DT
39785	279	10	ground	ground	NN
39785	279	11	increases	increase	NNS
39785	279	12	.	.	.
39785	280	1	The	the	DT
39785	280	2	soft	soft	JJ
39785	280	3	material	material	NN
39785	280	4	which	which	WDT
39785	280	5	normally	normally	RB
39785	280	6	comprises	comprise	VBZ
39785	280	7	the	the	DT
39785	280	8	beds	bed	NNS
39785	280	9	of	of	IN
39785	280	10	rivers	river	NNS
39785	280	11	can	can	MD
39785	280	12	approach	approach	VB
39785	280	13	an	an	DT
39785	280	14	almost	almost	RB
39785	280	15	liquid	liquid	JJ
39785	280	16	condition	condition	NN
39785	280	17	resulting	result	VBG
39785	280	18	in	in	IN
39785	280	19	a	a	DT
39785	280	20	hydraulic	hydraulic	JJ
39785	280	21	head	head	NN
39785	280	22	from	from	IN
39785	280	23	the	the	DT
39785	280	24	overbearing	overbearing	JJ
39785	280	25	water	water	NN
39785	280	26	sufficient	sufficient	JJ
39785	280	27	to	to	TO
39785	280	28	prevent	prevent	VB
39785	280	29	the	the	DT
39785	280	30	driving	driving	NN
39785	280	31	of	of	IN
39785	280	32	even	even	RB
39785	280	33	the	the	DT
39785	280	34	most	most	RBS
39785	280	35	carefully	carefully	RB
39785	280	36	worked	work	VBN
39785	280	37	drift	drift	NN
39785	280	38	,	,	,
39785	280	39	supported	support	VBN
39785	280	40	by	by	IN
39785	280	41	simple	simple	JJ
39785	280	42	timbering	timbering	NN
39785	280	43	.	.	.
39785	281	1	The	the	DT
39785	281	2	basic	basic	JJ
39785	281	3	defect	defect	NN
39785	281	4	of	of	IN
39785	281	5	the	the	DT
39785	281	6	timbering	timbere	VBG
39785	281	7	systems	system	NNS
39785	281	8	used	use	VBN
39785	281	9	in	in	IN
39785	281	10	mining	mining	NN
39785	281	11	and	and	CC
39785	281	12	tunneling	tunneling	NN
39785	281	13	was	be	VBD
39785	281	14	that	that	IN
39785	281	15	there	there	EX
39785	281	16	was	be	VBD
39785	281	17	inevitably	inevitably	RB
39785	281	18	a	a	DT
39785	281	19	certain	certain	JJ
39785	281	20	amount	amount	NN
39785	281	21	of	of	IN
39785	281	22	the	the	DT
39785	281	23	face	face	NN
39785	281	24	or	or	CC
39785	281	25	ceiling	ceiling	NN
39785	281	26	unsupported	unsupported	JJ
39785	281	27	just	just	RB
39785	281	28	previous	previous	JJ
39785	281	29	to	to	IN
39785	281	30	setting	set	VBG
39785	281	31	a	a	DT
39785	281	32	frame	frame	NN
39785	281	33	,	,	,
39785	281	34	or	or	CC
39785	281	35	placing	place	VBG
39785	281	36	over	over	IN
39785	281	37	it	-PRON-	PRP
39785	281	38	the	the	DT
39785	281	39	necessary	necessary	JJ
39785	281	40	section	section	NN
39785	281	41	of	of	IN
39785	281	42	lagging	lag	VBG
39785	281	43	.	.	.
39785	282	1	In	in	IN
39785	282	2	mine	mine	NN
39785	282	3	work	work	NN
39785	282	4	,	,	,
39785	282	5	runny	runny	JJ
39785	282	6	soil	soil	NN
39785	282	7	could	could	MD
39785	282	8	,	,	,
39785	282	9	and	and	CC
39785	282	10	did	do	VBD
39785	282	11	,	,	,
39785	282	12	break	break	VB
39785	282	13	through	through	IN
39785	282	14	such	such	JJ
39785	282	15	gaps	gap	NNS
39785	282	16	,	,	,
39785	282	17	filling	fill	VBG
39785	282	18	the	the	DT
39785	282	19	working	working	NN
39785	282	20	.	.	.
39785	283	1	For	for	IN
39785	283	2	this	this	DT
39785	283	3	reason	reason	NN
39785	283	4	,	,	,
39785	283	5	there	there	EX
39785	283	6	were	be	VBD
39785	283	7	no	no	DT
39785	283	8	serious	serious	JJ
39785	283	9	attempts	attempt	NNS
39785	283	10	made	make	VBN
39785	283	11	before	before	IN
39785	283	12	1825	1825	CD
39785	283	13	to	to	TO
39785	283	14	drive	drive	VB
39785	283	15	subaqueous	subaqueous	JJ
39785	283	16	tunnels	tunnel	NNS
39785	283	17	.	.	.
39785	284	1	In	in	IN
39785	284	2	that	that	DT
39785	284	3	year	year	NN
39785	284	4	,	,	,
39785	284	5	work	work	NN
39785	284	6	was	be	VBD
39785	284	7	started	start	VBN
39785	284	8	on	on	IN
39785	284	9	a	a	DT
39785	284	10	tunnel	tunnel	NN
39785	284	11	under	under	IN
39785	284	12	the	the	DT
39785	284	13	Thames	Thames	NNPS
39785	284	14	between	between	IN
39785	284	15	the	the	DT
39785	284	16	Rotherhithe	Rotherhithe	NNP
39785	284	17	and	and	CC
39785	284	18	Wapping	Wapping	NNP
39785	284	19	sections	section	NNS
39785	284	20	of	of	IN
39785	284	21	London	London	NNP
39785	284	22	,	,	,
39785	284	23	under	under	IN
39785	284	24	guidance	guidance	NN
39785	284	25	of	of	IN
39785	284	26	the	the	DT
39785	284	27	already	already	RB
39785	284	28	famous	famous	JJ
39785	284	29	engineer	engineer	NN
39785	284	30	Marc	Marc	NNP
39785	284	31	Isambard	Isambard	NNP
39785	284	32	Brunel	Brunel	NNP
39785	284	33	(	(	-LRB-
39785	284	34	1769	1769	CD
39785	284	35	-	-	SYM
39785	284	36	1849	1849	CD
39785	284	37	)	)	-RRB-
39785	284	38	,	,	,
39785	284	39	father	father	NN
39785	284	40	of	of	IN
39785	284	41	I.	I.	NNP
39785	284	42	K.	K.	NNP
39785	284	43	Brunel	Brunel	NNP
39785	284	44	.	.	.
39785	285	1	The	the	DT
39785	285	2	undertaking	undertaking	NN
39785	285	3	is	be	VBZ
39785	285	4	of	of	IN
39785	285	5	great	great	JJ
39785	285	6	interest	interest	NN
39785	285	7	in	in	IN
39785	285	8	that	that	DT
39785	285	9	Brunel	Brunel	NNP
39785	285	10	employed	employ	VBD
39785	285	11	an	an	DT
39785	285	12	entirely	entirely	RB
39785	285	13	novel	novel	JJ
39785	285	14	apparatus	apparatus	NN
39785	285	15	of	of	IN
39785	285	16	his	-PRON-	PRP$
39785	285	17	own	own	JJ
39785	285	18	invention	invention	NN
39785	285	19	to	to	TO
39785	285	20	provide	provide	VB
39785	285	21	continuous	continuous	JJ
39785	285	22	and	and	CC
39785	285	23	reliable	reliable	JJ
39785	285	24	support	support	NN
39785	285	25	of	of	IN
39785	285	26	the	the	DT
39785	285	27	soft	soft	JJ
39785	285	28	water	water	NN
39785	285	29	-	-	HYPH
39785	285	30	bearing	bear	VBG
39785	285	31	clay	clay	NN
39785	285	32	which	which	WDT
39785	285	33	formed	form	VBD
39785	285	34	the	the	DT
39785	285	35	riverbed	riverbed	NN
39785	285	36	.	.	.
39785	286	1	By	by	IN
39785	286	2	means	mean	NNS
39785	286	3	of	of	IN
39785	286	4	this	this	DT
39785	286	5	"	"	``
39785	286	6	shield	shield	NN
39785	286	7	,	,	,
39785	286	8	"	"	''
39785	286	9	Brunel	Brunel	NNP
39785	286	10	was	be	VBD
39785	286	11	able	able	JJ
39785	286	12	to	to	TO
39785	286	13	drive	drive	VB
39785	286	14	the	the	DT
39785	286	15	world	world	NN
39785	286	16	's	's	POS
39785	286	17	first	first	JJ
39785	286	18	subaqueous	subaqueous	JJ
39785	286	19	tunnel	tunnel	NN
39785	286	20	.	.	.
39785	287	1	[	[	-LRB-
39785	287	2	3	3	CD
39785	287	3	]	]	-RRB-
39785	287	4	[	[	-LRB-
39785	287	5	Illustration	illustration	NN
39785	287	6	:	:	:
39785	287	7	Figure	figure	NN
39785	287	8	16.--WEST	16.--west	NN
39785	287	9	PORTAL	portal	NN
39785	287	10	UPON	upon	IN
39785	287	11	COMPLETION	COMPLETION	NNP
39785	287	12	,	,	,
39785	287	13	1876	1876	CD
39785	287	14	.	.	.
39785	288	1	(	(	-LRB-
39785	288	2	_	_	NNP
39785	288	3	Photo	Photo	NNP
39785	288	4	courtesy	courtesy	NN
39785	288	5	of	of	IN
39785	288	6	New	New	NNP
39785	288	7	-	-	HYPH
39785	288	8	York	York	NNP
39785	288	9	Historical	Historical	NNP
39785	288	10	Society	Society	NNP
39785	288	11	.	.	.
39785	288	12	_	_	NNP
39785	288	13	)	)	-RRB-
39785	288	14	]	]	-RRB-
39785	288	15	The	the	DT
39785	288	16	shield	shield	NN
39785	288	17	was	be	VBD
39785	288	18	of	of	IN
39785	288	19	cast	cast	NN
39785	288	20	-	-	HYPH
39785	288	21	iron	iron	NN
39785	288	22	,	,	,
39785	288	23	rectangular	rectangular	JJ
39785	288	24	in	in	IN
39785	288	25	elevation	elevation	NN
39785	288	26	,	,	,
39785	288	27	and	and	CC
39785	288	28	was	be	VBD
39785	288	29	propelled	propel	VBN
39785	288	30	forward	forward	RB
39785	288	31	by	by	IN
39785	288	32	jackscrews	jackscrews	NNP
39785	288	33	.	.	.
39785	289	1	Shelves	shelf	NNS
39785	289	2	at	at	IN
39785	289	3	top	top	JJ
39785	289	4	,	,	,
39785	289	5	bottom	bottom	NN
39785	289	6	,	,	,
39785	289	7	and	and	CC
39785	289	8	sides	side	NNS
39785	289	9	supported	support	VBD
39785	289	10	the	the	DT
39785	289	11	tunnel	tunnel	NNP
39785	289	12	roof	roof	NNP
39785	289	13	,	,	,
39785	289	14	floor	floor	NN
39785	289	15	,	,	,
39785	289	16	and	and	CC
39785	289	17	walls	wall	NNS
39785	289	18	until	until	IN
39785	289	19	the	the	DT
39785	289	20	permanent	permanent	JJ
39785	289	21	brick	brick	NN
39785	289	22	lining	lining	NN
39785	289	23	was	be	VBD
39785	289	24	placed	place	VBN
39785	289	25	.	.	.
39785	290	1	The	the	DT
39785	290	2	working	work	VBG
39785	290	3	face	face	NN
39785	290	4	,	,	,
39785	290	5	the	the	DT
39785	290	6	critical	critical	JJ
39785	290	7	area	area	NN
39785	290	8	,	,	,
39785	290	9	was	be	VBD
39785	290	10	supported	support	VBN
39785	290	11	by	by	IN
39785	290	12	a	a	DT
39785	290	13	large	large	JJ
39785	290	14	number	number	NN
39785	290	15	of	of	IN
39785	290	16	small	small	JJ
39785	290	17	"	"	``
39785	290	18	breasting	breasting	NN
39785	290	19	boards	board	NNS
39785	290	20	,	,	,
39785	290	21	"	"	''
39785	290	22	held	hold	VBN
39785	290	23	against	against	IN
39785	290	24	the	the	DT
39785	290	25	ground	ground	NN
39785	290	26	by	by	IN
39785	290	27	small	small	JJ
39785	290	28	individual	individual	JJ
39785	290	29	screws	screw	NNS
39785	290	30	bearing	bear	VBG
39785	290	31	against	against	IN
39785	290	32	the	the	DT
39785	290	33	shield	shield	NN
39785	290	34	framework	framework	NN
39785	290	35	.	.	.
39785	291	1	The	the	DT
39785	291	2	shield	shield	NN
39785	291	3	itself	-PRON-	PRP
39785	291	4	was	be	VBD
39785	291	5	formed	form	VBN
39785	291	6	of	of	IN
39785	291	7	12	12	CD
39785	291	8	separate	separate	JJ
39785	291	9	frames	frame	NNS
39785	291	10	,	,	,
39785	291	11	each	each	DT
39785	291	12	of	of	IN
39785	291	13	which	which	WDT
39785	291	14	could	could	MD
39785	291	15	be	be	VB
39785	291	16	advanced	advance	VBN
39785	291	17	independently	independently	RB
39785	291	18	of	of	IN
39785	291	19	the	the	DT
39785	291	20	others	other	NNS
39785	291	21	.	.	.
39785	292	1	The	the	DT
39785	292	2	height	height	NN
39785	292	3	was	be	VBD
39785	292	4	22	22	CD
39785	292	5	feet	foot	NNS
39785	292	6	3	3	CD
39785	292	7	inches	inch	NNS
39785	292	8	:	:	:
39785	292	9	the	the	DT
39785	292	10	width	width	JJ
39785	292	11	37	37	CD
39785	292	12	feet	foot	NNS
39785	292	13	6	6	CD
39785	292	14	inches	inch	NNS
39785	292	15	.	.	.
39785	293	1	The	the	DT
39785	293	2	progress	progress	NN
39785	293	3	was	be	VBD
39785	293	4	piecemeal	piecemeal	RB
39785	293	5	.	.	.
39785	294	1	In	in	IN
39785	294	2	operation	operation	NN
39785	294	3	the	the	DT
39785	294	4	miners	miner	NNS
39785	294	5	would	would	MD
39785	294	6	remove	remove	VB
39785	294	7	one	one	CD
39785	294	8	breasting	breasting	NN
39785	294	9	board	board	NN
39785	294	10	at	at	IN
39785	294	11	a	a	DT
39785	294	12	time	time	NN
39785	294	13	,	,	,
39785	294	14	excavate	excavate	NN
39785	294	15	in	in	IN
39785	294	16	front	front	NN
39785	294	17	of	of	IN
39785	294	18	it	-PRON-	PRP
39785	294	19	,	,	,
39785	294	20	and	and	CC
39785	294	21	then	then	RB
39785	294	22	replace	replace	VB
39785	294	23	it	-PRON-	PRP
39785	294	24	in	in	IN
39785	294	25	the	the	DT
39785	294	26	advanced	advanced	JJ
39785	294	27	position	position	NN
39785	294	28	--	--	:
39785	294	29	about	about	RB
39785	294	30	6	6	CD
39785	294	31	inches	inch	NNS
39785	294	32	forward	forward	RB
39785	294	33	.	.	.
39785	295	1	This	this	DT
39785	295	2	was	be	VBD
39785	295	3	repeated	repeat	VBN
39785	295	4	with	with	IN
39785	295	5	the	the	DT
39785	295	6	next	next	JJ
39785	295	7	board	board	NN
39785	295	8	above	above	IN
39785	295	9	or	or	CC
39785	295	10	below	below	RB
39785	295	11	,	,	,
39785	295	12	and	and	CC
39785	295	13	the	the	DT
39785	295	14	sequence	sequence	NN
39785	295	15	continued	continue	VBD
39785	295	16	until	until	IN
39785	295	17	the	the	DT
39785	295	18	ground	ground	NN
39785	295	19	for	for	IN
39785	295	20	the	the	DT
39785	295	21	entire	entire	JJ
39785	295	22	height	height	NN
39785	295	23	of	of	IN
39785	295	24	one	one	CD
39785	295	25	of	of	IN
39785	295	26	the	the	DT
39785	295	27	12	12	CD
39785	295	28	sections	section	NNS
39785	295	29	had	have	VBD
39785	295	30	been	be	VBN
39785	295	31	removed	remove	VBN
39785	295	32	.	.	.
39785	296	1	The	the	DT
39785	296	2	board	board	NN
39785	296	3	screws	screw	VBZ
39785	296	4	for	for	IN
39785	296	5	that	that	DT
39785	296	6	section	section	NN
39785	296	7	were	be	VBD
39785	296	8	shifted	shift	VBN
39785	296	9	to	to	TO
39785	296	10	bear	bear	VB
39785	296	11	on	on	IN
39785	296	12	the	the	DT
39785	296	13	adjacent	adjacent	JJ
39785	296	14	frames	frame	NNS
39785	296	15	,	,	,
39785	296	16	relieving	relieve	VBG
39785	296	17	the	the	DT
39785	296	18	frame	frame	NN
39785	296	19	of	of	IN
39785	296	20	longitudinal	longitudinal	JJ
39785	296	21	pressure	pressure	NN
39785	296	22	.	.	.
39785	297	1	It	-PRON-	PRP
39785	297	2	could	could	MD
39785	297	3	then	then	RB
39785	297	4	be	be	VB
39785	297	5	screwed	screw	VBN
39785	297	6	forward	forward	RB
39785	297	7	by	by	IN
39785	297	8	the	the	DT
39785	297	9	amount	amount	NN
39785	297	10	of	of	IN
39785	297	11	advance	advance	NN
39785	297	12	,	,	,
39785	297	13	the	the	DT
39785	297	14	screws	screw	NNS
39785	297	15	bearing	bear	VBG
39785	297	16	to	to	IN
39785	297	17	the	the	DT
39785	297	18	rear	rear	NN
39785	297	19	on	on	IN
39785	297	20	the	the	DT
39785	297	21	completed	complete	VBN
39785	297	22	masonry	masonry	NN
39785	297	23	.	.	.
39785	298	1	Thus	thus	RB
39785	298	2	,	,	,
39785	298	3	step	step	NN
39785	298	4	by	by	IN
39785	298	5	step	step	NN
39785	298	6	the	the	DT
39785	298	7	tunnel	tunnel	NN
39785	298	8	progressed	progress	VBN
39785	298	9	slowly	slowly	RB
39785	298	10	,	,	,
39785	298	11	the	the	DT
39785	298	12	greatest	great	JJS
39785	298	13	weekly	weekly	JJ
39785	298	14	advance	advance	NN
39785	298	15	being	be	VBG
39785	298	16	14	14	CD
39785	298	17	feet	foot	NNS
39785	298	18	.	.	.
39785	299	1	In	in	IN
39785	299	2	the	the	DT
39785	299	3	left	left	JJ
39785	299	4	-	-	HYPH
39785	299	5	hand	hand	NN
39785	299	6	portion	portion	NN
39785	299	7	of	of	IN
39785	299	8	the	the	DT
39785	299	9	model	model	NN
39785	299	10	is	be	VBZ
39785	299	11	the	the	DT
39785	299	12	shaft	shaft	NN
39785	299	13	sunk	sink	VBN
39785	299	14	to	to	TO
39785	299	15	begin	begin	VB
39785	299	16	operations	operation	NNS
39785	299	17	;	;	:
39785	299	18	here	here	RB
39785	299	19	also	also	RB
39785	299	20	is	be	VBZ
39785	299	21	shown	show	VBN
39785	299	22	the	the	DT
39785	299	23	bucket	bucket	NN
39785	299	24	hoist	hoist	NN
39785	299	25	for	for	IN
39785	299	26	removing	remove	VBG
39785	299	27	the	the	DT
39785	299	28	spoil	spoil	NN
39785	299	29	.	.	.
39785	300	1	The	the	DT
39785	300	2	V	V	NNP
39785	300	3	-	-	HYPH
39785	300	4	type	type	NN
39785	300	5	steam	steam	NN
39785	300	6	engine	engine	NN
39785	300	7	powering	power	VBG
39785	300	8	the	the	DT
39785	300	9	hoist	hoist	NN
39785	300	10	was	be	VBD
39785	300	11	designed	design	VBN
39785	300	12	by	by	IN
39785	300	13	Brunel	Brunel	NNP
39785	300	14	.	.	.
39785	301	1	At	at	IN
39785	301	2	the	the	DT
39785	301	3	right	right	NN
39785	301	4	of	of	IN
39785	301	5	the	the	DT
39785	301	6	main	main	JJ
39785	301	7	model	model	NN
39785	301	8	is	be	VBZ
39785	301	9	an	an	DT
39785	301	10	enlarged	enlarged	JJ
39785	301	11	detail	detail	NN
39785	301	12	of	of	IN
39785	301	13	the	the	DT
39785	301	14	shield	shield	NN
39785	301	15	,	,	,
39785	301	16	actually	actually	RB
39785	301	17	an	an	DT
39785	301	18	improved	improve	VBN
39785	301	19	version	version	NN
39785	301	20	built	build	VBN
39785	301	21	in	in	IN
39785	301	22	1835	1835	CD
39785	301	23	.	.	.
39785	302	1	The	the	DT
39785	302	2	work	work	NN
39785	302	3	continued	continue	VBD
39785	302	4	despite	despite	IN
39785	302	5	setbacks	setback	NNS
39785	302	6	of	of	IN
39785	302	7	every	every	DT
39785	302	8	sort	sort	NN
39785	302	9	.	.	.
39785	303	1	The	the	DT
39785	303	2	financial	financial	JJ
39785	303	3	ones	one	NNS
39785	303	4	need	need	VBP
39785	303	5	no	no	DT
39785	303	6	recounting	recount	VBG
39785	303	7	here	here	RB
39785	303	8	.	.	.
39785	304	1	Technically	technically	RB
39785	304	2	,	,	,
39785	304	3	although	although	IN
39785	304	4	the	the	DT
39785	304	5	shield	shield	NN
39785	304	6	principle	principle	NN
39785	304	7	proved	prove	VBD
39785	304	8	workable	workable	JJ
39785	304	9	,	,	,
39785	304	10	the	the	DT
39785	304	11	support	support	NN
39785	304	12	afforded	afford	VBN
39785	304	13	was	be	VBD
39785	304	14	not	not	RB
39785	304	15	infallible	infallible	JJ
39785	304	16	.	.	.
39785	305	1	Four	four	CD
39785	305	2	or	or	CC
39785	305	3	five	five	CD
39785	305	4	times	time	NNS
39785	305	5	the	the	DT
39785	305	6	river	river	NN
39785	305	7	broke	break	VBD
39785	305	8	through	through	IN
39785	305	9	the	the	DT
39785	305	10	thin	thin	JJ
39785	305	11	cover	cover	NN
39785	305	12	of	of	IN
39785	305	13	silt	silt	NN
39785	305	14	and	and	CC
39785	305	15	flooded	flood	VBD
39785	305	16	the	the	DT
39785	305	17	workings	working	NNS
39785	305	18	,	,	,
39785	305	19	despite	despite	IN
39785	305	20	the	the	DT
39785	305	21	utmost	utmost	JJ
39785	305	22	caution	caution	NN
39785	305	23	in	in	IN
39785	305	24	excavating	excavating	NN
39785	305	25	.	.	.
39785	306	1	When	when	WRB
39785	306	2	this	this	DT
39785	306	3	occurred	occur	VBD
39785	306	4	,	,	,
39785	306	5	masses	masse	NNS
39785	306	6	of	of	IN
39785	306	7	clay	clay	NN
39785	306	8	,	,	,
39785	306	9	sandbags	sandbag	NNS
39785	306	10	,	,	,
39785	306	11	and	and	CC
39785	306	12	mats	mat	NNS
39785	306	13	were	be	VBD
39785	306	14	dumped	dump	VBN
39785	306	15	over	over	IN
39785	306	16	the	the	DT
39785	306	17	opening	opening	NN
39785	306	18	in	in	IN
39785	306	19	the	the	DT
39785	306	20	riverbed	riverbed	NN
39785	306	21	to	to	TO
39785	306	22	seal	seal	VB
39785	306	23	it	-PRON-	PRP
39785	306	24	,	,	,
39785	306	25	and	and	CC
39785	306	26	the	the	DT
39785	306	27	tunnel	tunnel	NN
39785	306	28	pumped	pump	VBD
39785	306	29	out	out	RP
39785	306	30	.	.	.
39785	307	1	I.	I.	NNP
39785	307	2	K.	K.	NNP
39785	307	3	Brunel	Brunel	NNP
39785	307	4	acted	act	VBD
39785	307	5	as	as	IN
39785	307	6	superintendent	superintendent	NN
39785	307	7	and	and	CC
39785	307	8	nearly	nearly	RB
39785	307	9	lost	lose	VBD
39785	307	10	his	-PRON-	PRP$
39785	307	11	life	life	NN
39785	307	12	on	on	IN
39785	307	13	a	a	DT
39785	307	14	number	number	NN
39785	307	15	of	of	IN
39785	307	16	occasions	occasion	NNS
39785	307	17	.	.	.
39785	308	1	After	after	IN
39785	308	2	several	several	JJ
39785	308	3	suspensions	suspension	NNS
39785	308	4	of	of	IN
39785	308	5	work	work	NN
39785	308	6	resulting	result	VBG
39785	308	7	from	from	IN
39785	308	8	withdrawal	withdrawal	NN
39785	308	9	or	or	CC
39785	308	10	exhaustion	exhaustion	NN
39785	308	11	of	of	IN
39785	308	12	support	support	NN
39785	308	13	,	,	,
39785	308	14	one	one	CD
39785	308	15	lasting	last	VBG
39785	308	16	seven	seven	CD
39785	308	17	years	year	NNS
39785	308	18	,	,	,
39785	308	19	the	the	DT
39785	308	20	work	work	NN
39785	308	21	was	be	VBD
39785	308	22	completed	complete	VBN
39785	308	23	in	in	IN
39785	308	24	1843	1843	CD
39785	308	25	.	.	.
39785	309	1	Despite	despite	IN
39785	309	2	the	the	DT
39785	309	3	fact	fact	NN
39785	309	4	that	that	IN
39785	309	5	Brunel	Brunel	NNP
39785	309	6	had	have	VBD
39785	309	7	,	,	,
39785	309	8	for	for	IN
39785	309	9	the	the	DT
39785	309	10	first	first	JJ
39785	309	11	time	time	NN
39785	309	12	,	,	,
39785	309	13	demonstrated	demonstrate	VBD
39785	309	14	a	a	DT
39785	309	15	practical	practical	JJ
39785	309	16	method	method	NN
39785	309	17	for	for	IN
39785	309	18	tunneling	tunnel	VBG
39785	309	19	in	in	IN
39785	309	20	firm	firm	NN
39785	309	21	and	and	CC
39785	309	22	water	water	NN
39785	309	23	-	-	HYPH
39785	309	24	bearing	bear	VBG
39785	309	25	ground	ground	NN
39785	309	26	,	,	,
39785	309	27	the	the	DT
39785	309	28	enormous	enormous	JJ
39785	309	29	cost	cost	NN
39785	309	30	of	of	IN
39785	309	31	the	the	DT
39785	309	32	work	work	NN
39785	309	33	and	and	CC
39785	309	34	the	the	DT
39785	309	35	almost	almost	RB
39785	309	36	overwhelming	overwhelming	JJ
39785	309	37	problems	problem	NNS
39785	309	38	encountered	encounter	VBN
39785	309	39	had	have	VBD
39785	309	40	a	a	DT
39785	309	41	discouraging	discouraging	JJ
39785	309	42	effect	effect	NN
39785	309	43	rather	rather	RB
39785	309	44	than	than	IN
39785	309	45	otherwise	otherwise	RB
39785	309	46	.	.	.
39785	310	1	Not	not	RB
39785	310	2	for	for	IN
39785	310	3	another	another	DT
39785	310	4	quarter	quarter	NN
39785	310	5	of	of	IN
39785	310	6	a	a	DT
39785	310	7	century	century	NN
39785	310	8	was	be	VBD
39785	310	9	a	a	DT
39785	310	10	similar	similar	JJ
39785	310	11	project	project	NN
39785	310	12	undertaken	undertake	VBN
39785	310	13	.	.	.
39785	311	1	The	the	DT
39785	311	2	Thames	Thames	NNP
39785	311	3	Tunnel	Tunnel	NNP
39785	311	4	was	be	VBD
39785	311	5	used	use	VBN
39785	311	6	for	for	IN
39785	311	7	foot	foot	NN
39785	311	8	and	and	CC
39785	311	9	light	light	JJ
39785	311	10	highway	highway	NN
39785	311	11	traffic	traffic	NN
39785	311	12	until	until	IN
39785	311	13	about	about	RB
39785	311	14	1870	1870	CD
39785	311	15	when	when	WRB
39785	311	16	it	-PRON-	PRP
39785	311	17	was	be	VBD
39785	311	18	incorporated	incorporate	VBN
39785	311	19	into	into	IN
39785	311	20	the	the	DT
39785	311	21	London	London	NNP
39785	311	22	Underground	Underground	NNP
39785	311	23	railway	railway	NN
39785	311	24	system	system	NN
39785	311	25	,	,	,
39785	311	26	which	which	WDT
39785	311	27	it	-PRON-	PRP
39785	311	28	continues	continue	VBZ
39785	311	29	to	to	TO
39785	311	30	serve	serve	VB
39785	311	31	today	today	NN
39785	311	32	.	.	.
39785	312	1	The	the	DT
39785	312	2	roofed	roof	VBN
39785	312	3	-	-	HYPH
39785	312	4	over	over	RP
39785	312	5	top	top	JJ
39785	312	6	sections	section	NNS
39785	312	7	of	of	IN
39785	312	8	the	the	DT
39785	312	9	two	two	CD
39785	312	10	shafts	shaft	NNS
39785	312	11	may	may	MD
39785	312	12	still	still	RB
39785	312	13	be	be	VB
39785	312	14	seen	see	VBN
39785	312	15	from	from	IN
39785	312	16	the	the	DT
39785	312	17	river	river	NN
39785	312	18	.	.	.
39785	313	1	A	a	DT
39785	313	2	number	number	NN
39785	313	3	of	of	IN
39785	313	4	contemporary	contemporary	JJ
39785	313	5	popular	popular	JJ
39785	313	6	accounts	account	NNS
39785	313	7	of	of	IN
39785	313	8	the	the	DT
39785	313	9	tunnel	tunnel	NN
39785	313	10	exist	exist	VBP
39785	313	11	,	,	,
39785	313	12	but	but	CC
39785	313	13	one	one	CD
39785	313	14	of	of	IN
39785	313	15	the	the	DT
39785	313	16	most	most	RBS
39785	313	17	thorough	thorough	JJ
39785	313	18	and	and	CC
39785	313	19	interesting	interesting	JJ
39785	313	20	expositions	exposition	NNS
39785	313	21	on	on	IN
39785	313	22	a	a	DT
39785	313	23	single	single	JJ
39785	313	24	tunnel	tunnel	NN
39785	313	25	work	work	NN
39785	313	26	of	of	IN
39785	313	27	any	any	DT
39785	313	28	period	period	NN
39785	313	29	is	be	VBZ
39785	313	30	Henry	Henry	NNP
39785	313	31	Law	Law	NNP
39785	313	32	's	's	POS
39785	313	33	_	_	NNP
39785	313	34	A	A	NNP
39785	313	35	Memoir	Memoir	NNP
39785	313	36	of	of	IN
39785	313	37	the	the	DT
39785	313	38	Thames	Thames	NNP
39785	313	39	Tunnel	Tunnel	NNP
39785	313	40	_	_	NNP
39785	313	41	,	,	,
39785	313	42	published	publish	VBN
39785	313	43	in	in	IN
39785	313	44	1845	1845	CD
39785	313	45	-	-	SYM
39785	313	46	1846	1846	CD
39785	313	47	by	by	IN
39785	313	48	John	John	NNP
39785	313	49	Weale	Weale	NNP
39785	313	50	.	.	.
39785	314	1	Law	Law	NNP
39785	314	2	,	,	,
39785	314	3	an	an	DT
39785	314	4	eminent	eminent	JJ
39785	314	5	civil	civil	JJ
39785	314	6	engineer	engineer	NN
39785	314	7	,	,	,
39785	314	8	covers	cover	VBZ
39785	314	9	the	the	DT
39785	314	10	work	work	NN
39785	314	11	in	in	IN
39785	314	12	incredible	incredible	JJ
39785	314	13	detail	detail	NN
39785	314	14	from	from	IN
39785	314	15	its	-PRON-	PRP$
39785	314	16	inception	inception	NN
39785	314	17	until	until	IN
39785	314	18	the	the	DT
39785	314	19	major	major	JJ
39785	314	20	suspension	suspension	NN
39785	314	21	in	in	IN
39785	314	22	late	late	JJ
39785	314	23	1828	1828	CD
39785	314	24	when	when	WRB
39785	314	25	slightly	slightly	RB
39785	314	26	more	more	JJR
39785	314	27	than	than	IN
39785	314	28	half	half	RB
39785	314	29	completed	complete	VBN
39785	314	30	.	.	.
39785	315	1	The	the	DT
39785	315	2	most	most	RBS
39785	315	3	valuable	valuable	JJ
39785	315	4	aspect	aspect	NN
39785	315	5	of	of	IN
39785	315	6	his	-PRON-	PRP$
39785	315	7	record	record	NN
39785	315	8	is	be	VBZ
39785	315	9	a	a	DT
39785	315	10	series	series	NN
39785	315	11	of	of	IN
39785	315	12	plates	plate	NNS
39785	315	13	of	of	IN
39785	315	14	engineering	engineer	VBG
39785	315	15	drawings	drawing	NNS
39785	315	16	of	of	IN
39785	315	17	the	the	DT
39785	315	18	shield	shield	NN
39785	315	19	and	and	CC
39785	315	20	its	-PRON-	PRP$
39785	315	21	components	component	NNS
39785	315	22	,	,	,
39785	315	23	which	which	WDT
39785	315	24	,	,	,
39785	315	25	so	so	RB
39785	315	26	far	far	RB
39785	315	27	as	as	IN
39785	315	28	is	be	VBZ
39785	315	29	known	know	VBN
39785	315	30	,	,	,
39785	315	31	exist	exist	VBP
39785	315	32	nowhere	nowhere	RB
39785	315	33	else	else	RB
39785	315	34	.	.	.
39785	316	1	These	these	DT
39785	316	2	formed	form	VBD
39785	316	3	the	the	DT
39785	316	4	basis	basis	NN
39785	316	5	of	of	IN
39785	316	6	the	the	DT
39785	316	7	enlarged	enlarged	JJ
39785	316	8	section	section	NN
39785	316	9	of	of	IN
39785	316	10	the	the	DT
39785	316	11	shield	shield	NN
39785	316	12	,	,	,
39785	316	13	shown	show	VBN
39785	316	14	to	to	IN
39785	316	15	the	the	DT
39785	316	16	right	right	NN
39785	316	17	of	of	IN
39785	316	18	the	the	DT
39785	316	19	model	model	NN
39785	316	20	of	of	IN
39785	316	21	the	the	DT
39785	316	22	tunnel	tunnel	NN
39785	316	23	itself	-PRON-	PRP
39785	316	24	.	.	.
39785	317	1	A	a	DT
39785	317	2	vertical	vertical	JJ
39785	317	3	section	section	NN
39785	317	4	through	through	IN
39785	317	5	the	the	DT
39785	317	6	shield	shield	NN
39785	317	7	is	be	VBZ
39785	317	8	reproduced	reproduce	VBN
39785	317	9	here	here	RB
39785	317	10	from	from	IN
39785	317	11	Law	Law	NNP
39785	317	12	for	for	IN
39785	317	13	comparison	comparison	NN
39785	317	14	with	with	IN
39785	317	15	the	the	DT
39785	317	16	model	model	NN
39785	317	17	(	(	-LRB-
39785	317	18	figs	fig	NNS
39785	317	19	.	.	.
39785	318	1	21	21	CD
39785	318	2	and	and	CC
39785	318	3	23	23	CD
39785	318	4	)	)	-RRB-
39785	318	5	.	.	.
39785	319	1	[	[	-LRB-
39785	319	2	Illustration	illustration	NN
39785	319	3	:	:	:
39785	319	4	Figure	figure	VB
39785	319	5	17.--SOFT	17.--soft	JJ
39785	319	6	-	-	HYPH
39785	319	7	GROUND	ground	NN
39785	319	8	TUNNELING	tunneling	NN
39785	319	9	.	.	.
39785	320	1	The	the	DT
39785	320	2	support	support	NN
39785	320	3	of	of	IN
39785	320	4	walls	wall	NNS
39785	320	5	and	and	CC
39785	320	6	roof	roof	NN
39785	320	7	of	of	IN
39785	320	8	mine	mine	NN
39785	320	9	shaft	shaft	NN
39785	320	10	by	by	IN
39785	320	11	simple	simple	JJ
39785	320	12	timbering	timbering	NN
39785	320	13	;	;	:
39785	320	14	16th	16th	JJ
39785	320	15	century	century	NN
39785	320	16	.	.	.
39785	321	1	MHT	mht	JJ
39785	321	2	model--3/4	model--3/4	NNP
39785	321	3	"	"	''
39785	321	4	scale	scale	NN
39785	321	5	.	.	.
39785	322	1	(	(	-LRB-
39785	322	2	Smithsonian	smithsonian	JJ
39785	322	3	photo	photo	NN
39785	322	4	49260-J.	49260-j.	CD
39785	322	5	)	)	-RRB-
39785	322	6	]	]	-RRB-
39785	323	1	[	[	-LRB-
39785	323	2	Illustration	illustration	NN
39785	323	3	:	:	:
39785	323	4	Figure	figure	NN
39785	323	5	18.--SOFT	18.--soft	CD
39785	323	6	-	-	HYPH
39785	323	7	GROUND	ground	NN
39785	323	8	TUNNELING	tunneling	NN
39785	323	9	.	.	.
39785	324	1	The	the	DT
39785	324	2	model	model	NN
39785	324	3	of	of	IN
39785	324	4	a	a	DT
39785	324	5	16th	16th	JJ
39785	324	6	century	century	NN
39785	324	7	mine	mine	NN
39785	324	8	in	in	IN
39785	324	9	the	the	DT
39785	324	10	Museum	Museum	NNP
39785	324	11	of	of	IN
39785	324	12	History	History	NNP
39785	324	13	and	and	CC
39785	324	14	Technology	Technology	NNP
39785	324	15	was	be	VBD
39785	324	16	constructed	construct	VBN
39785	324	17	from	from	IN
39785	324	18	illustrations	illustration	NNS
39785	324	19	in	in	IN
39785	324	20	such	such	JJ
39785	324	21	works	work	NNS
39785	324	22	as	as	IN
39785	324	23	G.	G.	NNP
39785	324	24	E.	E.	NNP
39785	324	25	von	von	NNP
39785	324	26	Löhneyss	Löhneyss	NNP
39785	324	27	'	'	POS
39785	324	28	_	_	NNP
39785	324	29	Bericht	Bericht	NNP
39785	324	30	vom	vom	VBZ
39785	324	31	Bergwerck	Bergwerck	NNP
39785	324	32	_	_	NNP
39785	324	33	,	,	,
39785	324	34	1690	1690	CD
39785	324	35	,	,	,
39785	324	36	as	as	RB
39785	324	37	well	well	RB
39785	324	38	as	as	IN
39785	324	39	the	the	DT
39785	324	40	better	well	RBR
39785	324	41	known	know	VBN
39785	324	42	ones	one	NNS
39785	324	43	from	from	IN
39785	324	44	_	_	NNP
39785	324	45	De	De	NNP
39785	324	46	re	re	NNP
39785	324	47	Metallica	Metallica	NNP
39785	324	48	_	_	NNP
39785	324	49	.	.	.
39785	324	50	]	]	-RRB-
39785	325	1	[	[	-LRB-
39785	325	2	Illustration	illustration	NN
39785	325	3	:	:	:
39785	325	4	Figure	figure	NN
39785	325	5	19.--THE	19.--the	CD
39785	325	6	SUCCESSIVE	successive	JJ
39785	325	7	STAGES	stage	NNS
39785	325	8	in	in	IN
39785	325	9	the	the	DT
39785	325	10	enlargement	enlargement	NN
39785	325	11	of	of	IN
39785	325	12	a	a	DT
39785	325	13	mid-19th	mid-19th	JJ
39785	325	14	century	century	NN
39785	325	15	railroad	railroad	NN
39785	325	16	tunnel	tunnel	NN
39785	325	17	,	,	,
39785	325	18	using	use	VBG
39785	325	19	the	the	DT
39785	325	20	Austrian	austrian	JJ
39785	325	21	system	system	NN
39785	325	22	of	of	IN
39785	325	23	timbering	timbere	VBG
39785	325	24	.	.	.
39785	326	1	MHT	MHT	NNP
39785	326	2	model	model	NN
39785	326	3	.	.	.
39785	326	4	]	]	-RRB-
39785	327	1	[	[	-LRB-
39785	327	2	Illustration	illustration	NN
39785	327	3	:	:	:
39785	327	4	Figure	figure	NN
39785	327	5	20.--M.	20.--m.	CD
39785	328	1	I.	I.	NNP
39785	328	2	BRUNEL	BRUNEL	NNP
39785	328	3	'S	's	POS
39785	328	4	THAMES	THAMES	NNP
39785	328	5	TUNNEL	TUNNEL	NNP
39785	328	6	,	,	,
39785	328	7	1825	1825	CD
39785	328	8	-	-	SYM
39785	328	9	1843	1843	CD
39785	328	10	,	,	,
39785	328	11	the	the	DT
39785	328	12	first	first	RB
39785	328	13	driven	drive	VBN
39785	328	14	beneath	beneath	IN
39785	328	15	a	a	DT
39785	328	16	body	body	NN
39785	328	17	of	of	IN
39785	328	18	water	water	NN
39785	328	19	.	.	.
39785	329	1	MHT	MHT	NNP
39785	329	2	model--1/4	model--1/4	NNP
39785	329	3	"	"	''
39785	329	4	scale	scale	NN
39785	329	5	.	.	.
39785	330	1	(	(	-LRB-
39785	330	2	Smithsonian	smithsonian	JJ
39785	330	3	photo	photo	NN
39785	330	4	49260-F.	49260-f.	CD
39785	330	5	)	)	-RRB-
39785	330	6	]	]	-RRB-
39785	330	7	THE	the	DT
39785	330	8	TOWER	TOWER	NNP
39785	330	9	SUBWAY	SUBWAY	NNP
39785	330	10	Various	various	JJ
39785	330	11	inventors	inventor	NNS
39785	330	12	attempted	attempt	VBD
39785	330	13	to	to	TO
39785	330	14	improve	improve	VB
39785	330	15	upon	upon	IN
39785	330	16	the	the	DT
39785	330	17	Brunel	Brunel	NNP
39785	330	18	shield	shield	NN
39785	330	19	,	,	,
39785	330	20	aware	aware	JJ
39785	330	21	of	of	IN
39785	330	22	the	the	DT
39785	330	23	fundamental	fundamental	JJ
39785	330	24	soundness	soundness	NN
39785	330	25	of	of	IN
39785	330	26	the	the	DT
39785	330	27	shield	shield	NN
39785	330	28	principle	principle	NN
39785	330	29	.	.	.
39785	331	1	Almost	almost	RB
39785	331	2	all	all	DT
39785	331	3	bypassed	bypass	VBD
39785	331	4	the	the	DT
39785	331	5	rectangular	rectangular	JJ
39785	331	6	sectional	sectional	JJ
39785	331	7	construction	construction	NN
39785	331	8	used	use	VBN
39785	331	9	in	in	IN
39785	331	10	the	the	DT
39785	331	11	Thames	Thames	NNP
39785	331	12	Tunnel	Tunnel	NNP
39785	331	13	,	,	,
39785	331	14	and	and	CC
39785	331	15	took	take	VBD
39785	331	16	as	as	RB
39785	331	17	a	a	DT
39785	331	18	starting	starting	NN
39785	331	19	point	point	NN
39785	331	20	a	a	DT
39785	331	21	sectional	sectional	JJ
39785	331	22	shield	shield	NN
39785	331	23	of	of	IN
39785	331	24	circular	circular	JJ
39785	331	25	cross	cross	NN
39785	331	26	section	section	NN
39785	331	27	,	,	,
39785	331	28	advanced	advance	VBN
39785	331	29	by	by	IN
39785	331	30	Brunel	Brunel	NNP
39785	331	31	in	in	IN
39785	331	32	his	-PRON-	PRP$
39785	331	33	original	original	JJ
39785	331	34	patent	patent	NN
39785	331	35	of	of	IN
39785	331	36	1818	1818	CD
39785	331	37	.	.	.
39785	332	1	James	James	NNP
39785	332	2	Henry	Henry	NNP
39785	332	3	Greathead	Greathead	NNP
39785	332	4	(	(	-LRB-
39785	332	5	1844	1844	CD
39785	332	6	-	-	SYM
39785	332	7	1896	1896	CD
39785	332	8	)	)	-RRB-
39785	332	9	,	,	,
39785	332	10	rightfully	rightfully	RB
39785	332	11	called	call	VBD
39785	332	12	the	the	DT
39785	332	13	father	father	NN
39785	332	14	of	of	IN
39785	332	15	modern	modern	JJ
39785	332	16	subaqueous	subaqueous	JJ
39785	332	17	tunneling	tunneling	NN
39785	332	18	,	,	,
39785	332	19	surmised	surmise	VBN
39785	332	20	in	in	IN
39785	332	21	later	late	JJR
39785	332	22	years	year	NNS
39785	332	23	that	that	IN
39785	332	24	Brunel	Brunel	NNP
39785	332	25	had	have	VBD
39785	332	26	chosen	choose	VBN
39785	332	27	a	a	DT
39785	332	28	rectangular	rectangular	JJ
39785	332	29	configuration	configuration	NN
39785	332	30	for	for	IN
39785	332	31	actual	actual	JJ
39785	332	32	use	use	NN
39785	332	33	,	,	,
39785	332	34	as	as	IN
39785	332	35	one	one	CD
39785	332	36	better	well	RBR
39785	332	37	adapted	adapt	VBD
39785	332	38	to	to	IN
39785	332	39	the	the	DT
39785	332	40	sectional	sectional	JJ
39785	332	41	type	type	NN
39785	332	42	of	of	IN
39785	332	43	shield	shield	NN
39785	332	44	.	.	.
39785	333	1	The	the	DT
39785	333	2	English	english	JJ
39785	333	3	civil	civil	JJ
39785	333	4	engineer	engineer	NN
39785	333	5	,	,	,
39785	333	6	Peter	Peter	NNP
39785	333	7	W.	W.	NNP
39785	333	8	Barlow	Barlow	NNP
39785	333	9	,	,	,
39785	333	10	in	in	IN
39785	333	11	1864	1864	CD
39785	333	12	and	and	CC
39785	333	13	1868	1868	CD
39785	333	14	patented	patent	VBD
39785	333	15	a	a	DT
39785	333	16	circular	circular	JJ
39785	333	17	shield	shield	NN
39785	333	18	,	,	,
39785	333	19	of	of	IN
39785	333	20	one	one	CD
39785	333	21	piece	piece	NN
39785	333	22	,	,	,
39785	333	23	which	which	WDT
39785	333	24	was	be	VBD
39785	333	25	the	the	DT
39785	333	26	basis	basis	NN
39785	333	27	of	of	IN
39785	333	28	one	one	CD
39785	333	29	used	use	VBN
39785	333	30	by	by	IN
39785	333	31	him	-PRON-	PRP
39785	333	32	in	in	IN
39785	333	33	constructing	construct	VBG
39785	333	34	a	a	DT
39785	333	35	small	small	JJ
39785	333	36	subway	subway	NN
39785	333	37	of	of	IN
39785	333	38	1350	1350	CD
39785	333	39	feet	foot	NNS
39785	333	40	beneath	beneath	IN
39785	333	41	the	the	DT
39785	333	42	Thames	Thames	NNPS
39785	333	43	in	in	IN
39785	333	44	1869	1869	CD
39785	333	45	,	,	,
39785	333	46	the	the	DT
39785	333	47	first	first	JJ
39785	333	48	work	work	NN
39785	333	49	to	to	TO
39785	333	50	follow	follow	VB
39785	333	51	the	the	DT
39785	333	52	lead	lead	NN
39785	333	53	of	of	IN
39785	333	54	Brunel	Brunel	NNP
39785	333	55	.	.	.
39785	334	1	Greathead	Greathead	NNP
39785	334	2	,	,	,
39785	334	3	acting	act	VBG
39785	334	4	as	as	IN
39785	334	5	Barlow	Barlow	NNP
39785	334	6	's	's	POS
39785	334	7	contractor	contractor	NN
39785	334	8	,	,	,
39785	334	9	was	be	VBD
39785	334	10	the	the	DT
39785	334	11	designer	designer	NN
39785	334	12	of	of	IN
39785	334	13	the	the	DT
39785	334	14	shield	shield	NN
39785	334	15	actually	actually	RB
39785	334	16	used	use	VBN
39785	334	17	in	in	IN
39785	334	18	the	the	DT
39785	334	19	work	work	NN
39785	334	20	,	,	,
39785	334	21	but	but	CC
39785	334	22	it	-PRON-	PRP
39785	334	23	was	be	VBD
39785	334	24	obviously	obviously	RB
39785	334	25	inspired	inspire	VBN
39785	334	26	by	by	IN
39785	334	27	Barlow	Barlow	NNP
39785	334	28	's	's	POS
39785	334	29	patents	patent	NNS
39785	334	30	.	.	.
39785	335	1	The	the	DT
39785	335	2	reduction	reduction	NN
39785	335	3	of	of	IN
39785	335	4	the	the	DT
39785	335	5	multiplicity	multiplicity	NN
39785	335	6	of	of	IN
39785	335	7	parts	part	NNS
39785	335	8	in	in	IN
39785	335	9	the	the	DT
39785	335	10	Brunel	Brunel	NNP
39785	335	11	shield	shield	NN
39785	335	12	to	to	IN
39785	335	13	a	a	DT
39785	335	14	single	single	JJ
39785	335	15	rigid	rigid	JJ
39785	335	16	unit	unit	NN
39785	335	17	was	be	VBD
39785	335	18	of	of	IN
39785	335	19	immense	immense	JJ
39785	335	20	advantage	advantage	NN
39785	335	21	and	and	CC
39785	335	22	an	an	DT
39785	335	23	advance	advance	NN
39785	335	24	perhaps	perhaps	RB
39785	335	25	equal	equal	JJ
39785	335	26	to	to	IN
39785	335	27	the	the	DT
39785	335	28	shield	shield	NN
39785	335	29	concept	concept	NN
39785	335	30	of	of	IN
39785	335	31	tunneling	tunnel	VBG
39785	335	32	itself	-PRON-	PRP
39785	335	33	.	.	.
39785	336	1	The	the	DT
39785	336	2	Barlow	Barlow	NNP
39785	336	3	-	-	HYPH
39785	336	4	Greathead	Greathead	NNP
39785	336	5	shield	shield	NN
39785	336	6	was	be	VBD
39785	336	7	like	like	IN
39785	336	8	the	the	DT
39785	336	9	cap	cap	NN
39785	336	10	of	of	IN
39785	336	11	a	a	DT
39785	336	12	telescope	telescope	NN
39785	336	13	with	with	IN
39785	336	14	a	a	DT
39785	336	15	sharpened	sharpened	JJ
39785	336	16	circular	circular	JJ
39785	336	17	ring	ring	NN
39785	336	18	on	on	IN
39785	336	19	the	the	DT
39785	336	20	front	front	NN
39785	336	21	to	to	TO
39785	336	22	assist	assist	VB
39785	336	23	in	in	IN
39785	336	24	penetrating	penetrate	VBG
39785	336	25	the	the	DT
39785	336	26	ground	ground	NN
39785	336	27	.	.	.
39785	337	1	The	the	DT
39785	337	2	diaphragm	diaphragm	NN
39785	337	3	functioned	function	VBD
39785	337	4	,	,	,
39785	337	5	as	as	IN
39785	337	6	did	do	VBD
39785	337	7	Brunel	Brunel	NNP
39785	337	8	's	's	POS
39785	337	9	breasting	breasting	NN
39785	337	10	boards	board	NNS
39785	337	11	,	,	,
39785	337	12	to	to	TO
39785	337	13	resist	resist	VB
39785	337	14	the	the	DT
39785	337	15	longitudinal	longitudinal	JJ
39785	337	16	earth	earth	NN
39785	337	17	pressure	pressure	NN
39785	337	18	of	of	IN
39785	337	19	the	the	DT
39785	337	20	face	face	NN
39785	337	21	,	,	,
39785	337	22	and	and	CC
39785	337	23	the	the	DT
39785	337	24	cylindrical	cylindrical	JJ
39785	337	25	portion	portion	NN
39785	337	26	behind	behind	IN
39785	337	27	the	the	DT
39785	337	28	diaphragm	diaphragm	NNP
39785	337	29	bore	bear	VBD
39785	337	30	the	the	DT
39785	337	31	radial	radial	JJ
39785	337	32	pressure	pressure	NN
39785	337	33	of	of	IN
39785	337	34	roof	roof	NN
39785	337	35	and	and	CC
39785	337	36	walls	wall	NNS
39785	337	37	.	.	.
39785	338	1	Here	here	RB
39785	338	2	also	also	RB
39785	338	3	for	for	IN
39785	338	4	the	the	DT
39785	338	5	first	first	JJ
39785	338	6	time	time	NN
39785	338	7	,	,	,
39785	338	8	a	a	DT
39785	338	9	permanent	permanent	JJ
39785	338	10	lining	lining	NN
39785	338	11	formed	form	VBN
39785	338	12	of	of	IN
39785	338	13	cast	cast	NN
39785	338	14	-	-	HYPH
39785	338	15	iron	iron	NN
39785	338	16	segments	segment	NNS
39785	338	17	was	be	VBD
39785	338	18	used	use	VBN
39785	338	19	,	,	,
39785	338	20	a	a	DT
39785	338	21	second	second	JJ
39785	338	22	major	major	JJ
39785	338	23	advancement	advancement	NN
39785	338	24	in	in	IN
39785	338	25	soft	soft	JJ
39785	338	26	-	-	HYPH
39785	338	27	ground	ground	NN
39785	338	28	tunneling	tunneling	NN
39785	338	29	practice	practice	NN
39785	338	30	.	.	.
39785	339	1	Not	not	RB
39785	339	2	only	only	RB
39785	339	3	could	could	MD
39785	339	4	the	the	DT
39785	339	5	segments	segment	NNS
39785	339	6	be	be	VB
39785	339	7	placed	place	VBN
39785	339	8	and	and	CC
39785	339	9	bolted	bolt	VBN
39785	339	10	together	together	RB
39785	339	11	far	far	RB
39785	339	12	more	more	RBR
39785	339	13	rapidly	rapidly	RB
39785	339	14	than	than	IN
39785	339	15	masonry	masonry	NN
39785	339	16	lining	lining	NN
39785	339	17	could	could	MD
39785	339	18	be	be	VB
39785	339	19	laid	lay	VBN
39785	339	20	up	up	RP
39785	339	21	,	,	,
39785	339	22	but	but	CC
39785	339	23	unlike	unlike	IN
39785	339	24	the	the	DT
39785	339	25	green	green	JJ
39785	339	26	masonry	masonry	NN
39785	339	27	,	,	,
39785	339	28	they	-PRON-	PRP
39785	339	29	could	could	MD
39785	339	30	immediately	immediately	RB
39785	339	31	bear	bear	VB
39785	339	32	the	the	DT
39785	339	33	full	full	JJ
39785	339	34	force	force	NN
39785	339	35	of	of	IN
39785	339	36	the	the	DT
39785	339	37	shield	shield	NN
39785	339	38	-	-	HYPH
39785	339	39	propelling	propelling	NN
39785	339	40	screws	screw	NNS
39785	339	41	.	.	.
39785	340	1	Barlow	Barlow	NNP
39785	340	2	,	,	,
39785	340	3	capitalizing	capitalize	VBG
39785	340	4	on	on	IN
39785	340	5	Brunel	Brunel	NNP
39785	340	6	's	's	POS
39785	340	7	error	error	NN
39785	340	8	in	in	IN
39785	340	9	burrowing	burrow	VBG
39785	340	10	so	so	RB
39785	340	11	close	close	RB
39785	340	12	to	to	IN
39785	340	13	the	the	DT
39785	340	14	riverbed	riverbed	NN
39785	340	15	,	,	,
39785	340	16	maintained	maintain	VBD
39785	340	17	an	an	DT
39785	340	18	average	average	JJ
39785	340	19	cover	cover	NN
39785	340	20	of	of	IN
39785	340	21	30	30	CD
39785	340	22	feet	foot	NNS
39785	340	23	over	over	IN
39785	340	24	the	the	DT
39785	340	25	tunnel	tunnel	NN
39785	340	26	,	,	,
39785	340	27	driving	drive	VBG
39785	340	28	through	through	IN
39785	340	29	a	a	DT
39785	340	30	solid	solid	JJ
39785	340	31	stratum	stratum	NN
39785	340	32	of	of	IN
39785	340	33	firm	firm	JJ
39785	340	34	London	London	NNP
39785	340	35	clay	clay	NN
39785	340	36	which	which	WDT
39785	340	37	was	be	VBD
39785	340	38	virtually	virtually	RB
39785	340	39	impervious	impervious	JJ
39785	340	40	to	to	IN
39785	340	41	water	water	NN
39785	340	42	.	.	.
39785	341	1	As	as	IN
39785	341	2	the	the	DT
39785	341	3	result	result	NN
39785	341	4	of	of	IN
39785	341	5	this	this	DT
39785	341	6	,	,	,
39785	341	7	combined	combine	VBN
39785	341	8	with	with	IN
39785	341	9	the	the	DT
39785	341	10	advantages	advantage	NNS
39785	341	11	of	of	IN
39785	341	12	the	the	DT
39785	341	13	solid	solid	JJ
39785	341	14	shield	shield	NN
39785	341	15	and	and	CC
39785	341	16	the	the	DT
39785	341	17	rapidly	rapidly	RB
39785	341	18	placed	place	VBN
39785	341	19	iron	iron	NN
39785	341	20	lining	lining	NN
39785	341	21	,	,	,
39785	341	22	the	the	DT
39785	341	23	work	work	NN
39785	341	24	moved	move	VBD
39785	341	25	forward	forward	RB
39785	341	26	at	at	IN
39785	341	27	a	a	DT
39785	341	28	pace	pace	NN
39785	341	29	and	and	CC
39785	341	30	with	with	IN
39785	341	31	a	a	DT
39785	341	32	facility	facility	NN
39785	341	33	in	in	IN
39785	341	34	startling	startle	VBG
39785	341	35	contrast	contrast	NN
39785	341	36	to	to	IN
39785	341	37	that	that	DT
39785	341	38	of	of	IN
39785	341	39	the	the	DT
39785	341	40	Thames	Thames	NNP
39785	341	41	Tunnel	Tunnel	NNP
39785	341	42	,	,	,
39785	341	43	although	although	IN
39785	341	44	in	in	IN
39785	341	45	fairness	fairness	NN
39785	341	46	it	-PRON-	PRP
39785	341	47	must	must	MD
39785	341	48	be	be	VB
39785	341	49	recalled	recall	VBN
39785	341	50	that	that	IN
39785	341	51	the	the	DT
39785	341	52	face	face	NN
39785	341	53	area	area	NN
39785	341	54	was	be	VBD
39785	341	55	far	far	RB
39785	341	56	less	less	JJR
39785	341	57	.	.	.
39785	342	1	The	the	DT
39785	342	2	clay	clay	NN
39785	342	3	was	be	VBD
39785	342	4	found	find	VBN
39785	342	5	sufficiently	sufficiently	RB
39785	342	6	sound	sound	JJ
39785	342	7	that	that	IN
39785	342	8	it	-PRON-	PRP
39785	342	9	could	could	MD
39785	342	10	be	be	VB
39785	342	11	readily	readily	RB
39785	342	12	excavated	excavate	VBN
39785	342	13	without	without	IN
39785	342	14	the	the	DT
39785	342	15	support	support	NN
39785	342	16	of	of	IN
39785	342	17	the	the	DT
39785	342	18	diaphragm	diaphragm	NN
39785	342	19	,	,	,
39785	342	20	and	and	CC
39785	342	21	normally	normally	RB
39785	342	22	three	three	CD
39785	342	23	miners	miner	NNS
39785	342	24	worked	work	VBN
39785	342	25	in	in	IN
39785	342	26	front	front	NN
39785	342	27	of	of	IN
39785	342	28	the	the	DT
39785	342	29	shield	shield	NN
39785	342	30	,	,	,
39785	342	31	digging	dig	VBG
39785	342	32	out	out	RP
39785	342	33	the	the	DT
39785	342	34	clay	clay	NN
39785	342	35	and	and	CC
39785	342	36	passing	pass	VBG
39785	342	37	it	-PRON-	PRP
39785	342	38	back	back	RB
39785	342	39	through	through	IN
39785	342	40	a	a	DT
39785	342	41	doorway	doorway	NN
39785	342	42	in	in	IN
39785	342	43	the	the	DT
39785	342	44	plate	plate	NN
39785	342	45	.	.	.
39785	343	1	This	this	DT
39785	343	2	could	could	MD
39785	343	3	be	be	VB
39785	343	4	closed	close	VBN
39785	343	5	in	in	IN
39785	343	6	case	case	NN
39785	343	7	of	of	IN
39785	343	8	a	a	DT
39785	343	9	sudden	sudden	JJ
39785	343	10	settlement	settlement	NN
39785	343	11	or	or	CC
39785	343	12	break	break	VB
39785	343	13	in	in	RP
39785	343	14	.	.	.
39785	344	1	Following	follow	VBG
39785	344	2	excavation	excavation	NN
39785	344	3	,	,	,
39785	344	4	the	the	DT
39785	344	5	shield	shield	NN
39785	344	6	was	be	VBD
39785	344	7	advanced	advanced	JJ
39785	344	8	18	18	CD
39785	344	9	inches	inch	NNS
39785	344	10	into	into	IN
39785	344	11	the	the	DT
39785	344	12	excavated	excavate	VBN
39785	344	13	area	area	NN
39785	344	14	by	by	IN
39785	344	15	means	mean	NNS
39785	344	16	of	of	IN
39785	344	17	6	6	CD
39785	344	18	screws	screw	NNS
39785	344	19	,	,	,
39785	344	20	and	and	CC
39785	344	21	a	a	DT
39785	344	22	ring	ring	NN
39785	344	23	of	of	IN
39785	344	24	lining	line	VBG
39785	344	25	segments	segment	NNS
39785	344	26	18	18	CD
39785	344	27	inches	inch	NNS
39785	344	28	in	in	IN
39785	344	29	length	length	NN
39785	344	30	bolted	bolt	VBN
39785	344	31	to	to	IN
39785	344	32	the	the	DT
39785	344	33	previous	previous	JJ
39785	344	34	ring	ring	NN
39785	344	35	under	under	IN
39785	344	36	cover	cover	NN
39785	344	37	of	of	IN
39785	344	38	the	the	DT
39785	344	39	overlapping	overlap	VBG
39785	344	40	rear	rear	JJ
39785	344	41	skirt	skirt	NN
39785	344	42	of	of	IN
39785	344	43	the	the	DT
39785	344	44	shield	shield	NN
39785	344	45	.	.	.
39785	345	1	The	the	DT
39785	345	2	small	small	JJ
39785	345	3	annular	annular	NN
39785	345	4	space	space	NN
39785	345	5	left	leave	VBN
39785	345	6	between	between	IN
39785	345	7	the	the	DT
39785	345	8	outside	outside	NN
39785	345	9	of	of	IN
39785	345	10	the	the	DT
39785	345	11	lining	lining	NN
39785	345	12	and	and	CC
39785	345	13	the	the	DT
39785	345	14	clay	clay	NN
39785	345	15	by	by	IN
39785	345	16	the	the	DT
39785	345	17	thickness	thickness	NN
39785	345	18	and	and	CC
39785	345	19	clearance	clearance	NN
39785	345	20	of	of	IN
39785	345	21	the	the	DT
39785	345	22	skirt	skirt	NN
39785	345	23	--	--	:
39785	345	24	about	about	IN
39785	345	25	an	an	DT
39785	345	26	inch	inch	NN
39785	345	27	--	--	:
39785	345	28	was	be	VBD
39785	345	29	filled	fill	VBN
39785	345	30	with	with	IN
39785	345	31	thin	thin	JJ
39785	345	32	cement	cement	NN
39785	345	33	grout	grout	NN
39785	345	34	.	.	.
39785	346	1	The	the	DT
39785	346	2	tunnel	tunnel	NN
39785	346	3	was	be	VBD
39785	346	4	advanced	advanced	JJ
39785	346	5	18	18	CD
39785	346	6	inches	inch	NNS
39785	346	7	during	during	IN
39785	346	8	each	each	DT
39785	346	9	8-hour	8-hour	CD
39785	346	10	shift	shift	NN
39785	346	11	.	.	.
39785	347	1	The	the	DT
39785	347	2	work	work	NN
39785	347	3	continued	continue	VBD
39785	347	4	around	around	IN
39785	347	5	the	the	DT
39785	347	6	clock	clock	NN
39785	347	7	,	,	,
39785	347	8	and	and	CC
39785	347	9	the	the	DT
39785	347	10	900-foot	900-foot	CD
39785	347	11	river	river	NN
39785	347	12	section	section	NN
39785	347	13	was	be	VBD
39785	347	14	completed	complete	VBN
39785	347	15	in	in	IN
39785	347	16	only	only	RB
39785	347	17	14	14	CD
39785	347	18	weeks	week	NNS
39785	347	19	.	.	.
39785	348	1	[	[	-LRB-
39785	348	2	4	4	LS
39785	348	3	]	]	-RRB-
39785	348	4	The	the	DT
39785	348	5	entire	entire	JJ
39785	348	6	work	work	NN
39785	348	7	was	be	VBD
39785	348	8	completed	complete	VBN
39785	348	9	almost	almost	RB
39785	348	10	without	without	IN
39785	348	11	incident	incident	NN
39785	348	12	in	in	IN
39785	348	13	just	just	RB
39785	348	14	under	under	IN
39785	348	15	a	a	DT
39785	348	16	year	year	NN
39785	348	17	,	,	,
39785	348	18	a	a	DT
39785	348	19	remarkable	remarkable	JJ
39785	348	20	performance	performance	NN
39785	348	21	for	for	IN
39785	348	22	the	the	DT
39785	348	23	world	world	NN
39785	348	24	's	's	POS
39785	348	25	second	second	JJ
39785	348	26	subaqueous	subaqueous	JJ
39785	348	27	tunnel	tunnel	NN
39785	348	28	.	.	.
39785	349	1	[	[	-LRB-
39785	349	2	Illustration	illustration	NN
39785	349	3	:	:	:
39785	349	4	Figure	figure	NN
39785	349	5	21.--ENLARGED	21.--enlarged	JJ
39785	349	6	DETAIL	detail	NN
39785	349	7	of	of	IN
39785	349	8	Brunel	Brunel	NNP
39785	349	9	's	's	POS
39785	349	10	tunneling	tunnel	VBG
39785	349	11	shield	shield	NN
39785	349	12	,	,	,
39785	349	13	vertical	vertical	JJ
39785	349	14	section	section	NN
39785	349	15	.	.	.
39785	350	1	The	the	DT
39785	350	2	first	first	JJ
39785	350	3	two	two	CD
39785	350	4	and	and	CC
39785	350	5	part	part	NN
39785	350	6	of	of	IN
39785	350	7	the	the	DT
39785	350	8	third	third	JJ
39785	350	9	of	of	IN
39785	350	10	the	the	DT
39785	350	11	twelve	twelve	CD
39785	350	12	frames	frame	NNS
39785	350	13	are	be	VBP
39785	350	14	shown	show	VBN
39785	350	15	.	.	.
39785	351	1	To	to	IN
39785	351	2	the	the	DT
39785	351	3	left	left	NN
39785	351	4	is	be	VBZ
39785	351	5	the	the	DT
39785	351	6	tunnel	tunnel	NN
39785	351	7	's	's	POS
39785	351	8	completed	complete	VBN
39785	351	9	brick	brick	NN
39785	351	10	lining	lining	NN
39785	351	11	and	and	CC
39785	351	12	to	to	IN
39785	351	13	the	the	DT
39785	351	14	right	right	NN
39785	351	15	,	,	,
39785	351	16	the	the	DT
39785	351	17	individual	individual	JJ
39785	351	18	breasting	breasting	NN
39785	351	19	boards	board	NNS
39785	351	20	and	and	CC
39785	351	21	screws	screw	NNS
39785	351	22	for	for	IN
39785	351	23	supporting	support	VBG
39785	351	24	the	the	DT
39785	351	25	face	face	NN
39785	351	26	.	.	.
39785	352	1	The	the	DT
39785	352	2	propelling	propelling	NN
39785	352	3	screws	screw	NNS
39785	352	4	are	be	VBP
39785	352	5	seen	see	VBN
39785	352	6	at	at	IN
39785	352	7	top	top	JJ
39785	352	8	and	and	CC
39785	352	9	bottom	bottom	NN
39785	352	10	,	,	,
39785	352	11	bearing	bear	VBG
39785	352	12	against	against	IN
39785	352	13	the	the	DT
39785	352	14	lining	lining	NN
39785	352	15	.	.	.
39785	353	1	Three	three	CD
39785	353	2	miners	miner	NNS
39785	353	3	worked	work	VBD
39785	353	4	in	in	IN
39785	353	5	each	each	DT
39785	353	6	frame	frame	NN
39785	353	7	,	,	,
39785	353	8	one	one	CD
39785	353	9	above	above	IN
39785	353	10	the	the	DT
39785	353	11	other	other	JJ
39785	353	12	.	.	.
39785	354	1	MHT	mht	JJ
39785	354	2	model--3/4	model--3/4	NNP
39785	354	3	"	"	''
39785	354	4	scale	scale	NN
39785	354	5	.	.	.
39785	355	1	(	(	-LRB-
39785	355	2	Smithsonian	smithsonian	JJ
39785	355	3	photo	photo	NN
39785	355	4	49260-G.	49260-g.	CD
39785	355	5	)	)	-RRB-
39785	355	6	]	]	-RRB-
39785	355	7	[	[	-LRB-
39785	355	8	Illustration	illustration	NN
39785	355	9	:	:	:
39785	355	10	Figure	figure	NN
39785	355	11	22.--BROADSIDE	22.--BROADSIDE	NNS
39785	355	12	PUBLISHED	publish	VBN
39785	355	13	AFTER	after	IN
39785	355	14	COMMENCEMENT	commencement	NN
39785	355	15	OF	of	IN
39785	355	16	WORK	WORK	NNP
39785	355	17	on	on	IN
39785	355	18	the	the	DT
39785	355	19	Thames	Thames	NNP
39785	355	20	Tunnel	Tunnel	NNP
39785	355	21	,	,	,
39785	355	22	1827	1827	CD
39785	355	23	.	.	.
39785	356	1	(	(	-LRB-
39785	356	2	MHT	MHT	NNP
39785	356	3	collections	collection	NNS
39785	356	4	.	.	.
39785	356	5	)	)	-RRB-
39785	357	1	OPEN	open	JJ
39785	357	2	TO	to	IN
39785	357	3	THE	the	DT
39785	357	4	PUBLIC	PUBLIC	NNS
39785	357	5	EVERY	every	DT
39785	357	6	DAY	DAY	NNP
39785	357	7	(	(	-LRB-
39785	357	8	_	_	NNP
39785	357	9	Sundays	Sundays	NNP
39785	357	10	excepted	except	VBN
39785	357	11	_	_	NNP
39785	357	12	)	)	-RRB-
39785	357	13	_	_	NNP
39785	357	14	from	from	IN
39785	357	15	Seven	seven	CD
39785	357	16	in	in	IN
39785	357	17	the	the	DT
39785	357	18	Morning	morning	NN
39785	357	19	,	,	,
39785	357	20	until	until	IN
39785	357	21	Eight	eight	CD
39785	357	22	in	in	IN
39785	357	23	the	the	DT
39785	357	24	Evening	Evening	NNP
39785	357	25	_	_	NNP
39785	357	26	,	,	,
39785	357	27	THE	the	DT
39785	357	28	THAMES	THAMES	NNP
39785	357	29	TUNNEL	TUNNEL	NNP
39785	357	30	.	.	.
39785	358	1	Fig	fig	NN
39785	358	2	.	.	.
39785	359	1	1	1	CD
39785	359	2	shows	show	VBZ
39785	359	3	a	a	DT
39785	359	4	transverse	transverse	JJ
39785	359	5	section	section	NN
39785	359	6	of	of	IN
39785	359	7	the	the	DT
39785	359	8	Thames	Thames	NNPS
39785	359	9	,	,	,
39785	359	10	and	and	CC
39785	359	11	beneath	beneath	IN
39785	359	12	it	-PRON-	PRP
39785	359	13	a	a	DT
39785	359	14	longitudinal	longitudinal	JJ
39785	359	15	section	section	NN
39785	359	16	of	of	IN
39785	359	17	the	the	DT
39785	359	18	Tunnel	Tunnel	NNP
39785	359	19	,	,	,
39785	359	20	as	as	IN
39785	359	21	it	-PRON-	PRP
39785	359	22	will	will	MD
39785	359	23	be	be	VB
39785	359	24	when	when	WRB
39785	359	25	completed	complete	VBN
39785	359	26	;	;	:
39785	359	27	with	with	IN
39785	359	28	the	the	DT
39785	359	29	ascents	ascent	NNS
39785	359	30	in	in	IN
39785	359	31	the	the	DT
39785	359	32	inclinations	inclination	NNS
39785	359	33	in	in	IN
39785	359	34	which	which	WDT
39785	359	35	they	-PRON-	PRP
39785	359	36	will	will	MD
39785	359	37	be	be	VB
39785	359	38	finished	finish	VBN
39785	359	39	.	.	.
39785	360	1	Fig	fig	NN
39785	360	2	.	.	.
39785	361	1	2	2	CD
39785	361	2	shows	show	VBZ
39785	361	3	the	the	DT
39785	361	4	two	two	CD
39785	361	5	arched	arched	JJ
39785	361	6	entrances	entrance	NNS
39785	361	7	of	of	IN
39785	361	8	the	the	DT
39785	361	9	Tunnel	Tunnel	NNP
39785	361	10	from	from	IN
39785	361	11	the	the	DT
39785	361	12	shaft	shaft	NN
39785	361	13	.	.	.
39785	362	1	Fig	fig	NN
39785	362	2	.	.	.
39785	363	1	3	3	CD
39785	363	2	is	be	VBZ
39785	363	3	a	a	DT
39785	363	4	representation	representation	NN
39785	363	5	of	of	IN
39785	363	6	the	the	DT
39785	363	7	iron	iron	NN
39785	363	8	shield	shield	NN
39785	363	9	,	,	,
39785	363	10	and	and	CC
39785	363	11	shows	show	VBZ
39785	363	12	a	a	DT
39785	363	13	workman	workman	NN
39785	363	14	in	in	IN
39785	363	15	each	each	DT
39785	363	16	of	of	IN
39785	363	17	the	the	DT
39785	363	18	compartments	compartment	NNS
39785	363	19	.	.	.
39785	364	1	The	the	DT
39785	364	2	Entrance	entrance	NN
39785	364	3	to	to	IN
39785	364	4	the	the	DT
39785	364	5	Tunnel	Tunnel	NNP
39785	364	6	is	be	VBZ
39785	364	7	near	near	JJ
39785	364	8	to	to	IN
39785	364	9	Rotherhithe	Rotherhithe	NNP
39785	364	10	Church	Church	NNP
39785	364	11	,	,	,
39785	364	12	and	and	CC
39785	364	13	nearly	nearly	RB
39785	364	14	opposite	opposite	JJ
39785	364	15	to	to	IN
39785	364	16	the	the	DT
39785	364	17	London	London	NNP
39785	364	18	-	-	HYPH
39785	364	19	Docks	Docks	NNP
39785	364	20	.	.	.
39785	365	1	The	the	DT
39785	365	2	nearest	near	JJS
39785	365	3	landing	landing	NN
39785	365	4	place	place	NN
39785	365	5	from	from	IN
39785	365	6	the	the	DT
39785	365	7	river	river	NN
39785	365	8	is	be	VBZ
39785	365	9	Church	Church	NNP
39785	365	10	Stairs	Stairs	NNPS
39785	365	11	.	.	.
39785	366	1	The	the	DT
39785	366	2	Greenwich	Greenwich	NNP
39785	366	3	and	and	CC
39785	366	4	Deptford	Deptford	NNP
39785	366	5	coaches	coach	NNS
39785	366	6	which	which	WDT
39785	366	7	go	go	VBP
39785	366	8	the	the	DT
39785	366	9	lower	low	JJR
39785	366	10	road	road	NN
39785	366	11	,	,	,
39785	366	12	start	start	VBP
39785	366	13	hourly	hourly	RB
39785	366	14	from	from	IN
39785	366	15	Charing	char	VBG
39785	366	16	-	-	HYPH
39785	366	17	cross	cross	NN
39785	366	18	,	,	,
39785	366	19	and	and	CC
39785	366	20	Gracechurch	Gracechurch	NNP
39785	366	21	-	-	HYPH
39785	366	22	street	street	NNP
39785	366	23	,	,	,
39785	366	24	and	and	CC
39785	366	25	pass	pass	VB
39785	366	26	close	close	RB
39785	366	27	by	by	IN
39785	366	28	the	the	DT
39785	366	29	works	work	NNS
39785	366	30	at	at	IN
39785	366	31	Rotherhithe	Rotherhithe	NNP
39785	366	32	.	.	.
39785	367	1	Books	book	NNS
39785	367	2	relative	relative	JJ
39785	367	3	to	to	IN
39785	367	4	the	the	DT
39785	367	5	Tunnel	Tunnel	NNP
39785	367	6	may	may	MD
39785	367	7	be	be	VB
39785	367	8	had	have	VBN
39785	367	9	at	at	IN
39785	367	10	the	the	DT
39785	367	11	works	work	NNS
39785	367	12	.	.	.
39785	368	1	The	the	DT
39785	368	2	Public	Public	NNP
39785	368	3	may	may	MD
39785	368	4	view	view	VB
39785	368	5	the	the	DT
39785	368	6	Tunnel	Tunnel	NNP
39785	368	7	every	every	DT
39785	368	8	day	day	NN
39785	368	9	(	(	-LRB-
39785	368	10	Sundays	sunday	NNS
39785	368	11	excepted	except	VBN
39785	368	12	)	)	-RRB-
39785	368	13	from	from	IN
39785	368	14	Seven	seven	CD
39785	368	15	in	in	IN
39785	368	16	the	the	DT
39785	368	17	morning	morning	NN
39785	368	18	until	until	IN
39785	368	19	Eight	eight	CD
39785	368	20	in	in	IN
39785	368	21	the	the	DT
39785	368	22	Evening	evening	NN
39785	368	23	,	,	,
39785	368	24	upon	upon	IN
39785	368	25	payment	payment	NN
39785	368	26	of	of	IN
39785	368	27	One	one	NN
39785	368	28	Shilling	shill	VBG
39785	368	29	each	each	DT
39785	368	30	Person	person	NN
39785	368	31	.	.	.
39785	369	1	The	the	DT
39785	369	2	extreme	extreme	JJ
39785	369	3	northern	northern	JJ
39785	369	4	end	end	NN
39785	369	5	of	of	IN
39785	369	6	the	the	DT
39785	369	7	Tunnel	Tunnel	NNP
39785	369	8	is	be	VBZ
39785	369	9	for	for	IN
39785	369	10	the	the	DT
39785	369	11	present	present	JJ
39785	369	12	secured	secure	VBN
39785	369	13	by	by	IN
39785	369	14	a	a	DT
39785	369	15	strong	strong	JJ
39785	369	16	wall	wall	NN
39785	369	17	;	;	:
39785	369	18	but	but	CC
39785	369	19	visitors	visitor	NNS
39785	369	20	will	will	MD
39785	369	21	find	find	VB
39785	369	22	a	a	DT
39785	369	23	dry	dry	JJ
39785	369	24	,	,	,
39785	369	25	warm	warm	JJ
39785	369	26	,	,	,
39785	369	27	and	and	CC
39785	369	28	gravelled	gravel	VBN
39785	369	29	promenade	promenade	NNP
39785	369	30	,	,	,
39785	369	31	as	as	RB
39785	369	32	far	far	RB
39785	369	33	as	as	IN
39785	369	34	to	to	IN
39785	369	35	almost	almost	RB
39785	369	36	the	the	DT
39785	369	37	centre	centre	NN
39785	369	38	of	of	IN
39785	369	39	the	the	DT
39785	369	40	river	river	NN
39785	369	41	,	,	,
39785	369	42	and	and	CC
39785	369	43	brilliantly	brilliantly	RB
39785	369	44	lighted	light	VBN
39785	369	45	with	with	IN
39785	369	46	oil	oil	NN
39785	369	47	gas	gas	NN
39785	369	48	.	.	.
39785	370	1	The	the	DT
39785	370	2	entrance	entrance	NN
39785	370	3	is	be	VBZ
39785	370	4	from	from	IN
39785	370	5	Rotherhithe	Rotherhithe	NNP
39785	370	6	Street	Street	NNP
39785	370	7	,	,	,
39785	370	8	and	and	CC
39785	370	9	by	by	IN
39785	370	10	a	a	DT
39785	370	11	safe	safe	JJ
39785	370	12	,	,	,
39785	370	13	commodious	commodious	JJ
39785	370	14	,	,	,
39785	370	15	and	and	CC
39785	370	16	easy	easy	JJ
39785	370	17	stair	stair	NN
39785	370	18	case	case	NN
39785	370	19	.	.	.
39785	371	1	H.	H.	NNP
39785	371	2	Teape	Teape	NNP
39785	371	3	&	&	CC
39785	371	4	Son	Son	NNP
39785	371	5	,	,	,
39785	371	6	Printers	Printers	NNP
39785	371	7	,	,	,
39785	371	8	Tower	Tower	NNP
39785	371	9	-	-	HYPH
39785	371	10	hill	hill	NNP
39785	371	11	,	,	,
39785	371	12	London	London	NNP
39785	371	13	.	.	.
39785	371	14	]	]	-RRB-
39785	372	1	[	[	-LRB-
39785	372	2	Illustration	illustration	NN
39785	372	3	:	:	:
39785	372	4	Figure	figure	NN
39785	372	5	23.--VERTICAL	23.--vertical	CD
39785	372	6	SECTION	section	NN
39785	372	7	THROUGH	THROUGH	NNP
39785	372	8	BRUNEL	BRUNEL	NNP
39785	372	9	'S	'S	NNP
39785	372	10	SHIELD	SHIELD	NNP
39785	372	11	.	.	.
39785	373	1	The	the	DT
39785	373	2	long	long	JJ
39785	373	3	lever	lever	NN
39785	373	4	,	,	,
39785	373	5	x	x	NNS
39785	373	6	,	,	,
39785	373	7	supported	support	VBD
39785	373	8	the	the	DT
39785	373	9	wood	wood	NN
39785	373	10	centering	center	VBG
39785	373	11	for	for	IN
39785	373	12	turning	turn	VBG
39785	373	13	the	the	DT
39785	373	14	masonry	masonry	NN
39785	373	15	arches	arch	NNS
39785	373	16	of	of	IN
39785	373	17	the	the	DT
39785	373	18	lining	lining	NN
39785	373	19	.	.	.
39785	374	1	(	(	-LRB-
39785	374	2	LAW	LAW	NNP
39785	374	3	,	,	,
39785	374	4	_	_	NNP
39785	374	5	A	a	DT
39785	374	6	Memoir	Memoir	NNP
39785	374	7	of	of	IN
39785	374	8	the	the	DT
39785	374	9	Thames	Thames	NNP
39785	374	10	Tunnel	Tunnel	NNP
39785	374	11	.	.	.
39785	374	12	_	_	NNP
39785	374	13	)	)	-RRB-
39785	374	14	]	]	-RRB-
39785	374	15	[	[	-LRB-
39785	374	16	Illustration	illustration	NN
39785	374	17	:	:	:
39785	374	18	Figure	Figure	NNP
39785	374	19	24.--THAMES	24.--thames	CD
39785	374	20	TUNNEL	TUNNEL	NNP
39785	374	21	.	.	.
39785	375	1	SECTION	section	NN
39785	375	2	THROUGH	THROUGH	NNP
39785	375	3	riverbed	riverbed	NN
39785	375	4	and	and	CC
39785	375	5	tunnel	tunnel	NN
39785	375	6	following	follow	VBG
39785	375	7	one	one	CD
39785	375	8	of	of	IN
39785	375	9	the	the	DT
39785	375	10	break	break	NN
39785	375	11	-	-	HYPH
39785	375	12	throughs	through	NNS
39785	375	13	of	of	IN
39785	375	14	the	the	DT
39785	375	15	river	river	NN
39785	375	16	.	.	.
39785	376	1	Inspection	inspection	NN
39785	376	2	of	of	IN
39785	376	3	the	the	DT
39785	376	4	damage	damage	NN
39785	376	5	with	with	IN
39785	376	6	a	a	DT
39785	376	7	diving	diving	JJ
39785	376	8	bell	bell	NN
39785	376	9	.	.	.
39785	377	1	(	(	-LRB-
39785	377	2	BEAMISH	BEAMISH	NNP
39785	377	3	,	,	,
39785	377	4	_	_	NNP
39785	377	5	A	a	DT
39785	377	6	Memoir	Memoir	NNP
39785	377	7	of	of	IN
39785	377	8	the	the	DT
39785	377	9	Life	Life	NNP
39785	377	10	of	of	IN
39785	377	11	Sir	Sir	NNP
39785	377	12	Marc	Marc	NNP
39785	377	13	Isambard	Isambard	NNP
39785	377	14	Brunel	Brunel	NNP
39785	377	15	_	_	NNP
39785	377	16	.	.	.
39785	377	17	)	)	-RRB-
39785	377	18	]	]	-RRB-
39785	378	1	The	the	DT
39785	378	2	Tower	Tower	NNP
39785	378	3	Subway	Subway	NNP
39785	378	4	at	at	IN
39785	378	5	first	first	RB
39785	378	6	operated	operate	VBN
39785	378	7	with	with	IN
39785	378	8	cylindrical	cylindrical	JJ
39785	378	9	cars	car	NNS
39785	378	10	that	that	WDT
39785	378	11	nearly	nearly	RB
39785	378	12	filled	fill	VBD
39785	378	13	the	the	DT
39785	378	14	7-foot	7-foot	CD
39785	378	15	bore	bore	NN
39785	378	16	;	;	:
39785	378	17	the	the	DT
39785	378	18	cars	car	NNS
39785	378	19	were	be	VBD
39785	378	20	drawn	draw	VBN
39785	378	21	by	by	IN
39785	378	22	cables	cable	NNS
39785	378	23	powered	power	VBN
39785	378	24	by	by	IN
39785	378	25	small	small	JJ
39785	378	26	steam	steam	NN
39785	378	27	engines	engine	NNS
39785	378	28	in	in	IN
39785	378	29	the	the	DT
39785	378	30	shafts	shaft	NNS
39785	378	31	.	.	.
39785	379	1	This	this	DT
39785	379	2	mode	mode	NN
39785	379	3	of	of	IN
39785	379	4	power	power	NN
39785	379	5	had	have	VBD
39785	379	6	previously	previously	RB
39785	379	7	been	be	VBN
39785	379	8	used	use	VBN
39785	379	9	in	in	IN
39785	379	10	passenger	passenger	NN
39785	379	11	service	service	NN
39785	379	12	only	only	RB
39785	379	13	on	on	IN
39785	379	14	the	the	DT
39785	379	15	Greenwich	Greenwich	NNP
39785	379	16	Street	Street	NNP
39785	379	17	elevated	elevate	VBD
39785	379	18	railway	railway	NN
39785	379	19	in	in	IN
39785	379	20	New	New	NNP
39785	379	21	York	York	NNP
39785	379	22	.	.	.
39785	380	1	Later	later	RB
39785	380	2	the	the	DT
39785	380	3	cars	car	NNS
39785	380	4	were	be	VBD
39785	380	5	abandoned	abandon	VBN
39785	380	6	as	as	IN
39785	380	7	unprofitable	unprofitable	JJ
39785	380	8	and	and	CC
39785	380	9	the	the	DT
39785	380	10	tunnel	tunnel	NN
39785	380	11	turned	turn	VBD
39785	380	12	into	into	IN
39785	380	13	a	a	DT
39785	380	14	footway	footway	NN
39785	380	15	(	(	-LRB-
39785	380	16	fig	fig	NN
39785	380	17	.	.	.
39785	381	1	32	32	CD
39785	381	2	)	)	-RRB-
39785	381	3	.	.	.
39785	382	1	This	this	DT
39785	382	2	small	small	JJ
39785	382	3	tunnel	tunnel	NN
39785	382	4	,	,	,
39785	382	5	the	the	DT
39785	382	6	successful	successful	JJ
39785	382	7	driving	driving	NN
39785	382	8	due	due	JJ
39785	382	9	entirely	entirely	RB
39785	382	10	to	to	IN
39785	382	11	Greathead	Greathead	NNP
39785	382	12	's	's	POS
39785	382	13	skill	skill	NN
39785	382	14	,	,	,
39785	382	15	was	be	VBD
39785	382	16	the	the	DT
39785	382	17	forerunner	forerunner	NN
39785	382	18	of	of	IN
39785	382	19	the	the	DT
39785	382	20	modern	modern	JJ
39785	382	21	subaqueous	subaqueous	JJ
39785	382	22	tunnel	tunnel	NN
39785	382	23	.	.	.
39785	383	1	In	in	IN
39785	383	2	it	-PRON-	PRP
39785	383	3	,	,	,
39785	383	4	two	two	CD
39785	383	5	of	of	IN
39785	383	6	the	the	DT
39785	383	7	three	three	CD
39785	383	8	elements	element	NNS
39785	383	9	essential	essential	JJ
39785	383	10	to	to	IN
39785	383	11	such	such	JJ
39785	383	12	work	work	NN
39785	383	13	thereafter	thereafter	RB
39785	383	14	were	be	VBD
39785	383	15	first	first	RB
39785	383	16	applied	apply	VBN
39785	383	17	:	:	:
39785	383	18	the	the	DT
39785	383	19	one	one	CD
39785	383	20	-	-	HYPH
39785	383	21	piece	piece	NN
39785	383	22	movable	movable	JJ
39785	383	23	shield	shield	NN
39785	383	24	of	of	IN
39785	383	25	circular	circular	JJ
39785	383	26	section	section	NN
39785	383	27	,	,	,
39785	383	28	and	and	CC
39785	383	29	the	the	DT
39785	383	30	segmental	segmental	JJ
39785	383	31	cast	cast	NN
39785	383	32	-	-	HYPH
39785	383	33	iron	iron	NN
39785	383	34	lining	lining	NN
39785	383	35	.	.	.
39785	384	1	The	the	DT
39785	384	2	documentation	documentation	NN
39785	384	3	of	of	IN
39785	384	4	this	this	DT
39785	384	5	work	work	NN
39785	384	6	is	be	VBZ
39785	384	7	far	far	RB
39785	384	8	thinner	thin	JJR
39785	384	9	than	than	IN
39785	384	10	for	for	IN
39785	384	11	the	the	DT
39785	384	12	Thames	Thames	NNP
39785	384	13	Tunnel	Tunnel	NNP
39785	384	14	.	.	.
39785	385	1	The	the	DT
39785	385	2	most	most	RBS
39785	385	3	accurate	accurate	JJ
39785	385	4	source	source	NN
39785	385	5	of	of	IN
39785	385	6	technical	technical	JJ
39785	385	7	information	information	NN
39785	385	8	is	be	VBZ
39785	385	9	a	a	DT
39785	385	10	brief	brief	JJ
39785	385	11	historical	historical	JJ
39785	385	12	account	account	NN
39785	385	13	in	in	IN
39785	385	14	Copperthwaite	Copperthwaite	NNP
39785	385	15	's	's	POS
39785	385	16	classic	classic	JJ
39785	385	17	_	_	NNP
39785	385	18	Tunnel	Tunnel	NNP
39785	385	19	Shields	Shields	NNP
39785	385	20	and	and	CC
39785	385	21	the	the	DT
39785	385	22	Use	Use	NNP
39785	385	23	of	of	IN
39785	385	24	Compressed	Compressed	NNP
39785	385	25	Air	Air	NNP
39785	385	26	in	in	IN
39785	385	27	Subaqueous	Subaqueous	NNP
39785	385	28	Works	Works	NNP
39785	385	29	_	_	NNP
39785	385	30	,	,	,
39785	385	31	published	publish	VBN
39785	385	32	in	in	IN
39785	385	33	1906	1906	CD
39785	385	34	.	.	.
39785	386	1	Copperthwaite	Copperthwaite	NNP
39785	386	2	,	,	,
39785	386	3	a	a	DT
39785	386	4	successful	successful	JJ
39785	386	5	tunnel	tunnel	NN
39785	386	6	engineer	engineer	NN
39785	386	7	,	,	,
39785	386	8	laments	lament	VBZ
39785	386	9	the	the	DT
39785	386	10	fact	fact	NN
39785	386	11	that	that	IN
39785	386	12	he	-PRON-	PRP
39785	386	13	was	be	VBD
39785	386	14	able	able	JJ
39785	386	15	to	to	TO
39785	386	16	turn	turn	VB
39785	386	17	up	up	RP
39785	386	18	no	no	DT
39785	386	19	drawing	drawing	NN
39785	386	20	or	or	CC
39785	386	21	original	original	JJ
39785	386	22	data	datum	NNS
39785	386	23	on	on	IN
39785	386	24	this	this	DT
39785	386	25	first	first	JJ
39785	386	26	shield	shield	NN
39785	386	27	of	of	IN
39785	386	28	Greathead	Greathead	NNP
39785	386	29	's	's	POS
39785	386	30	,	,	,
39785	386	31	but	but	CC
39785	386	32	he	-PRON-	PRP
39785	386	33	presents	present	VBZ
39785	386	34	a	a	DT
39785	386	35	sketch	sketch	NN
39785	386	36	of	of	IN
39785	386	37	it	-PRON-	PRP
39785	386	38	prepared	prepare	VBD
39785	386	39	in	in	IN
39785	386	40	the	the	DT
39785	386	41	Greathead	Greathead	NNP
39785	386	42	office	office	NN
39785	386	43	in	in	IN
39785	386	44	1895	1895	CD
39785	386	45	,	,	,
39785	386	46	which	which	WDT
39785	386	47	is	be	VBZ
39785	386	48	presumably	presumably	RB
39785	386	49	a	a	DT
39785	386	50	fair	fair	JJ
39785	386	51	representation	representation	NN
39785	386	52	(	(	-LRB-
39785	386	53	fig	fig	NN
39785	386	54	.	.	.
39785	387	1	33	33	CD
39785	387	2	)	)	-RRB-
39785	387	3	.	.	.
39785	388	1	The	the	DT
39785	388	2	Tower	Tower	NNP
39785	388	3	Subway	Subway	NNP
39785	388	4	model	model	NN
39785	388	5	was	be	VBD
39785	388	6	built	build	VBN
39785	388	7	on	on	IN
39785	388	8	the	the	DT
39785	388	9	basis	basis	NN
39785	388	10	of	of	IN
39785	388	11	this	this	DT
39785	388	12	and	and	CC
39785	388	13	several	several	JJ
39785	388	14	woodcuts	woodcut	NNS
39785	388	15	of	of	IN
39785	388	16	the	the	DT
39785	388	17	working	work	VBG
39785	388	18	area	area	NN
39785	388	19	that	that	WDT
39785	388	20	appeared	appear	VBD
39785	388	21	contemporaneously	contemporaneously	RB
39785	388	22	in	in	IN
39785	388	23	the	the	DT
39785	388	24	illustrated	illustrated	JJ
39785	388	25	press	press	NN
39785	388	26	.	.	.
39785	389	1	In	in	IN
39785	389	2	this	this	DT
39785	389	3	and	and	CC
39785	389	4	the	the	DT
39785	389	5	adjacent	adjacent	JJ
39785	389	6	model	model	NN
39785	389	7	of	of	IN
39785	389	8	Beach	Beach	NNP
39785	389	9	's	's	POS
39785	389	10	Broadway	Broadway	NNP
39785	389	11	Subway	Subway	NNP
39785	389	12	,	,	,
39785	389	13	the	the	DT
39785	389	14	tunnel	tunnel	NN
39785	389	15	axis	axis	RB
39785	389	16	has	have	VBZ
39785	389	17	been	be	VBN
39785	389	18	placed	place	VBN
39785	389	19	on	on	IN
39785	389	20	an	an	DT
39785	389	21	angle	angle	NN
39785	389	22	to	to	IN
39785	389	23	the	the	DT
39785	389	24	viewer	viewer	NN
39785	389	25	,	,	,
39785	389	26	projecting	project	VBG
39785	389	27	the	the	DT
39785	389	28	bore	bore	NN
39785	389	29	into	into	IN
39785	389	30	the	the	DT
39785	389	31	case	case	NN
39785	389	32	so	so	IN
39785	389	33	that	that	IN
39785	389	34	the	the	DT
39785	389	35	complete	complete	JJ
39785	389	36	circle	circle	NN
39785	389	37	of	of	IN
39785	389	38	the	the	DT
39785	389	39	working	work	VBG
39785	389	40	face	face	NN
39785	389	41	is	be	VBZ
39785	389	42	included	include	VBN
39785	389	43	for	for	IN
39785	389	44	a	a	DT
39785	389	45	more	more	RBR
39785	389	46	suggestive	suggestive	JJ
39785	389	47	effect	effect	NN
39785	389	48	.	.	.
39785	390	1	This	this	DT
39785	390	2	was	be	VBD
39785	390	3	possible	possible	JJ
39785	390	4	because	because	IN
39785	390	5	of	of	IN
39785	390	6	the	the	DT
39785	390	7	short	short	JJ
39785	390	8	length	length	NN
39785	390	9	of	of	IN
39785	390	10	the	the	DT
39785	390	11	work	work	NN
39785	390	12	included	include	VBD
39785	390	13	.	.	.
39785	391	1	Henry	Henry	NNP
39785	391	2	S.	S.	NNP
39785	391	3	Drinker	Drinker	NNP
39785	391	4	,	,	,
39785	391	5	also	also	RB
39785	391	6	a	a	DT
39785	391	7	tunnel	tunnel	NN
39785	391	8	engineer	engineer	NN
39785	391	9	and	and	CC
39785	391	10	author	author	NN
39785	391	11	of	of	IN
39785	391	12	the	the	DT
39785	391	13	most	most	RBS
39785	391	14	comprehensive	comprehensive	JJ
39785	391	15	work	work	NN
39785	391	16	on	on	IN
39785	391	17	tunneling	tunnel	VBG
39785	391	18	ever	ever	RB
39785	391	19	published	publish	VBN
39785	391	20	,	,	,
39785	391	21	treats	treat	VBZ
39785	391	22	rock	rock	NN
39785	391	23	tunneling	tunneling	NN
39785	391	24	in	in	IN
39785	391	25	exhaustive	exhaustive	JJ
39785	391	26	detail	detail	NN
39785	391	27	up	up	IN
39785	391	28	to	to	IN
39785	391	29	1878	1878	CD
39785	391	30	.	.	.
39785	392	1	His	-PRON-	PRP$
39785	392	2	notice	notice	NN
39785	392	3	of	of	IN
39785	392	4	what	what	WP
39785	392	5	he	-PRON-	PRP
39785	392	6	terms	term	VBZ
39785	392	7	"	"	``
39785	392	8	submarine	submarine	NN
39785	392	9	tunneling	tunneling	NN
39785	392	10	"	"	''
39785	392	11	is	be	VBZ
39785	392	12	extremely	extremely	RB
39785	392	13	brief	brief	JJ
39785	392	14	.	.	.
39785	393	1	He	-PRON-	PRP
39785	393	2	does	do	VBZ
39785	393	3	,	,	,
39785	393	4	however	however	RB
39785	393	5	,	,	,
39785	393	6	draw	draw	VB
39785	393	7	a	a	DT
39785	393	8	most	most	RBS
39785	393	9	interesting	interesting	JJ
39785	393	10	comparison	comparison	NN
39785	393	11	between	between	IN
39785	393	12	the	the	DT
39785	393	13	first	first	JJ
39785	393	14	Thames	Thames	NNP
39785	393	15	Tunnel	Tunnel	NNP
39785	393	16	,	,	,
39785	393	17	built	build	VBN
39785	393	18	by	by	IN
39785	393	19	Brunel	Brunel	NNP
39785	393	20	,	,	,
39785	393	21	and	and	CC
39785	393	22	the	the	DT
39785	393	23	second	second	JJ
39785	393	24	,	,	,
39785	393	25	built	build	VBN
39785	393	26	by	by	IN
39785	393	27	Greathead	Greathead	NNP
39785	393	28	26	26	CD
39785	393	29	years	year	NNS
39785	393	30	later	later	RB
39785	393	31	:	:	:
39785	393	32	FIRST	FIRST	NNP
39785	393	33	THAMES	THAMES	NNP
39785	393	34	TUNNEL	tunnel	JJ
39785	393	35	SECOND	second	JJ
39785	393	36	THAMES	thames	NN
39785	393	37	TUNNEL	TUNNEL	NNS
39785	393	38	(	(	-LRB-
39785	393	39	TOWER	TOWER	NNP
39785	393	40	SUBWAY	SUBWAY	NNP
39785	393	41	)	)	-RRB-
39785	393	42	Brickwork	Brickwork	NNP
39785	393	43	lining	lining	NN
39785	393	44	,	,	,
39785	393	45	38	38	CD
39785	393	46	feet	foot	NNS
39785	393	47	Cast	cast	NN
39785	393	48	-	-	HYPH
39785	393	49	iron	iron	NN
39785	393	50	lining	lining	NN
39785	393	51	of	of	IN
39785	393	52	8	8	CD
39785	393	53	feet	foot	NNS
39785	393	54	wide	wide	JJ
39785	393	55	by	by	IN
39785	393	56	22	22	CD
39785	393	57	-	-	HYPH
39785	393	58	1/2	1/2	CD
39785	393	59	feet	foot	NNS
39785	393	60	high	high	JJ
39785	393	61	.	.	.
39785	394	1	outside	outside	IN
39785	394	2	diameter	diameter	NN
39785	394	3	.	.	.
39785	395	1	120-ton	120-ton	CD
39785	395	2	cast	cast	NN
39785	395	3	-	-	HYPH
39785	395	4	iron	iron	NN
39785	395	5	shield	shield	NN
39785	395	6	,	,	,
39785	395	7	2	2	CD
39785	395	8	-	-	SYM
39785	395	9	1/2-ton	1/2-ton	NNP
39785	395	10	,	,	,
39785	395	11	wrought	wrought	NN
39785	395	12	-	-	HYPH
39785	395	13	iron	iron	NN
39785	395	14	shield	shield	NN
39785	395	15	,	,	,
39785	395	16	accommodating	accommodate	VBG
39785	395	17	36	36	CD
39785	395	18	miners	miner	NNS
39785	395	19	.	.	.
39785	396	1	accommodating	accommodate	VBG
39785	396	2	at	at	IN
39785	396	3	most	most	RBS
39785	396	4	3	3	CD
39785	396	5	men	man	NNS
39785	396	6	.	.	.
39785	397	1	Workings	working	NNS
39785	397	2	filled	fill	VBN
39785	397	3	by	by	IN
39785	397	4	irruption	irruption	NN
39785	397	5	"	"	``
39785	397	6	Water	water	NN
39785	397	7	encountered	encounter	VBN
39785	397	8	at	at	IN
39785	397	9	almost	almost	RB
39785	397	10	of	of	IN
39785	397	11	river	river	NN
39785	397	12	five	five	CD
39785	397	13	times	time	NNS
39785	397	14	.	.	.
39785	398	1	any	any	DT
39785	398	2	time	time	NN
39785	398	3	could	could	MD
39785	398	4	have	have	VB
39785	398	5	been	be	VBN
39785	398	6	gathered	gather	VBN
39785	398	7	in	in	IN
39785	398	8	a	a	DT
39785	398	9	stable	stable	JJ
39785	398	10	pail	pail	NN
39785	398	11	.	.	.
39785	398	12	"	"	''
39785	399	1	Eighteen	eighteen	CD
39785	399	2	years	year	NNS
39785	399	3	elapsed	elapse	VBN
39785	399	4	between	between	IN
39785	399	5	Work	work	NN
39785	399	6	completed	complete	VBN
39785	399	7	in	in	IN
39785	399	8	about	about	IN
39785	399	9	start	start	NN
39785	399	10	and	and	CC
39785	399	11	finish	finish	NN
39785	399	12	of	of	IN
39785	399	13	work	work	NN
39785	399	14	.	.	.
39785	400	1	eleven	eleven	CD
39785	400	2	months	month	NNS
39785	400	3	.	.	.
39785	401	1	Cost	cost	NN
39785	401	2	:	:	:
39785	401	3	$	$	$
39785	401	4	3,000,000	3,000,000	CD
39785	401	5	.	.	.
39785	402	1	Cost	cost	NN
39785	402	2	:	:	:
39785	402	3	$	$	$
39785	402	4	100,000	100,000	CD
39785	402	5	.	.	.
39785	403	1	[	[	-LRB-
39785	403	2	Illustration	illustration	NN
39785	403	3	:	:	:
39785	403	4	Figure	Figure	NNP
39785	403	5	25.--TRANSVERSE	25.--TRANSVERSE	NNP
39785	403	6	SECTION	SECTION	NNP
39785	403	7	THROUGH	THROUGH	NNP
39785	403	8	SHIELD	SHIELD	NNP
39785	403	9	,	,	,
39785	403	10	after	after	IN
39785	403	11	inundation	inundation	NN
39785	403	12	.	.	.
39785	404	1	Such	such	JJ
39785	404	2	disasters	disaster	NNS
39785	404	3	,	,	,
39785	404	4	as	as	RB
39785	404	5	well	well	RB
39785	404	6	as	as	IN
39785	404	7	the	the	DT
39785	404	8	inconsistency	inconsistency	NN
39785	404	9	of	of	IN
39785	404	10	the	the	DT
39785	404	11	riverbed	riverbed	NN
39785	404	12	's	's	POS
39785	404	13	composition	composition	NN
39785	404	14	,	,	,
39785	404	15	seriously	seriously	RB
39785	404	16	disturbed	disturb	VBD
39785	404	17	the	the	DT
39785	404	18	alignment	alignment	NN
39785	404	19	of	of	IN
39785	404	20	the	the	DT
39785	404	21	shield	shield	NN
39785	404	22	's	's	POS
39785	404	23	individual	individual	JJ
39785	404	24	sections	section	NNS
39785	404	25	.	.	.
39785	405	1	(	(	-LRB-
39785	405	2	LAW	LAW	NNP
39785	405	3	,	,	,
39785	405	4	_	_	NNP
39785	405	5	A	a	DT
39785	405	6	Memoir	Memoir	NNP
39785	405	7	of	of	IN
39785	405	8	the	the	DT
39785	405	9	Thames	Thames	NNP
39785	405	10	Tunnel	Tunnel	NNP
39785	405	11	_	_	NNP
39785	405	12	.	.	.
39785	405	13	)	)	-RRB-
39785	405	14	]	]	-RRB-
39785	406	1	[	[	-LRB-
39785	406	2	Illustration	illustration	NN
39785	406	3	:	:	:
39785	406	4	Figure	figure	NN
39785	406	5	26.--LONGITUDINAL	26.--longitudinal	CD
39785	406	6	SECTION	section	NN
39785	406	7	THROUGH	through	NN
39785	406	8	THAMES	THAMES	NNP
39785	406	9	TUNNEL	TUNNEL	NNP
39785	406	10	after	after	IN
39785	406	11	sandbagging	sandbag	VBG
39785	406	12	to	to	TO
39785	406	13	close	close	VB
39785	406	14	a	a	DT
39785	406	15	break	break	NN
39785	406	16	in	in	IN
39785	406	17	the	the	DT
39785	406	18	riverbed	riverbed	NN
39785	406	19	.	.	.
39785	407	1	The	the	DT
39785	407	2	tunnel	tunnel	NN
39785	407	3	is	be	VBZ
39785	407	4	filled	fill	VBN
39785	407	5	with	with	IN
39785	407	6	silt	silt	NN
39785	407	7	and	and	CC
39785	407	8	water	water	NN
39785	407	9	.	.	.
39785	408	1	(	(	-LRB-
39785	408	2	LAW	LAW	NNP
39785	408	3	,	,	,
39785	408	4	_	_	NNP
39785	408	5	A	a	DT
39785	408	6	Memoir	Memoir	NNP
39785	408	7	of	of	IN
39785	408	8	the	the	DT
39785	408	9	Thames	Thames	NNP
39785	408	10	Tunnel	Tunnel	NNP
39785	408	11	_	_	NNP
39785	408	12	.	.	.
39785	408	13	)	)	-RRB-
39785	408	14	]	]	-RRB-
39785	409	1	[	[	-LRB-
39785	409	2	Illustration	illustration	NN
39785	409	3	:	:	:
39785	409	4	Figure	figure	NN
39785	409	5	27.--INTERIOR	27.--interior	NN
39785	409	6	OF	of	IN
39785	409	7	THE	the	DT
39785	409	8	THAMES	THAMES	NNP
39785	409	9	TUNNEL	TUNNEL	NNP
39785	409	10	shortly	shortly	RB
39785	409	11	after	after	IN
39785	409	12	completion	completion	NN
39785	409	13	in	in	IN
39785	409	14	1843	1843	CD
39785	409	15	.	.	.
39785	410	1	(	(	-LRB-
39785	410	2	_	_	NNP
39785	410	3	Photo	Photo	NNP
39785	410	4	courtesy	courtesy	NN
39785	410	5	of	of	IN
39785	410	6	New	New	NNP
39785	410	7	York	York	NNP
39785	410	8	Public	Public	NNP
39785	410	9	Library	Library	NNP
39785	410	10	Picture	Picture	NNP
39785	410	11	Collection	Collection	NNP
39785	410	12	.	.	.
39785	410	13	_	_	NNP
39785	410	14	)	)	-RRB-
39785	410	15	]	]	-RRB-
39785	410	16	[	[	-LRB-
39785	410	17	Illustration	illustration	NN
39785	410	18	:	:	:
39785	410	19	Figure	Figure	NNP
39785	410	20	28.--THAMES	28.--THAMES	NNP
39785	410	21	TUNNEL	TUNNEL	NNPS
39785	410	22	in	in	IN
39785	410	23	use	use	NN
39785	410	24	by	by	IN
39785	410	25	London	London	NNP
39785	410	26	Underground	Underground	NNP
39785	410	27	railway	railway	NN
39785	410	28	.	.	.
39785	411	1	(	(	-LRB-
39785	411	2	_	_	NNP
39785	411	3	Illustrated	Illustrated	NNP
39785	411	4	London	London	NNP
39785	411	5	News	News	NNP
39785	411	6	_	_	NNP
39785	411	7	,	,	,
39785	411	8	1869	1869	CD
39785	411	9	?	?	.
39785	411	10	)	)	-RRB-
39785	411	11	]	]	-RRB-
39785	412	1	[	[	-LRB-
39785	412	2	Illustration	illustration	NN
39785	412	3	:	:	:
39785	412	4	Figure	figure	NN
39785	412	5	29.--PLACING	29.--placing	CD
39785	412	6	A	a	DT
39785	412	7	segment	segment	NN
39785	412	8	of	of	IN
39785	412	9	cast	cast	NN
39785	412	10	-	-	HYPH
39785	412	11	iron	iron	NN
39785	412	12	lining	lining	NN
39785	412	13	in	in	IN
39785	412	14	Greathead	Greathead	NNP
39785	412	15	's	's	POS
39785	412	16	Tower	Tower	NNP
39785	412	17	Subway	Subway	NNP
39785	412	18	,	,	,
39785	412	19	1869	1869	CD
39785	412	20	.	.	.
39785	413	1	To	to	IN
39785	413	2	the	the	DT
39785	413	3	rear	rear	NN
39785	413	4	is	be	VBZ
39785	413	5	the	the	DT
39785	413	6	shield	shield	NN
39785	413	7	's	's	POS
39785	413	8	diaphragm	diaphragm	NN
39785	413	9	or	or	CC
39785	413	10	bulkhead	bulkhead	NN
39785	413	11	.	.	.
39785	414	1	MHT	MHT	NNP
39785	414	2	model--1	model--1	NNP
39785	414	3	-	-	HYPH
39785	414	4	1/2	1/2	CD
39785	414	5	"	"	''
39785	414	6	scale	scale	NN
39785	414	7	.	.	.
39785	415	1	(	(	-LRB-
39785	415	2	Smithsonian	smithsonian	JJ
39785	415	3	photo	photo	NN
39785	415	4	49260-B.	49260-b.	CD
39785	415	5	)	)	-RRB-
39785	415	6	]	]	-RRB-
39785	416	1	BEACH	BEACH	NNP
39785	416	2	'S	'S	NNP
39785	416	3	BROADWAY	BROADWAY	NNP
39785	416	4	SUBWAY	SUBWAY	NNP
39785	416	5	Almost	almost	RB
39785	416	6	simultaneously	simultaneously	RB
39785	416	7	with	with	IN
39785	416	8	the	the	DT
39785	416	9	construction	construction	NN
39785	416	10	of	of	IN
39785	416	11	the	the	DT
39785	416	12	Tower	Tower	NNP
39785	416	13	Subway	Subway	NNP
39785	416	14	,	,	,
39785	416	15	the	the	DT
39785	416	16	first	first	JJ
39785	416	17	American	american	JJ
39785	416	18	shield	shield	NN
39785	416	19	tunnel	tunnel	NN
39785	416	20	was	be	VBD
39785	416	21	driven	drive	VBN
39785	416	22	by	by	IN
39785	416	23	Alfred	Alfred	NNP
39785	416	24	Ely	Ely	NNP
39785	416	25	Beach	Beach	NNP
39785	416	26	(	(	-LRB-
39785	416	27	1826	1826	CD
39785	416	28	-	-	SYM
39785	416	29	1896	1896	CD
39785	416	30	)	)	-RRB-
39785	416	31	.	.	.
39785	417	1	Beach	Beach	NNP
39785	417	2	,	,	,
39785	417	3	as	as	IN
39785	417	4	editor	editor	NN
39785	417	5	of	of	IN
39785	417	6	the	the	DT
39785	417	7	_	_	NNP
39785	417	8	Scientific	Scientific	NNP
39785	417	9	American	American	NNP
39785	417	10	_	_	NNP
39785	417	11	and	and	CC
39785	417	12	inventor	inventor	NN
39785	417	13	of	of	IN
39785	417	14	,	,	,
39785	417	15	among	among	IN
39785	417	16	other	other	JJ
39785	417	17	things	thing	NNS
39785	417	18	,	,	,
39785	417	19	a	a	DT
39785	417	20	successful	successful	JJ
39785	417	21	typewriter	typewriter	NN
39785	417	22	as	as	RB
39785	417	23	early	early	RB
39785	417	24	as	as	IN
39785	417	25	1856	1856	CD
39785	417	26	,	,	,
39785	417	27	was	be	VBD
39785	417	28	well	well	RB
39785	417	29	known	know	VBN
39785	417	30	and	and	CC
39785	417	31	respected	respect	VBN
39785	417	32	in	in	IN
39785	417	33	technical	technical	JJ
39785	417	34	circles	circle	NNS
39785	417	35	.	.	.
39785	418	1	He	-PRON-	PRP
39785	418	2	was	be	VBD
39785	418	3	not	not	RB
39785	418	4	a	a	DT
39785	418	5	civil	civil	JJ
39785	418	6	engineer	engineer	NN
39785	418	7	,	,	,
39785	418	8	but	but	CC
39785	418	9	had	have	VBD
39785	418	10	become	become	VBN
39785	418	11	concerned	concerned	JJ
39785	418	12	with	with	IN
39785	418	13	New	New	NNP
39785	418	14	York	York	NNP
39785	418	15	's	's	POS
39785	418	16	pressing	press	VBG
39785	418	17	traffic	traffic	NN
39785	418	18	problem	problem	NN
39785	418	19	(	(	-LRB-
39785	418	20	even	even	RB
39785	418	21	then	then	RB
39785	418	22	)	)	-RRB-
39785	418	23	and	and	CC
39785	418	24	as	as	IN
39785	418	25	a	a	DT
39785	418	26	solution	solution	NN
39785	418	27	,	,	,
39785	418	28	developed	develop	VBN
39785	418	29	plans	plan	NNS
39785	418	30	for	for	IN
39785	418	31	a	a	DT
39785	418	32	rapid	rapid	JJ
39785	418	33	-	-	HYPH
39785	418	34	transit	transit	NN
39785	418	35	subway	subway	NN
39785	418	36	to	to	TO
39785	418	37	extend	extend	VB
39785	418	38	the	the	DT
39785	418	39	length	length	NN
39785	418	40	of	of	IN
39785	418	41	Broadway	Broadway	NNP
39785	418	42	.	.	.
39785	419	1	He	-PRON-	PRP
39785	419	2	invented	invent	VBD
39785	419	3	a	a	DT
39785	419	4	shield	shield	NN
39785	419	5	as	as	IN
39785	419	6	an	an	DT
39785	419	7	adjunct	adjunct	NN
39785	419	8	to	to	IN
39785	419	9	this	this	DT
39785	419	10	system	system	NN
39785	419	11	,	,	,
39785	419	12	solely	solely	RB
39785	419	13	to	to	TO
39785	419	14	permit	permit	VB
39785	419	15	driving	driving	NN
39785	419	16	of	of	IN
39785	419	17	the	the	DT
39785	419	18	tunnel	tunnel	NN
39785	419	19	without	without	IN
39785	419	20	disturbing	disturb	VBG
39785	419	21	the	the	DT
39785	419	22	overlying	overlie	VBG
39785	419	23	streets	street	NNS
39785	419	24	.	.	.
39785	420	1	An	an	DT
39785	420	2	active	active	JJ
39785	420	3	patent	patent	NN
39785	420	4	attorney	attorney	NN
39785	420	5	as	as	RB
39785	420	6	well	well	RB
39785	420	7	,	,	,
39785	420	8	Beach	Beach	NNP
39785	420	9	must	must	MD
39785	420	10	certainly	certainly	RB
39785	420	11	have	have	VB
39785	420	12	known	know	VBN
39785	420	13	of	of	IN
39785	420	14	and	and	CC
39785	420	15	studied	study	VBD
39785	420	16	the	the	DT
39785	420	17	existing	exist	VBG
39785	420	18	patents	patent	NNS
39785	420	19	for	for	IN
39785	420	20	tunneling	tunnel	VBG
39785	420	21	shields	shield	NNS
39785	420	22	,	,	,
39785	420	23	which	which	WDT
39785	420	24	were	be	VBD
39785	420	25	,	,	,
39785	420	26	without	without	IN
39785	420	27	exception	exception	NN
39785	420	28	,	,	,
39785	420	29	British	british	JJ
39785	420	30	.	.	.
39785	421	1	In	in	IN
39785	421	2	certain	certain	JJ
39785	421	3	aspects	aspect	NNS
39785	421	4	his	-PRON-	PRP$
39785	421	5	shield	shield	NN
39785	421	6	resembled	resemble	VBD
39785	421	7	the	the	DT
39785	421	8	one	one	NN
39785	421	9	patented	patent	VBN
39785	421	10	by	by	IN
39785	421	11	Barlow	Barlow	NNP
39785	421	12	in	in	IN
39785	421	13	1864	1864	CD
39785	421	14	,	,	,
39785	421	15	but	but	CC
39785	421	16	never	never	RB
39785	421	17	built	build	VBN
39785	421	18	.	.	.
39785	422	1	However	however	RB
39785	422	2	,	,	,
39785	422	3	work	work	NN
39785	422	4	on	on	IN
39785	422	5	the	the	DT
39785	422	6	Beach	Beach	NNP
39785	422	7	tunnel	tunnel	NN
39785	422	8	started	start	VBD
39785	422	9	in	in	IN
39785	422	10	1869	1869	CD
39785	422	11	,	,	,
39785	422	12	so	so	RB
39785	422	13	close	close	JJ
39785	422	14	in	in	IN
39785	422	15	time	time	NN
39785	422	16	to	to	IN
39785	422	17	that	that	DT
39785	422	18	on	on	IN
39785	422	19	the	the	DT
39785	422	20	Tower	Tower	NNP
39785	422	21	Subway	Subway	NNP
39785	422	22	,	,	,
39785	422	23	that	that	IN
39785	422	24	it	-PRON-	PRP
39785	422	25	is	be	VBZ
39785	422	26	unlikely	unlikely	JJ
39785	422	27	that	that	IN
39785	422	28	there	there	EX
39785	422	29	was	be	VBD
39785	422	30	any	any	DT
39785	422	31	influence	influence	NN
39785	422	32	from	from	IN
39785	422	33	that	that	DT
39785	422	34	source	source	NN
39785	422	35	.	.	.
39785	423	1	Beach	Beach	NNP
39785	423	2	had	have	VBD
39785	423	3	himself	-PRON-	PRP
39785	423	4	patented	patent	VBN
39785	423	5	a	a	DT
39785	423	6	shield	shield	NN
39785	423	7	,	,	,
39785	423	8	in	in	IN
39785	423	9	June	June	NNP
39785	423	10	1869	1869	CD
39785	423	11	,	,	,
39785	423	12	a	a	DT
39785	423	13	two	two	CD
39785	423	14	-	-	HYPH
39785	423	15	piece	piece	NN
39785	423	16	,	,	,
39785	423	17	sectional	sectional	JJ
39785	423	18	design	design	NN
39785	423	19	that	that	WDT
39785	423	20	bore	bear	VBD
39785	423	21	no	no	DT
39785	423	22	resemblance	resemblance	NN
39785	423	23	to	to	IN
39785	423	24	the	the	DT
39785	423	25	one	one	NN
39785	423	26	used	use	VBN
39785	423	27	.	.	.
39785	424	1	His	-PRON-	PRP$
39785	424	2	subway	subway	NN
39785	424	3	plan	plan	NN
39785	424	4	had	have	VBD
39785	424	5	been	be	VBN
39785	424	6	first	first	RB
39785	424	7	introduced	introduce	VBN
39785	424	8	at	at	IN
39785	424	9	the	the	DT
39785	424	10	1867	1867	CD
39785	424	11	fair	fair	NN
39785	424	12	of	of	IN
39785	424	13	the	the	DT
39785	424	14	American	American	NNP
39785	424	15	Institute	Institute	NNP
39785	424	16	in	in	IN
39785	424	17	the	the	DT
39785	424	18	form	form	NN
39785	424	19	of	of	IN
39785	424	20	a	a	DT
39785	424	21	short	short	JJ
39785	424	22	plywood	plywood	NN
39785	424	23	tube	tube	NN
39785	424	24	through	through	IN
39785	424	25	which	which	WDT
39785	424	26	a	a	DT
39785	424	27	small	small	JJ
39785	424	28	,	,	,
39785	424	29	close	close	RB
39785	424	30	-	-	HYPH
39785	424	31	fitting	fit	VBG
39785	424	32	car	car	NN
39785	424	33	was	be	VBD
39785	424	34	blown	blow	VBN
39785	424	35	by	by	IN
39785	424	36	a	a	DT
39785	424	37	fan	fan	NN
39785	424	38	.	.	.
39785	425	1	The	the	DT
39785	425	2	car	car	NN
39785	425	3	carried	carry	VBD
39785	425	4	12	12	CD
39785	425	5	passengers	passenger	NNS
39785	425	6	.	.	.
39785	426	1	Sensing	sense	VBG
39785	426	2	opposition	opposition	NN
39785	426	3	to	to	IN
39785	426	4	the	the	DT
39785	426	5	subway	subway	NN
39785	426	6	scheme	scheme	NN
39785	426	7	from	from	IN
39785	426	8	Tammany	Tammany	NNP
39785	426	9	,	,	,
39785	426	10	in	in	IN
39785	426	11	1868	1868	CD
39785	426	12	Beach	Beach	NNP
39785	426	13	obtained	obtain	VBD
39785	426	14	a	a	DT
39785	426	15	charter	charter	NN
39785	426	16	to	to	TO
39785	426	17	place	place	VB
39785	426	18	a	a	DT
39785	426	19	small	small	JJ
39785	426	20	tube	tube	NN
39785	426	21	beneath	beneath	IN
39785	426	22	Broadway	Broadway	NNP
39785	426	23	for	for	IN
39785	426	24	transporting	transport	VBG
39785	426	25	mail	mail	NN
39785	426	26	and	and	CC
39785	426	27	small	small	JJ
39785	426	28	packages	package	NNS
39785	426	29	pneumatically	pneumatically	RB
39785	426	30	,	,	,
39785	426	31	a	a	DT
39785	426	32	plan	plan	NN
39785	426	33	he	-PRON-	PRP
39785	426	34	advocated	advocate	VBD
39785	426	35	independently	independently	RB
39785	426	36	of	of	IN
39785	426	37	the	the	DT
39785	426	38	passenger	passenger	NN
39785	426	39	subway	subway	NN
39785	426	40	.	.	.
39785	427	1	[	[	-LRB-
39785	427	2	Illustration	illustration	NN
39785	427	3	:	:	:
39785	427	4	Figure	figure	NN
39785	427	5	30.--CONTEMPORARY	30.--contemporary	CD
39785	427	6	ILLUSTRATIONS	illustrations	NN
39785	427	7	of	of	IN
39785	427	8	Tower	Tower	NNP
39785	427	9	Subway	Subway	NNP
39785	427	10	works	work	VBZ
39785	427	11	used	use	VBD
39785	427	12	as	as	IN
39785	427	13	basis	basis	NN
39785	427	14	of	of	IN
39785	427	15	the	the	DT
39785	427	16	model	model	NN
39785	427	17	in	in	IN
39785	427	18	the	the	DT
39785	427	19	Museum	Museum	NNP
39785	427	20	of	of	IN
39785	427	21	History	History	NNP
39785	427	22	and	and	CC
39785	427	23	Technology	Technology	NNP
39785	427	24	.	.	.
39785	428	1	(	(	-LRB-
39785	428	2	_	_	NNP
39785	428	3	Illustrated	Illustrated	NNP
39785	428	4	London	London	NNP
39785	428	5	News	News	NNP
39785	428	6	_	_	NNP
39785	428	7	,	,	,
39785	428	8	1869	1869	CD
39785	428	9	.	.	.
39785	428	10	)	)	-RRB-
39785	429	1	ADVANCING	advance	VBG
39785	429	2	THE	the	DT
39785	429	3	SHIELD	SHIELD	NNP
39785	429	4	.	.	.
39785	430	1	FITTING	fitting	JJ
39785	430	2	THE	the	DT
39785	430	3	CASTINGS	CASTINGS	NNP
39785	430	4	.	.	.
39785	430	5	]	]	-RRB-
39785	431	1	[	[	-LRB-
39785	431	2	Illustration	illustration	NN
39785	431	3	:	:	:
39785	431	4	Figure	figure	NN
39785	431	5	31.--EXCAVATION	31.--EXCAVATION	NNS
39785	431	6	IN	in	IN
39785	431	7	FRONT	front	NN
39785	431	8	OF	of	IN
39785	431	9	SHIELD	SHIELD	NNP
39785	431	10	,	,	,
39785	431	11	Tower	Tower	NNP
39785	431	12	Subway	Subway	NNP
39785	431	13	.	.	.
39785	432	1	This	this	DT
39785	432	2	was	be	VBD
39785	432	3	possible	possible	JJ
39785	432	4	because	because	IN
39785	432	5	of	of	IN
39785	432	6	the	the	DT
39785	432	7	stiffness	stiffness	NN
39785	432	8	of	of	IN
39785	432	9	the	the	DT
39785	432	10	clay	clay	NN
39785	432	11	encountered	encounter	VBN
39785	432	12	.	.	.
39785	433	1	MHT	mht	JJ
39785	433	2	model	model	NN
39785	433	3	--	--	:
39785	433	4	front	front	NN
39785	433	5	of	of	IN
39785	433	6	model	model	NN
39785	433	7	shown	show	VBN
39785	433	8	in	in	IN
39785	433	9	fig	fig	NN
39785	433	10	.	.	.
39785	434	1	29	29	CD
39785	434	2	.	.	.
39785	435	1	(	(	-LRB-
39785	435	2	Smithsonian	smithsonian	JJ
39785	435	3	photo	photo	NN
39785	435	4	49260-A.	49260-a.	CD
39785	435	5	)	)	-RRB-
39785	435	6	]	]	-RRB-
39785	436	1	Under	under	IN
39785	436	2	this	this	DT
39785	436	3	thin	thin	JJ
39785	436	4	pretense	pretense	NN
39785	436	5	of	of	IN
39785	436	6	legal	legal	JJ
39785	436	7	authorization	authorization	NN
39785	436	8	,	,	,
39785	436	9	the	the	DT
39785	436	10	sub	sub	JJ
39785	436	11	-	-	JJ
39785	436	12	rosa	rosa	JJ
39785	436	13	excavation	excavation	NN
39785	436	14	began	begin	VBD
39785	436	15	from	from	IN
39785	436	16	the	the	DT
39785	436	17	basement	basement	NN
39785	436	18	of	of	IN
39785	436	19	a	a	DT
39785	436	20	clothing	clothing	NN
39785	436	21	store	store	NN
39785	436	22	on	on	IN
39785	436	23	Warren	Warren	NNP
39785	436	24	Street	Street	NNP
39785	436	25	near	near	IN
39785	436	26	Broadway	Broadway	NNP
39785	436	27	.	.	.
39785	437	1	The	the	DT
39785	437	2	8-foot	8-foot	CD
39785	437	3	-	-	HYPH
39785	437	4	diameter	diameter	NN
39785	437	5	tunnel	tunnel	NN
39785	437	6	ran	run	VBD
39785	437	7	eastward	eastward	RB
39785	437	8	a	a	DT
39785	437	9	short	short	JJ
39785	437	10	distance	distance	NN
39785	437	11	,	,	,
39785	437	12	made	make	VBD
39785	437	13	a	a	DT
39785	437	14	90-degree	90-degree	CD
39785	437	15	turn	turn	NN
39785	437	16	,	,	,
39785	437	17	and	and	CC
39785	437	18	thence	thence	NN
39785	437	19	southward	southward	RB
39785	437	20	under	under	IN
39785	437	21	Broadway	Broadway	NNP
39785	437	22	to	to	TO
39785	437	23	stop	stop	VB
39785	437	24	a	a	DT
39785	437	25	block	block	NN
39785	437	26	away	away	RB
39785	437	27	under	under	IN
39785	437	28	the	the	DT
39785	437	29	south	south	JJ
39785	437	30	side	side	NN
39785	437	31	of	of	IN
39785	437	32	Murray	Murray	NNP
39785	437	33	Street	Street	NNP
39785	437	34	.	.	.
39785	438	1	The	the	DT
39785	438	2	total	total	JJ
39785	438	3	distance	distance	NN
39785	438	4	was	be	VBD
39785	438	5	about	about	RB
39785	438	6	312	312	CD
39785	438	7	feet	foot	NNS
39785	438	8	.	.	.
39785	439	1	Work	work	NN
39785	439	2	was	be	VBD
39785	439	3	carried	carry	VBN
39785	439	4	on	on	IN
39785	439	5	at	at	IN
39785	439	6	night	night	NN
39785	439	7	in	in	IN
39785	439	8	total	total	JJ
39785	439	9	secrecy	secrecy	NN
39785	439	10	,	,	,
39785	439	11	the	the	DT
39785	439	12	actual	actual	JJ
39785	439	13	tunneling	tunneling	NN
39785	439	14	taking	take	VBG
39785	439	15	58	58	CD
39785	439	16	nights	night	NNS
39785	439	17	.	.	.
39785	440	1	At	at	IN
39785	440	2	the	the	DT
39785	440	3	Warren	Warren	NNP
39785	440	4	Street	Street	NNP
39785	440	5	terminal	terminal	NN
39785	440	6	,	,	,
39785	440	7	a	a	DT
39785	440	8	waiting	waiting	NN
39785	440	9	room	room	NN
39785	440	10	was	be	VBD
39785	440	11	excavated	excavate	VBN
39785	440	12	and	and	CC
39785	440	13	a	a	DT
39785	440	14	large	large	JJ
39785	440	15	Roots	root	NNS
39785	440	16	blower	blower	NN
39785	440	17	installed	instal	VBN
39785	440	18	for	for	IN
39785	440	19	propulsion	propulsion	NN
39785	440	20	of	of	IN
39785	440	21	the	the	DT
39785	440	22	single	single	JJ
39785	440	23	passenger	passenger	NN
39785	440	24	car	car	NN
39785	440	25	.	.	.
39785	441	1	The	the	DT
39785	441	2	plan	plan	NN
39785	441	3	was	be	VBD
39785	441	4	similar	similar	JJ
39785	441	5	to	to	IN
39785	441	6	that	that	DT
39785	441	7	used	use	VBN
39785	441	8	with	with	IN
39785	441	9	the	the	DT
39785	441	10	model	model	NN
39785	441	11	in	in	IN
39785	441	12	1867	1867	CD
39785	441	13	:	:	:
39785	441	14	the	the	DT
39785	441	15	cylindrical	cylindrical	JJ
39785	441	16	car	car	NN
39785	441	17	fitted	fit	VBD
39785	441	18	the	the	DT
39785	441	19	circular	circular	JJ
39785	441	20	tunnel	tunnel	NN
39785	441	21	with	with	IN
39785	441	22	only	only	JJ
39785	441	23	slight	slight	JJ
39785	441	24	circumferential	circumferential	JJ
39785	441	25	clearance	clearance	NN
39785	441	26	.	.	.
39785	442	1	The	the	DT
39785	442	2	blower	blower	NN
39785	442	3	created	create	VBD
39785	442	4	a	a	DT
39785	442	5	plenum	plenum	NN
39785	442	6	within	within	IN
39785	442	7	the	the	DT
39785	442	8	waiting	waiting	NN
39785	442	9	room	room	NN
39785	442	10	and	and	CC
39785	442	11	tunnel	tunnel	NN
39785	442	12	area	area	NN
39785	442	13	behind	behind	IN
39785	442	14	the	the	DT
39785	442	15	car	car	NN
39785	442	16	of	of	IN
39785	442	17	about	about	RB
39785	442	18	0.25	0.25	CD
39785	442	19	pounds	pound	NNS
39785	442	20	per	per	IN
39785	442	21	square	square	JJ
39785	442	22	inch	inch	NN
39785	442	23	,	,	,
39785	442	24	resulting	result	VBG
39785	442	25	in	in	IN
39785	442	26	a	a	DT
39785	442	27	thrust	thrust	NN
39785	442	28	on	on	IN
39785	442	29	the	the	DT
39785	442	30	car	car	NN
39785	442	31	of	of	IN
39785	442	32	almost	almost	RB
39785	442	33	a	a	DT
39785	442	34	ton	ton	NN
39785	442	35	,	,	,
39785	442	36	not	not	RB
39785	442	37	accounting	account	VBG
39785	442	38	for	for	IN
39785	442	39	blowby	blowby	NN
39785	442	40	.	.	.
39785	443	1	The	the	DT
39785	443	2	car	car	NN
39785	443	3	was	be	VBD
39785	443	4	thus	thus	RB
39785	443	5	blown	blow	VBN
39785	443	6	along	along	IN
39785	443	7	its	-PRON-	PRP$
39785	443	8	course	course	NN
39785	443	9	,	,	,
39785	443	10	and	and	CC
39785	443	11	was	be	VBD
39785	443	12	returned	return	VBN
39785	443	13	by	by	IN
39785	443	14	reversing	reverse	VBG
39785	443	15	the	the	DT
39785	443	16	blower	blower	NN
39785	443	17	's	's	POS
39785	443	18	suction	suction	NN
39785	443	19	and	and	CC
39785	443	20	discharge	discharge	NN
39785	443	21	ducts	duct	NNS
39785	443	22	to	to	TO
39785	443	23	produce	produce	VB
39785	443	24	an	an	DT
39785	443	25	equivalent	equivalent	JJ
39785	443	26	vacuum	vacuum	NN
39785	443	27	within	within	IN
39785	443	28	the	the	DT
39785	443	29	tunnel	tunnel	NN
39785	443	30	.	.	.
39785	444	1	[	[	-LRB-
39785	444	2	Illustration	illustration	NN
39785	444	3	:	:	:
39785	444	4	Figure	figure	NN
39785	444	5	32.--INTERIOR	32.--interior	CD
39785	444	6	OF	of	IN
39785	444	7	COMPLETED	complete	VBN
39785	444	8	TOWER	TOWER	NNP
39785	444	9	SUBWAY	SUBWAY	NNP
39785	444	10	.	.	.
39785	445	1	(	(	-LRB-
39785	445	2	THORNBURY	THORNBURY	NNP
39785	445	3	,	,	,
39785	445	4	_	_	NNP
39785	445	5	Old	Old	NNP
39785	445	6	and	and	CC
39785	445	7	New	New	NNP
39785	445	8	London	London	NNP
39785	445	9	,	,	,
39785	445	10	1887	1887	CD
39785	445	11	,	,	,
39785	445	12	vol	vol	NNP
39785	445	13	.	.	.
39785	446	1	1	1	CD
39785	446	2	,	,	,
39785	446	3	p.	p.	NN
39785	447	1	126	126	CD
39785	447	2	_	_	NNP
39785	447	3	.	.	.
39785	447	4	)	)	-RRB-
39785	447	5	]	]	-RRB-
39785	448	1	The	the	DT
39785	448	2	system	system	NN
39785	448	3	opened	open	VBD
39785	448	4	in	in	IN
39785	448	5	February	February	NNP
39785	448	6	of	of	IN
39785	448	7	1870	1870	CD
39785	448	8	and	and	CC
39785	448	9	remained	remain	VBD
39785	448	10	in	in	IN
39785	448	11	operation	operation	NN
39785	448	12	for	for	IN
39785	448	13	about	about	RB
39785	448	14	a	a	DT
39785	448	15	year	year	NN
39785	448	16	.	.	.
39785	449	1	Beach	Beach	NNP
39785	449	2	was	be	VBD
39785	449	3	ultimately	ultimately	RB
39785	449	4	subdued	subdue	VBN
39785	449	5	by	by	IN
39785	449	6	the	the	DT
39785	449	7	hostile	hostile	JJ
39785	449	8	influences	influence	NNS
39785	449	9	of	of	IN
39785	449	10	Boss	Boss	NNP
39785	449	11	Tweed	Tweed	NNP
39785	449	12	,	,	,
39785	449	13	and	and	CC
39785	449	14	the	the	DT
39785	449	15	project	project	NN
39785	449	16	was	be	VBD
39785	449	17	completely	completely	RB
39785	449	18	abandoned	abandon	VBN
39785	449	19	.	.	.
39785	450	1	Within	within	IN
39785	450	2	a	a	DT
39785	450	3	very	very	RB
39785	450	4	few	few	JJ
39785	450	5	more	more	JJR
39785	450	6	years	year	NNS
39785	450	7	the	the	DT
39785	450	8	first	first	JJ
39785	450	9	commercially	commercially	RB
39785	450	10	operated	operate	VBN
39785	450	11	elevated	elevated	JJ
39785	450	12	line	line	NN
39785	450	13	was	be	VBD
39785	450	14	built	build	VBN
39785	450	15	,	,	,
39785	450	16	but	but	CC
39785	450	17	the	the	DT
39785	450	18	subway	subway	NN
39785	450	19	did	do	VBD
39785	450	20	not	not	RB
39785	450	21	achieve	achieve	VB
39785	450	22	legitimate	legitimate	JJ
39785	450	23	status	status	NN
39785	450	24	in	in	IN
39785	450	25	New	New	NNP
39785	450	26	York	York	NNP
39785	450	27	until	until	IN
39785	450	28	the	the	DT
39785	450	29	opening	opening	NN
39785	450	30	of	of	IN
39785	450	31	the	the	DT
39785	450	32	Interborough	Interborough	NNP
39785	450	33	line	line	NN
39785	450	34	in	in	IN
39785	450	35	1904	1904	CD
39785	450	36	.	.	.
39785	451	1	Ironically	ironically	RB
39785	451	2	,	,	,
39785	451	3	its	-PRON-	PRP$
39785	451	4	route	route	NN
39785	451	5	traversed	traverse	VBD
39785	451	6	Broadway	Broadway	NNP
39785	451	7	for	for	IN
39785	451	8	almost	almost	RB
39785	451	9	the	the	DT
39785	451	10	length	length	NN
39785	451	11	of	of	IN
39785	451	12	the	the	DT
39785	451	13	island	island	NN
39785	451	14	.	.	.
39785	452	1	[	[	-LRB-
39785	452	2	Illustration	illustration	NN
39785	452	3	:	:	:
39785	452	4	Figure	figure	NN
39785	452	5	33.--VERTICAL	33.--vertical	CD
39785	452	6	SECTION	section	NN
39785	452	7	through	through	IN
39785	452	8	the	the	DT
39785	452	9	Greathead	Greathead	NNP
39785	452	10	shield	shield	NN
39785	452	11	used	use	VBN
39785	452	12	at	at	IN
39785	452	13	the	the	DT
39785	452	14	Tower	Tower	NNP
39785	452	15	Subway	Subway	NNP
39785	452	16	,	,	,
39785	452	17	1869	1869	CD
39785	452	18	.	.	.
39785	453	1	The	the	DT
39785	453	2	first	first	JJ
39785	453	3	one	one	CD
39785	453	4	-	-	HYPH
39785	453	5	piece	piece	NN
39785	453	6	shield	shield	NN
39785	453	7	of	of	IN
39785	453	8	circular	circular	JJ
39785	453	9	section	section	NN
39785	453	10	.	.	.
39785	454	1	(	(	-LRB-
39785	454	2	COPPERTHWAITE	COPPERTHWAITE	NNP
39785	454	3	,	,	,
39785	454	4	_	_	NNP
39785	454	5	Tunnel	Tunnel	NNP
39785	454	6	Shields	Shields	NNP
39785	454	7	and	and	CC
39785	454	8	the	the	DT
39785	454	9	Use	Use	NNP
39785	454	10	of	of	IN
39785	454	11	Compressed	Compressed	NNP
39785	454	12	Air	Air	NNP
39785	454	13	in	in	IN
39785	454	14	Subaqueous	Subaqueous	NNP
39785	454	15	Works	Works	NNP
39785	454	16	_	_	NNP
39785	454	17	.	.	.
39785	454	18	)	)	-RRB-
39785	454	19	]	]	-RRB-
39785	455	1	The	the	DT
39785	455	2	Beach	Beach	NNP
39785	455	3	shield	shield	NN
39785	455	4	operated	operate	VBD
39785	455	5	with	with	IN
39785	455	6	perfect	perfect	JJ
39785	455	7	success	success	NN
39785	455	8	in	in	IN
39785	455	9	this	this	DT
39785	455	10	brief	brief	JJ
39785	455	11	trial	trial	NN
39785	455	12	,	,	,
39785	455	13	although	although	IN
39785	455	14	the	the	DT
39785	455	15	loose	loose	JJ
39785	455	16	sandy	sandy	JJ
39785	455	17	soil	soil	NN
39785	455	18	encountered	encounter	VBN
39785	455	19	was	be	VBD
39785	455	20	admittedly	admittedly	RB
39785	455	21	not	not	RB
39785	455	22	a	a	DT
39785	455	23	severe	severe	JJ
39785	455	24	test	test	NN
39785	455	25	of	of	IN
39785	455	26	its	-PRON-	PRP$
39785	455	27	qualities	quality	NNS
39785	455	28	.	.	.
39785	456	1	No	no	DT
39785	456	2	diaphragm	diaphragm	NN
39785	456	3	was	be	VBD
39785	456	4	used	use	VBN
39785	456	5	;	;	:
39785	456	6	instead	instead	RB
39785	456	7	a	a	DT
39785	456	8	series	series	NN
39785	456	9	of	of	IN
39785	456	10	8	8	CD
39785	456	11	horizontal	horizontal	JJ
39785	456	12	shelves	shelf	NNS
39785	456	13	with	with	IN
39785	456	14	sharpened	sharpen	VBN
39785	456	15	leading	lead	VBG
39785	456	16	edges	edge	NNS
39785	456	17	extended	extend	VBN
39785	456	18	across	across	IN
39785	456	19	the	the	DT
39785	456	20	front	front	JJ
39785	456	21	opening	opening	NN
39785	456	22	of	of	IN
39785	456	23	the	the	DT
39785	456	24	shield	shield	NN
39785	456	25	.	.	.
39785	457	1	The	the	DT
39785	457	2	outstanding	outstanding	JJ
39785	457	3	feature	feature	NN
39785	457	4	of	of	IN
39785	457	5	the	the	DT
39785	457	6	machine	machine	NN
39785	457	7	was	be	VBD
39785	457	8	the	the	DT
39785	457	9	substitution	substitution	NN
39785	457	10	for	for	IN
39785	457	11	the	the	DT
39785	457	12	propelling	propel	VBG
39785	457	13	screws	screw	NNS
39785	457	14	used	use	VBN
39785	457	15	by	by	IN
39785	457	16	Brunel	Brunel	NNP
39785	457	17	and	and	CC
39785	457	18	Greathead	Greathead	NNP
39785	457	19	of	of	IN
39785	457	20	18	18	CD
39785	457	21	hydraulic	hydraulic	JJ
39785	457	22	rams	ram	NNS
39785	457	23	,	,	,
39785	457	24	set	set	VBN
39785	457	25	around	around	IN
39785	457	26	its	-PRON-	PRP$
39785	457	27	circumference	circumference	NN
39785	457	28	.	.	.
39785	458	1	These	these	DT
39785	458	2	were	be	VBD
39785	458	3	fed	feed	VBN
39785	458	4	by	by	IN
39785	458	5	a	a	DT
39785	458	6	single	single	JJ
39785	458	7	hand	hand	NN
39785	458	8	-	-	HYPH
39785	458	9	operated	operate	VBN
39785	458	10	pump	pump	NN
39785	458	11	,	,	,
39785	458	12	seen	see	VBN
39785	458	13	in	in	IN
39785	458	14	the	the	DT
39785	458	15	center	center	NN
39785	458	16	of	of	IN
39785	458	17	figure	figure	NN
39785	458	18	34	34	CD
39785	458	19	.	.	.
39785	459	1	By	by	IN
39785	459	2	this	this	DT
39785	459	3	means	mean	VBZ
39785	459	4	the	the	DT
39785	459	5	course	course	NN
39785	459	6	of	of	IN
39785	459	7	the	the	DT
39785	459	8	shield	shield	NN
39785	459	9	's	's	POS
39785	459	10	forward	forward	JJ
39785	459	11	movement	movement	NN
39785	459	12	could	could	MD
39785	459	13	be	be	VB
39785	459	14	controlled	control	VBN
39785	459	15	with	with	IN
39785	459	16	a	a	DT
39785	459	17	convenience	convenience	NN
39785	459	18	and	and	CC
39785	459	19	precision	precision	NN
39785	459	20	not	not	RB
39785	459	21	attainable	attainable	JJ
39785	459	22	with	with	IN
39785	459	23	screws	screw	NNS
39785	459	24	.	.	.
39785	460	1	Vertical	vertical	JJ
39785	460	2	and	and	CC
39785	460	3	horizontal	horizontal	JJ
39785	460	4	deflection	deflection	NN
39785	460	5	was	be	VBD
39785	460	6	achieved	achieve	VBN
39785	460	7	by	by	IN
39785	460	8	throttling	throttle	VBG
39785	460	9	the	the	DT
39785	460	10	supply	supply	NN
39785	460	11	of	of	IN
39785	460	12	water	water	NN
39785	460	13	to	to	IN
39785	460	14	certain	certain	JJ
39785	460	15	of	of	IN
39785	460	16	the	the	DT
39785	460	17	rams	ram	NNS
39785	460	18	,	,	,
39785	460	19	which	which	WDT
39785	460	20	could	could	MD
39785	460	21	be	be	VB
39785	460	22	individually	individually	RB
39785	460	23	controlled	control	VBN
39785	460	24	,	,	,
39785	460	25	causing	cause	VBG
39785	460	26	greater	great	JJR
39785	460	27	pressure	pressure	NN
39785	460	28	on	on	IN
39785	460	29	one	one	CD
39785	460	30	portion	portion	NN
39785	460	31	of	of	IN
39785	460	32	the	the	DT
39785	460	33	shield	shield	NN
39785	460	34	than	than	IN
39785	460	35	another	another	DT
39785	460	36	.	.	.
39785	461	1	This	this	DT
39785	461	2	system	system	NN
39785	461	3	has	have	VBZ
39785	461	4	not	not	RB
39785	461	5	changed	change	VBN
39785	461	6	in	in	IN
39785	461	7	the	the	DT
39785	461	8	ensuing	ensue	VBG
39785	461	9	time	time	NN
39785	461	10	,	,	,
39785	461	11	except	except	IN
39785	461	12	,	,	,
39785	461	13	of	of	IN
39785	461	14	course	course	NN
39785	461	15	,	,	,
39785	461	16	in	in	IN
39785	461	17	the	the	DT
39785	461	18	substitution	substitution	NN
39785	461	19	of	of	IN
39785	461	20	mechanically	mechanically	RB
39785	461	21	produced	produce	VBN
39785	461	22	hydraulic	hydraulic	JJ
39785	461	23	pressure	pressure	NN
39785	461	24	for	for	IN
39785	461	25	hand	hand	NN
39785	461	26	.	.	.
39785	462	1	[	[	-LRB-
39785	462	2	Illustration	illustration	NN
39785	462	3	:	:	:
39785	462	4	Figure	Figure	NNP
39785	462	5	34.--BEACH	34.--BEACH	NNP
39785	462	6	'S	's	POS
39785	462	7	Broadway	Broadway	NNP
39785	462	8	Subway	Subway	NNP
39785	462	9	.	.	.
39785	463	1	Advancing	advance	VBG
39785	463	2	the	the	DT
39785	463	3	shield	shield	NN
39785	463	4	by	by	IN
39785	463	5	hydraulic	hydraulic	NNP
39785	463	6	rams	ram	NNS
39785	463	7	,	,	,
39785	463	8	1869	1869	CD
39785	463	9	.	.	.
39785	464	1	MHT	MHT	NNP
39785	464	2	model--1	model--1	NNP
39785	464	3	-	-	HYPH
39785	464	4	1/2	1/2	CD
39785	464	5	"	"	''
39785	464	6	scale	scale	NN
39785	464	7	.	.	.
39785	465	1	(	(	-LRB-
39785	465	2	Smithsonian	smithsonian	JJ
39785	465	3	photo	photo	NN
39785	465	4	49260-E.	49260-e.	CD
39785	465	5	)	)	-RRB-
39785	465	6	]	]	-RRB-
39785	465	7	[	[	-LRB-
39785	465	8	Illustration	illustration	NN
39785	465	9	:	:	:
39785	465	10	Figure	figure	NN
39785	465	11	35.--VERTICAL	35.--vertical	CD
39785	465	12	SECTION	section	NN
39785	465	13	through	through	IN
39785	465	14	the	the	DT
39785	465	15	Beach	Beach	NNP
39785	465	16	shield	shield	NN
39785	465	17	used	use	VBN
39785	465	18	on	on	IN
39785	465	19	the	the	DT
39785	465	20	Broadway	Broadway	NNP
39785	465	21	Subway	Subway	NNP
39785	465	22	,	,	,
39785	465	23	showing	show	VBG
39785	465	24	the	the	DT
39785	465	25	horizontal	horizontal	JJ
39785	465	26	shelves	shelf	NNS
39785	465	27	(	(	-LRB-
39785	465	28	C	C	NNP
39785	465	29	)	)	-RRB-
39785	465	30	,	,	,
39785	465	31	iron	iron	NN
39785	465	32	cutting	cutting	NN
39785	465	33	ring	ring	NN
39785	465	34	(	(	-LRB-
39785	465	35	B	b	NN
39785	465	36	)	)	-RRB-
39785	465	37	,	,	,
39785	465	38	hydraulic	hydraulic	NNP
39785	465	39	rams	ram	NNS
39785	465	40	(	(	-LRB-
39785	465	41	D	D	NNP
39785	465	42	)	)	-RRB-
39785	465	43	,	,	,
39785	465	44	hydraulic	hydraulic	JJ
39785	465	45	pump	pump	NN
39785	465	46	(	(	-LRB-
39785	465	47	F	F	NNP
39785	465	48	)	)	-RRB-
39785	465	49	,	,	,
39785	465	50	and	and	CC
39785	465	51	rear	rear	JJ
39785	465	52	protective	protective	JJ
39785	465	53	skirt	skirt	NN
39785	465	54	(	(	-LRB-
39785	465	55	H	h	NN
39785	465	56	)	)	-RRB-
39785	465	57	.	.	.
39785	466	1	(	(	-LRB-
39785	466	2	_	_	NNP
39785	466	3	Scientific	Scientific	NNP
39785	466	4	American	American	NNP
39785	466	5	_	_	NNP
39785	466	6	,	,	,
39785	466	7	March	March	NNP
39785	466	8	5	5	CD
39785	466	9	,	,	,
39785	466	10	1870	1870	CD
39785	466	11	.	.	.
39785	466	12	)	)	-RRB-
39785	466	13	]	]	-RRB-
39785	467	1	Unlike	unlike	IN
39785	467	2	the	the	DT
39785	467	3	driving	driving	NN
39785	467	4	of	of	IN
39785	467	5	the	the	DT
39785	467	6	Tower	Tower	NNP
39785	467	7	Subway	Subway	NNP
39785	467	8	,	,	,
39785	467	9	no	no	DT
39785	467	10	excavation	excavation	NN
39785	467	11	was	be	VBD
39785	467	12	done	do	VBN
39785	467	13	in	in	IN
39785	467	14	front	front	NN
39785	467	15	of	of	IN
39785	467	16	the	the	DT
39785	467	17	shield	shield	NN
39785	467	18	.	.	.
39785	468	1	Rather	rather	RB
39785	468	2	,	,	,
39785	468	3	the	the	DT
39785	468	4	shield	shield	NN
39785	468	5	was	be	VBD
39785	468	6	forced	force	VBN
39785	468	7	by	by	IN
39785	468	8	the	the	DT
39785	468	9	rams	ram	NNS
39785	468	10	into	into	IN
39785	468	11	the	the	DT
39785	468	12	soil	soil	NN
39785	468	13	for	for	IN
39785	468	14	the	the	DT
39785	468	15	length	length	NN
39785	468	16	of	of	IN
39785	468	17	their	-PRON-	PRP$
39785	468	18	stroke	stroke	NN
39785	468	19	,	,	,
39785	468	20	the	the	DT
39785	468	21	material	material	NN
39785	468	22	which	which	WDT
39785	468	23	entered	enter	VBD
39785	468	24	being	be	VBG
39785	468	25	supported	support	VBN
39785	468	26	by	by	IN
39785	468	27	the	the	DT
39785	468	28	shelves	shelf	NNS
39785	468	29	.	.	.
39785	469	1	This	this	DT
39785	469	2	was	be	VBD
39785	469	3	removed	remove	VBN
39785	469	4	from	from	IN
39785	469	5	the	the	DT
39785	469	6	shelves	shelf	NNS
39785	469	7	and	and	CC
39785	469	8	hauled	haul	VBD
39785	469	9	off	off	RP
39785	469	10	.	.	.
39785	470	1	The	the	DT
39785	470	2	ram	ram	NN
39785	470	3	plungers	plunger	NNS
39785	470	4	then	then	RB
39785	470	5	were	be	VBD
39785	470	6	withdrawn	withdraw	VBN
39785	470	7	and	and	CC
39785	470	8	a	a	DT
39785	470	9	16-inch	16-inch	CD
39785	470	10	length	length	NN
39785	470	11	of	of	IN
39785	470	12	the	the	DT
39785	470	13	permanent	permanent	JJ
39785	470	14	lining	lining	NN
39785	470	15	built	build	VBN
39785	470	16	up	up	RP
39785	470	17	within	within	IN
39785	470	18	the	the	DT
39785	470	19	shelter	shelter	NN
39785	470	20	of	of	IN
39785	470	21	the	the	DT
39785	470	22	shield	shield	NN
39785	470	23	's	's	POS
39785	470	24	tail	tail	NN
39785	470	25	ring	ring	NN
39785	470	26	.	.	.
39785	471	1	Against	against	IN
39785	471	2	this	this	DT
39785	471	3	,	,	,
39785	471	4	the	the	DT
39785	471	5	rams	ram	NNS
39785	471	6	bore	bear	VBD
39785	471	7	for	for	IN
39785	471	8	the	the	DT
39785	471	9	next	next	JJ
39785	471	10	advance	advance	NN
39785	471	11	.	.	.
39785	472	1	Masonry	masonry	NN
39785	472	2	lining	lining	NN
39785	472	3	was	be	VBD
39785	472	4	used	use	VBN
39785	472	5	in	in	IN
39785	472	6	the	the	DT
39785	472	7	straight	straight	JJ
39785	472	8	section	section	NN
39785	472	9	;	;	:
39785	472	10	cast	cast	NN
39785	472	11	-	-	HYPH
39785	472	12	iron	iron	NN
39785	472	13	in	in	IN
39785	472	14	the	the	DT
39785	472	15	curved	curved	NN
39785	472	16	.	.	.
39785	473	1	The	the	DT
39785	473	2	juncture	juncture	NN
39785	473	3	is	be	VBZ
39785	473	4	shown	show	VBN
39785	473	5	in	in	IN
39785	473	6	the	the	DT
39785	473	7	model	model	NN
39785	473	8	.	.	.
39785	474	1	[	[	-LRB-
39785	474	2	Illustration	illustration	NN
39785	474	3	:	:	:
39785	474	4	Figure	figure	NN
39785	474	5	36.--INTERIOR	36.--interior	CD
39785	474	6	of	of	IN
39785	474	7	Beach	Beach	NNP
39785	474	8	Subway	Subway	NNP
39785	474	9	showing	show	VBG
39785	474	10	iron	iron	NN
39785	474	11	lining	lining	NN
39785	474	12	on	on	IN
39785	474	13	curved	curved	JJ
39785	474	14	section	section	NN
39785	474	15	and	and	CC
39785	474	16	the	the	DT
39785	474	17	pneumatically	pneumatically	RB
39785	474	18	powered	power	VBN
39785	474	19	passenger	passenger	NN
39785	474	20	car	car	NN
39785	474	21	.	.	.
39785	475	1	View	View	NNP
39785	475	2	from	from	IN
39785	475	3	waiting	wait	VBG
39785	475	4	room	room	NN
39785	475	5	.	.	.
39785	476	1	(	(	-LRB-
39785	476	2	_	_	NNP
39785	476	3	Scientific	Scientific	NNP
39785	476	4	American	American	NNP
39785	476	5	_	_	NNP
39785	476	6	,	,	,
39785	476	7	March	March	NNP
39785	476	8	5	5	CD
39785	476	9	,	,	,
39785	476	10	1870	1870	CD
39785	476	11	.	.	.
39785	476	12	)	)	-RRB-
39785	476	13	]	]	-RRB-
39785	477	1	Enlarged	enlarged	JJ
39785	477	2	versions	version	NNS
39785	477	3	of	of	IN
39785	477	4	the	the	DT
39785	477	5	Beach	Beach	NNP
39785	477	6	shield	shield	NN
39785	477	7	were	be	VBD
39785	477	8	used	use	VBN
39785	477	9	in	in	IN
39785	477	10	a	a	DT
39785	477	11	few	few	JJ
39785	477	12	tunnels	tunnel	NNS
39785	477	13	in	in	IN
39785	477	14	the	the	DT
39785	477	15	Midwest	Midwest	NNP
39785	477	16	in	in	IN
39785	477	17	the	the	DT
39785	477	18	early	early	JJ
39785	477	19	1870	1870	CD
39785	477	20	's	's	POS
39785	477	21	,	,	,
39785	477	22	but	but	CC
39785	477	23	from	from	IN
39785	477	24	then	then	RB
39785	477	25	until	until	IN
39785	477	26	1886	1886	CD
39785	477	27	the	the	DT
39785	477	28	shield	shield	NN
39785	477	29	method	method	NN
39785	477	30	,	,	,
39785	477	31	for	for	IN
39785	477	32	no	no	DT
39785	477	33	clear	clear	JJ
39785	477	34	reason	reason	NN
39785	477	35	,	,	,
39785	477	36	again	again	RB
39785	477	37	entered	enter	VBD
39785	477	38	a	a	DT
39785	477	39	period	period	NN
39785	477	40	of	of	IN
39785	477	41	disuse	disuse	NN
39785	477	42	finding	find	VBG
39785	477	43	no	no	DT
39785	477	44	application	application	NN
39785	477	45	on	on	IN
39785	477	46	either	either	DT
39785	477	47	side	side	NN
39785	477	48	of	of	IN
39785	477	49	the	the	DT
39785	477	50	Atlantic	Atlantic	NNP
39785	477	51	despite	despite	IN
39785	477	52	its	-PRON-	PRP$
39785	477	53	virtually	virtually	RB
39785	477	54	unqualified	unqualified	JJ
39785	477	55	proof	proof	NN
39785	477	56	at	at	IN
39785	477	57	the	the	DT
39785	477	58	hands	hand	NNS
39785	477	59	of	of	IN
39785	477	60	Greathead	Greathead	NNP
39785	477	61	and	and	CC
39785	477	62	Beach	Beach	NNP
39785	477	63	.	.	.
39785	478	1	Little	little	JJ
39785	478	2	precise	precise	JJ
39785	478	3	information	information	NN
39785	478	4	remains	remain	VBZ
39785	478	5	on	on	IN
39785	478	6	this	this	DT
39785	478	7	work	work	NN
39785	478	8	.	.	.
39785	479	1	The	the	DT
39785	479	2	Beach	Beach	NNP
39785	479	3	system	system	NN
39785	479	4	of	of	IN
39785	479	5	pneumatic	pneumatic	JJ
39785	479	6	transit	transit	NN
39785	479	7	is	be	VBZ
39785	479	8	described	describe	VBN
39785	479	9	fully	fully	RB
39785	479	10	in	in	IN
39785	479	11	a	a	DT
39785	479	12	well	well	RB
39785	479	13	-	-	HYPH
39785	479	14	illustrated	illustrate	VBN
39785	479	15	booklet	booklet	NN
39785	479	16	published	publish	VBN
39785	479	17	by	by	IN
39785	479	18	him	-PRON-	PRP
39785	479	19	in	in	IN
39785	479	20	January	January	NNP
39785	479	21	1868	1868	CD
39785	479	22	,	,	,
39785	479	23	in	in	IN
39785	479	24	which	which	WDT
39785	479	25	the	the	DT
39785	479	26	American	American	NNP
39785	479	27	Institute	Institute	NNP
39785	479	28	model	model	NN
39785	479	29	is	be	VBZ
39785	479	30	shown	show	VBN
39785	479	31	,	,	,
39785	479	32	and	and	CC
39785	479	33	many	many	JJ
39785	479	34	projected	project	VBN
39785	479	35	systems	system	NNS
39785	479	36	of	of	IN
39785	479	37	pneumatic	pneumatic	JJ
39785	479	38	propulsion	propulsion	NN
39785	479	39	as	as	RB
39785	479	40	well	well	RB
39785	479	41	as	as	IN
39785	479	42	of	of	IN
39785	479	43	subterranean	subterranean	JJ
39785	479	44	and	and	CC
39785	479	45	subaqueous	subaqueous	JJ
39785	479	46	tunneling	tunneling	NN
39785	479	47	described	describe	VBN
39785	479	48	.	.	.
39785	480	1	Beach	beach	NN
39785	480	2	again	again	RB
39785	480	3	(	(	-LRB-
39785	480	4	presumably	presumably	RB
39785	480	5	)	)	-RRB-
39785	480	6	is	be	VBZ
39785	480	7	author	author	NN
39785	480	8	of	of	IN
39785	480	9	the	the	DT
39785	480	10	sole	sole	JJ
39785	480	11	contemporary	contemporary	JJ
39785	480	12	account	account	NN
39785	480	13	of	of	IN
39785	480	14	the	the	DT
39785	480	15	Broadway	Broadway	NNP
39785	480	16	Subway	Subway	NNP
39785	480	17	,	,	,
39785	480	18	which	which	WDT
39785	480	19	appeared	appear	VBD
39785	480	20	in	in	IN
39785	480	21	_	_	NNP
39785	480	22	Scientific	Scientific	NNP
39785	480	23	American	American	NNP
39785	480	24	_	_	NNP
39785	480	25	following	follow	VBG
39785	480	26	its	-PRON-	PRP$
39785	480	27	opening	opening	NN
39785	480	28	early	early	RB
39785	480	29	in	in	IN
39785	480	30	1870	1870	CD
39785	480	31	.	.	.
39785	481	1	Included	include	VBN
39785	481	2	are	be	VBP
39785	481	3	good	good	JJ
39785	481	4	views	view	NNS
39785	481	5	of	of	IN
39785	481	6	the	the	DT
39785	481	7	tunnel	tunnel	NN
39785	481	8	and	and	CC
39785	481	9	car	car	NN
39785	481	10	,	,	,
39785	481	11	of	of	IN
39785	481	12	the	the	DT
39785	481	13	shield	shield	NN
39785	481	14	in	in	IN
39785	481	15	operation	operation	NN
39785	481	16	,	,	,
39785	481	17	and	and	CC
39785	481	18	,	,	,
39785	481	19	most	most	RBS
39785	481	20	important	important	JJ
39785	481	21	,	,	,
39785	481	22	a	a	DT
39785	481	23	vertical	vertical	JJ
39785	481	24	sectional	sectional	JJ
39785	481	25	view	view	NN
39785	481	26	through	through	IN
39785	481	27	the	the	DT
39785	481	28	shield	shield	NN
39785	481	29	(	(	-LRB-
39785	481	30	fig	fig	NN
39785	481	31	.	.	.
39785	482	1	35	35	CD
39785	482	2	)	)	-RRB-
39785	482	3	.	.	.
39785	483	1	It	-PRON-	PRP
39785	483	2	is	be	VBZ
39785	483	3	interesting	interesting	JJ
39785	483	4	to	to	TO
39785	483	5	note	note	VB
39785	483	6	that	that	IN
39785	483	7	optical	optical	JJ
39785	483	8	surveys	survey	NNS
39785	483	9	for	for	IN
39785	483	10	maintenance	maintenance	NN
39785	483	11	of	of	IN
39785	483	12	the	the	DT
39785	483	13	course	course	NN
39785	483	14	apparently	apparently	RB
39785	483	15	were	be	VBD
39785	483	16	not	not	RB
39785	483	17	used	use	VBN
39785	483	18	.	.	.
39785	484	1	The	the	DT
39785	484	2	article	article	NN
39785	484	3	illustrated	illustrate	VBN
39785	484	4	and	and	CC
39785	484	5	described	describe	VBD
39785	484	6	the	the	DT
39785	484	7	driving	driving	NN
39785	484	8	each	each	DT
39785	484	9	night	night	NN
39785	484	10	of	of	IN
39785	484	11	a	a	DT
39785	484	12	jointed	jointed	JJ
39785	484	13	iron	iron	NN
39785	484	14	rod	rod	NN
39785	484	15	up	up	RB
39785	484	16	through	through	IN
39785	484	17	the	the	DT
39785	484	18	tunnel	tunnel	NNP
39785	484	19	roof	roof	NNP
39785	484	20	to	to	IN
39785	484	21	the	the	DT
39785	484	22	street	street	NN
39785	484	23	,	,	,
39785	484	24	twenty	twenty	CD
39785	484	25	or	or	CC
39785	484	26	so	so	RB
39785	484	27	feet	foot	NNS
39785	484	28	above	above	RB
39785	484	29	,	,	,
39785	484	30	for	for	IN
39785	484	31	"	"	``
39785	484	32	testing	test	VBG
39785	484	33	the	the	DT
39785	484	34	position	position	NN
39785	484	35	.	.	.
39785	484	36	"	"	''
39785	485	1	THE	the	DT
39785	485	2	FIRST	FIRST	NNP
39785	485	3	HUDSON	HUDSON	NNP
39785	485	4	RIVER	river	NN
39785	485	5	TUNNEL	TUNNEL	NNP
39785	485	6	Despite	despite	IN
39785	485	7	the	the	DT
39785	485	8	ultimate	ultimate	JJ
39785	485	9	success	success	NN
39785	485	10	of	of	IN
39785	485	11	Brunel	Brunel	NNP
39785	485	12	's	's	POS
39785	485	13	Thames	Thames	NNP
39785	485	14	Tunnel	Tunnel	NNP
39785	485	15	in	in	IN
39785	485	16	1843	1843	CD
39785	485	17	,	,	,
39785	485	18	the	the	DT
39785	485	19	shield	shield	NN
39785	485	20	in	in	IN
39785	485	21	that	that	DT
39785	485	22	case	case	NN
39785	485	23	afforded	afford	VBN
39785	485	24	only	only	RB
39785	485	25	moderately	moderately	RB
39785	485	26	reliable	reliable	JJ
39785	485	27	protection	protection	NN
39785	485	28	because	because	IN
39785	485	29	of	of	IN
39785	485	30	the	the	DT
39785	485	31	fluidity	fluidity	NN
39785	485	32	of	of	IN
39785	485	33	the	the	DT
39785	485	34	soil	soil	NN
39785	485	35	driven	drive	VBN
39785	485	36	through	through	IN
39785	485	37	,	,	,
39785	485	38	and	and	CC
39785	485	39	its	-PRON-	PRP$
39785	485	40	tendency	tendency	NN
39785	485	41	to	to	TO
39785	485	42	enter	enter	VB
39785	485	43	the	the	DT
39785	485	44	works	work	NNS
39785	485	45	through	through	IN
39785	485	46	the	the	DT
39785	485	47	smallest	small	JJS
39785	485	48	opening	opening	NN
39785	485	49	in	in	IN
39785	485	50	the	the	DT
39785	485	51	shield	shield	NN
39785	485	52	's	's	POS
39785	485	53	defense	defense	NN
39785	485	54	.	.	.
39785	486	1	An	an	DT
39785	486	2	English	english	JJ
39785	486	3	doctor	doctor	NN
39785	486	4	who	who	WP
39785	486	5	had	have	VBD
39785	486	6	made	make	VBN
39785	486	7	physiological	physiological	JJ
39785	486	8	studies	study	NNS
39785	486	9	of	of	IN
39785	486	10	the	the	DT
39785	486	11	effects	effect	NNS
39785	486	12	on	on	IN
39785	486	13	workmen	workman	NNS
39785	486	14	of	of	IN
39785	486	15	the	the	DT
39785	486	16	high	high	JJ
39785	486	17	air	air	NN
39785	486	18	pressure	pressure	NN
39785	486	19	within	within	IN
39785	486	20	diving	diving	JJ
39785	486	21	bells	bell	NNS
39785	486	22	is	be	VBZ
39785	486	23	said	say	VBN
39785	486	24	to	to	TO
39785	486	25	have	have	VB
39785	486	26	recommended	recommend	VBN
39785	486	27	to	to	IN
39785	486	28	Brunel	Brunel	NNP
39785	486	29	in	in	IN
39785	486	30	1828	1828	CD
39785	486	31	that	that	IN
39785	486	32	he	-PRON-	PRP
39785	486	33	introduce	introduce	VBP
39785	486	34	an	an	DT
39785	486	35	atmosphere	atmosphere	NN
39785	486	36	of	of	IN
39785	486	37	compressed	compress	VBN
39785	486	38	air	air	NN
39785	486	39	into	into	IN
39785	486	40	the	the	DT
39785	486	41	tunnel	tunnel	NN
39785	486	42	to	to	TO
39785	486	43	exclude	exclude	VB
39785	486	44	the	the	DT
39785	486	45	water	water	NN
39785	486	46	and	and	CC
39785	486	47	support	support	VB
39785	486	48	the	the	DT
39785	486	49	work	work	NN
39785	486	50	face	face	NN
39785	486	51	.	.	.
39785	487	1	This	this	DT
39785	487	2	plan	plan	NN
39785	487	3	was	be	VBD
39785	487	4	first	first	RB
39785	487	5	formally	formally	RB
39785	487	6	described	describe	VBN
39785	487	7	by	by	IN
39785	487	8	Sir	Sir	NNP
39785	487	9	Thomas	Thomas	NNP
39785	487	10	Cochrane	Cochrane	NNP
39785	487	11	(	(	-LRB-
39785	487	12	1775	1775	CD
39785	487	13	-	-	SYM
39785	487	14	1860	1860	CD
39785	487	15	)	)	-RRB-
39785	487	16	in	in	IN
39785	487	17	a	a	DT
39785	487	18	British	british	JJ
39785	487	19	patent	patent	NN
39785	487	20	of	of	IN
39785	487	21	1830	1830	CD
39785	487	22	.	.	.
39785	488	1	Conscious	conscious	JJ
39785	488	2	of	of	IN
39785	488	3	Brunel	Brunel	NNP
39785	488	4	's	's	POS
39785	488	5	problems	problem	NNS
39785	488	6	,	,	,
39785	488	7	he	-PRON-	PRP
39785	488	8	proposed	propose	VBD
39785	488	9	a	a	DT
39785	488	10	system	system	NN
39785	488	11	of	of	IN
39785	488	12	shaft	shaft	NN
39785	488	13	sinking	sinking	NN
39785	488	14	,	,	,
39785	488	15	mining	mining	NN
39785	488	16	,	,	,
39785	488	17	and	and	CC
39785	488	18	tunneling	tunnel	VBG
39785	488	19	in	in	IN
39785	488	20	water	water	NN
39785	488	21	-	-	HYPH
39785	488	22	bearing	bearing	NN
39785	488	23	materials	material	NNS
39785	488	24	by	by	IN
39785	488	25	filling	fill	VBG
39785	488	26	the	the	DT
39785	488	27	excavated	excavated	JJ
39785	488	28	area	area	NN
39785	488	29	with	with	IN
39785	488	30	air	air	NN
39785	488	31	sufficiently	sufficiently	RB
39785	488	32	above	above	IN
39785	488	33	atmospheric	atmospheric	JJ
39785	488	34	pressure	pressure	NN
39785	488	35	to	to	TO
39785	488	36	prevent	prevent	VB
39785	488	37	the	the	DT
39785	488	38	water	water	NN
39785	488	39	from	from	IN
39785	488	40	entering	enter	VBG
39785	488	41	and	and	CC
39785	488	42	to	to	TO
39785	488	43	support	support	VB
39785	488	44	the	the	DT
39785	488	45	earth	earth	NN
39785	488	46	.	.	.
39785	489	1	In	in	IN
39785	489	2	this	this	DT
39785	489	3	,	,	,
39785	489	4	and	and	CC
39785	489	5	his	-PRON-	PRP$
39785	489	6	description	description	NN
39785	489	7	of	of	IN
39785	489	8	air	air	NN
39785	489	9	locks	lock	NNS
39785	489	10	for	for	IN
39785	489	11	passage	passage	NN
39785	489	12	of	of	IN
39785	489	13	men	man	NNS
39785	489	14	and	and	CC
39785	489	15	materials	material	NNS
39785	489	16	between	between	IN
39785	489	17	the	the	DT
39785	489	18	atmosphere	atmosphere	NN
39785	489	19	and	and	CC
39785	489	20	the	the	DT
39785	489	21	pressurized	pressurize	VBN
39785	489	22	area	area	NN
39785	489	23	,	,	,
39785	489	24	Cochrane	Cochrane	NNP
39785	489	25	fully	fully	RB
39785	489	26	outlined	outline	VBD
39785	489	27	the	the	DT
39785	489	28	essential	essential	JJ
39785	489	29	features	feature	NNS
39785	489	30	of	of	IN
39785	489	31	pneumatic	pneumatic	JJ
39785	489	32	excavation	excavation	NN
39785	489	33	as	as	IN
39785	489	34	developed	develop	VBN
39785	489	35	since	since	IN
39785	489	36	.	.	.
39785	490	1	[	[	-LRB-
39785	490	2	Illustration	illustration	NN
39785	490	3	:	:	:
39785	490	4	Figure	figure	NN
39785	490	5	37.--THE	37.--the	CD
39785	490	6	GIANT	GIANT	NNP
39785	490	7	ROOTS	ROOTS	NNP
39785	490	8	LOBE	LOBE	NNP
39785	490	9	-	-	HYPH
39785	490	10	TYPE	TYPE	NNP
39785	490	11	BLOWER	BLOWER	NNP
39785	490	12	used	use	VBN
39785	490	13	for	for	IN
39785	490	14	propelling	propel	VBG
39785	490	15	the	the	DT
39785	490	16	car	car	NN
39785	490	17	.	.	.
39785	490	18	]	]	-RRB-
39785	491	1	In	in	IN
39785	491	2	1839	1839	CD
39785	491	3	,	,	,
39785	491	4	a	a	DT
39785	491	5	French	french	JJ
39785	491	6	engineer	engineer	NN
39785	491	7	first	first	RB
39785	491	8	used	use	VBD
39785	491	9	the	the	DT
39785	491	10	system	system	NN
39785	491	11	in	in	IN
39785	491	12	sinking	sink	VBG
39785	491	13	a	a	DT
39785	491	14	mine	mine	NN
39785	491	15	shaft	shaft	NN
39785	491	16	through	through	IN
39785	491	17	a	a	DT
39785	491	18	watery	watery	JJ
39785	491	19	stratum	stratum	NN
39785	491	20	.	.	.
39785	492	1	From	from	IN
39785	492	2	then	then	RB
39785	492	3	on	on	RB
39785	492	4	,	,	,
39785	492	5	the	the	DT
39785	492	6	sinking	sinking	NN
39785	492	7	of	of	IN
39785	492	8	shafts	shaft	NNS
39785	492	9	,	,	,
39785	492	10	and	and	CC
39785	492	11	somewhat	somewhat	RB
39785	492	12	later	later	RB
39785	492	13	the	the	DT
39785	492	14	construction	construction	NN
39785	492	15	of	of	IN
39785	492	16	bridge	bridge	NN
39785	492	17	pier	pier	NN
39785	492	18	foundations	foundation	NNS
39785	492	19	,	,	,
39785	492	20	by	by	IN
39785	492	21	the	the	DT
39785	492	22	pneumatic	pneumatic	JJ
39785	492	23	method	method	NN
39785	492	24	became	become	VBD
39785	492	25	almost	almost	RB
39785	492	26	commonplace	commonplace	JJ
39785	492	27	engineering	engineering	NN
39785	492	28	practice	practice	NN
39785	492	29	in	in	IN
39785	492	30	Europe	Europe	NNP
39785	492	31	and	and	CC
39785	492	32	America	America	NNP
39785	492	33	.	.	.
39785	493	1	Not	not	RB
39785	493	2	until	until	IN
39785	493	3	1879	1879	CD
39785	493	4	however	however	RB
39785	493	5	,	,	,
39785	493	6	was	be	VBD
39785	493	7	the	the	DT
39785	493	8	system	system	NN
39785	493	9	tried	try	VBD
39785	493	10	in	in	IN
39785	493	11	tunneling	tunneling	NN
39785	493	12	work	work	NN
39785	493	13	,	,	,
39785	493	14	and	and	CC
39785	493	15	then	then	RB
39785	493	16	,	,	,
39785	493	17	as	as	IN
39785	493	18	with	with	IN
39785	493	19	the	the	DT
39785	493	20	shield	shield	NN
39785	493	21	ten	ten	CD
39785	493	22	years	year	NNS
39785	493	23	earlier	early	RBR
39785	493	24	,	,	,
39785	493	25	almost	almost	RB
39785	493	26	simultaneously	simultaneously	RB
39785	493	27	here	here	RB
39785	493	28	and	and	CC
39785	493	29	abroad	abroad	RB
39785	493	30	.	.	.
39785	494	1	The	the	DT
39785	494	2	first	first	JJ
39785	494	3	application	application	NN
39785	494	4	was	be	VBD
39785	494	5	in	in	IN
39785	494	6	a	a	DT
39785	494	7	small	small	JJ
39785	494	8	river	river	NN
39785	494	9	tunnel	tunnel	NN
39785	494	10	in	in	IN
39785	494	11	Antwerp	Antwerp	NNP
39785	494	12	,	,	,
39785	494	13	only	only	RB
39785	494	14	5	5	CD
39785	494	15	feet	foot	NNS
39785	494	16	in	in	IN
39785	494	17	height	height	NN
39785	494	18	.	.	.
39785	495	1	This	this	DT
39785	495	2	project	project	NN
39785	495	3	was	be	VBD
39785	495	4	successfully	successfully	RB
39785	495	5	completed	complete	VBN
39785	495	6	relying	rely	VBG
39785	495	7	on	on	IN
39785	495	8	compressed	compress	VBN
39785	495	9	air	air	NN
39785	495	10	alone	alone	JJ
39785	495	11	to	to	TO
39785	495	12	support	support	VB
39785	495	13	the	the	DT
39785	495	14	earth	earth	NN
39785	495	15	,	,	,
39785	495	16	no	no	DT
39785	495	17	shield	shield	NN
39785	495	18	being	be	VBG
39785	495	19	used	use	VBN
39785	495	20	.	.	.
39785	496	1	The	the	DT
39785	496	2	importance	importance	NN
39785	496	3	of	of	IN
39785	496	4	the	the	DT
39785	496	5	work	work	NN
39785	496	6	can	can	MD
39785	496	7	not	not	RB
39785	496	8	be	be	VB
39785	496	9	considered	consider	VBN
39785	496	10	great	great	JJ
39785	496	11	due	due	RB
39785	496	12	to	to	IN
39785	496	13	its	-PRON-	PRP$
39785	496	14	lack	lack	NN
39785	496	15	of	of	IN
39785	496	16	scope	scope	NN
39785	496	17	.	.	.
39785	497	1	[	[	-LRB-
39785	497	2	Illustration	illustration	NN
39785	497	3	:	:	:
39785	497	4	Figure	figure	NN
39785	497	5	38.--TESTING	38.--testing	NN
39785	497	6	ALIGNMENT	alignment	JJ
39785	497	7	of	of	IN
39785	497	8	the	the	DT
39785	497	9	Broadway	Broadway	NNP
39785	497	10	Subway	Subway	NNP
39785	497	11	at	at	IN
39785	497	12	night	night	NN
39785	497	13	by	by	IN
39785	497	14	driving	drive	VBG
39785	497	15	a	a	DT
39785	497	16	jointed	jointed	JJ
39785	497	17	rod	rod	NN
39785	497	18	up	up	IN
39785	497	19	to	to	IN
39785	497	20	street	street	NN
39785	497	21	level	level	NN
39785	497	22	.	.	.
39785	498	1	(	(	-LRB-
39785	498	2	_	_	NNP
39785	498	3	Scientific	Scientific	NNP
39785	498	4	American	American	NNP
39785	498	5	_	_	NNP
39785	498	6	,	,	,
39785	498	7	March	March	NNP
39785	498	8	5	5	CD
39785	498	9	,	,	,
39785	498	10	1870	1870	CD
39785	498	11	.	.	.
39785	498	12	)	)	-RRB-
39785	498	13	]	]	-RRB-
39785	499	1	In	in	IN
39785	499	2	1871	1871	CD
39785	499	3	Dewitt	Dewitt	NNP
39785	499	4	C.	C.	NNP
39785	499	5	Haskin	Haskin	NNP
39785	499	6	(	(	-LRB-
39785	499	7	1822	1822	CD
39785	499	8	-	-	SYM
39785	499	9	1900	1900	CD
39785	499	10	)	)	-RRB-
39785	499	11	,	,	,
39785	499	12	a	a	DT
39785	499	13	west	west	NNP
39785	499	14	coast	coast	NNP
39785	499	15	mine	mine	NN
39785	499	16	and	and	CC
39785	499	17	railroad	railroad	NN
39785	499	18	builder	builder	NN
39785	499	19	,	,	,
39785	499	20	became	become	VBD
39785	499	21	interested	interested	JJ
39785	499	22	in	in	IN
39785	499	23	the	the	DT
39785	499	24	pneumatic	pneumatic	JJ
39785	499	25	caissons	caisson	NNS
39785	499	26	then	then	RB
39785	499	27	being	be	VBG
39785	499	28	used	use	VBN
39785	499	29	to	to	TO
39785	499	30	found	find	VBN
39785	499	31	the	the	DT
39785	499	32	river	river	NN
39785	499	33	piers	pier	NNS
39785	499	34	of	of	IN
39785	499	35	Eads	Eads	NNP
39785	499	36	'	'	POS
39785	499	37	Mississippi	Mississippi	NNP
39785	499	38	River	River	NNP
39785	499	39	bridge	bridge	NN
39785	499	40	at	at	IN
39785	499	41	St.	St.	NNP
39785	499	42	Louis	Louis	NNP
39785	499	43	.	.	.
39785	500	1	In	in	IN
39785	500	2	apparent	apparent	JJ
39785	500	3	total	total	JJ
39785	500	4	ignorance	ignorance	NN
39785	500	5	of	of	IN
39785	500	6	the	the	DT
39785	500	7	Cochrane	Cochrane	NNP
39785	500	8	patent	patent	NN
39785	500	9	,	,	,
39785	500	10	he	-PRON-	PRP
39785	500	11	evolved	evolve	VBD
39785	500	12	a	a	DT
39785	500	13	similar	similar	JJ
39785	500	14	system	system	NN
39785	500	15	for	for	IN
39785	500	16	tunneling	tunnel	VBG
39785	500	17	water	water	NN
39785	500	18	-	-	HYPH
39785	500	19	bearing	bear	VBG
39785	500	20	media	medium	NNS
39785	500	21	,	,	,
39785	500	22	and	and	CC
39785	500	23	in	in	IN
39785	500	24	1873	1873	CD
39785	500	25	proposed	propose	VBN
39785	500	26	construction	construction	NN
39785	500	27	of	of	IN
39785	500	28	a	a	DT
39785	500	29	tunnel	tunnel	NN
39785	500	30	through	through	IN
39785	500	31	the	the	DT
39785	500	32	silt	silt	NN
39785	500	33	beneath	beneath	IN
39785	500	34	the	the	DT
39785	500	35	Hudson	Hudson	NNP
39785	500	36	to	to	TO
39785	500	37	provide	provide	VB
39785	500	38	rail	rail	NN
39785	500	39	connection	connection	NN
39785	500	40	between	between	IN
39785	500	41	New	New	NNP
39785	500	42	Jersey	Jersey	NNP
39785	500	43	and	and	CC
39785	500	44	New	New	NNP
39785	500	45	York	York	NNP
39785	500	46	City	City	NNP
39785	500	47	.	.	.
39785	501	1	[	[	-LRB-
39785	501	2	Illustration	illustration	NN
39785	501	3	:	:	:
39785	501	4	Figure	figure	VB
39785	501	5	39.--HASKIN	39.--HASKIN	NNP
39785	501	6	'S	's	POS
39785	501	7	pneumatically	pneumatically	RB
39785	501	8	driven	drive	VBN
39785	501	9	tunnel	tunnel	NN
39785	501	10	under	under	IN
39785	501	11	the	the	DT
39785	501	12	Hudson	Hudson	NNP
39785	501	13	River	River	NNP
39785	501	14	,	,	,
39785	501	15	1880	1880	CD
39785	501	16	.	.	.
39785	502	1	In	in	IN
39785	502	2	the	the	DT
39785	502	3	engine	engine	NN
39785	502	4	room	room	NN
39785	502	5	at	at	IN
39785	502	6	top	top	JJ
39785	502	7	left	left	NN
39785	502	8	was	be	VBD
39785	502	9	the	the	DT
39785	502	10	machinery	machinery	NN
39785	502	11	for	for	IN
39785	502	12	hoisting	hoist	VBG
39785	502	13	,	,	,
39785	502	14	generating	generate	VBG
39785	502	15	electricity	electricity	NN
39785	502	16	for	for	IN
39785	502	17	lighting	lighting	NN
39785	502	18	,	,	,
39785	502	19	and	and	CC
39785	502	20	air	air	NN
39785	502	21	compressing	compressing	NN
39785	502	22	.	.	.
39785	503	1	The	the	DT
39785	503	2	air	air	NN
39785	503	3	lock	lock	NN
39785	503	4	is	be	VBZ
39785	503	5	seen	see	VBN
39785	503	6	in	in	IN
39785	503	7	the	the	DT
39785	503	8	wall	wall	NN
39785	503	9	of	of	IN
39785	503	10	the	the	DT
39785	503	11	brick	brick	NN
39785	503	12	shaft	shaft	NN
39785	503	13	.	.	.
39785	504	1	MHT	MHT	NNP
39785	504	2	model--0.3	model--0.3	CD
39785	504	3	"	"	``
39785	504	4	scale	scale	NN
39785	504	5	.	.	.
39785	505	1	(	(	-LRB-
39785	505	2	Smithsonian	smithsonian	JJ
39785	505	3	photo	photo	NN
39785	505	4	49260	49260	CD
39785	505	5	.	.	.
39785	505	6	)	)	-RRB-
39785	505	7	]	]	-RRB-
39785	506	1	[	[	-LRB-
39785	506	2	Illustration	illustration	NN
39785	506	3	:	:	:
39785	506	4	Figure	Figure	NNP
39785	506	5	40.--ARTIST	40.--artist	CD
39785	506	6	'S	'	NNS
39785	506	7	CONCEPTION	CONCEPTION	NNS
39785	506	8	OF	of	IN
39785	506	9	MINERS	miner	NNS
39785	506	10	escaping	escape	VBG
39785	506	11	into	into	IN
39785	506	12	the	the	DT
39785	506	13	air	air	NN
39785	506	14	lock	lock	NN
39785	506	15	during	during	IN
39785	506	16	the	the	DT
39785	506	17	blowout	blowout	NN
39785	506	18	in	in	IN
39785	506	19	Haskin	Haskin	NNP
39785	506	20	's	's	POS
39785	506	21	tunnel	tunnel	NN
39785	506	22	.	.	.
39785	506	23	]	]	-RRB-
39785	507	1	It	-PRON-	PRP
39785	507	2	would	would	MD
39785	507	3	be	be	VB
39785	507	4	difficult	difficult	JJ
39785	507	5	to	to	TO
39785	507	6	imagine	imagine	VB
39785	507	7	a	a	DT
39785	507	8	site	site	NN
39785	507	9	more	more	RBR
39785	507	10	in	in	IN
39785	507	11	need	need	NN
39785	507	12	of	of	IN
39785	507	13	such	such	JJ
39785	507	14	communication	communication	NN
39785	507	15	.	.	.
39785	508	1	All	all	DT
39785	508	2	lines	line	NNS
39785	508	3	from	from	IN
39785	508	4	the	the	DT
39785	508	5	south	south	NN
39785	508	6	terminated	terminate	VBN
39785	508	7	along	along	IN
39785	508	8	the	the	DT
39785	508	9	west	west	NNP
39785	508	10	shore	shore	NN
39785	508	11	of	of	IN
39785	508	12	the	the	DT
39785	508	13	river	river	NN
39785	508	14	and	and	CC
39785	508	15	the	the	DT
39785	508	16	immense	immense	JJ
39785	508	17	traffic	traffic	NN
39785	508	18	--	--	:
39785	508	19	cars	car	NNS
39785	508	20	,	,	,
39785	508	21	freight	freight	NN
39785	508	22	and	and	CC
39785	508	23	passengers	passenger	NNS
39785	508	24	--	--	:
39785	508	25	was	be	VBD
39785	508	26	carried	carry	VBN
39785	508	27	across	across	RP
39785	508	28	to	to	IN
39785	508	29	Manhattan	Manhattan	NNP
39785	508	30	Island	Island	NNP
39785	508	31	by	by	IN
39785	508	32	ferry	ferry	NN
39785	508	33	and	and	CC
39785	508	34	barge	barge	NN
39785	508	35	with	with	IN
39785	508	36	staggering	staggering	JJ
39785	508	37	inconvenience	inconvenience	NN
39785	508	38	and	and	CC
39785	508	39	at	at	IN
39785	508	40	enormous	enormous	JJ
39785	508	41	cost	cost	NN
39785	508	42	.	.	.
39785	509	1	A	a	DT
39785	509	2	bridge	bridge	NN
39785	509	3	would	would	MD
39785	509	4	have	have	VB
39785	509	5	been	be	VBN
39785	509	6	,	,	,
39785	509	7	and	and	CC
39785	509	8	still	still	RB
39785	509	9	is	be	VBZ
39785	509	10	,	,	,
39785	509	11	almost	almost	RB
39785	509	12	out	out	IN
39785	509	13	of	of	IN
39785	509	14	the	the	DT
39785	509	15	question	question	NN
39785	509	16	due	due	JJ
39785	509	17	not	not	RB
39785	509	18	only	only	RB
39785	509	19	to	to	IN
39785	509	20	the	the	DT
39785	509	21	width	width	NN
39785	509	22	of	of	IN
39785	509	23	the	the	DT
39785	509	24	crossing	crossing	NN
39785	509	25	,	,	,
39785	509	26	but	but	CC
39785	509	27	to	to	IN
39785	509	28	the	the	DT
39785	509	29	flatness	flatness	NN
39785	509	30	of	of	IN
39785	509	31	both	both	DT
39785	509	32	banks	bank	NNS
39785	509	33	.	.	.
39785	510	1	To	to	TO
39785	510	2	provide	provide	VB
39785	510	3	sufficient	sufficient	JJ
39785	510	4	navigational	navigational	JJ
39785	510	5	clearance	clearance	NN
39785	510	6	(	(	-LRB-
39785	510	7	without	without	IN
39785	510	8	a	a	DT
39785	510	9	drawspan	drawspan	NN
39785	510	10	)	)	-RRB-
39785	510	11	,	,	,
39785	510	12	impracticably	impracticably	RB
39785	510	13	long	long	JJ
39785	510	14	approaches	approach	NNS
39785	510	15	would	would	MD
39785	510	16	have	have	VB
39785	510	17	been	be	VBN
39785	510	18	necessary	necessary	JJ
39785	510	19	to	to	TO
39785	510	20	obtain	obtain	VB
39785	510	21	a	a	DT
39785	510	22	permissibly	permissibly	RB
39785	510	23	gentle	gentle	JJ
39785	510	24	grade	grade	NN
39785	510	25	.	.	.
39785	511	1	Haskin	Haskin	NNP
39785	511	2	formed	form	VBD
39785	511	3	a	a	DT
39785	511	4	tunneling	tunnel	VBG
39785	511	5	company	company	NN
39785	511	6	and	and	CC
39785	511	7	began	begin	VBD
39785	511	8	work	work	NN
39785	511	9	with	with	IN
39785	511	10	the	the	DT
39785	511	11	sinking	sinking	NN
39785	511	12	of	of	IN
39785	511	13	a	a	DT
39785	511	14	shaft	shaft	NN
39785	511	15	in	in	IN
39785	511	16	Hoboken	Hoboken	NNP
39785	511	17	on	on	IN
39785	511	18	the	the	DT
39785	511	19	New	New	NNP
39785	511	20	Jersey	Jersey	NNP
39785	511	21	side	side	NN
39785	511	22	.	.	.
39785	512	1	In	in	IN
39785	512	2	a	a	DT
39785	512	3	month	month	NN
39785	512	4	it	-PRON-	PRP
39785	512	5	was	be	VBD
39785	512	6	halted	halt	VBN
39785	512	7	because	because	IN
39785	512	8	of	of	IN
39785	512	9	an	an	DT
39785	512	10	injunction	injunction	NN
39785	512	11	by	by	IN
39785	512	12	,	,	,
39785	512	13	curiously	curiously	RB
39785	512	14	,	,	,
39785	512	15	the	the	DT
39785	512	16	D	D	NNP
39785	512	17	L	L	NNP
39785	512	18	&	&	CC
39785	512	19	W	W	NNP
39785	512	20	Railroad	Railroad	NNP
39785	512	21	,	,	,
39785	512	22	who	who	WP
39785	512	23	feared	fear	VBD
39785	512	24	for	for	IN
39785	512	25	their	-PRON-	PRP$
39785	512	26	vast	vast	JJ
39785	512	27	investment	investment	NN
39785	512	28	in	in	IN
39785	512	29	terminal	terminal	JJ
39785	512	30	and	and	CC
39785	512	31	marine	marine	JJ
39785	512	32	facilities	facility	NNS
39785	512	33	.	.	.
39785	513	1	Not	not	RB
39785	513	2	until	until	IN
39785	513	3	November	November	NNP
39785	513	4	of	of	IN
39785	513	5	1879	1879	CD
39785	513	6	was	be	VBD
39785	513	7	the	the	DT
39785	513	8	injunction	injunction	NN
39785	513	9	lifted	lift	VBN
39785	513	10	and	and	CC
39785	513	11	work	work	VB
39785	513	12	again	again	RB
39785	513	13	commenced	commence	VBD
39785	513	14	.	.	.
39785	514	1	The	the	DT
39785	514	2	shaft	shaft	NN
39785	514	3	was	be	VBD
39785	514	4	completed	complete	VBN
39785	514	5	and	and	CC
39785	514	6	an	an	DT
39785	514	7	air	air	NN
39785	514	8	lock	lock	NN
39785	514	9	located	locate	VBN
39785	514	10	in	in	IN
39785	514	11	one	one	CD
39785	514	12	wall	wall	NN
39785	514	13	from	from	IN
39785	514	14	which	which	WDT
39785	514	15	the	the	DT
39785	514	16	tunnel	tunnel	NN
39785	514	17	proper	proper	JJ
39785	514	18	was	be	VBD
39785	514	19	to	to	TO
39785	514	20	be	be	VB
39785	514	21	carried	carry	VBN
39785	514	22	forward	forward	RB
39785	514	23	.	.	.
39785	515	1	It	-PRON-	PRP
39785	515	2	was	be	VBD
39785	515	3	Haskin	Haskin	NNP
39785	515	4	's	's	POS
39785	515	5	plan	plan	NN
39785	515	6	to	to	TO
39785	515	7	use	use	VB
39785	515	8	no	no	DT
39785	515	9	shield	shield	NN
39785	515	10	,	,	,
39785	515	11	relying	rely	VBG
39785	515	12	solely	solely	RB
39785	515	13	on	on	IN
39785	515	14	the	the	DT
39785	515	15	pressure	pressure	NN
39785	515	16	of	of	IN
39785	515	17	compressed	compress	VBN
39785	515	18	air	air	NN
39785	515	19	to	to	TO
39785	515	20	maintain	maintain	VB
39785	515	21	the	the	DT
39785	515	22	work	work	NN
39785	515	23	faces	face	NNS
39785	515	24	and	and	CC
39785	515	25	prevent	prevent	VB
39785	515	26	the	the	DT
39785	515	27	entry	entry	NN
39785	515	28	of	of	IN
39785	515	29	water	water	NN
39785	515	30	.	.	.
39785	516	1	The	the	DT
39785	516	2	air	air	NN
39785	516	3	was	be	VBD
39785	516	4	admitted	admit	VBN
39785	516	5	in	in	IN
39785	516	6	late	late	JJ
39785	516	7	December	December	NNP
39785	516	8	,	,	,
39785	516	9	and	and	CC
39785	516	10	the	the	DT
39785	516	11	first	first	JJ
39785	516	12	large	large	JJ
39785	516	13	-	-	HYPH
39785	516	14	scale	scale	NN
39785	516	15	pneumatic	pneumatic	JJ
39785	516	16	tunneling	tunneling	NN
39785	516	17	operation	operation	NN
39785	516	18	launched	launch	VBD
39785	516	19	.	.	.
39785	517	1	A	a	DT
39785	517	2	single	single	JJ
39785	517	3	26-foot	26-foot	CD
39785	517	4	,	,	,
39785	517	5	double	double	JJ
39785	517	6	-	-	HYPH
39785	517	7	track	track	NN
39785	517	8	bore	bore	NN
39785	517	9	was	be	VBD
39785	517	10	at	at	IN
39785	517	11	first	first	JJ
39785	517	12	undertaken	undertake	VBN
39785	517	13	,	,	,
39785	517	14	but	but	CC
39785	517	15	a	a	DT
39785	517	16	work	work	NN
39785	517	17	face	face	NN
39785	517	18	of	of	IN
39785	517	19	such	such	JJ
39785	517	20	diameter	diameter	NN
39785	517	21	proved	prove	VBD
39785	517	22	unmanageable	unmanageable	JJ
39785	517	23	and	and	CC
39785	517	24	two	two	CD
39785	517	25	oval	oval	NN
39785	517	26	tubes	tube	VBZ
39785	517	27	18	18	CD
39785	517	28	feet	foot	NNS
39785	517	29	high	high	JJ
39785	517	30	by	by	IN
39785	517	31	16	16	CD
39785	517	32	feet	foot	NNS
39785	517	33	wide	wide	JJ
39785	517	34	were	be	VBD
39785	517	35	substituted	substitute	VBN
39785	517	36	,	,	,
39785	517	37	each	each	DT
39785	517	38	to	to	TO
39785	517	39	carry	carry	VB
39785	517	40	a	a	DT
39785	517	41	single	single	JJ
39785	517	42	track	track	NN
39785	517	43	.	.	.
39785	518	1	Work	work	NN
39785	518	2	went	go	VBD
39785	518	3	forward	forward	RB
39785	518	4	with	with	IN
39785	518	5	reasonable	reasonable	JJ
39785	518	6	facility	facility	NN
39785	518	7	,	,	,
39785	518	8	considering	consider	VBG
39785	518	9	the	the	DT
39785	518	10	lack	lack	NN
39785	518	11	of	of	IN
39785	518	12	precedent	precedent	NN
39785	518	13	.	.	.
39785	519	1	A	a	DT
39785	519	2	temporary	temporary	JJ
39785	519	3	entrance	entrance	NN
39785	519	4	was	be	VBD
39785	519	5	formed	form	VBN
39785	519	6	of	of	IN
39785	519	7	sheet	sheet	NN
39785	519	8	-	-	HYPH
39785	519	9	iron	iron	NN
39785	519	10	rings	ring	NNS
39785	519	11	from	from	IN
39785	519	12	the	the	DT
39785	519	13	air	air	NN
39785	519	14	lock	lock	VBP
39785	519	15	down	down	RP
39785	519	16	to	to	IN
39785	519	17	the	the	DT
39785	519	18	tunnel	tunnel	NN
39785	519	19	grade	grade	NN
39785	519	20	,	,	,
39785	519	21	at	at	IN
39785	519	22	which	which	WDT
39785	519	23	point	point	NN
39785	519	24	the	the	DT
39785	519	25	permanent	permanent	JJ
39785	519	26	work	work	NN
39785	519	27	of	of	IN
39785	519	28	the	the	DT
39785	519	29	north	north	NNP
39785	519	30	tube	tube	NN
39785	519	31	was	be	VBD
39785	519	32	started	start	VBN
39785	519	33	.	.	.
39785	520	1	Immediately	immediately	RB
39785	520	2	behind	behind	IN
39785	520	3	the	the	DT
39785	520	4	excavation	excavation	NN
39785	520	5	at	at	IN
39785	520	6	the	the	DT
39785	520	7	face	face	NN
39785	520	8	,	,	,
39785	520	9	a	a	DT
39785	520	10	lining	lining	NN
39785	520	11	of	of	IN
39785	520	12	thin	thin	JJ
39785	520	13	wrought	wrought	NN
39785	520	14	-	-	HYPH
39785	520	15	iron	iron	NN
39785	520	16	plates	plate	NNS
39785	520	17	was	be	VBD
39785	520	18	built	build	VBN
39785	520	19	up	up	RP
39785	520	20	,	,	,
39785	520	21	to	to	TO
39785	520	22	provide	provide	VB
39785	520	23	form	form	NN
39785	520	24	for	for	IN
39785	520	25	the	the	DT
39785	520	26	2-foot	2-foot	CD
39785	520	27	,	,	,
39785	520	28	permanent	permanent	JJ
39785	520	29	brick	brick	NN
39785	520	30	lining	lining	NN
39785	520	31	that	that	WDT
39785	520	32	followed	follow	VBD
39785	520	33	.	.	.
39785	521	1	The	the	DT
39785	521	2	three	three	CD
39785	521	3	stages	stage	NNS
39785	521	4	are	be	VBP
39785	521	5	shown	show	VBN
39785	521	6	in	in	IN
39785	521	7	the	the	DT
39785	521	8	model	model	NN
39785	521	9	in	in	IN
39785	521	10	about	about	IN
39785	521	11	their	-PRON-	PRP$
39785	521	12	proper	proper	JJ
39785	521	13	relationship	relationship	NN
39785	521	14	of	of	IN
39785	521	15	progress	progress	NN
39785	521	16	.	.	.
39785	522	1	The	the	DT
39785	522	2	work	work	NN
39785	522	3	is	be	VBZ
39785	522	4	shown	show	VBN
39785	522	5	passing	pass	VBG
39785	522	6	beneath	beneath	IN
39785	522	7	an	an	DT
39785	522	8	old	old	JJ
39785	522	9	timber	timber	NN
39785	522	10	-	-	HYPH
39785	522	11	crib	crib	NN
39785	522	12	bulkhead	bulkhead	NN
39785	522	13	,	,	,
39785	522	14	used	use	VBN
39785	522	15	for	for	IN
39785	522	16	stabilizing	stabilize	VBG
39785	522	17	the	the	DT
39785	522	18	shoreline	shoreline	NN
39785	522	19	.	.	.
39785	523	1	The	the	DT
39785	523	2	silt	silt	NN
39785	523	3	of	of	IN
39785	523	4	the	the	DT
39785	523	5	riverbed	riverbed	NN
39785	523	6	was	be	VBD
39785	523	7	about	about	IN
39785	523	8	the	the	DT
39785	523	9	consistency	consistency	NN
39785	523	10	of	of	IN
39785	523	11	putty	putty	NN
39785	523	12	and	and	CC
39785	523	13	under	under	IN
39785	523	14	good	good	JJ
39785	523	15	conditions	condition	NNS
39785	523	16	formed	form	VBD
39785	523	17	a	a	DT
39785	523	18	secure	secure	JJ
39785	523	19	barrier	barrier	NN
39785	523	20	between	between	IN
39785	523	21	the	the	DT
39785	523	22	excavation	excavation	NN
39785	523	23	and	and	CC
39785	523	24	the	the	DT
39785	523	25	river	river	NN
39785	523	26	above	above	RB
39785	523	27	.	.	.
39785	524	1	It	-PRON-	PRP
39785	524	2	was	be	VBD
39785	524	3	easily	easily	RB
39785	524	4	excavated	excavate	VBN
39785	524	5	,	,	,
39785	524	6	and	and	CC
39785	524	7	for	for	IN
39785	524	8	removal	removal	NN
39785	524	9	was	be	VBD
39785	524	10	mixed	mix	VBN
39785	524	11	with	with	IN
39785	524	12	water	water	NN
39785	524	13	and	and	CC
39785	524	14	blown	blow	VBN
39785	524	15	out	out	RP
39785	524	16	through	through	IN
39785	524	17	a	a	DT
39785	524	18	pipe	pipe	NN
39785	524	19	into	into	IN
39785	524	20	the	the	DT
39785	524	21	shaft	shaft	NN
39785	524	22	by	by	IN
39785	524	23	the	the	DT
39785	524	24	higher	high	JJR
39785	524	25	pressure	pressure	NN
39785	524	26	in	in	IN
39785	524	27	the	the	DT
39785	524	28	tunnel	tunnel	NN
39785	524	29	.	.	.
39785	525	1	About	about	RB
39785	525	2	half	half	DT
39785	525	3	was	be	VBD
39785	525	4	left	leave	VBN
39785	525	5	in	in	IN
39785	525	6	the	the	DT
39785	525	7	bore	bore	NN
39785	525	8	for	for	IN
39785	525	9	removal	removal	NN
39785	525	10	later	later	RB
39785	525	11	.	.	.
39785	526	1	The	the	DT
39785	526	2	basic	basic	JJ
39785	526	3	scheme	scheme	NN
39785	526	4	was	be	VBD
39785	526	5	workable	workable	JJ
39785	526	6	,	,	,
39785	526	7	but	but	CC
39785	526	8	in	in	IN
39785	526	9	operation	operation	NN
39785	526	10	an	an	DT
39785	526	11	extreme	extreme	JJ
39785	526	12	precision	precision	NN
39785	526	13	was	be	VBD
39785	526	14	required	require	VBN
39785	526	15	in	in	IN
39785	526	16	regulating	regulate	VBG
39785	526	17	the	the	DT
39785	526	18	air	air	NN
39785	526	19	pressure	pressure	NN
39785	526	20	in	in	IN
39785	526	21	the	the	DT
39785	526	22	work	work	NN
39785	526	23	area	area	NN
39785	526	24	.	.	.
39785	527	1	[	[	-LRB-
39785	527	2	5	5	CD
39785	527	3	]	]	-RRB-
39785	527	4	It	-PRON-	PRP
39785	527	5	was	be	VBD
39785	527	6	soon	soon	RB
39785	527	7	found	find	VBN
39785	527	8	that	that	IN
39785	527	9	there	there	EX
39785	527	10	existed	exist	VBD
39785	527	11	an	an	DT
39785	527	12	11-psi	11-psi	CD
39785	527	13	difference	difference	NN
39785	527	14	between	between	IN
39785	527	15	the	the	DT
39785	527	16	pressure	pressure	NN
39785	527	17	of	of	IN
39785	527	18	water	water	NN
39785	527	19	on	on	IN
39785	527	20	the	the	DT
39785	527	21	top	top	NN
39785	527	22	and	and	CC
39785	527	23	the	the	DT
39785	527	24	bottom	bottom	NN
39785	527	25	of	of	IN
39785	527	26	the	the	DT
39785	527	27	working	work	VBG
39785	527	28	face	face	NN
39785	527	29	,	,	,
39785	527	30	due	due	IN
39785	527	31	to	to	IN
39785	527	32	the	the	DT
39785	527	33	22-foot	22-foot	CD
39785	527	34	height	height	NN
39785	527	35	of	of	IN
39785	527	36	the	the	DT
39785	527	37	unlined	unlined	JJ
39785	527	38	opening	opening	NN
39785	527	39	.	.	.
39785	528	1	Thus	thus	RB
39785	528	2	,	,	,
39785	528	3	it	-PRON-	PRP
39785	528	4	was	be	VBD
39785	528	5	impossible	impossible	JJ
39785	528	6	to	to	TO
39785	528	7	maintain	maintain	VB
39785	528	8	perfect	perfect	JJ
39785	528	9	pneumatic	pneumatic	JJ
39785	528	10	balance	balance	NN
39785	528	11	of	of	IN
39785	528	12	the	the	DT
39785	528	13	external	external	JJ
39785	528	14	pressure	pressure	NN
39785	528	15	over	over	IN
39785	528	16	the	the	DT
39785	528	17	entire	entire	JJ
39785	528	18	face	face	NN
39785	528	19	.	.	.
39785	529	1	It	-PRON-	PRP
39785	529	2	was	be	VBD
39785	529	3	necessary	necessary	JJ
39785	529	4	to	to	TO
39785	529	5	strike	strike	VB
39785	529	6	an	an	DT
39785	529	7	average	average	NN
39785	529	8	with	with	IN
39785	529	9	the	the	DT
39785	529	10	result	result	NN
39785	529	11	that	that	IN
39785	529	12	some	some	DT
39785	529	13	water	water	NN
39785	529	14	entered	enter	VBD
39785	529	15	at	at	IN
39785	529	16	the	the	DT
39785	529	17	bottom	bottom	NN
39785	529	18	of	of	IN
39785	529	19	the	the	DT
39785	529	20	face	face	NN
39785	529	21	where	where	WRB
39785	529	22	the	the	DT
39785	529	23	water	water	NN
39785	529	24	pressure	pressure	NN
39785	529	25	was	be	VBD
39785	529	26	greatest	great	JJS
39785	529	27	,	,	,
39785	529	28	and	and	CC
39785	529	29	some	some	DT
39785	529	30	air	air	NN
39785	529	31	leaked	leak	VBD
39785	529	32	out	out	RP
39785	529	33	at	at	IN
39785	529	34	the	the	DT
39785	529	35	top	top	NN
39785	529	36	where	where	WRB
39785	529	37	the	the	DT
39785	529	38	water	water	NN
39785	529	39	pressure	pressure	NN
39785	529	40	was	be	VBD
39785	529	41	below	below	IN
39785	529	42	the	the	DT
39785	529	43	air	air	NN
39785	529	44	pressure	pressure	NN
39785	529	45	.	.	.
39785	530	1	Constant	constant	JJ
39785	530	2	attention	attention	NN
39785	530	3	was	be	VBD
39785	530	4	essential	essential	JJ
39785	530	5	:	:	:
39785	530	6	several	several	JJ
39785	530	7	men	man	NNS
39785	530	8	did	do	VBD
39785	530	9	nothing	nothing	NN
39785	530	10	but	but	CC
39785	530	11	watch	watch	VB
39785	530	12	the	the	DT
39785	530	13	behavior	behavior	NN
39785	530	14	of	of	IN
39785	530	15	the	the	DT
39785	530	16	leaks	leak	NNS
39785	530	17	and	and	CC
39785	530	18	adjusted	adjust	VBD
39785	530	19	the	the	DT
39785	530	20	pressure	pressure	NN
39785	530	21	as	as	IN
39785	530	22	the	the	DT
39785	530	23	ground	ground	NN
39785	530	24	density	density	NN
39785	530	25	changed	change	VBD
39785	530	26	with	with	IN
39785	530	27	advance	advance	NN
39785	530	28	.	.	.
39785	531	1	Air	air	NN
39785	531	2	was	be	VBD
39785	531	3	supplied	supply	VBN
39785	531	4	by	by	IN
39785	531	5	several	several	JJ
39785	531	6	steam	steam	NN
39785	531	7	-	-	HYPH
39785	531	8	driven	drive	VBN
39785	531	9	compressors	compressor	NNS
39785	531	10	at	at	IN
39785	531	11	the	the	DT
39785	531	12	surface	surface	NN
39785	531	13	.	.	.
39785	532	1	The	the	DT
39785	532	2	air	air	NN
39785	532	3	lock	lock	NN
39785	532	4	permitted	permit	VBD
39785	532	5	passage	passage	NN
39785	532	6	back	back	RB
39785	532	7	and	and	CC
39785	532	8	forth	forth	RB
39785	532	9	of	of	IN
39785	532	10	men	man	NNS
39785	532	11	and	and	CC
39785	532	12	supplies	supply	NNS
39785	532	13	between	between	IN
39785	532	14	the	the	DT
39785	532	15	atmosphere	atmosphere	NN
39785	532	16	and	and	CC
39785	532	17	the	the	DT
39785	532	18	work	work	NN
39785	532	19	area	area	NN
39785	532	20	,	,	,
39785	532	21	without	without	IN
39785	532	22	disturbing	disturb	VBG
39785	532	23	the	the	DT
39785	532	24	pressure	pressure	NN
39785	532	25	differential	differential	NN
39785	532	26	.	.	.
39785	533	1	This	this	DT
39785	533	2	principle	principle	NN
39785	533	3	is	be	VBZ
39785	533	4	demonstrated	demonstrate	VBN
39785	533	5	by	by	IN
39785	533	6	an	an	DT
39785	533	7	animated	animate	VBN
39785	533	8	model	model	NN
39785	533	9	set	set	VBN
39785	533	10	into	into	IN
39785	533	11	the	the	DT
39785	533	12	main	main	JJ
39785	533	13	model	model	NN
39785	533	14	,	,	,
39785	533	15	to	to	IN
39785	533	16	the	the	DT
39785	533	17	left	left	NN
39785	533	18	of	of	IN
39785	533	19	the	the	DT
39785	533	20	shaft	shaft	NN
39785	533	21	(	(	-LRB-
39785	533	22	fig	fig	NN
39785	533	23	.	.	.
39785	534	1	39	39	CD
39785	534	2	)	)	-RRB-
39785	534	3	.	.	.
39785	535	1	The	the	DT
39785	535	2	variation	variation	NN
39785	535	3	of	of	IN
39785	535	4	pressure	pressure	NN
39785	535	5	within	within	IN
39785	535	6	the	the	DT
39785	535	7	lock	lock	JJ
39785	535	8	chamber	chamber	NN
39785	535	9	to	to	TO
39785	535	10	match	match	VB
39785	535	11	the	the	DT
39785	535	12	atmosphere	atmosphere	NN
39785	535	13	or	or	CC
39785	535	14	the	the	DT
39785	535	15	pressurized	pressurize	VBN
39785	535	16	area	area	NN
39785	535	17	,	,	,
39785	535	18	depending	depend	VBG
39785	535	19	on	on	IN
39785	535	20	the	the	DT
39785	535	21	direction	direction	NN
39785	535	22	of	of	IN
39785	535	23	passage	passage	NN
39785	535	24	,	,	,
39785	535	25	is	be	VBZ
39785	535	26	clearly	clearly	RB
39785	535	27	shown	show	VBN
39785	535	28	by	by	IN
39785	535	29	simplified	simplified	JJ
39785	535	30	valves	valve	NNS
39785	535	31	and	and	CC
39785	535	32	gauges	gauge	NNS
39785	535	33	,	,	,
39785	535	34	and	and	CC
39785	535	35	by	by	IN
39785	535	36	the	the	DT
39785	535	37	use	use	NN
39785	535	38	of	of	IN
39785	535	39	light	light	NN
39785	535	40	in	in	IN
39785	535	41	varying	vary	VBG
39785	535	42	color	color	NN
39785	535	43	density	density	NN
39785	535	44	.	.	.
39785	536	1	In	in	IN
39785	536	2	the	the	DT
39785	536	3	Haskin	Haskin	NNP
39785	536	4	tunnel	tunnel	NN
39785	536	5	,	,	,
39785	536	6	5	5	CD
39785	536	7	to	to	TO
39785	536	8	10	10	CD
39785	536	9	minutes	minute	NNS
39785	536	10	were	be	VBD
39785	536	11	taken	take	VBN
39785	536	12	to	to	TO
39785	536	13	pass	pass	VB
39785	536	14	the	the	DT
39785	536	15	miners	miner	NNS
39785	536	16	through	through	IN
39785	536	17	the	the	DT
39785	536	18	lock	lock	NN
39785	536	19	so	so	IN
39785	536	20	as	as	IN
39785	536	21	to	to	TO
39785	536	22	avoid	avoid	VB
39785	536	23	too	too	RB
39785	536	24	abrupt	abrupt	JJ
39785	536	25	a	a	DT
39785	536	26	physiological	physiological	JJ
39785	536	27	change	change	NN
39785	536	28	.	.	.
39785	537	1	Despite	despite	IN
39785	537	2	caution	caution	NN
39785	537	3	,	,	,
39785	537	4	a	a	DT
39785	537	5	blowout	blowout	NN
39785	537	6	occurred	occur	VBD
39785	537	7	in	in	IN
39785	537	8	July	July	NNP
39785	537	9	1880	1880	CD
39785	537	10	due	due	IN
39785	537	11	to	to	IN
39785	537	12	air	air	NN
39785	537	13	leakage	leakage	NN
39785	537	14	not	not	RB
39785	537	15	at	at	IN
39785	537	16	the	the	DT
39785	537	17	face	face	NN
39785	537	18	,	,	,
39785	537	19	but	but	CC
39785	537	20	around	around	IN
39785	537	21	the	the	DT
39785	537	22	temporary	temporary	JJ
39785	537	23	entrance	entrance	NN
39785	537	24	.	.	.
39785	538	1	One	one	CD
39785	538	2	door	door	NN
39785	538	3	of	of	IN
39785	538	4	the	the	DT
39785	538	5	air	air	NN
39785	538	6	lock	lock	NN
39785	538	7	jammed	jammed	JJ
39785	538	8	and	and	CC
39785	538	9	twenty	twenty	CD
39785	538	10	men	man	NNS
39785	538	11	drowned	drown	VBD
39785	538	12	,	,	,
39785	538	13	resulting	result	VBG
39785	538	14	in	in	IN
39785	538	15	an	an	DT
39785	538	16	inquiry	inquiry	NN
39785	538	17	which	which	WDT
39785	538	18	brought	bring	VBD
39785	538	19	forth	forth	RB
39785	538	20	much	much	JJ
39785	538	21	of	of	IN
39785	538	22	the	the	DT
39785	538	23	distrust	distrust	NN
39785	538	24	with	with	IN
39785	538	25	which	which	WDT
39785	538	26	Haskin	Haskin	NNP
39785	538	27	was	be	VBD
39785	538	28	regarded	regard	VBN
39785	538	29	by	by	IN
39785	538	30	the	the	DT
39785	538	31	engineering	engineering	NN
39785	538	32	profession	profession	NN
39785	538	33	.	.	.
39785	539	1	His	-PRON-	PRP$
39785	539	2	ability	ability	NN
39785	539	3	and	and	CC
39785	539	4	qualifications	qualification	NNS
39785	539	5	were	be	VBD
39785	539	6	subjected	subject	VBN
39785	539	7	to	to	IN
39785	539	8	the	the	DT
39785	539	9	bitterest	bitter	JJS
39785	539	10	attack	attack	NN
39785	539	11	in	in	IN
39785	539	12	and	and	CC
39785	539	13	by	by	IN
39785	539	14	the	the	DT
39785	539	15	technical	technical	JJ
39785	539	16	press	press	NN
39785	539	17	.	.	.
39785	540	1	There	there	EX
39785	540	2	is	be	VBZ
39785	540	3	some	some	DT
39785	540	4	indication	indication	NN
39785	540	5	that	that	IN
39785	540	6	,	,	,
39785	540	7	although	although	IN
39785	540	8	the	the	DT
39785	540	9	project	project	NN
39785	540	10	began	begin	VBD
39785	540	11	with	with	IN
39785	540	12	a	a	DT
39785	540	13	staff	staff	NN
39785	540	14	of	of	IN
39785	540	15	competent	competent	JJ
39785	540	16	engineers	engineer	NNS
39785	540	17	,	,	,
39785	540	18	they	-PRON-	PRP
39785	540	19	were	be	VBD
39785	540	20	alienated	alienate	VBN
39785	540	21	by	by	IN
39785	540	22	Haskin	Haskin	NNP
39785	540	23	in	in	IN
39785	540	24	the	the	DT
39785	540	25	course	course	NN
39785	540	26	of	of	IN
39785	540	27	work	work	NN
39785	540	28	and	and	CC
39785	540	29	at	at	RB
39785	540	30	least	least	JJS
39785	540	31	one	one	CD
39785	540	32	withdrew	withdraw	VBD
39785	540	33	.	.	.
39785	541	1	Haskin	Haskin	NNP
39785	541	2	's	's	POS
39785	541	3	remarks	remark	NNS
39785	541	4	in	in	IN
39785	541	5	his	-PRON-	PRP$
39785	541	6	own	own	JJ
39785	541	7	defense	defense	NN
39785	541	8	indicate	indicate	VBP
39785	541	9	that	that	IN
39785	541	10	some	some	DT
39785	541	11	of	of	IN
39785	541	12	the	the	DT
39785	541	13	denunciation	denunciation	NN
39785	541	14	was	be	VBD
39785	541	15	undoubtedly	undoubtedly	RB
39785	541	16	justified	justify	VBN
39785	541	17	.	.	.
39785	542	1	And	and	CC
39785	542	2	yet	yet	RB
39785	542	3	,	,	,
39785	542	4	despite	despite	IN
39785	542	5	this	this	DT
39785	542	6	reaction	reaction	NN
39785	542	7	,	,	,
39785	542	8	the	the	DT
39785	542	9	fundamental	fundamental	JJ
39785	542	10	merit	merit	NN
39785	542	11	of	of	IN
39785	542	12	the	the	DT
39785	542	13	pneumatic	pneumatic	JJ
39785	542	14	tunneling	tunneling	NN
39785	542	15	method	method	NN
39785	542	16	had	have	VBD
39785	542	17	been	be	VBN
39785	542	18	demonstrated	demonstrate	VBN
39785	542	19	by	by	IN
39785	542	20	Haskin	Haskin	NNP
39785	542	21	and	and	CC
39785	542	22	was	be	VBD
39785	542	23	immediately	immediately	RB
39785	542	24	recognized	recognize	VBN
39785	542	25	and	and	CC
39785	542	26	freely	freely	RB
39785	542	27	acknowledged	acknowledge	VBN
39785	542	28	.	.	.
39785	543	1	It	-PRON-	PRP
39785	543	2	was	be	VBD
39785	543	3	apparent	apparent	JJ
39785	543	4	at	at	IN
39785	543	5	the	the	DT
39785	543	6	same	same	JJ
39785	543	7	time	time	NN
39785	543	8	,	,	,
39785	543	9	however	however	RB
39785	543	10	,	,	,
39785	543	11	that	that	DT
39785	543	12	air	air	NN
39785	543	13	by	by	IN
39785	543	14	itself	-PRON-	PRP
39785	543	15	did	do	VBD
39785	543	16	not	not	RB
39785	543	17	provide	provide	VB
39785	543	18	a	a	DT
39785	543	19	sufficiently	sufficiently	RB
39785	543	20	reliable	reliable	JJ
39785	543	21	support	support	NN
39785	543	22	for	for	IN
39785	543	23	large	large	JJ
39785	543	24	-	-	HYPH
39785	543	25	area	area	NN
39785	543	26	tunnel	tunnel	NN
39785	543	27	works	work	NNS
39785	543	28	in	in	IN
39785	543	29	unstable	unstable	JJ
39785	543	30	ground	ground	NN
39785	543	31	,	,	,
39785	543	32	and	and	CC
39785	543	33	this	this	DT
39785	543	34	remains	remain	VBZ
39785	543	35	the	the	DT
39785	543	36	only	only	JJ
39785	543	37	major	major	JJ
39785	543	38	subaqueous	subaqueous	JJ
39785	543	39	tunnel	tunnel	NN
39785	543	40	work	work	NN
39785	543	41	driven	drive	VBN
39785	543	42	with	with	IN
39785	543	43	air	air	NN
39785	543	44	alone	alone	RB
39785	543	45	.	.	.
39785	544	1	[	[	-LRB-
39785	544	2	Illustration	illustration	NN
39785	544	3	:	:	:
39785	544	4	Figure	figure	NN
39785	544	5	41.--LOCATION	41.--location	CD
39785	544	6	OF	of	IN
39785	544	7	HUDSON	HUDSON	NNP
39785	544	8	RIVER	RIVER	NNP
39785	544	9	TUNNEL	TUNNEL	NNP
39785	544	10	.	.	.
39785	545	1	(	(	-LRB-
39785	545	2	_	_	NNP
39785	545	3	Leslie	Leslie	NNP
39785	545	4	's	's	POS
39785	545	5	Weekly	Weekly	NNP
39785	545	6	_	_	NNP
39785	545	7	,	,	,
39785	545	8	1879	1879	CD
39785	545	9	.	.	.
39785	545	10	)	)	-RRB-
39785	545	11	]	]	-RRB-
39785	546	1	After	after	IN
39785	546	2	the	the	DT
39785	546	3	accident	accident	NN
39785	546	4	,	,	,
39785	546	5	work	work	NN
39785	546	6	continued	continue	VBD
39785	546	7	under	under	IN
39785	546	8	Haskin	Haskin	NNP
39785	546	9	until	until	IN
39785	546	10	1882	1882	CD
39785	546	11	when	when	WRB
39785	546	12	funds	fund	NNS
39785	546	13	ran	run	VBD
39785	546	14	out	out	RP
39785	546	15	.	.	.
39785	547	1	About	about	RB
39785	547	2	1600	1600	CD
39785	547	3	feet	foot	NNS
39785	547	4	of	of	IN
39785	547	5	the	the	DT
39785	547	6	north	north	NN
39785	547	7	tube	tube	NN
39785	547	8	and	and	CC
39785	547	9	600	600	CD
39785	547	10	feet	foot	NNS
39785	547	11	of	of	IN
39785	547	12	the	the	DT
39785	547	13	south	south	JJ
39785	547	14	tube	tube	NN
39785	547	15	had	have	VBD
39785	547	16	been	be	VBN
39785	547	17	completed	complete	VBN
39785	547	18	.	.	.
39785	548	1	Greathead	Greathead	NNP
39785	548	2	resumed	resume	VBD
39785	548	3	operations	operation	NNS
39785	548	4	with	with	IN
39785	548	5	a	a	DT
39785	548	6	shield	shield	NN
39785	548	7	for	for	IN
39785	548	8	a	a	DT
39785	548	9	British	british	JJ
39785	548	10	company	company	NN
39785	548	11	in	in	IN
39785	548	12	1889	1889	CD
39785	548	13	,	,	,
39785	548	14	but	but	CC
39785	548	15	exhaustion	exhaustion	NN
39785	548	16	of	of	IN
39785	548	17	funds	fund	NNS
39785	548	18	again	again	RB
39785	548	19	caused	cause	VBD
39785	548	20	stoppage	stoppage	NN
39785	548	21	in	in	IN
39785	548	22	1891	1891	CD
39785	548	23	.	.	.
39785	549	1	The	the	DT
39785	549	2	tunnel	tunnel	NN
39785	549	3	was	be	VBD
39785	549	4	finally	finally	RB
39785	549	5	completed	complete	VBN
39785	549	6	in	in	IN
39785	549	7	1904	1904	CD
39785	549	8	,	,	,
39785	549	9	and	and	CC
39785	549	10	is	be	VBZ
39785	549	11	now	now	RB
39785	549	12	in	in	IN
39785	549	13	use	use	NN
39785	549	14	as	as	IN
39785	549	15	part	part	NN
39785	549	16	of	of	IN
39785	549	17	the	the	DT
39785	549	18	Hudson	Hudson	NNP
39785	549	19	and	and	CC
39785	549	20	Manhattan	Manhattan	NNP
39785	549	21	rapid	rapid	JJ
39785	549	22	-	-	HYPH
39785	549	23	transit	transit	NN
39785	549	24	system	system	NN
39785	549	25	,	,	,
39785	549	26	never	never	RB
39785	549	27	providing	provide	VBG
39785	549	28	the	the	DT
39785	549	29	sought	seek	VBN
39785	549	30	-	-	HYPH
39785	549	31	after	after	IN
39785	549	32	rail	rail	NN
39785	549	33	link	link	NN
39785	549	34	.	.	.
39785	550	1	A	a	DT
39785	550	2	splendid	splendid	JJ
39785	550	3	document	document	NN
39785	550	4	of	of	IN
39785	550	5	the	the	DT
39785	550	6	Haskin	Haskin	NNP
39785	550	7	portion	portion	NN
39785	550	8	of	of	IN
39785	550	9	the	the	DT
39785	550	10	work	work	NN
39785	550	11	is	be	VBZ
39785	550	12	S.	S.	NNP
39785	550	13	D.	D.	NNP
39785	550	14	V.	V.	NNP
39785	550	15	Burr	Burr	NNP
39785	550	16	's	's	POS
39785	550	17	_	_	NNP
39785	550	18	Tunneling	Tunneling	NNP
39785	550	19	Under	under	IN
39785	550	20	the	the	DT
39785	550	21	Hudson	Hudson	NNP
39785	550	22	River	River	NNP
39785	550	23	_	_	NNP
39785	550	24	published	publish	VBD
39785	550	25	in	in	IN
39785	550	26	1885	1885	CD
39785	550	27	.	.	.
39785	551	1	It	-PRON-	PRP
39785	551	2	is	be	VBZ
39785	551	3	based	base	VBN
39785	551	4	entirely	entirely	RB
39785	551	5	upon	upon	IN
39785	551	6	firsthand	firsthand	JJ
39785	551	7	material	material	NN
39785	551	8	and	and	CC
39785	551	9	contains	contain	VBZ
39785	551	10	drawings	drawing	NNS
39785	551	11	of	of	IN
39785	551	12	most	most	JJS
39785	551	13	of	of	IN
39785	551	14	the	the	DT
39785	551	15	work	work	NN
39785	551	16	,	,	,
39785	551	17	including	include	VBG
39785	551	18	the	the	DT
39785	551	19	auxiliary	auxiliary	JJ
39785	551	20	apparatus	apparatus	NN
39785	551	21	.	.	.
39785	552	1	It	-PRON-	PRP
39785	552	2	is	be	VBZ
39785	552	3	interesting	interesting	JJ
39785	552	4	to	to	TO
39785	552	5	note	note	VB
39785	552	6	that	that	IN
39785	552	7	electric	electric	JJ
39785	552	8	illumination	illumination	NN
39785	552	9	(	(	-LRB-
39785	552	10	arc	arc	NNP
39785	552	11	,	,	,
39785	552	12	not	not	RB
39785	552	13	incandescent	incandescent	JJ
39785	552	14	,	,	,
39785	552	15	lights	light	NNS
39785	552	16	)	)	-RRB-
39785	552	17	and	and	CC
39785	552	18	telephones	telephone	NNS
39785	552	19	were	be	VBD
39785	552	20	used	use	VBN
39785	552	21	,	,	,
39785	552	22	unquestionably	unquestionably	RB
39785	552	23	the	the	DT
39785	552	24	first	first	JJ
39785	552	25	employment	employment	NN
39785	552	26	of	of	IN
39785	552	27	either	either	CC
39785	552	28	in	in	IN
39785	552	29	tunnel	tunnel	NN
39785	552	30	work	work	NN
39785	552	31	.	.	.
39785	553	1	[	[	-LRB-
39785	553	2	Illustration	illustration	NN
39785	553	3	:	:	:
39785	553	4	Figure	figure	NN
39785	553	5	42.--ST	42.--st	CD
39785	553	6	.	.	.
39785	554	1	CLAIR	CLAIR	NNP
39785	554	2	TUNNEL	TUNNEL	NNP
39785	554	3	.	.	.
39785	555	1	View	view	NN
39785	555	2	of	of	IN
39785	555	3	front	front	NN
39785	555	4	of	of	IN
39785	555	5	shield	shield	NN
39785	555	6	showing	showing	NN
39785	555	7	method	method	NN
39785	555	8	of	of	IN
39785	555	9	excavation	excavation	NN
39785	555	10	in	in	IN
39785	555	11	firm	firm	JJ
39785	555	12	strata	strata	NN
39785	555	13	.	.	.
39785	556	1	Incandescent	incandescent	NN
39785	556	2	electric	electric	JJ
39785	556	3	illumination	illumination	NN
39785	556	4	was	be	VBD
39785	556	5	used	use	VBN
39785	556	6	.	.	.
39785	557	1	1889	1889	CD
39785	557	2	-	-	SYM
39785	557	3	90	90	CD
39785	557	4	.	.	.
39785	558	1	MHT	MHT	NNP
39785	558	2	model--1	model--1	NNP
39785	558	3	"	"	''
39785	558	4	scale	scale	NN
39785	558	5	.	.	.
39785	559	1	(	(	-LRB-
39785	559	2	Smithsonian	smithsonian	JJ
39785	559	3	photo	photo	NN
39785	559	4	49260-D.	49260-d.	CD
39785	559	5	)	)	-RRB-
39785	559	6	]	]	-RRB-
39785	559	7	THE	the	DT
39785	559	8	ST	ST	NNP
39785	559	9	.	.	.
39785	559	10	CLAIR	CLAIR	NNP
39785	559	11	TUNNEL	TUNNEL	NNP
39785	559	12	The	the	DT
39785	559	13	final	final	JJ
39785	559	14	model	model	NN
39785	559	15	of	of	IN
39785	559	16	the	the	DT
39785	559	17	soft	soft	JJ
39785	559	18	-	-	HYPH
39785	559	19	ground	ground	NN
39785	559	20	series	series	NN
39785	559	21	reflects	reflect	VBZ
39785	559	22	,	,	,
39785	559	23	as	as	IN
39785	559	24	did	do	VBD
39785	559	25	the	the	DT
39785	559	26	Hoosac	Hoosac	NNP
39785	559	27	Tunnel	Tunnel	NNP
39785	559	28	model	model	NN
39785	559	29	for	for	IN
39785	559	30	hard	hard	JJ
39785	559	31	-	-	HYPH
39785	559	32	rock	rock	NN
39785	559	33	tunneling	tunneling	NN
39785	559	34	,	,	,
39785	559	35	final	final	JJ
39785	559	36	emergence	emergence	NN
39785	559	37	into	into	IN
39785	559	38	the	the	DT
39785	559	39	modern	modern	JJ
39785	559	40	period	period	NN
39785	559	41	.	.	.
39785	560	1	Although	although	IN
39785	560	2	the	the	DT
39785	560	3	St.	St.	NNP
39785	560	4	Clair	Clair	NNP
39785	560	5	Tunnel	Tunnel	NNP
39785	560	6	was	be	VBD
39785	560	7	completed	complete	VBN
39785	560	8	over	over	IN
39785	560	9	70	70	CD
39785	560	10	years	year	NNS
39785	560	11	ago	ago	RB
39785	560	12	,	,	,
39785	560	13	it	-PRON-	PRP
39785	560	14	typifies	typify	VBZ
39785	560	15	in	in	IN
39785	560	16	its	-PRON-	PRP$
39785	560	17	method	method	NN
39785	560	18	of	of	IN
39785	560	19	construction	construction	NN
39785	560	20	,	,	,
39785	560	21	the	the	DT
39785	560	22	basic	basic	JJ
39785	560	23	procedures	procedure	NNS
39785	560	24	of	of	IN
39785	560	25	subaqueous	subaqueous	JJ
39785	560	26	work	work	NN
39785	560	27	in	in	IN
39785	560	28	the	the	DT
39785	560	29	present	present	JJ
39785	560	30	day	day	NN
39785	560	31	.	.	.
39785	561	1	The	the	DT
39785	561	2	Thames	Thames	NNP
39785	561	3	Tunnel	Tunnel	NNP
39785	561	4	of	of	IN
39785	561	5	Brunel	Brunel	NNP
39785	561	6	,	,	,
39785	561	7	and	and	CC
39785	561	8	Haskin	Haskin	NNP
39785	561	9	's	's	POS
39785	561	10	efforts	effort	NNS
39785	561	11	beneath	beneath	IN
39785	561	12	the	the	DT
39785	561	13	Hudson	Hudson	NNP
39785	561	14	,	,	,
39785	561	15	had	have	VBD
39785	561	16	clearly	clearly	RB
39785	561	17	shown	show	VBN
39785	561	18	that	that	IN
39785	561	19	by	by	IN
39785	561	20	themselves	-PRON-	PRP
39785	561	21	,	,	,
39785	561	22	both	both	CC
39785	561	23	the	the	DT
39785	561	24	shield	shield	NN
39785	561	25	and	and	CC
39785	561	26	pneumatic	pneumatic	JJ
39785	561	27	systems	system	NNS
39785	561	28	of	of	IN
39785	561	29	driving	drive	VBG
39785	561	30	through	through	IN
39785	561	31	fluid	fluid	JJ
39785	561	32	ground	ground	NN
39785	561	33	were	be	VBD
39785	561	34	defective	defective	JJ
39785	561	35	in	in	IN
39785	561	36	practice	practice	NN
39785	561	37	for	for	IN
39785	561	38	tunnels	tunnel	NNS
39785	561	39	of	of	IN
39785	561	40	large	large	JJ
39785	561	41	area	area	NN
39785	561	42	.	.	.
39785	562	1	Note	note	VB
39785	562	2	that	that	IN
39785	562	3	the	the	DT
39785	562	4	earliest	early	JJS
39785	562	5	successful	successful	JJ
39785	562	6	works	work	NNS
39785	562	7	by	by	IN
39785	562	8	each	each	DT
39785	562	9	method	method	NN
39785	562	10	had	have	VBD
39785	562	11	been	be	VBN
39785	562	12	of	of	IN
39785	562	13	very	very	RB
39785	562	14	small	small	JJ
39785	562	15	area	area	NN
39785	562	16	,	,	,
39785	562	17	so	so	IN
39785	562	18	that	that	IN
39785	562	19	the	the	DT
39785	562	20	influence	influence	NN
39785	562	21	of	of	IN
39785	562	22	adverse	adverse	JJ
39785	562	23	conditions	condition	NNS
39785	562	24	was	be	VBD
39785	562	25	greatly	greatly	RB
39785	562	26	diminished	diminish	VBN
39785	562	27	.	.	.
39785	563	1	The	the	DT
39785	563	2	first	first	JJ
39785	563	3	man	man	NN
39785	563	4	to	to	TO
39785	563	5	perceive	perceive	VB
39785	563	6	and	and	CC
39785	563	7	seize	seize	VB
39785	563	8	upon	upon	IN
39785	563	9	the	the	DT
39785	563	10	benefits	benefit	NNS
39785	563	11	to	to	TO
39785	563	12	be	be	VB
39785	563	13	gained	gain	VBN
39785	563	14	by	by	IN
39785	563	15	combining	combine	VBG
39785	563	16	the	the	DT
39785	563	17	two	two	CD
39785	563	18	systems	system	NNS
39785	563	19	was	be	VBD
39785	563	20	,	,	,
39785	563	21	most	most	RBS
39785	563	22	fittingly	fittingly	RB
39785	563	23	,	,	,
39785	563	24	Greathead	Greathead	NNP
39785	563	25	.	.	.
39785	564	1	Although	although	IN
39785	564	2	he	-PRON-	PRP
39785	564	3	had	have	VBD
39785	564	4	projected	project	VBN
39785	564	5	the	the	DT
39785	564	6	technique	technique	NN
39785	564	7	earlier	early	RBR
39785	564	8	,	,	,
39785	564	9	in	in	IN
39785	564	10	driving	drive	VBG
39785	564	11	the	the	DT
39785	564	12	underground	underground	JJ
39785	564	13	City	City	NNP
39785	564	14	and	and	CC
39785	564	15	South	South	NNP
39785	564	16	London	London	NNP
39785	564	17	Railway	Railway	NNP
39785	564	18	in	in	IN
39785	564	19	1886	1886	CD
39785	564	20	,	,	,
39785	564	21	he	-PRON-	PRP
39785	564	22	brought	bring	VBD
39785	564	23	together	together	RB
39785	564	24	for	for	IN
39785	564	25	the	the	DT
39785	564	26	first	first	JJ
39785	564	27	time	time	NN
39785	564	28	the	the	DT
39785	564	29	three	three	CD
39785	564	30	fundamental	fundamental	JJ
39785	564	31	elements	element	NNS
39785	564	32	essential	essential	JJ
39785	564	33	for	for	IN
39785	564	34	the	the	DT
39785	564	35	practical	practical	JJ
39785	564	36	tunneling	tunneling	NN
39785	564	37	of	of	IN
39785	564	38	soft	soft	JJ
39785	564	39	,	,	,
39785	564	40	water	water	NN
39785	564	41	-	-	HYPH
39785	564	42	bearing	bearing	NN
39785	564	43	ground	ground	NN
39785	564	44	:	:	:
39785	564	45	compressed	compress	VBN
39785	564	46	-	-	HYPH
39785	564	47	air	air	NN
39785	564	48	support	support	NN
39785	564	49	of	of	IN
39785	564	50	the	the	DT
39785	564	51	work	work	NN
39785	564	52	during	during	IN
39785	564	53	construction	construction	NN
39785	564	54	,	,	,
39785	564	55	the	the	DT
39785	564	56	movable	movable	JJ
39785	564	57	shield	shield	NN
39785	564	58	,	,	,
39785	564	59	and	and	CC
39785	564	60	cast	cast	NN
39785	564	61	-	-	HYPH
39785	564	62	iron	iron	NN
39785	564	63	,	,	,
39785	564	64	permanent	permanent	JJ
39785	564	65	lining	lining	NN
39785	564	66	.	.	.
39785	565	1	The	the	DT
39785	565	2	marriage	marriage	NN
39785	565	3	was	be	VBD
39785	565	4	a	a	DT
39785	565	5	happy	happy	JJ
39785	565	6	one	one	NN
39785	565	7	indeed	indeed	RB
39785	565	8	;	;	:
39785	565	9	the	the	DT
39785	565	10	limitations	limitation	NNS
39785	565	11	of	of	IN
39785	565	12	each	each	DT
39785	565	13	system	system	NN
39785	565	14	were	be	VBD
39785	565	15	almost	almost	RB
39785	565	16	perfectly	perfectly	RB
39785	565	17	overcome	overcome	VBN
39785	565	18	by	by	IN
39785	565	19	the	the	DT
39785	565	20	qualities	quality	NNS
39785	565	21	of	of	IN
39785	565	22	the	the	DT
39785	565	23	others	other	NNS
39785	565	24	.	.	.
39785	566	1	The	the	DT
39785	566	2	conditions	condition	NNS
39785	566	3	prevailing	prevail	VBG
39785	566	4	in	in	IN
39785	566	5	1882	1882	CD
39785	566	6	at	at	IN
39785	566	7	the	the	DT
39785	566	8	Sarnia	Sarnia	NNP
39785	566	9	,	,	,
39785	566	10	Ontario	Ontario	NNP
39785	566	11	,	,	,
39785	566	12	terminal	terminal	NN
39785	566	13	of	of	IN
39785	566	14	the	the	DT
39785	566	15	Grand	Grand	NNP
39785	566	16	Trunk	Trunk	NNP
39785	566	17	Railway	Railway	NNP
39785	566	18	,	,	,
39785	566	19	both	both	CC
39785	566	20	operational	operational	JJ
39785	566	21	and	and	CC
39785	566	22	physical	physical	JJ
39785	566	23	,	,	,
39785	566	24	were	be	VBD
39785	566	25	almost	almost	RB
39785	566	26	precisely	precisely	RB
39785	566	27	the	the	DT
39785	566	28	same	same	JJ
39785	566	29	as	as	IN
39785	566	30	those	those	DT
39785	566	31	which	which	WDT
39785	566	32	inspired	inspire	VBD
39785	566	33	the	the	DT
39785	566	34	undertaking	undertaking	NN
39785	566	35	of	of	IN
39785	566	36	the	the	DT
39785	566	37	Hudson	Hudson	NNP
39785	566	38	River	River	NNP
39785	566	39	Tunnel	Tunnel	NNP
39785	566	40	.	.	.
39785	567	1	The	the	DT
39785	567	2	heavy	heavy	JJ
39785	567	3	traffic	traffic	NN
39785	567	4	at	at	IN
39785	567	5	this	this	DT
39785	567	6	vital	vital	JJ
39785	567	7	U.S.--Canada	U.S.--Canada	NNP
39785	567	8	rail	rail	NN
39785	567	9	interchange	interchange	NN
39785	567	10	was	be	VBD
39785	567	11	ferried	ferry	VBN
39785	567	12	inconveniently	inconveniently	RB
39785	567	13	across	across	IN
39785	567	14	the	the	DT
39785	567	15	wide	wide	JJ
39785	567	16	St.	St.	NNP
39785	567	17	Clair	Clair	NNP
39785	567	18	River	River	NNP
39785	567	19	,	,	,
39785	567	20	and	and	CC
39785	567	21	the	the	DT
39785	567	22	bank	bank	NN
39785	567	23	and	and	CC
39785	567	24	river	river	NN
39785	567	25	conditions	condition	NNS
39785	567	26	precluded	preclude	VBD
39785	567	27	construction	construction	NN
39785	567	28	of	of	IN
39785	567	29	a	a	DT
39785	567	30	bridge	bridge	NN
39785	567	31	.	.	.
39785	568	1	A	a	DT
39785	568	2	tunnel	tunnel	NN
39785	568	3	was	be	VBD
39785	568	4	projected	project	VBN
39785	568	5	by	by	IN
39785	568	6	the	the	DT
39785	568	7	railway	railway	NN
39785	568	8	in	in	IN
39785	568	9	that	that	DT
39785	568	10	year	year	NN
39785	568	11	,	,	,
39785	568	12	the	the	DT
39785	568	13	time	time	NN
39785	568	14	when	when	WRB
39785	568	15	Haskin	Haskin	NNP
39785	568	16	's	's	POS
39785	568	17	tribulations	tribulation	NNS
39785	568	18	were	be	VBD
39785	568	19	at	at	IN
39785	568	20	their	-PRON-	PRP$
39785	568	21	height	height	NN
39785	568	22	.	.	.
39785	569	1	Perhaps	perhaps	RB
39785	569	2	because	because	IN
39785	569	3	of	of	IN
39785	569	4	this	this	DT
39785	569	5	lack	lack	NN
39785	569	6	of	of	IN
39785	569	7	precedent	precedent	NN
39785	569	8	for	for	IN
39785	569	9	a	a	DT
39785	569	10	work	work	NN
39785	569	11	of	of	IN
39785	569	12	such	such	JJ
39785	569	13	size	size	NN
39785	569	14	,	,	,
39785	569	15	nothing	nothing	NN
39785	569	16	was	be	VBD
39785	569	17	done	do	VBN
39785	569	18	immediately	immediately	RB
39785	569	19	.	.	.
39785	570	1	In	in	IN
39785	570	2	1884	1884	CD
39785	570	3	the	the	DT
39785	570	4	railway	railway	NN
39785	570	5	organized	organize	VBD
39785	570	6	a	a	DT
39785	570	7	tunnel	tunnel	NN
39785	570	8	company	company	NN
39785	570	9	;	;	:
39785	570	10	in	in	IN
39785	570	11	1886	1886	CD
39785	570	12	test	test	NN
39785	570	13	borings	boring	NNS
39785	570	14	were	be	VBD
39785	570	15	made	make	VBN
39785	570	16	in	in	IN
39785	570	17	the	the	DT
39785	570	18	riverbed	riverbed	NN
39785	570	19	and	and	CC
39785	570	20	small	small	JJ
39785	570	21	exploratory	exploratory	JJ
39785	570	22	drifts	drift	NNS
39785	570	23	were	be	VBD
39785	570	24	started	start	VBN
39785	570	25	across	across	IN
39785	570	26	from	from	IN
39785	570	27	both	both	DT
39785	570	28	banks	bank	NNS
39785	570	29	by	by	IN
39785	570	30	normal	normal	JJ
39785	570	31	methods	method	NNS
39785	570	32	of	of	IN
39785	570	33	mine	mine	NN
39785	570	34	timbering	timbering	NN
39785	570	35	.	.	.
39785	571	1	The	the	DT
39785	571	2	natural	natural	JJ
39785	571	3	gas	gas	NN
39785	571	4	,	,	,
39785	571	5	quicksand	quicksand	NN
39785	571	6	,	,	,
39785	571	7	and	and	CC
39785	571	8	water	water	NN
39785	571	9	encountered	encounter	VBN
39785	571	10	soon	soon	RB
39785	571	11	stopped	stop	VBD
39785	571	12	the	the	DT
39785	571	13	work	work	NN
39785	571	14	.	.	.
39785	572	1	[	[	-LRB-
39785	572	2	Illustration	illustration	NN
39785	572	3	:	:	:
39785	572	4	Figure	figure	NN
39785	572	5	43.--REAR	43.--rear	NN
39785	572	6	VIEW	VIEW	NNP
39785	572	7	OF	of	IN
39785	572	8	ST	ST	NNP
39785	572	9	.	.	.
39785	572	10	CLAIR	CLAIR	NNP
39785	572	11	SHIELD	SHIELD	NNP
39785	572	12	showing	show	VBG
39785	572	13	the	the	DT
39785	572	14	erector	erector	NN
39785	572	15	arm	arm	NN
39785	572	16	placing	place	VBG
39785	572	17	a	a	DT
39785	572	18	cast	cast	NN
39785	572	19	-	-	HYPH
39785	572	20	iron	iron	NN
39785	572	21	lining	lining	NN
39785	572	22	segment	segment	NN
39785	572	23	.	.	.
39785	573	1	The	the	DT
39785	573	2	three	three	CD
39785	573	3	motions	motion	NNS
39785	573	4	of	of	IN
39785	573	5	the	the	DT
39785	573	6	arm	arm	NN
39785	573	7	--	--	:
39785	573	8	axial	axial	JJ
39785	573	9	,	,	,
39785	573	10	radial	radial	JJ
39785	573	11	,	,	,
39785	573	12	and	and	CC
39785	573	13	rotational	rotational	JJ
39785	573	14	,	,	,
39785	573	15	were	be	VBD
39785	573	16	manually	manually	RB
39785	573	17	powered	powered	JJ
39785	573	18	.	.	.
39785	574	1	(	(	-LRB-
39785	574	2	Smithsonian	smithsonian	JJ
39785	574	3	photo	photo	NN
39785	574	4	49260-C.	49260-c.	CD
39785	574	5	)	)	-RRB-
39785	574	6	]	]	-RRB-
39785	574	7	It	-PRON-	PRP
39785	574	8	was	be	VBD
39785	574	9	at	at	IN
39785	574	10	this	this	DT
39785	574	11	time	time	NN
39785	574	12	that	that	WDT
39785	574	13	the	the	DT
39785	574	14	railway	railway	NN
39785	574	15	's	's	POS
39785	574	16	president	president	NN
39785	574	17	visited	visit	VBD
39785	574	18	Greathead	Greathead	NNP
39785	574	19	's	's	POS
39785	574	20	City	City	NNP
39785	574	21	and	and	CC
39785	574	22	South	South	NNP
39785	574	23	London	London	NNP
39785	574	24	workings	working	NNS
39785	574	25	.	.	.
39785	575	1	The	the	DT
39785	575	2	obvious	obvious	JJ
39785	575	3	answer	answer	NN
39785	575	4	to	to	IN
39785	575	5	the	the	DT
39785	575	6	St.	St.	NNP
39785	575	7	Clair	Clair	NNP
39785	575	8	problem	problem	NN
39785	575	9	lay	lie	VBD
39785	575	10	in	in	IN
39785	575	11	the	the	DT
39785	575	12	successful	successful	JJ
39785	575	13	conduct	conduct	NN
39785	575	14	of	of	IN
39785	575	15	this	this	DT
39785	575	16	subway	subway	NN
39785	575	17	.	.	.
39785	576	1	Joseph	Joseph	NNP
39785	576	2	Hobson	Hobson	NNP
39785	576	3	,	,	,
39785	576	4	chief	chief	JJ
39785	576	5	engineer	engineer	NN
39785	576	6	of	of	IN
39785	576	7	the	the	DT
39785	576	8	Grand	Grand	NNP
39785	576	9	Trunk	Trunk	NNP
39785	576	10	and	and	CC
39785	576	11	of	of	IN
39785	576	12	the	the	DT
39785	576	13	tunnel	tunnel	NN
39785	576	14	project	project	NN
39785	576	15	,	,	,
39785	576	16	in	in	IN
39785	576	17	designing	design	VBG
39785	576	18	a	a	DT
39785	576	19	shield	shield	NN
39785	576	20	,	,	,
39785	576	21	is	be	VBZ
39785	576	22	said	say	VBN
39785	576	23	to	to	TO
39785	576	24	have	have	VB
39785	576	25	searched	search	VBN
39785	576	26	for	for	IN
39785	576	27	drawings	drawing	NNS
39785	576	28	of	of	IN
39785	576	29	the	the	DT
39785	576	30	shields	shield	NNS
39785	576	31	used	use	VBN
39785	576	32	in	in	IN
39785	576	33	the	the	DT
39785	576	34	Broadway	Broadway	NNP
39785	576	35	and	and	CC
39785	576	36	Tower	Tower	NNP
39785	576	37	Subways	Subways	NNPS
39785	576	38	of	of	IN
39785	576	39	1868	1868	CD
39785	576	40	-	-	SYM
39785	576	41	9	9	CD
39785	576	42	,	,	,
39785	576	43	but	but	CC
39785	576	44	unable	unable	JJ
39785	576	45	to	to	TO
39785	576	46	locate	locate	VB
39785	576	47	any	any	DT
39785	576	48	,	,	,
39785	576	49	he	-PRON-	PRP
39785	576	50	relied	rely	VBD
39785	576	51	to	to	IN
39785	576	52	a	a	DT
39785	576	53	limited	limited	JJ
39785	576	54	extent	extent	NN
39785	576	55	on	on	IN
39785	576	56	the	the	DT
39785	576	57	small	small	JJ
39785	576	58	drawings	drawing	NNS
39785	576	59	of	of	IN
39785	576	60	those	those	DT
39785	576	61	in	in	IN
39785	576	62	Drinker	Drinker	NNP
39785	576	63	's	's	POS
39785	576	64	volume	volume	NN
39785	576	65	.	.	.
39785	577	1	There	there	EX
39785	577	2	is	be	VBZ
39785	577	3	no	no	DT
39785	577	4	explanation	explanation	NN
39785	577	5	as	as	IN
39785	577	6	to	to	IN
39785	577	7	why	why	WRB
39785	577	8	he	-PRON-	PRP
39785	577	9	did	do	VBD
39785	577	10	not	not	RB
39785	577	11	have	have	VB
39785	577	12	drawings	drawing	NNS
39785	577	13	of	of	IN
39785	577	14	the	the	DT
39785	577	15	City	City	NNP
39785	577	16	and	and	CC
39785	577	17	South	South	NNP
39785	577	18	London	London	NNP
39785	577	19	shield	shield	NN
39785	577	20	at	at	IN
39785	577	21	that	that	DT
39785	577	22	moment	moment	NN
39785	577	23	in	in	IN
39785	577	24	use	use	NN
39785	577	25	,	,	,
39785	577	26	unless	unless	IN
39785	577	27	one	one	NN
39785	577	28	considers	consider	VBZ
39785	577	29	the	the	DT
39785	577	30	rather	rather	RB
39785	577	31	unlikely	unlikely	JJ
39785	577	32	possibility	possibility	NN
39785	577	33	that	that	IN
39785	577	34	Greathead	Greathead	NNP
39785	577	35	maintained	maintain	VBD
39785	577	36	its	-PRON-	PRP$
39785	577	37	design	design	NN
39785	577	38	in	in	IN
39785	577	39	secrecy	secrecy	NN
39785	577	40	.	.	.
39785	578	1	[	[	-LRB-
39785	578	2	Illustration	illustration	NN
39785	578	3	:	:	:
39785	578	4	Figure	figure	VB
39785	578	5	44.--OPENING	44.--opening	CD
39785	578	6	OF	of	IN
39785	578	7	THE	the	DT
39785	578	8	ST	ST	NNP
39785	578	9	.	.	.
39785	578	10	CLAIR	CLAIR	NNP
39785	578	11	TUNNEL	TUNNEL	NNP
39785	578	12	,	,	,
39785	578	13	1891	1891	CD
39785	578	14	.	.	.
39785	579	1	(	(	-LRB-
39785	579	2	_	_	NNP
39785	579	3	Photo	Photo	NNP
39785	579	4	courtesy	courtesy	NN
39785	579	5	of	of	IN
39785	579	6	Detroit	Detroit	NNP
39785	579	7	Library	Library	NNP
39785	579	8	,	,	,
39785	579	9	Burton	Burton	NNP
39785	579	10	Historical	Historical	NNP
39785	579	11	Collection	Collection	NNP
39785	579	12	.	.	.
39785	579	13	_	_	NNP
39785	579	14	)	)	-RRB-
39785	579	15	]	]	-RRB-
39785	579	16	The	the	DT
39785	579	17	Hobson	Hobson	NNP
39785	579	18	shield	shield	NN
39785	579	19	followed	follow	VBD
39785	579	20	Greathead	Greathead	NNP
39785	579	21	's	's	POS
39785	579	22	as	as	RB
39785	579	23	closely	closely	RB
39785	579	24	as	as	IN
39785	579	25	any	any	DT
39785	579	26	other	other	JJ
39785	579	27	,	,	,
39785	579	28	in	in	IN
39785	579	29	having	have	VBG
39785	579	30	a	a	DT
39785	579	31	diaphragm	diaphragm	NN
39785	579	32	with	with	IN
39785	579	33	closable	closable	JJ
39785	579	34	doors	door	NNS
39785	579	35	,	,	,
39785	579	36	but	but	CC
39785	579	37	a	a	DT
39785	579	38	modification	modification	NN
39785	579	39	of	of	IN
39785	579	40	Beach	Beach	NNP
39785	579	41	's	's	POS
39785	579	42	sharpened	sharpened	JJ
39785	579	43	horizontal	horizontal	JJ
39785	579	44	shelves	shelf	NNS
39785	579	45	was	be	VBD
39785	579	46	also	also	RB
39785	579	47	used	use	VBN
39785	579	48	.	.	.
39785	580	1	However	however	RB
39785	580	2	,	,	,
39785	580	3	these	these	DT
39785	580	4	functioned	function	VBD
39785	580	5	more	more	RBR
39785	580	6	as	as	IN
39785	580	7	working	working	NN
39785	580	8	platforms	platform	NNS
39785	580	9	than	than	IN
39785	580	10	supports	support	NNS
39785	580	11	for	for	IN
39785	580	12	the	the	DT
39785	580	13	earth	earth	NN
39785	580	14	.	.	.
39785	581	1	The	the	DT
39785	581	2	machine	machine	NN
39785	581	3	was	be	VBD
39785	581	4	21	21	CD
39785	581	5	-	-	SYM
39785	581	6	1/2	1/2	CD
39785	581	7	feet	foot	NNS
39785	581	8	in	in	IN
39785	581	9	diameter	diameter	NN
39785	581	10	,	,	,
39785	581	11	an	an	DT
39785	581	12	unprecedented	unprecedented	JJ
39785	581	13	size	size	NN
39785	581	14	and	and	CC
39785	581	15	almost	almost	RB
39785	581	16	twice	twice	PDT
39785	581	17	that	that	DT
39785	581	18	of	of	IN
39785	581	19	Greathead	Greathead	NNP
39785	581	20	's	's	POS
39785	581	21	current	current	JJ
39785	581	22	one	one	NN
39785	581	23	.	.	.
39785	582	1	It	-PRON-	PRP
39785	582	2	was	be	VBD
39785	582	3	driven	drive	VBN
39785	582	4	by	by	IN
39785	582	5	24	24	CD
39785	582	6	hydraulic	hydraulic	JJ
39785	582	7	rams	ram	NNS
39785	582	8	.	.	.
39785	583	1	Throughout	throughout	IN
39785	583	2	the	the	DT
39785	583	3	entire	entire	JJ
39785	583	4	preliminary	preliminary	JJ
39785	583	5	consideration	consideration	NN
39785	583	6	of	of	IN
39785	583	7	the	the	DT
39785	583	8	project	project	NN
39785	583	9	there	there	EX
39785	583	10	was	be	VBD
39785	583	11	a	a	DT
39785	583	12	marked	marked	JJ
39785	583	13	sense	sense	NN
39785	583	14	of	of	IN
39785	583	15	caution	caution	NN
39785	583	16	that	that	WDT
39785	583	17	amounted	amount	VBD
39785	583	18	to	to	IN
39785	583	19	what	what	WP
39785	583	20	seems	seem	VBZ
39785	583	21	an	an	DT
39785	583	22	almost	almost	RB
39785	583	23	total	total	JJ
39785	583	24	lack	lack	NN
39785	583	25	of	of	IN
39785	583	26	confidence	confidence	NN
39785	583	27	in	in	IN
39785	583	28	success	success	NN
39785	583	29	.	.	.
39785	584	1	Commencement	commencement	NN
39785	584	2	of	of	IN
39785	584	3	the	the	DT
39785	584	4	work	work	NN
39785	584	5	from	from	IN
39785	584	6	vertical	vertical	JJ
39785	584	7	shafts	shaft	NNS
39785	584	8	was	be	VBD
39785	584	9	planned	plan	VBN
39785	584	10	so	so	IN
39785	584	11	that	that	IN
39785	584	12	if	if	IN
39785	584	13	the	the	DT
39785	584	14	tunnel	tunnel	NN
39785	584	15	itself	-PRON-	PRP
39785	584	16	failed	fail	VBD
39785	584	17	,	,	,
39785	584	18	no	no	DT
39785	584	19	expenditure	expenditure	NN
39785	584	20	would	would	MD
39785	584	21	have	have	VB
39785	584	22	been	be	VBN
39785	584	23	made	make	VBN
39785	584	24	for	for	IN
39785	584	25	approach	approach	NN
39785	584	26	work	work	NN
39785	584	27	.	.	.
39785	585	1	In	in	IN
39785	585	2	April	April	NNP
39785	585	3	1888	1888	CD
39785	585	4	,	,	,
39785	585	5	the	the	DT
39785	585	6	shafts	shaft	NNS
39785	585	7	were	be	VBD
39785	585	8	started	start	VBN
39785	585	9	near	near	IN
39785	585	10	both	both	DT
39785	585	11	riverbanks	riverbank	NNS
39785	585	12	,	,	,
39785	585	13	but	but	CC
39785	585	14	before	before	IN
39785	585	15	reaching	reach	VBG
39785	585	16	proper	proper	JJ
39785	585	17	depth	depth	NN
39785	585	18	the	the	DT
39785	585	19	almost	almost	RB
39785	585	20	fluid	fluid	JJ
39785	585	21	clay	clay	NN
39785	585	22	and	and	CC
39785	585	23	silt	silt	NN
39785	585	24	flowed	flow	VBD
39785	585	25	up	up	RP
39785	585	26	faster	fast	RBR
39785	585	27	than	than	IN
39785	585	28	it	-PRON-	PRP
39785	585	29	could	could	MD
39785	585	30	be	be	VB
39785	585	31	excavated	excavate	VBN
39785	585	32	and	and	CC
39785	585	33	this	this	DT
39785	585	34	plan	plan	NN
39785	585	35	was	be	VBD
39785	585	36	abandoned	abandon	VBN
39785	585	37	.	.	.
39785	586	1	After	after	IN
39785	586	2	this	this	DT
39785	586	3	second	second	JJ
39785	586	4	inauspicious	inauspicious	JJ
39785	586	5	start	start	NN
39785	586	6	,	,	,
39785	586	7	long	long	RB
39785	586	8	open	open	JJ
39785	586	9	approach	approach	NN
39785	586	10	cuts	cut	NNS
39785	586	11	were	be	VBD
39785	586	12	made	make	VBN
39785	586	13	and	and	CC
39785	586	14	the	the	DT
39785	586	15	work	work	NN
39785	586	16	finally	finally	RB
39785	586	17	began	begin	VBD
39785	586	18	.	.	.
39785	587	1	The	the	DT
39785	587	2	portals	portal	NNS
39785	587	3	were	be	VBD
39785	587	4	established	establish	VBN
39785	587	5	in	in	IN
39785	587	6	the	the	DT
39785	587	7	cuts	cut	NNS
39785	587	8	,	,	,
39785	587	9	several	several	JJ
39785	587	10	thousand	thousand	CD
39785	587	11	feet	foot	NNS
39785	587	12	back	back	RB
39785	587	13	from	from	IN
39785	587	14	each	each	DT
39785	587	15	bank	bank	NN
39785	587	16	and	and	CC
39785	587	17	there	there	RB
39785	587	18	the	the	DT
39785	587	19	tunneling	tunneling	NN
39785	587	20	itself	-PRON-	PRP
39785	587	21	began	begin	VBD
39785	587	22	.	.	.
39785	588	1	The	the	DT
39785	588	2	portions	portion	NNS
39785	588	3	under	under	IN
39785	588	4	the	the	DT
39785	588	5	shore	shore	NN
39785	588	6	were	be	VBD
39785	588	7	driven	drive	VBN
39785	588	8	without	without	IN
39785	588	9	air	air	NN
39785	588	10	.	.	.
39785	589	1	When	when	WRB
39785	589	2	the	the	DT
39785	589	3	banks	bank	NNS
39785	589	4	were	be	VBD
39785	589	5	reached	reach	VBN
39785	589	6	,	,	,
39785	589	7	brick	brick	NN
39785	589	8	bulkheads	bulkhead	NNS
39785	589	9	containing	contain	VBG
39785	589	10	air	air	NN
39785	589	11	locks	lock	NNS
39785	589	12	were	be	VBD
39785	589	13	built	build	VBN
39785	589	14	across	across	IN
39785	589	15	the	the	DT
39785	589	16	opening	opening	NN
39785	589	17	and	and	CC
39785	589	18	the	the	DT
39785	589	19	section	section	NN
39785	589	20	beneath	beneath	IN
39785	589	21	the	the	DT
39785	589	22	river	river	NN
39785	589	23	,	,	,
39785	589	24	about	about	RB
39785	589	25	3,710	3,710	CD
39785	589	26	feet	foot	NNS
39785	589	27	long	long	JJ
39785	589	28	,	,	,
39785	589	29	driven	drive	VBN
39785	589	30	under	under	IN
39785	589	31	air	air	NN
39785	589	32	pressure	pressure	NN
39785	589	33	of	of	IN
39785	589	34	10	10	CD
39785	589	35	to	to	TO
39785	589	36	28	28	CD
39785	589	37	pounds	pound	NNS
39785	589	38	above	above	IN
39785	589	39	atmosphere	atmosphere	NN
39785	589	40	.	.	.
39785	590	1	For	for	IN
39785	590	2	most	most	JJS
39785	590	3	of	of	IN
39785	590	4	the	the	DT
39785	590	5	way	way	NN
39785	590	6	,	,	,
39785	590	7	the	the	DT
39785	590	8	clay	clay	NN
39785	590	9	was	be	VBD
39785	590	10	firm	firm	JJ
39785	590	11	and	and	CC
39785	590	12	there	there	EX
39785	590	13	was	be	VBD
39785	590	14	little	little	JJ
39785	590	15	air	air	NN
39785	590	16	leakage	leakage	NN
39785	590	17	.	.	.
39785	591	1	It	-PRON-	PRP
39785	591	2	was	be	VBD
39785	591	3	found	find	VBN
39785	591	4	that	that	IN
39785	591	5	horses	horse	NNS
39785	591	6	could	could	MD
39785	591	7	not	not	RB
39785	591	8	survive	survive	VB
39785	591	9	in	in	IN
39785	591	10	the	the	DT
39785	591	11	compressed	compress	VBN
39785	591	12	air	air	NN
39785	591	13	,	,	,
39785	591	14	and	and	CC
39785	591	15	so	so	RB
39785	591	16	mules	mule	NNS
39785	591	17	were	be	VBD
39785	591	18	used	use	VBN
39785	591	19	under	under	IN
39785	591	20	the	the	DT
39785	591	21	river	river	NN
39785	591	22	.	.	.
39785	592	1	In	in	IN
39785	592	2	the	the	DT
39785	592	3	firm	firm	NN
39785	592	4	clay	clay	NN
39785	592	5	,	,	,
39785	592	6	excavation	excavation	NN
39785	592	7	was	be	VBD
39785	592	8	carried	carry	VBN
39785	592	9	on	on	IN
39785	592	10	several	several	JJ
39785	592	11	feet	foot	NNS
39785	592	12	in	in	IN
39785	592	13	front	front	NN
39785	592	14	of	of	IN
39785	592	15	the	the	DT
39785	592	16	shield	shield	NN
39785	592	17	,	,	,
39785	592	18	as	as	IN
39785	592	19	shown	show	VBN
39785	592	20	in	in	IN
39785	592	21	the	the	DT
39785	592	22	model	model	NN
39785	592	23	(	(	-LRB-
39785	592	24	fig	fig	NN
39785	592	25	.	.	.
39785	593	1	42	42	CD
39785	593	2	)	)	-RRB-
39785	593	3	.	.	.
39785	594	1	About	about	RB
39785	594	2	twelve	twelve	CD
39785	594	3	miners	miner	NNS
39785	594	4	worked	work	VBD
39785	594	5	at	at	IN
39785	594	6	the	the	DT
39785	594	7	face	face	NN
39785	594	8	.	.	.
39785	595	1	However	however	RB
39785	595	2	,	,	,
39785	595	3	in	in	IN
39785	595	4	certain	certain	JJ
39785	595	5	strata	strata	NN
39785	595	6	the	the	DT
39785	595	7	clay	clay	NN
39785	595	8	encountered	encounter	VBN
39785	595	9	was	be	VBD
39785	595	10	so	so	RB
39785	595	11	fluid	fluid	JJ
39785	595	12	that	that	IN
39785	595	13	the	the	DT
39785	595	14	shield	shield	NN
39785	595	15	could	could	MD
39785	595	16	be	be	VB
39785	595	17	simply	simply	RB
39785	595	18	driven	drive	VBN
39785	595	19	forward	forward	RB
39785	595	20	by	by	IN
39785	595	21	the	the	DT
39785	595	22	rams	ram	NNS
39785	595	23	,	,	,
39785	595	24	causing	cause	VBG
39785	595	25	the	the	DT
39785	595	26	muck	muck	NN
39785	595	27	to	to	TO
39785	595	28	flow	flow	VB
39785	595	29	in	in	RB
39785	595	30	at	at	IN
39785	595	31	the	the	DT
39785	595	32	door	door	NN
39785	595	33	openings	opening	NNS
39785	595	34	without	without	IN
39785	595	35	excavation	excavation	NN
39785	595	36	.	.	.
39785	596	1	After	after	IN
39785	596	2	each	each	DT
39785	596	3	advance	advance	NN
39785	596	4	,	,	,
39785	596	5	the	the	DT
39785	596	6	rams	ram	NNS
39785	596	7	were	be	VBD
39785	596	8	retracted	retract	VBN
39785	596	9	and	and	CC
39785	596	10	a	a	DT
39785	596	11	ring	ring	NN
39785	596	12	of	of	IN
39785	596	13	iron	iron	NN
39785	596	14	lining	lining	NN
39785	596	15	segments	segment	NNS
39785	596	16	built	build	VBN
39785	596	17	up	up	RP
39785	596	18	,	,	,
39785	596	19	as	as	IN
39785	596	20	in	in	IN
39785	596	21	the	the	DT
39785	596	22	Tower	Tower	NNP
39785	596	23	Subway	Subway	NNP
39785	596	24	.	.	.
39785	597	1	Here	here	RB
39785	597	2	,	,	,
39785	597	3	for	for	IN
39785	597	4	the	the	DT
39785	597	5	first	first	JJ
39785	597	6	time	time	NN
39785	597	7	,	,	,
39785	597	8	an	an	DT
39785	597	9	"	"	``
39785	597	10	erector	erector	NN
39785	597	11	arm	arm	NN
39785	597	12	"	"	''
39785	597	13	was	be	VBD
39785	597	14	used	use	VBN
39785	597	15	for	for	IN
39785	597	16	placing	place	VBG
39785	597	17	the	the	DT
39785	597	18	segments	segment	NNS
39785	597	19	,	,	,
39785	597	20	which	which	WDT
39785	597	21	weighed	weigh	VBD
39785	597	22	about	about	RB
39785	597	23	half	half	PDT
39785	597	24	a	a	DT
39785	597	25	ton	ton	NN
39785	597	26	.	.	.
39785	598	1	In	in	IN
39785	598	2	all	all	DT
39785	598	3	respects	respect	NNS
39785	598	4	,	,	,
39785	598	5	the	the	DT
39785	598	6	work	work	NN
39785	598	7	advanced	advance	VBN
39785	598	8	with	with	IN
39785	598	9	wonderful	wonderful	JJ
39785	598	10	facility	facility	NN
39785	598	11	and	and	CC
39785	598	12	lack	lack	NN
39785	598	13	of	of	IN
39785	598	14	operational	operational	JJ
39785	598	15	difficulty	difficulty	NN
39785	598	16	.	.	.
39785	599	1	Considering	consider	VBG
39785	599	2	the	the	DT
39785	599	3	large	large	JJ
39785	599	4	area	area	NN
39785	599	5	,	,	,
39785	599	6	no	no	DT
39785	599	7	subaqueous	subaqueous	JJ
39785	599	8	tunnel	tunnel	NN
39785	599	9	had	have	VBD
39785	599	10	ever	ever	RB
39785	599	11	been	be	VBN
39785	599	12	driven	drive	VBN
39785	599	13	with	with	IN
39785	599	14	such	such	JJ
39785	599	15	speed	speed	NN
39785	599	16	.	.	.
39785	600	1	The	the	DT
39785	600	2	average	average	JJ
39785	600	3	monthly	monthly	JJ
39785	600	4	progress	progress	NN
39785	600	5	for	for	IN
39785	600	6	the	the	DT
39785	600	7	American	american	JJ
39785	600	8	and	and	CC
39785	600	9	Canadian	canadian	JJ
39785	600	10	headings	heading	NNS
39785	600	11	totaled	total	VBD
39785	600	12	455	455	CD
39785	600	13	feet	foot	NNS
39785	600	14	,	,	,
39785	600	15	and	and	CC
39785	600	16	at	at	IN
39785	600	17	top	top	JJ
39785	600	18	efficiency	efficiency	NN
39785	600	19	10	10	CD
39785	600	20	rings	ring	NNS
39785	600	21	or	or	CC
39785	600	22	a	a	DT
39785	600	23	length	length	NN
39785	600	24	of	of	IN
39785	600	25	15.3	15.3	CD
39785	600	26	feet	foot	NNS
39785	600	27	could	could	MD
39785	600	28	be	be	VB
39785	600	29	set	set	VBN
39785	600	30	in	in	IN
39785	600	31	a	a	DT
39785	600	32	24-hour	24-hour	CD
39785	600	33	day	day	NN
39785	600	34	in	in	IN
39785	600	35	each	each	DT
39785	600	36	heading	heading	NN
39785	600	37	.	.	.
39785	601	1	The	the	DT
39785	601	2	6,000	6,000	CD
39785	601	3	feet	foot	NNS
39785	601	4	of	of	IN
39785	601	5	tunnel	tunnel	NN
39785	601	6	was	be	VBD
39785	601	7	driven	drive	VBN
39785	601	8	in	in	IN
39785	601	9	just	just	RB
39785	601	10	a	a	DT
39785	601	11	year	year	NN
39785	601	12	;	;	:
39785	601	13	the	the	DT
39785	601	14	two	two	CD
39785	601	15	shields	shield	NNS
39785	601	16	met	meet	VBD
39785	601	17	vis	vis	FW
39785	601	18	-	-	HYPH
39785	601	19	a	a	FW
39785	601	20	-	-	HYPH
39785	601	21	vis	vis	FW
39785	601	22	in	in	IN
39785	601	23	August	August	NNP
39785	601	24	of	of	IN
39785	601	25	1890	1890	CD
39785	601	26	.	.	.
39785	602	1	The	the	DT
39785	602	2	transition	transition	NN
39785	602	3	was	be	VBD
39785	602	4	complete	complete	JJ
39785	602	5	.	.	.
39785	603	1	The	the	DT
39785	603	2	work	work	NN
39785	603	3	had	have	VBD
39785	603	4	been	be	VBN
39785	603	5	closely	closely	RB
39785	603	6	followed	follow	VBN
39785	603	7	by	by	IN
39785	603	8	the	the	DT
39785	603	9	technical	technical	JJ
39785	603	10	journals	journal	NNS
39785	603	11	and	and	CC
39785	603	12	the	the	DT
39785	603	13	reports	report	NNS
39785	603	14	of	of	IN
39785	603	15	its	-PRON-	PRP$
39785	603	16	successful	successful	JJ
39785	603	17	accomplishment	accomplishment	NN
39785	603	18	thus	thus	RB
39785	603	19	were	be	VBD
39785	603	20	brought	bring	VBN
39785	603	21	to	to	IN
39785	603	22	the	the	DT
39785	603	23	attention	attention	NN
39785	603	24	of	of	IN
39785	603	25	the	the	DT
39785	603	26	entire	entire	JJ
39785	603	27	civil	civil	JJ
39785	603	28	engineering	engineering	NN
39785	603	29	profession	profession	NN
39785	603	30	.	.	.
39785	604	1	As	as	IN
39785	604	2	the	the	DT
39785	604	3	first	first	JJ
39785	604	4	major	major	JJ
39785	604	5	subaqueous	subaqueous	JJ
39785	604	6	tunnel	tunnel	NN
39785	604	7	completed	complete	VBN
39785	604	8	in	in	IN
39785	604	9	America	America	NNP
39785	604	10	and	and	CC
39785	604	11	the	the	DT
39785	604	12	first	first	JJ
39785	604	13	in	in	IN
39785	604	14	the	the	DT
39785	604	15	world	world	NN
39785	604	16	of	of	IN
39785	604	17	a	a	DT
39785	604	18	size	size	NN
39785	604	19	able	able	JJ
39785	604	20	to	to	TO
39785	604	21	accommodate	accommodate	VB
39785	604	22	full	full	JJ
39785	604	23	-	-	HYPH
39785	604	24	scale	scale	NN
39785	604	25	rail	rail	NN
39785	604	26	traffic	traffic	NN
39785	604	27	,	,	,
39785	604	28	the	the	DT
39785	604	29	St.	St.	NNP
39785	604	30	Clair	Clair	NNP
39785	604	31	Tunnel	Tunnel	NNP
39785	604	32	served	serve	VBD
39785	604	33	to	to	TO
39785	604	34	dispel	dispel	VB
39785	604	35	the	the	DT
39785	604	36	doubts	doubt	NNS
39785	604	37	surrounding	surround	VBG
39785	604	38	such	such	JJ
39785	604	39	work	work	NN
39785	604	40	,	,	,
39785	604	41	and	and	CC
39785	604	42	established	establish	VBD
39785	604	43	the	the	DT
39785	604	44	pattern	pattern	NN
39785	604	45	for	for	IN
39785	604	46	a	a	DT
39785	604	47	mode	mode	NN
39785	604	48	of	of	IN
39785	604	49	tunneling	tunneling	NN
39785	604	50	which	which	WDT
39785	604	51	has	have	VBZ
39785	604	52	since	since	RB
39785	604	53	changed	change	VBN
39785	604	54	only	only	RB
39785	604	55	in	in	IN
39785	604	56	matters	matter	NNS
39785	604	57	of	of	IN
39785	604	58	detail	detail	NN
39785	604	59	.	.	.
39785	605	1	Of	of	IN
39785	605	2	the	the	DT
39785	605	3	eight	eight	CD
39785	605	4	models	model	NNS
39785	605	5	,	,	,
39785	605	6	only	only	RB
39785	605	7	this	this	DT
39785	605	8	one	one	NN
39785	605	9	was	be	VBD
39785	605	10	built	build	VBN
39785	605	11	under	under	IN
39785	605	12	the	the	DT
39785	605	13	positive	positive	JJ
39785	605	14	guidance	guidance	NN
39785	605	15	of	of	IN
39785	605	16	original	original	JJ
39785	605	17	documents	document	NNS
39785	605	18	.	.	.
39785	606	1	In	in	IN
39785	606	2	the	the	DT
39785	606	3	possession	possession	NN
39785	606	4	of	of	IN
39785	606	5	the	the	DT
39785	606	6	Canadian	Canadian	NNP
39785	606	7	National	National	NNP
39785	606	8	Railways	Railways	NNPS
39785	606	9	are	be	VBP
39785	606	10	drawings	drawing	NNS
39785	606	11	not	not	RB
39785	606	12	only	only	RB
39785	606	13	of	of	IN
39785	606	14	all	all	DT
39785	606	15	elements	element	NNS
39785	606	16	of	of	IN
39785	606	17	the	the	DT
39785	606	18	shield	shield	NN
39785	606	19	and	and	CC
39785	606	20	lining	lining	NN
39785	606	21	,	,	,
39785	606	22	but	but	CC
39785	606	23	of	of	IN
39785	606	24	much	much	JJ
39785	606	25	of	of	IN
39785	606	26	the	the	DT
39785	606	27	auxiliary	auxiliary	JJ
39785	606	28	apparatus	apparatus	NN
39785	606	29	used	use	VBN
39785	606	30	in	in	IN
39785	606	31	construction	construction	NN
39785	606	32	.	.	.
39785	607	1	Such	such	JJ
39785	607	2	materials	material	NNS
39785	607	3	rarely	rarely	RB
39785	607	4	survive	survive	VBP
39785	607	5	,	,	,
39785	607	6	and	and	CC
39785	607	7	do	do	VB
39785	607	8	so	so	RB
39785	607	9	in	in	IN
39785	607	10	this	this	DT
39785	607	11	case	case	NN
39785	607	12	only	only	RB
39785	607	13	because	because	IN
39785	607	14	of	of	IN
39785	607	15	the	the	DT
39785	607	16	foresight	foresight	NN
39785	607	17	of	of	IN
39785	607	18	the	the	DT
39785	607	19	railway	railway	NN
39785	607	20	which	which	WDT
39785	607	21	,	,	,
39785	607	22	to	to	TO
39785	607	23	avoid	avoid	VB
39785	607	24	paying	pay	VBG
39785	607	25	a	a	DT
39785	607	26	high	high	JJ
39785	607	27	profit	profit	NN
39785	607	28	margin	margin	NN
39785	607	29	to	to	IN
39785	607	30	a	a	DT
39785	607	31	private	private	JJ
39785	607	32	contractor	contractor	NN
39785	607	33	as	as	IN
39785	607	34	compensation	compensation	NN
39785	607	35	for	for	IN
39785	607	36	the	the	DT
39785	607	37	risk	risk	NN
39785	607	38	and	and	CC
39785	607	39	uncertainty	uncertainty	NN
39785	607	40	involved	involve	VBN
39785	607	41	,	,	,
39785	607	42	carried	carry	VBD
39785	607	43	the	the	DT
39785	607	44	contract	contract	NN
39785	607	45	itself	-PRON-	PRP
39785	607	46	and	and	CC
39785	607	47	,	,	,
39785	607	48	therefore	therefore	RB
39785	607	49	,	,	,
39785	607	50	preserved	preserve	VBD
39785	607	51	all	all	DT
39785	607	52	original	original	JJ
39785	607	53	drawing	drawing	NN
39785	607	54	records	record	NNS
39785	607	55	.	.	.
39785	608	1	While	while	IN
39785	608	2	the	the	DT
39785	608	3	engineering	engineering	NN
39785	608	4	of	of	IN
39785	608	5	tunnels	tunnel	NNS
39785	608	6	has	have	VBZ
39785	608	7	been	be	VBN
39785	608	8	comprehensively	comprehensively	RB
39785	608	9	treated	treat	VBN
39785	608	10	in	in	IN
39785	608	11	this	this	DT
39785	608	12	paper	paper	NN
39785	608	13	from	from	IN
39785	608	14	the	the	DT
39785	608	15	historical	historical	JJ
39785	608	16	standpoint	standpoint	NN
39785	608	17	,	,	,
39785	608	18	it	-PRON-	PRP
39785	608	19	is	be	VBZ
39785	608	20	well	well	JJ
39785	608	21	to	to	TO
39785	608	22	still	still	RB
39785	608	23	reflect	reflect	VB
39785	608	24	that	that	IN
39785	608	25	the	the	DT
39785	608	26	advances	advance	NNS
39785	608	27	made	make	VBN
39785	608	28	in	in	IN
39785	608	29	tunneling	tunneling	NN
39785	608	30	have	have	VBP
39785	608	31	not	not	RB
39785	608	32	perceptibly	perceptibly	RB
39785	608	33	removed	remove	VBN
39785	608	34	the	the	DT
39785	608	35	elements	element	NNS
39785	608	36	of	of	IN
39785	608	37	uncertainty	uncertainty	NN
39785	608	38	but	but	CC
39785	608	39	have	have	VBP
39785	608	40	only	only	RB
39785	608	41	provided	provide	VBN
39785	608	42	more	more	RBR
39785	608	43	positive	positive	JJ
39785	608	44	and	and	CC
39785	608	45	effective	effective	JJ
39785	608	46	means	mean	NNS
39785	608	47	of	of	IN
39785	608	48	countering	counter	VBG
39785	608	49	their	-PRON-	PRP$
39785	608	50	forces	force	NNS
39785	608	51	.	.	.
39785	609	1	Still	still	RB
39785	609	2	to	to	TO
39785	609	3	be	be	VB
39785	609	4	faced	face	VBN
39785	609	5	are	be	VBP
39785	609	6	the	the	DT
39785	609	7	surprises	surprise	NNS
39785	609	8	of	of	IN
39785	609	9	hidden	hidden	JJ
39785	609	10	streams	stream	NNS
39785	609	11	,	,	,
39785	609	12	geologic	geologic	NN
39785	609	13	faults	fault	NNS
39785	609	14	,	,	,
39785	609	15	shifts	shift	NNS
39785	609	16	of	of	IN
39785	609	17	strata	strata	NN
39785	609	18	,	,	,
39785	609	19	unstable	unstable	JJ
39785	609	20	materials	material	NNS
39785	609	21	,	,	,
39785	609	22	and	and	CC
39785	609	23	areas	area	NNS
39785	609	24	of	of	IN
39785	609	25	extreme	extreme	JJ
39785	609	26	pressure	pressure	NN
39785	609	27	and	and	CC
39785	609	28	temperature	temperature	NN
39785	609	29	.	.	.
39785	610	1	BIBLIOGRAPHY	BIBLIOGRAPHY	NNP
39785	610	2	AGRICOLA	AGRICOLA	NNP
39785	610	3	,	,	,
39785	610	4	GEORGIUS	GEORGIUS	NNP
39785	610	5	.	.	.
39785	611	1	_	_	NNP
39785	611	2	De	De	NNP
39785	611	3	re	re	NNP
39785	611	4	Metallica	Metallica	NNP
39785	611	5	.	.	.
39785	611	6	_	_	NNP
39785	611	7	[	[	-LRB-
39785	611	8	English	English	NNP
39785	611	9	transl	transl	NN
39785	611	10	.	.	.
39785	612	1	H.	H.	NNP
39785	612	2	C.	C.	NNP
39785	612	3	and	and	CC
39785	612	4	L.	L.	NNP
39785	612	5	H.	H.	NNP
39785	612	6	Hoover	Hoover	NNP
39785	612	7	(	(	-LRB-
39785	612	8	_	_	NNP
39785	612	9	The	The	NNP
39785	612	10	Mining	Mining	NNP
39785	612	11	Magazine	Magazine	NNP
39785	612	12	_	_	NNP
39785	612	13	,	,	,
39785	612	14	London	London	NNP
39785	612	15	,	,	,
39785	612	16	1912	1912	CD
39785	612	17	)	)	-RRB-
39785	612	18	.	.	.
39785	612	19	]	]	-RRB-
39785	613	1	Basel	Basel	NNP
39785	613	2	:	:	:
39785	613	3	Froben	Froben	NNP
39785	613	4	,	,	,
39785	613	5	1556	1556	CD
39785	613	6	.	.	.
39785	614	1	BEACH	BEACH	NNP
39785	614	2	,	,	,
39785	614	3	ALFRED	ALFRED	NNP
39785	614	4	ELY	ELY	NNP
39785	614	5	.	.	.
39785	615	1	_	_	NNP
39785	615	2	The	the	DT
39785	615	3	pneumatic	pneumatic	JJ
39785	615	4	dispatch	dispatch	NN
39785	615	5	.	.	.
39785	615	6	_	_	NNP
39785	615	7	New	New	NNP
39785	615	8	York	York	NNP
39785	615	9	:	:	:
39785	615	10	The	the	DT
39785	615	11	American	American	NNP
39785	615	12	News	News	NNP
39785	615	13	Company	Company	NNP
39785	615	14	,	,	,
39785	615	15	1868	1868	CD
39785	615	16	.	.	.
39785	616	1	BEAMISH	BEAMISH	NNP
39785	616	2	,	,	,
39785	616	3	RICHARD	RICHARD	NNP
39785	616	4	.	.	.
39785	617	1	_	_	NNP
39785	617	2	A	a	DT
39785	617	3	memoir	memoir	NN
39785	617	4	of	of	IN
39785	617	5	the	the	DT
39785	617	6	life	life	NN
39785	617	7	of	of	IN
39785	617	8	Sir	Sir	NNP
39785	617	9	Marc	Marc	NNP
39785	617	10	Isambard	Isambard	NNP
39785	617	11	Brunel	Brunel	NNP
39785	617	12	.	.	.
39785	617	13	_	_	NNP
39785	617	14	London	London	NNP
39785	617	15	:	:	:
39785	617	16	Longmans	Longmans	NNPS
39785	617	17	,	,	,
39785	617	18	Green	Green	NNP
39785	617	19	,	,	,
39785	617	20	Longmans	Longmans	NNPS
39785	617	21	and	and	CC
39785	617	22	Roberts	Roberts	NNP
39785	617	23	,	,	,
39785	617	24	1862	1862	CD
39785	617	25	.	.	.
39785	618	1	BURR	BURR	NNP
39785	618	2	,	,	,
39785	618	3	S.	S.	NNP
39785	618	4	D.	D.	NNP
39785	618	5	V.	V.	NNP
39785	618	6	_	_	NNP
39785	618	7	Tunneling	tunnel	VBG
39785	618	8	under	under	IN
39785	618	9	the	the	DT
39785	618	10	Hudson	Hudson	NNP
39785	618	11	River	River	NNP
39785	618	12	.	.	.
39785	618	13	_	_	NNP
39785	618	14	New	New	NNP
39785	618	15	York	York	NNP
39785	618	16	:	:	:
39785	618	17	John	John	NNP
39785	618	18	Wiley	Wiley	NNP
39785	618	19	and	and	CC
39785	618	20	Sons	Sons	NNPS
39785	618	21	,	,	,
39785	618	22	1885	1885	CD
39785	618	23	.	.	.
39785	619	1	COPPERTHWAITE	COPPERTHWAITE	NNP
39785	619	2	,	,	,
39785	619	3	WILLIAM	WILLIAM	NNP
39785	619	4	CHARLES	CHARLES	NNP
39785	619	5	.	.	.
39785	620	1	_	_	NNP
39785	620	2	Tunnel	Tunnel	NNP
39785	620	3	shields	shield	NNS
39785	620	4	and	and	CC
39785	620	5	the	the	DT
39785	620	6	use	use	NN
39785	620	7	of	of	IN
39785	620	8	compressed	compress	VBN
39785	620	9	air	air	NN
39785	620	10	in	in	IN
39785	620	11	subaqueous	subaqueous	JJ
39785	620	12	works	work	NNS
39785	620	13	.	.	.
39785	620	14	_	_	NNP
39785	620	15	New	New	NNP
39785	620	16	York	York	NNP
39785	620	17	:	:	:
39785	620	18	D.	D.	NNP
39785	620	19	Van	Van	NNP
39785	620	20	Nostrand	Nostrand	NNP
39785	620	21	Company	Company	NNP
39785	620	22	,	,	,
39785	620	23	1906	1906	CD
39785	620	24	.	.	.
39785	621	1	DRINKER	DRINKER	NNP
39785	621	2	,	,	,
39785	621	3	HENRY	HENRY	NNP
39785	621	4	STURGESS	STURGESS	NNP
39785	621	5	.	.	.
39785	622	1	_	_	NNP
39785	622	2	Tunneling	Tunneling	NNP
39785	622	3	,	,	,
39785	622	4	explosive	explosive	JJ
39785	622	5	compounds	compound	NNS
39785	622	6	and	and	CC
39785	622	7	rock	rock	NN
39785	622	8	drills	drill	NNS
39785	622	9	.	.	.
39785	622	10	_	_	NNP
39785	622	11	New	New	NNP
39785	622	12	York	York	NNP
39785	622	13	:	:	:
39785	622	14	John	John	NNP
39785	622	15	Wiley	Wiley	NNP
39785	622	16	and	and	CC
39785	622	17	Sons	Sons	NNPS
39785	622	18	,	,	,
39785	622	19	1878	1878	CD
39785	622	20	.	.	.
39785	623	1	LATROBE	LATROBE	NNP
39785	623	2	,	,	,
39785	623	3	BENJAMIN	BENJAMIN	NNP
39785	623	4	H.	H.	NNP
39785	623	5	Report	Report	NNP
39785	623	6	on	on	IN
39785	623	7	the	the	DT
39785	623	8	Hoosac	Hoosac	NNP
39785	623	9	Tunnel	Tunnel	NNP
39785	623	10	(	(	-LRB-
39785	623	11	Baltimore	Baltimore	NNP
39785	623	12	,	,	,
39785	623	13	October	October	NNP
39785	623	14	1	1	CD
39785	623	15	,	,	,
39785	623	16	1862	1862	CD
39785	623	17	)	)	-RRB-
39785	623	18	.	.	.
39785	624	1	Pp	Pp	NNP
39785	624	2	.	.	.
39785	625	1	125	125	CD
39785	625	2	-	-	SYM
39785	625	3	139	139	CD
39785	625	4	,	,	,
39785	625	5	app	app	NN
39785	625	6	.	.	.
39785	626	1	2	2	LS
39785	626	2	,	,	,
39785	626	3	in	in	IN
39785	626	4	_	_	NNP
39785	626	5	Report	Report	NNP
39785	626	6	of	of	IN
39785	626	7	the	the	DT
39785	626	8	commissioners	commissioner	NNS
39785	626	9	upon	upon	IN
39785	626	10	the	the	DT
39785	626	11	Troy	Troy	NNP
39785	626	12	and	and	CC
39785	626	13	Greenfield	Greenfield	NNP
39785	626	14	Railroad	Railroad	NNP
39785	626	15	and	and	CC
39785	626	16	Hoosac	Hoosac	NNP
39785	626	17	Tunnel	Tunnel	NNP
39785	626	18	_	_	NNP
39785	626	19	.	.	.
39785	627	1	Boston	Boston	NNP
39785	627	2	,	,	,
39785	627	3	1863	1863	CD
39785	627	4	.	.	.
39785	628	1	LAW	LAW	NNP
39785	628	2	,	,	,
39785	628	3	HENRY	HENRY	NNP
39785	628	4	.	.	.
39785	629	1	A	a	DT
39785	629	2	memoir	memoir	NN
39785	629	3	of	of	IN
39785	629	4	the	the	DT
39785	629	5	Thames	Thames	NNP
39785	629	6	Tunnel	Tunnel	NNP
39785	629	7	.	.	.
39785	630	1	_	_	NNP
39785	630	2	Weale	Weale	NNP
39785	630	3	's	's	POS
39785	630	4	Quarterly	Quarterly	NNP
39785	630	5	Papers	Papers	NNPS
39785	630	6	on	on	IN
39785	630	7	Engineering	Engineering	NNP
39785	630	8	_	_	NNP
39785	630	9	(	(	-LRB-
39785	630	10	London	London	NNP
39785	630	11	,	,	,
39785	630	12	1845	1845	CD
39785	630	13	-	-	SYM
39785	630	14	46	46	CD
39785	630	15	)	)	-RRB-
39785	630	16	,	,	,
39785	630	17	vol	vol	NNP
39785	630	18	.	.	.
39785	631	1	3	3	CD
39785	631	2	,	,	,
39785	631	3	pp	pp	NNP
39785	631	4	.	.	.
39785	632	1	1	1	CD
39785	632	2	-	-	SYM
39785	632	3	25	25	CD
39785	632	4	and	and	CC
39785	632	5	vol	vol	NNP
39785	632	6	.	.	.
39785	633	1	5	5	CD
39785	633	2	,	,	,
39785	633	3	pp	pp	NNP
39785	633	4	.	.	.
39785	634	1	1	1	CD
39785	634	2	-	-	SYM
39785	634	3	86	86	CD
39785	634	4	.	.	.
39785	635	1	The	the	DT
39785	635	2	pneumatic	pneumatic	JJ
39785	635	3	tunnel	tunnel	NN
39785	635	4	under	under	IN
39785	635	5	Broadway	Broadway	NNP
39785	635	6	,	,	,
39785	635	7	N.Y.	New York	NNP
39785	635	8	_	_	NNP
39785	635	9	Scientific	Scientific	NNP
39785	635	10	American	American	NNP
39785	635	11	_	_	NNP
39785	635	12	(	(	-LRB-
39785	635	13	March	March	NNP
39785	635	14	5	5	CD
39785	635	15	,	,	,
39785	635	16	1870	1870	CD
39785	635	17	)	)	-RRB-
39785	635	18	,	,	,
39785	635	19	pp	pp	NNP
39785	635	20	.	.	.
39785	636	1	154	154	CD
39785	636	2	-	-	SYM
39785	636	3	156	156	CD
39785	636	4	.	.	.
39785	637	1	_	_	NNP
39785	637	2	Report	Report	NNP
39785	637	3	of	of	IN
39785	637	4	the	the	DT
39785	637	5	commissioners	commissioner	NNS
39785	637	6	upon	upon	IN
39785	637	7	the	the	DT
39785	637	8	Troy	Troy	NNP
39785	637	9	and	and	CC
39785	637	10	Greenfield	Greenfield	NNP
39785	637	11	Railroad	Railroad	NNP
39785	637	12	and	and	CC
39785	637	13	Hoosac	Hoosac	NNP
39785	637	14	Tunnel	Tunnel	NNP
39785	637	15	to	to	IN
39785	637	16	his	-PRON-	PRP$
39785	637	17	excellency	excellency	NN
39785	637	18	the	the	DT
39785	637	19	governor	governor	NN
39785	637	20	and	and	CC
39785	637	21	the	the	DT
39785	637	22	honorable	honorable	JJ
39785	637	23	the	the	DT
39785	637	24	executive	executive	JJ
39785	637	25	council	council	NN
39785	637	26	of	of	IN
39785	637	27	the	the	DT
39785	637	28	state	state	NN
39785	637	29	of	of	IN
39785	637	30	Massachusetts	Massachusetts	NNP
39785	637	31	,	,	,
39785	637	32	February	February	NNP
39785	637	33	28	28	CD
39785	637	34	,	,	,
39785	637	35	1863	1863	CD
39785	637	36	.	.	.
39785	637	37	_	_	NNP
39785	637	38	Boston	Boston	NNP
39785	637	39	,	,	,
39785	637	40	1863	1863	CD
39785	637	41	.	.	.
39785	638	1	STORROW	STORROW	NNP
39785	638	2	,	,	,
39785	638	3	CHARLES	CHARLES	NNP
39785	638	4	S.	S.	NNP
39785	638	5	Report	Report	NNP
39785	638	6	on	on	IN
39785	638	7	European	european	JJ
39785	638	8	tunnels	tunnel	NNS
39785	638	9	(	(	-LRB-
39785	638	10	Boston	Boston	NNP
39785	638	11	,	,	,
39785	638	12	November	November	NNP
39785	638	13	28	28	CD
39785	638	14	,	,	,
39785	638	15	1862	1862	CD
39785	638	16	)	)	-RRB-
39785	638	17	.	.	.
39785	639	1	Pp	Pp	NNP
39785	639	2	.	.	.
39785	640	1	5	5	CD
39785	640	2	-	-	SYM
39785	640	3	122	122	CD
39785	640	4	,	,	,
39785	640	5	app	app	NN
39785	640	6	.	.	.
39785	641	1	1	1	LS
39785	641	2	,	,	,
39785	641	3	in	in	IN
39785	641	4	_	_	NNP
39785	641	5	Report	Report	NNP
39785	641	6	of	of	IN
39785	641	7	the	the	DT
39785	641	8	commissioners	commissioner	NNS
39785	641	9	upon	upon	IN
39785	641	10	the	the	DT
39785	641	11	Troy	Troy	NNP
39785	641	12	and	and	CC
39785	641	13	Greenfield	Greenfield	NNP
39785	641	14	Railroad	Railroad	NNP
39785	641	15	and	and	CC
39785	641	16	Hoosac	Hoosac	NNP
39785	641	17	Tunnel	Tunnel	NNP
39785	641	18	....	....	.
39785	641	19	_	_	NNP
39785	641	20	Boston	Boston	NNP
39785	641	21	,	,	,
39785	641	22	1863	1863	CD
39785	641	23	.	.	.
39785	642	1	The	the	DT
39785	642	2	St.	St.	NNP
39785	642	3	Clair	Clair	NNP
39785	642	4	Tunnel	Tunnel	NNP
39785	642	5	.	.	.
39785	643	1	_	_	NNP
39785	643	2	Engineering	Engineering	NNP
39785	643	3	News	News	NNP
39785	643	4	_	_	NNP
39785	643	5	(	(	-LRB-
39785	643	6	in	in	IN
39785	643	7	series	series	NNP
39785	643	8	running	run	VBG
39785	643	9	October	October	NNP
39785	643	10	4	4	CD
39785	643	11	to	to	IN
39785	643	12	December	December	NNP
39785	643	13	27	27	CD
39785	643	14	,	,	,
39785	643	15	1890	1890	CD
39785	643	16	)	)	-RRB-
39785	643	17	.	.	.
39785	644	1	FOOTNOTES	footnote	NNS
39785	644	2	[	[	-LRB-
39785	644	3	1	1	CD
39785	644	4	]	]	-RRB-
39785	644	5	There	there	EX
39785	644	6	are	be	VBP
39785	644	7	two	two	CD
39785	644	8	important	important	JJ
39785	644	9	secondary	secondary	JJ
39785	644	10	techniques	technique	NNS
39785	644	11	for	for	IN
39785	644	12	opening	open	VBG
39785	644	13	subterranean	subterranean	JJ
39785	644	14	and	and	CC
39785	644	15	subaqueous	subaqueous	JJ
39785	644	16	ways	way	NNS
39785	644	17	,	,	,
39785	644	18	neither	neither	CC
39785	644	19	a	a	DT
39785	644	20	method	method	NN
39785	644	21	truly	truly	RB
39785	644	22	of	of	IN
39785	644	23	tunneling	tunnel	VBG
39785	644	24	.	.	.
39785	645	1	One	one	CD
39785	645	2	of	of	IN
39785	645	3	these	these	DT
39785	645	4	,	,	,
39785	645	5	of	of	IN
39785	645	6	ancient	ancient	JJ
39785	645	7	origin	origin	NN
39785	645	8	,	,	,
39785	645	9	used	use	VBN
39785	645	10	mainly	mainly	RB
39785	645	11	in	in	IN
39785	645	12	the	the	DT
39785	645	13	construction	construction	NN
39785	645	14	of	of	IN
39785	645	15	shallow	shallow	JJ
39785	645	16	subways	subway	NNS
39785	645	17	and	and	CC
39785	645	18	utility	utility	NN
39785	645	19	ways	way	NNS
39785	645	20	,	,	,
39785	645	21	is	be	VBZ
39785	645	22	the	the	DT
39785	645	23	"	"	``
39785	645	24	cut	cut	NN
39785	645	25	and	and	CC
39785	645	26	cover	cover	VB
39785	645	27	"	"	''
39785	645	28	system	system	NN
39785	645	29	,	,	,
39785	645	30	whereby	whereby	WRB
39785	645	31	an	an	DT
39785	645	32	open	open	JJ
39785	645	33	trench	trench	NN
39785	645	34	is	be	VBZ
39785	645	35	excavated	excavate	VBN
39785	645	36	and	and	CC
39785	645	37	then	then	RB
39785	645	38	roofed	roof	VBD
39785	645	39	over	over	RP
39785	645	40	.	.	.
39785	646	1	The	the	DT
39785	646	2	result	result	NN
39785	646	3	is	be	VBZ
39785	646	4	,	,	,
39785	646	5	in	in	IN
39785	646	6	effect	effect	NN
39785	646	7	,	,	,
39785	646	8	a	a	DT
39785	646	9	tunnel	tunnel	NN
39785	646	10	.	.	.
39785	647	1	The	the	DT
39785	647	2	concept	concept	NN
39785	647	3	of	of	IN
39785	647	4	the	the	DT
39785	647	5	other	other	JJ
39785	647	6	method	method	NN
39785	647	7	was	be	VBD
39785	647	8	propounded	propound	VBN
39785	647	9	in	in	IN
39785	647	10	the	the	DT
39785	647	11	early	early	JJ
39785	647	12	19th	19th	JJ
39785	647	13	century	century	NN
39785	647	14	but	but	CC
39785	647	15	only	only	RB
39785	647	16	used	use	VBN
39785	647	17	practically	practically	RB
39785	647	18	in	in	IN
39785	647	19	recent	recent	JJ
39785	647	20	years	year	NNS
39785	647	21	.	.	.
39785	648	1	This	this	DT
39785	648	2	is	be	VBZ
39785	648	3	the	the	DT
39785	648	4	"	"	``
39785	648	5	trench	trench	NN
39785	648	6	"	"	''
39785	648	7	method	method	NN
39785	648	8	,	,	,
39785	648	9	a	a	DT
39785	648	10	sort	sort	NN
39785	648	11	of	of	IN
39785	648	12	subaqueous	subaqueous	JJ
39785	648	13	equivalent	equivalent	NN
39785	648	14	of	of	IN
39785	648	15	cut	cut	NN
39785	648	16	and	and	CC
39785	648	17	cover	cover	NN
39785	648	18	.	.	.
39785	649	1	A	a	DT
39785	649	2	trench	trench	NN
39785	649	3	is	be	VBZ
39785	649	4	dredged	dredge	VBN
39785	649	5	in	in	IN
39785	649	6	the	the	DT
39785	649	7	bed	bed	NN
39785	649	8	of	of	IN
39785	649	9	a	a	DT
39785	649	10	body	body	NN
39785	649	11	of	of	IN
39785	649	12	water	water	NN
39785	649	13	,	,	,
39785	649	14	into	into	IN
39785	649	15	which	which	WDT
39785	649	16	prefabricated	prefabricate	VBN
39785	649	17	sections	section	NNS
39785	649	18	of	of	IN
39785	649	19	large	large	JJ
39785	649	20	diameter	diameter	NN
39785	649	21	tube	tube	NN
39785	649	22	are	be	VBP
39785	649	23	lowered	lower	VBN
39785	649	24	,	,	,
39785	649	25	in	in	IN
39785	649	26	a	a	DT
39785	649	27	continuous	continuous	JJ
39785	649	28	line	line	NN
39785	649	29	.	.	.
39785	650	1	The	the	DT
39785	650	2	joints	joint	NNS
39785	650	3	are	be	VBP
39785	650	4	then	then	RB
39785	650	5	sealed	seal	VBN
39785	650	6	by	by	IN
39785	650	7	divers	diver	NNS
39785	650	8	,	,	,
39785	650	9	the	the	DT
39785	650	10	trench	trench	NN
39785	650	11	is	be	VBZ
39785	650	12	backfilled	backfille	VBN
39785	650	13	over	over	IN
39785	650	14	the	the	DT
39785	650	15	tube	tube	NN
39785	650	16	,	,	,
39785	650	17	the	the	DT
39785	650	18	ends	end	NNS
39785	650	19	are	be	VBP
39785	650	20	brought	bring	VBN
39785	650	21	up	up	RP
39785	650	22	to	to	TO
39785	650	23	dryland	dryland	VB
39785	650	24	portals	portal	NNS
39785	650	25	,	,	,
39785	650	26	the	the	DT
39785	650	27	water	water	NN
39785	650	28	is	be	VBZ
39785	650	29	pumped	pump	VBN
39785	650	30	out	out	RP
39785	650	31	,	,	,
39785	650	32	and	and	CC
39785	650	33	a	a	DT
39785	650	34	subterranean	subterranean	JJ
39785	650	35	passage	passage	NN
39785	650	36	results	result	NNS
39785	650	37	.	.	.
39785	651	1	The	the	DT
39785	651	2	Chesapeake	Chesapeake	NNP
39785	651	3	Bay	Bay	NNP
39785	651	4	Bridge	Bridge	NNP
39785	651	5	Tunnel	Tunnel	NNP
39785	651	6	(	(	-LRB-
39785	651	7	1960	1960	CD
39785	651	8	-	-	SYM
39785	651	9	1964	1964	CD
39785	651	10	)	)	-RRB-
39785	651	11	is	be	VBZ
39785	651	12	a	a	DT
39785	651	13	recent	recent	JJ
39785	651	14	major	major	JJ
39785	651	15	work	work	NN
39785	651	16	of	of	IN
39785	651	17	this	this	DT
39785	651	18	character	character	NN
39785	651	19	.	.	.
39785	652	1	[	[	-LRB-
39785	652	2	2	2	LS
39785	652	3	]	]	-RRB-
39785	652	4	In	in	IN
39785	652	5	1952	1952	CD
39785	652	6	a	a	DT
39785	652	7	successful	successful	JJ
39785	652	8	machine	machine	NN
39785	652	9	was	be	VBD
39785	652	10	developed	develop	VBN
39785	652	11	on	on	IN
39785	652	12	this	this	DT
39785	652	13	plan	plan	NN
39785	652	14	,	,	,
39785	652	15	with	with	IN
39785	652	16	hardened	hardened	JJ
39785	652	17	rollers	roller	NNS
39785	652	18	on	on	IN
39785	652	19	a	a	DT
39785	652	20	revolving	revolving	JJ
39785	652	21	cutting	cut	VBG
39785	652	22	head	head	NN
39785	652	23	for	for	IN
39785	652	24	disintegrating	disintegrate	VBG
39785	652	25	the	the	DT
39785	652	26	rock	rock	NN
39785	652	27	.	.	.
39785	653	1	The	the	DT
39785	653	2	idea	idea	NN
39785	653	3	is	be	VBZ
39785	653	4	basically	basically	RB
39785	653	5	sound	sound	JJ
39785	653	6	,	,	,
39785	653	7	possessing	possess	VBG
39785	653	8	advantages	advantage	NNS
39785	653	9	in	in	IN
39785	653	10	certain	certain	JJ
39785	653	11	situations	situation	NNS
39785	653	12	over	over	IN
39785	653	13	conventional	conventional	JJ
39785	653	14	drilling	drilling	NN
39785	653	15	and	and	CC
39785	653	16	blasting	blasting	NN
39785	653	17	systems	system	NNS
39785	653	18	.	.	.
39785	654	1	[	[	-LRB-
39785	654	2	3	3	CD
39785	654	3	]	]	-RRB-
39785	654	4	In	in	IN
39785	654	5	1807	1807	CD
39785	654	6	the	the	DT
39785	654	7	noted	note	VBN
39785	654	8	Cornish	cornish	JJ
39785	654	9	engineer	engineer	NN
39785	654	10	Trevithick	Trevithick	NNP
39785	654	11	commenced	commence	VBD
39785	654	12	a	a	DT
39785	654	13	small	small	JJ
39785	654	14	timbered	timbere	VBN
39785	654	15	drift	drift	NN
39785	654	16	beneath	beneath	IN
39785	654	17	the	the	DT
39785	654	18	Thames	Thames	NNP
39785	654	19	,	,	,
39785	654	20	5	5	CD
39785	654	21	feet	foot	NNS
39785	654	22	by	by	IN
39785	654	23	3	3	CD
39785	654	24	feet	foot	NNS
39785	654	25	,	,	,
39785	654	26	as	as	IN
39785	654	27	an	an	DT
39785	654	28	exploratory	exploratory	JJ
39785	654	29	passage	passage	NN
39785	654	30	for	for	IN
39785	654	31	a	a	DT
39785	654	32	larger	large	JJR
39785	654	33	vehicular	vehicular	JJ
39785	654	34	tunnel	tunnel	NN
39785	654	35	.	.	.
39785	655	1	Due	due	IN
39785	655	2	to	to	IN
39785	655	3	the	the	DT
39785	655	4	small	small	JJ
39785	655	5	frontal	frontal	JJ
39785	655	6	area	area	NN
39785	655	7	,	,	,
39785	655	8	he	-PRON-	PRP
39785	655	9	was	be	VBD
39785	655	10	able	able	JJ
39785	655	11	to	to	TO
39785	655	12	successfully	successfully	RB
39785	655	13	probe	probe	VB
39785	655	14	about	about	RB
39785	655	15	1000	1000	CD
39785	655	16	feet	foot	NNS
39785	655	17	,	,	,
39785	655	18	but	but	CC
39785	655	19	the	the	DT
39785	655	20	river	river	NN
39785	655	21	then	then	RB
39785	655	22	broke	break	VBD
39785	655	23	in	in	RP
39785	655	24	and	and	CC
39785	655	25	halted	halt	VBD
39785	655	26	the	the	DT
39785	655	27	work	work	NN
39785	655	28	.	.	.
39785	656	1	Mine	-PRON-	PRP
39785	656	2	tunnels	tunnel	NNS
39785	656	3	had	have	VBD
39785	656	4	also	also	RB
39785	656	5	reached	reach	VBN
39785	656	6	beneath	beneath	IN
39785	656	7	the	the	DT
39785	656	8	Irish	Irish	NNP
39785	656	9	Sea	Sea	NNP
39785	656	10	and	and	CC
39785	656	11	various	various	JJ
39785	656	12	rivers	river	NNS
39785	656	13	in	in	IN
39785	656	14	the	the	DT
39785	656	15	coal	coal	NN
39785	656	16	regions	region	NNS
39785	656	17	of	of	IN
39785	656	18	Newcastle	Newcastle	NNP
39785	656	19	,	,	,
39785	656	20	but	but	CC
39785	656	21	these	these	DT
39785	656	22	were	be	VBD
39785	656	23	so	so	RB
39785	656	24	far	far	RB
39785	656	25	below	below	IN
39785	656	26	the	the	DT
39785	656	27	surface	surface	NN
39785	656	28	as	as	IN
39785	656	29	to	to	TO
39785	656	30	be	be	VB
39785	656	31	in	in	IN
39785	656	32	perfectly	perfectly	RB
39785	656	33	solid	solid	JJ
39785	656	34	ground	ground	NN
39785	656	35	and	and	CC
39785	656	36	can	can	MD
39785	656	37	hardly	hardly	RB
39785	656	38	be	be	VB
39785	656	39	considered	consider	VBN
39785	656	40	subaqueous	subaqueous	JJ
39785	656	41	workings	working	NNS
39785	656	42	.	.	.
39785	657	1	[	[	-LRB-
39785	657	2	4	4	CD
39785	657	3	]	]	-RRB-
39785	657	4	Unlike	unlike	IN
39785	657	5	the	the	DT
39785	657	6	Brunel	Brunel	NNP
39785	657	7	tunnel	tunnel	NN
39785	657	8	,	,	,
39785	657	9	this	this	DT
39785	657	10	was	be	VBD
39785	657	11	driven	drive	VBN
39785	657	12	from	from	IN
39785	657	13	both	both	DT
39785	657	14	ends	end	NNS
39785	657	15	simultaneously	simultaneously	RB
39785	657	16	,	,	,
39785	657	17	the	the	DT
39785	657	18	total	total	JJ
39785	657	19	overall	overall	JJ
39785	657	20	progress	progress	NN
39785	657	21	thus	thus	RB
39785	657	22	being	be	VBG
39785	657	23	3	3	CD
39785	657	24	feet	foot	NNS
39785	657	25	per	per	IN
39785	657	26	shift	shift	NN
39785	657	27	rather	rather	RB
39785	657	28	than	than	IN
39785	657	29	18	18	CD
39785	657	30	inches	inch	NNS
39785	657	31	.	.	.
39785	658	1	A	a	DT
39785	658	2	top	top	JJ
39785	658	3	speed	speed	NN
39785	658	4	of	of	IN
39785	658	5	9	9	CD
39785	658	6	feet	foot	NNS
39785	658	7	per	per	IN
39785	658	8	day	day	NN
39785	658	9	could	could	MD
39785	658	10	be	be	VB
39785	658	11	advanced	advance	VBN
39785	658	12	by	by	IN
39785	658	13	each	each	DT
39785	658	14	shield	shield	NN
39785	658	15	under	under	IN
39785	658	16	ideal	ideal	JJ
39785	658	17	conditions	condition	NNS
39785	658	18	.	.	.
39785	659	1	[	[	-LRB-
39785	659	2	5	5	CD
39785	659	3	]	]	-RRB-
39785	659	4	Ideally	ideally	RB
39785	659	5	,	,	,
39785	659	6	the	the	DT
39785	659	7	pressure	pressure	NN
39785	659	8	of	of	IN
39785	659	9	air	air	NN
39785	659	10	within	within	IN
39785	659	11	the	the	DT
39785	659	12	work	work	NN
39785	659	13	area	area	NN
39785	659	14	of	of	IN
39785	659	15	a	a	DT
39785	659	16	pneumatically	pneumatically	RB
39785	659	17	driven	drive	VBN
39785	659	18	tunnel	tunnel	NN
39785	659	19	should	should	MD
39785	659	20	just	just	RB
39785	659	21	balance	balance	VB
39785	659	22	the	the	DT
39785	659	23	hydrostatic	hydrostatic	JJ
39785	659	24	head	head	NN
39785	659	25	of	of	IN
39785	659	26	the	the	DT
39785	659	27	water	water	NN
39785	659	28	without	without	IN
39785	659	29	,	,	,
39785	659	30	which	which	WDT
39785	659	31	is	be	VBZ
39785	659	32	a	a	DT
39785	659	33	function	function	NN
39785	659	34	of	of	IN
39785	659	35	its	-PRON-	PRP$
39785	659	36	total	total	JJ
39785	659	37	height	height	NN
39785	659	38	above	above	IN
39785	659	39	the	the	DT
39785	659	40	opening	opening	NN
39785	659	41	.	.	.
39785	660	1	If	if	IN
39785	660	2	the	the	DT
39785	660	3	air	air	NN
39785	660	4	pressure	pressure	NN
39785	660	5	is	be	VBZ
39785	660	6	not	not	RB
39785	660	7	high	high	JJ
39785	660	8	enough	enough	RB
39785	660	9	,	,	,
39785	660	10	water	water	NN
39785	660	11	will	will	MD
39785	660	12	,	,	,
39785	660	13	of	of	IN
39785	660	14	course	course	NN
39785	660	15	,	,	,
39785	660	16	enter	enter	VB
39785	660	17	,	,	,
39785	660	18	and	and	CC
39785	660	19	if	if	IN
39785	660	20	very	very	RB
39785	660	21	low	low	JJ
39785	660	22	,	,	,
39785	660	23	there	there	EX
39785	660	24	is	be	VBZ
39785	660	25	danger	danger	NN
39785	660	26	of	of	IN
39785	660	27	complete	complete	JJ
39785	660	28	collapse	collapse	NN
39785	660	29	of	of	IN
39785	660	30	the	the	DT
39785	660	31	unsupported	unsupported	JJ
39785	660	32	ground	ground	NN
39785	660	33	areas	area	NNS
39785	660	34	.	.	.
39785	661	1	If	if	IN
39785	661	2	too	too	RB
39785	661	3	high	high	JJ
39785	661	4	,	,	,
39785	661	5	the	the	DT
39785	661	6	air	air	NN
39785	661	7	pressure	pressure	NN
39785	661	8	will	will	MD
39785	661	9	overcome	overcome	VB
39785	661	10	that	that	DT
39785	661	11	due	due	IN
39785	661	12	to	to	IN
39785	661	13	the	the	DT
39785	661	14	water	water	NN
39785	661	15	and	and	CC
39785	661	16	the	the	DT
39785	661	17	air	air	NN
39785	661	18	will	will	MD
39785	661	19	force	force	VB
39785	661	20	its	-PRON-	PRP$
39785	661	21	way	way	NN
39785	661	22	out	out	IN
39785	661	23	through	through	IN
39785	661	24	the	the	DT
39785	661	25	ground	ground	NN
39785	661	26	,	,	,
39785	661	27	through	through	IN
39785	661	28	increasingly	increasingly	RB
39785	661	29	larger	large	JJR
39785	661	30	openings	opening	NNS
39785	661	31	,	,	,
39785	661	32	until	until	IN
39785	661	33	it	-PRON-	PRP
39785	661	34	all	all	DT
39785	661	35	rushes	rush	VBZ
39785	661	36	out	out	RB
39785	661	37	suddenly	suddenly	RB
39785	661	38	in	in	IN
39785	661	39	a	a	DT
39785	661	40	"	"	``
39785	661	41	blowout	blowout	NN
39785	661	42	.	.	.
39785	661	43	"	"	''
39785	662	1	The	the	DT
39785	662	2	pressurized	pressurize	VBN
39785	662	3	atmosphere	atmosphere	NN
39785	662	4	gone	go	VBN
39785	662	5	,	,	,
39785	662	6	the	the	DT
39785	662	7	water	water	NN
39785	662	8	then	then	RB
39785	662	9	is	be	VBZ
39785	662	10	able	able	JJ
39785	662	11	to	to	TO
39785	662	12	pour	pour	VB
39785	662	13	in	in	RP
39785	662	14	through	through	IN
39785	662	15	the	the	DT
39785	662	16	same	same	JJ
39785	662	17	opening	opening	NN
39785	662	18	,	,	,
39785	662	19	flooding	flood	VBG
39785	662	20	the	the	DT
39785	662	21	workings	working	NNS
39785	662	22	.	.	.
39785	663	1	INDEX	INDEX	NNP
39785	663	2	Agricola	Agricola	NNP
39785	663	3	,	,	,
39785	663	4	Georgius	Georgius	NNP
39785	663	5	,	,	,
39785	663	6	215	215	CD
39785	663	7	,	,	,
39785	663	8	216	216	CD
39785	663	9	Barlow	barlow	JJ
39785	663	10	,	,	,
39785	663	11	Peter	Peter	NNP
39785	663	12	W.	W.	NNP
39785	663	13	,	,	,
39785	663	14	221	221	CD
39785	663	15	,	,	,
39785	663	16	227	227	CD
39785	663	17	Beach	Beach	NNP
39785	663	18	,	,	,
39785	663	19	Alfred	Alfred	NNP
39785	663	20	Ely	Ely	NNP
39785	663	21	,	,	,
39785	663	22	224	224	CD
39785	663	23	,	,	,
39785	663	24	227	227	CD
39785	663	25	-	-	SYM
39785	663	26	229	229	CD
39785	663	27	,	,	,
39785	663	28	231	231	CD
39785	663	29	,	,	,
39785	663	30	237	237	CD
39785	663	31	Brunel	Brunel	NNP
39785	663	32	,	,	,
39785	663	33	Marc	Marc	NNP
39785	663	34	Isambard	Isambard	NNP
39785	663	35	(	(	-LRB-
39785	663	36	the	the	DT
39785	663	37	elder	elder	NN
39785	663	38	)	)	-RRB-
39785	663	39	,	,	,
39785	663	40	204	204	CD
39785	663	41	,	,	,
39785	663	42	205	205	CD
39785	663	43	,	,	,
39785	663	44	217	217	CD
39785	663	45	,	,	,
39785	663	46	218	218	CD
39785	663	47	,	,	,
39785	663	48	221	221	CD
39785	663	49	,	,	,
39785	663	50	224	224	CD
39785	663	51	,	,	,
39785	663	52	229	229	CD
39785	663	53	,	,	,
39785	663	54	231	231	CD
39785	663	55	,	,	,
39785	663	56	236	236	CD
39785	663	57	Burleigh	Burleigh	NNP
39785	663	58	,	,	,
39785	663	59	Charles	Charles	NNP
39785	663	60	,	,	,
39785	663	61	212	212	CD
39785	663	62	,	,	,
39785	663	63	213	213	CD
39785	663	64	Burleigh	Burleigh	NNP
39785	663	65	Rock	Rock	NNP
39785	663	66	Drill	Drill	NNP
39785	663	67	Company	Company	NNP
39785	663	68	,	,	,
39785	663	69	212	212	CD
39785	663	70	Burr	Burr	NNP
39785	663	71	,	,	,
39785	663	72	S.	S.	NNP
39785	663	73	D.	D.	NNP
39785	663	74	V.	V.	NNP
39785	663	75	,	,	,
39785	663	76	236	236	CD
39785	663	77	Cochrane	Cochrane	NNP
39785	663	78	,	,	,
39785	663	79	Sir	Sir	NNP
39785	663	80	Thomas	Thomas	NNP
39785	663	81	,	,	,
39785	663	82	231	231	CD
39785	663	83	,	,	,
39785	663	84	232	232	CD
39785	663	85	Copperthwaite	Copperthwaite	NNP
39785	663	86	,	,	,
39785	663	87	William	William	NNP
39785	663	88	Charles	Charles	NNP
39785	663	89	,	,	,
39785	663	90	224	224	CD
39785	663	91	Doane	Doane	NNP
39785	663	92	,	,	,
39785	663	93	Thomas	Thomas	NNP
39785	663	94	,	,	,
39785	663	95	210	210	CD
39785	663	96	,	,	,
39785	663	97	212	212	CD
39785	663	98	,	,	,
39785	663	99	213	213	CD
39785	663	100	,	,	,
39785	663	101	215	215	CD
39785	663	102	Drinker	drinker	NN
39785	663	103	,	,	,
39785	663	104	Henry	Henry	NNP
39785	663	105	S.	S.	NNP
39785	663	106	,	,	,
39785	663	107	224	224	CD
39785	663	108	,	,	,
39785	663	109	237	237	CD
39785	663	110	Greathead	Greathead	NNP
39785	663	111	,	,	,
39785	663	112	James	James	NNP
39785	663	113	Henry	Henry	NNP
39785	663	114	,	,	,
39785	663	115	204	204	CD
39785	663	116	,	,	,
39785	663	117	218	218	CD
39785	663	118	,	,	,
39785	663	119	221	221	CD
39785	663	120	,	,	,
39785	663	121	224	224	CD
39785	663	122	,	,	,
39785	663	123	229	229	CD
39785	663	124	,	,	,
39785	663	125	231	231	CD
39785	663	126	,	,	,
39785	663	127	235	235	CD
39785	663	128	-	-	SYM
39785	663	129	237	237	CD
39785	663	130	Gwynn	Gwynn	NNP
39785	663	131	,	,	,
39785	663	132	Stuart	Stuart	NNP
39785	663	133	,	,	,
39785	663	134	210	210	CD
39785	663	135	Haskin	Haskin	NNP
39785	663	136	,	,	,
39785	663	137	DeWitt	DeWitt	NNP
39785	663	138	C.	C.	NNP
39785	663	139	,	,	,
39785	663	140	204	204	CD
39785	663	141	,	,	,
39785	663	142	232	232	CD
39785	663	143	,	,	,
39785	663	144	234	234	CD
39785	663	145	-	-	SYM
39785	663	146	236	236	CD
39785	663	147	Haupt	Haupt	NNP
39785	663	148	,	,	,
39785	663	149	Herman	Herman	NNP
39785	663	150	,	,	,
39785	663	151	204	204	CD
39785	663	152	,	,	,
39785	663	153	209	209	CD
39785	663	154	,	,	,
39785	663	155	210	210	CD
39785	663	156	Hobson	Hobson	NNP
39785	663	157	,	,	,
39785	663	158	Joseph	Joseph	NNP
39785	663	159	,	,	,
39785	663	160	237	237	CD
39785	663	161	Latrobe	Latrobe	NNP
39785	663	162	,	,	,
39785	663	163	Benjamin	Benjamin	NNP
39785	663	164	H.	H.	NNP
39785	663	165	,	,	,
39785	663	166	208	208	CD
39785	663	167	,	,	,
39785	663	168	209	209	CD
39785	663	169	Law	Law	NNP
39785	663	170	,	,	,
39785	663	171	Henry	Henry	NNP
39785	663	172	,	,	,
39785	663	173	218	218	CD
39785	663	174	Mowbray	Mowbray	NNP
39785	663	175	,	,	,
39785	663	176	George	George	NNP
39785	663	177	W.	W.	NNP
39785	663	178	,	,	,
39785	663	179	213	213	CD
39785	663	180	,	,	,
39785	663	181	215	215	CD
39785	663	182	Nobel	Nobel	NNP
39785	663	183	,	,	,
39785	663	184	Alfred	Alfred	NNP
39785	663	185	B.	B.	NNP
39785	663	186	,	,	,
39785	663	187	213	213	CD
39785	663	188	Putnam	Putnam	NNP
39785	663	189	Machine	Machine	NNP
39785	663	190	Works	Works	NNP
39785	663	191	,	,	,
39785	663	192	212	212	CD
39785	663	193	Shanley	Shanley	NNP
39785	663	194	,	,	,
39785	663	195	Walter	Walter	NNP
39785	663	196	,	,	,
39785	663	197	212	212	CD
39785	663	198	Shanley	Shanley	NNP
39785	663	199	Bros.	Bros.	NNPS
39785	663	200	,	,	,
39785	663	201	215	215	CD
39785	663	202	Sommeiller	Sommeiller	NNP
39785	663	203	,	,	,
39785	663	204	Germain	Germain	NNP
39785	663	205	,	,	,
39785	663	206	210	210	CD
39785	663	207	Storrow	Storrow	NNP
39785	663	208	,	,	,
39785	663	209	Charles	Charles	NNP
39785	663	210	S.	S.	NNP
39785	663	211	,	,	,
39785	663	212	210	210	CD
39785	663	213	Tweed	Tweed	NNP
39785	663	214	,	,	,
39785	663	215	William	William	NNP
39785	663	216	Marcy	Marcy	NNP
39785	663	217	(	(	-LRB-
39785	663	218	Boss	Boss	NNP
39785	663	219	)	)	-RRB-
39785	663	220	,	,	,
39785	663	221	229	229	CD
39785	663	222	Weale	Weale	NNP
39785	663	223	,	,	,
39785	663	224	John	John	NNP
39785	663	225	,	,	,
39785	663	226	218	218	CD
39785	663	227	*	*	NFP
39785	663	228	*	*	NFP
39785	663	229	*	*	NFP
39785	663	230	*	*	NFP
39785	663	231	*	*	NFP
39785	663	232	Transcriber	Transcriber	NNP
39785	663	233	's	's	POS
39785	663	234	Notes	Notes	NNPS
39785	663	235	All	all	DT
39785	663	236	obvious	obvious	JJ
39785	663	237	typographical	typographical	JJ
39785	663	238	errors	error	NNS
39785	663	239	corrected	correct	VBD
39785	663	240	.	.	.
39785	664	1	Formatting	format	VBG
39785	664	2	inconsistancies	inconsistancie	NNS
39785	664	3	and	and	CC
39785	664	4	spelling	spelling	NN
39785	664	5	were	be	VBD
39785	664	6	standardized	standardize	VBN
39785	664	7	.	.	.
39785	665	1	Paragraphs	paragraph	NNS
39785	665	2	split	split	VBD
39785	665	3	by	by	IN
39785	665	4	illustrations	illustration	NNS
39785	665	5	were	be	VBD
39785	665	6	rejoined	rejoin	VBN
39785	665	7	.	.	.
39785	666	1	The	the	DT
39785	666	2	text	text	NN
39785	666	3	in	in	IN
39785	666	4	the	the	DT
39785	666	5	reproduced	reproduce	VBN
39785	666	6	handbill	handbill	NN
39785	666	7	for	for	IN
39785	666	8	the	the	DT
39785	666	9	Thames	Thames	NNP
39785	666	10	Tunnel	Tunnel	NNP
39785	666	11	was	be	VBD
39785	666	12	transcribed	transcribe	VBN
39785	666	13	with	with	IN
39785	666	14	a	a	DT
39785	666	15	slight	slight	JJ
39785	666	16	modification	modification	NN
39785	666	17	to	to	IN
39785	666	18	the	the	DT
39785	666	19	figure	figure	NN
39785	666	20	description	description	NN
39785	666	21	portion	portion	NN
39785	666	22	.	.	.
39785	667	1	The	the	DT
39785	667	2	Index	Index	NNP
39785	667	3	was	be	VBD
39785	667	4	extracted	extract	VBN
39785	667	5	from	from	IN
39785	667	6	the	the	DT
39785	667	7	full	full	JJ
39785	667	8	publication	publication	NN
39785	667	9	Index	Index	NNP
39785	667	10	.	.	.