Summary of your 'study carrel' ============================== This is a summary of your Distant Reader 'study carrel'. The Distant Reader harvested & cached your content into a collection/corpus. It then applied sets of natural language processing and text mining against the collection. The results of this process was reduced to a database file -- a 'study carrel'. The study carrel can then be queried, thus bringing light specific characteristics for your collection. These characteristics can help you summarize the collection as well as enumerate things you might want to investigate more closely. This report is a terse narrative report, and when processing is complete you will be linked to a more complete narrative report. Eric Lease Morgan Number of items in the collection; 'How big is my corpus?' ---------------------------------------------------------- 153 Average length of all items measured in words; "More or less, how big is each item?" ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 46381 Average readability score of all items (0 = difficult; 100 = easy) ------------------------------------------------------------------ 7 Top 50 statistically significant keywords; "What is my collection about?" ------------------------------------------------------------------------- 120 illustration 99 Mr. 62 New 61 time 60 water 57 great 55 work 37 form 37 York 36 scientific 36 Fig 35 United 32 States 30 England 30 Dr. 25 gas 24 year 24 London 20 place 20 machine 19 FIG 17 current 17 St. 17 John 16 engine 14 air 14 Paris 13 steam 13 man 13 foot 13 american 13 Europe 12 iron 11 power 11 light 11 acid 11 America 10 large 10 fig 10 Sir 10 Professor 10 France 9 oil 9 invention 9 footnote 9 Philadelphia 8 case 8 Co. 8 Boston 8 AMERICAN Top 50 lemmatized nouns; "What is discussed?" --------------------------------------------- 13710 time 12216 water 10892 work 9876 year 9753 man 8574 part 7971 machine 7168 illustration 7002 foot 6935 iron 6870 day 6813 engine 6585 air 6492 power 6148 line 5905 use 5855 case 5854 end 5729 steam 5351 way 5316 gas 5157 invention 4893 place 4802 form 4781 side 4760 number 4669 point 4513 inch 4408 hand 4290 result 4288 purpose 4108 paper 4106 wheel 4099 mean 4095 light 4076 method 4057 fact 3976 plate 3938 country 3929 current 3924 process 3849 experiment 3677 wire 3644 hour 3619 pressure 3597 surface 3470 system 3378 piece 3351 mile 3348 one Top 50 proper nouns; "What are the names of persons or places?" -------------------------------------------------------------- 40347 _ 6603 | 6114 Mr. 4293 New 3941 . 2995 York 2555 Fig 2427 States 2265 England 2168 United 1816 C. 1798 Company 1787 State 1749 London 1741 J. 1710 M. 1668 Dr. 1632 H. 1576 St. 1529 W. 1514 FIG 1383 Co. 1265 C 1239 John 1187 America 1163 A. 1136 E. 1110 F. 1107 France 1104 American 1095 Exposition 1086 B. 1055 Paris 1046 Sir 1019 N. 1019 Commission 1015 Europe 1010 Professor 1009 S. 960 AMERICAN 918 Mrs. 862 CO 838 William 811 A 796 R. 790 Society 787 Great 770 Washington 755 Messrs. 755 George Top 50 personal pronouns nouns; "To whom are things referred?" ------------------------------------------------------------- 69022 it 28290 he 18295 they 17294 we 16074 i 10794 them 6429 him 6417 you 3291 us 2360 itself 2252 me 2144 himself 2017 she 1534 themselves 777 one 774 her 391 myself 251 ourselves 102 herself 91 yourself 76 ''em 51 ours 42 mine 35 thee 34 his 32 yours 29 theirs 9 ''s 7 ye 7 oneself 6 em 5 o 4 yourselves 4 p 3 thyself 3 hers 2 y.--the 2 wis.--this 2 t''o 2 s 2 ourself 2 hon 2 hay 2 g.--they 2 etc.$ 2 b 1 yttria 1 yt 1 years.--rev 1 workers.--records Top 50 lemmatized verbs; "What do things do?" --------------------------------------------- 285955 be 64073 have 22872 make 14741 do 10732 use 10619 give 9597 take 8752 find 7924 show 7686 say 7620 see 6446 know 5537 produce 5429 come 5276 go 5269 work 5067 become 4784 carry 4773 pass 4651 call 4551 follow 4393 form 4249 place 4157 obtain 4029 require 3560 contain 3488 bring 3482 put 3446 get 3351 keep 3328 set 3208 turn 3159 employ 3108 leave 3088 hold 2934 send 2902 draw 2899 seem 2852 build 2848 describe 2824 run 2810 increase 2744 move 2694 cut 2667 receive 2667 apply 2657 think 2611 consist 2611 begin 2583 appear Top 50 lemmatized adjectives and adverbs; "How are things described?" --------------------------------------------------------------------- 28231 not 14194 other 13180 great 12873 more 12453 so 11215 very 10467 first 9746 only 9553 then 8902 same 8539 well 8231 up 8119 as 7988 most 7757 large 7592 now 7577 also 7492 many 7241 out 7016 such 6840 much 6655 long 6626 small 6517 good 5462 new 5437 little 5087 high 4976 thus 4842 about 4502 even 4176 however 3728 less 3713 few 3535 down 3531 old 3526 far 3476 different 3360 necessary 3323 still 3235 off 3114 several 3000 certain 2987 low 2917 almost 2901 just 2896 electric 2873 here 2840 own 2830 possible 2753 again Top 50 lemmatized superlative adjectives; "How are things described to the extreme?" ------------------------------------------------------------------------- 2725 good 1638 most 1281 great 1204 least 726 high 703 large 346 early 308 fine 281 low 279 late 260 simple 229 Most 209 small 198 near 180 slight 131 old 127 cheap 104 bad 93 strong 91 long 77 hard 77 fast 60 short 60 heavy 59 deep 54 rich 44 poor 43 young 43 quick 42 manif 41 full 41 common 40 pure 40 new 40 light 40 hot 38 eld 38 easy 37 close 35 wide 30 big 29 safe 28 noble 28 minute 26 topmost 25 dark 24 grand 22 wr 22 weak 22 bright Top 50 lemmatized superlative adverbs; "How do things do to the extreme?" ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 6350 most 383 well 257 least 8 highest 7 hard 6 near 5 ¦ 4 greatest 3 worst 3 fast 2 shortest 2 lowest 2 flattest 2 easiest 1 widest 1 tallest 1 soon 1 smartest 1 smallest 1 slowest 1 richest 1 rest 1 quick 1 oldest 1 lowliest 1 long 1 lightest 1 latest 1 infest 1 hammer_.--fig 1 furthest 1 feeblest 1 clearest 1 cheapest Top 50 Internet domains; "What Webbed places are alluded to in this corpus?" ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- 10 www.gutenberg.org 6 www.archive.org 4 www.gutenberg.net 2 purl.fcla.edu 2 archive.org 1 www.pgdpcanada.net Top 50 URLs; "What is hyperlinked from this corpus?" ---------------------------------------------------- 2 http://www.archive.org 1 http://www.pgdpcanada.net 1 http://www.gutenberg.org/files/45269/45269-h/45269-h.htm 1 http://www.gutenberg.org/files/45269/45269-h.zip 1 http://www.gutenberg.org/files/39639/39639-h/39639-h.htm 1 http://www.gutenberg.org/files/39639/39639-h.zip 1 http://www.gutenberg.org/files/38329/38329-h/38329-h.htm 1 http://www.gutenberg.org/files/38329/38329-h.zip 1 http://www.gutenberg.org/files/37574/37574-h/37574-h.htm 1 http://www.gutenberg.org/files/37574/37574-h.zip 1 http://www.gutenberg.org/files/34459/34459-h/34459-h.htm 1 http://www.gutenberg.org/files/34459/34459-h.zip 1 http://www.gutenberg.net/dirs/2/5/8/2/25822/25822-h/25822-h.htm 1 http://www.gutenberg.net/dirs/2/5/8/2/25822/25822-h.zip 1 http://www.gutenberg.net/dirs/1/4/0/9/14092/14092-h/14092-h.htm 1 http://www.gutenberg.net/dirs/1/4/0/9/14092/14092-h.zip 1 http://www.archive.org/details/romanceofwarinve00corbiala 1 http://www.archive.org/details/romanceofindustr00coch 1 http://www.archive.org/details/greatinventionsd00pier 1 http://www.archive.org/ 1 http://purl.fcla.edu/fcla/dl/UF00001813.pdf 1 http://purl.fcla.edu/fcla/dl/UF00001813.jpg 1 http://archive.org/details/inventionsofgrea00bondrich 1 http://archive.org Top 50 email addresses; "Who are you gonna call?" ------------------------------------------------- Top 50 positive assertions; "What sentences are in the shape of noun-verb-noun?" ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 26 _ is _ 25 number contains about 19 work is not 15 time is not 14 water does not 14 work was not 13 _ did _ 12 water is not 12 water is then 11 gas is not 11 time went on 10 invention was not 10 machine is not 10 time goes on 10 work is now 9 _ form _ 9 invention does not 9 iron is not 9 water is so 8 _ do _ 8 _ was not 8 gas is now 8 invention has not 8 machine is also 8 power is not 8 water was not 8 years went on 7 air is so 7 case is different 7 iron does not 7 line is clear 7 machine is now 7 machines are now 7 man is not 7 water is very 6 _ see _ 6 _ work _ 6 air is then 6 gas is very 6 invention is not 6 machine was first 6 machine was not 6 man has ever 6 men did not 6 sides are not 6 work was very 6 | do | 5 _ does not 5 _ is not 5 _ was _ Top 50 negative assertions; "What sentences are in the shape of noun-verb-no|not-noun?" --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 6 time is not far 2 day is not far 2 engine was not inclined 2 invention has not only 2 invention has not yet 2 invention is not so 2 invention was not equal 2 iron is not only 2 iron was not available 2 machine has not yet 2 machine is not perfect 2 men had not yet 2 sides are not only 2 time is not distant 2 time is not yet 2 water is not only 2 work was not only 1 _ are no longer 1 _ are not so 1 _ did not even 1 _ had not then 1 _ have no discretion 1 _ is not quite 1 _ is not so 1 _ is not sufficient 1 _ was not _ 1 _ was not as 1 _ was not at 1 _ was not originally 1 _ was not traceable 1 _ was not well 1 _ were not new 1 air has no access 1 air has no motion 1 air is not alone 1 air was not good 1 air was not pure 1 air was not sufficiently 1 case had not yet 1 case is not as 1 case is not common 1 case is not so 1 case were not able 1 cases have no definite 1 cases is not only 1 cases making no allowances 1 cases were not colorless 1 day are not very 1 day had no better 1 day had not dreamt A rudimentary bibliography -------------------------- id = 14092 author = Anonymous title = The World''s Fair Or, Children''s prize gift book of the Great Exhibition of 1851 : describing the beautiful inventions and manufactures exhibited therein : with pretty stories about the people who have made and sent them : and how they live when at home. date = keywords = Corner; EASY; England; GRANDMAMMA; GRANDPAPA; Map; Miss; Queen; UNCLE; child; engraving; exhibition; good; history; illustration; little; new summary = of glass, it is called the "Crystal Palace." Does it not look like one thousands of people who crowd the Park,--all so different looking, and twenty-eight different colours, looking like mosaic, which was sent people are in general pretty warmly clothed, and comfortable looking, cloth, hats, cutlery, and other useful things, a very great many years The rich people use a number of silver vessels, and a quantity of things sent to the Great Exhibition from all parts of the world. thousand little people in the streets; and these figures are so EASY AND INTERESTING HISTORIES, FOR LITTLE FOLKS; BY MISS CORNER, THE HISTORY OF ENGLAND; WITH THE MANNERS AND CONDITION OF THE PEOPLE THE HISTORY OF ENGLAND; WITH THE MANNERS AND CONDITION OF THE PEOPLE good and beautiful lady; with eight large engravings. good and beautiful lady; with eight large engravings. "We look upon Miss Corner''s work with great interest, as being id = 25822 author = Anonymous title = Illustrated Science for Boys and Girls date = keywords = August; City; Editor; Fig; Kitty; Mr.; New; Paul; Professor; Tom; great; illustration; light; like; little; paper summary = compact type, with very little space wasted in head lines, eight large the world, only little Nell cutting and pasting from old papers, a morning, the City Editor wants to lay out to-day''s work. When the copy comes up, a man takes it and cuts it up into little after type-setter comes and takes one of these little bits, and in a few umbrellas covered with large feathers that would shed rain like a "duck''s principal works, and there Paul saw great bins of horns, the different "Why, from the gas-works, of course," said Philip in a very superior way, fire from the little iron doors made the place look weird and ghostly. looked like a very large drum-shaped clock, with several different dials little plan of the metre on a piece of paper, and then went on to explain "These eggs are a little cool," said August, putting one up to his cheek. id = 39639 author = Anonymous title = Picturesque World''s Fair, Vol. I, No. 1, Feb. 10, 1894 An Elaborate Collection of Colored Views . . . Comprising Illustrations of the Greatest Features of the World''s Columbian Exposition and Midway Plaisance: Architectural, Artistic, Historical, Scenic and Ethnological date = keywords = Exposition; Fair; great; illustration summary = Director-General of the World''s Columbian Exposition. in All of the Colors of Nature and Art. Under the direction of the celebrated Landscape Artist, John R. The publishers of "Picturesque World''s Fair," in presenting these all classes of people an artistic realistic reproduction of the great the Columbian Exposition afforded the view of the Court of Honor by The effect of wonderful lights upon the glorious white buildings and the great mass of structures which gave the White City its name, and [Illustration: THE MANUFACTURES AND LIBERAL ARTS BUILDING.] [Illustration: INTERIOR OF MANUFACTURES BUILDING.] INTERIOR OF MANUFACTURES BUILDING.--Very like a great city by itself avenue, the great thoroughfare, fifty feet in width, extending just in the center of the building may be seen the great clock, so and the general effect of the great central arch of the building the height of one hundred and fifty feet, the total cost of the building id = 46644 author = Anonymous title = Invention and Discovery: Curious Facts and Characteristic Sketches date = keywords = BOOKS; Dr.; Edition; England; Europe; Herschel; John; London; Lord; Mr.; NIMMO; Professor; Scotland; Sir; Society; author; great; iii; illustration; life; time; work; year summary = his eloquent work, _The Last Days of a Philosopher_, that Sir Humphry working power of the locomotive, and given us 60 miles an hour where we her attempts unavailing, she said to him, "Sir, you are a great man, and wonderful truth with which this little work paints the power of nature and the completion of so great and useful a work would have afforded the appearance of a great black ball in the heavens, with rays of light Another experiment took place on the 110th anniversary of the great fire Twenty thousand men worked upon it day and night; and it is stated that 11-1/2 feet of its surface.--_Year-Book of Facts_, 1843. great work was undertaken in the year 1586, and the day for raising the only about seventeen years of age when he completed this curious work, A Book for Fragments of Time on each Lord''s Day id = 44188 author = Baker, Ray Stannard title = Boys'' Second Book of Inventions date = keywords = Curie; Dumont; England; Hewitt; Japan; John; Lighthouse; Marconi; Milne; Mr.; Newfoundland; Professor; Santos; air; illustration summary = The practical mind at once sees radium in use as a new source of heat showing his men how to put up the great fan-like rudder of the ship next year, 1899, he built a new air-ship called Santos-Dumont II., and possibility of balloons, of motors, of light construction, of air [Illustration: The Work of the Great Earthquake of 1891 in Neo Valley, rush off to see Professor Milne every time there is news of a great conveyed as electricity over a copper wire, changed into heat and light by the electrical furnace, with its power of producing heat of untold method employed for coming at the heat of the electrical furnace, to the heavy work of men, producing the power which will help to turn And the time is coming--long-headed inventors saw it many years [Illustration: Machine for Burning the Air with Electric Arcs so as to Light--The New Electrical Converter--The Hewitt Interrupter_ id = 45269 author = Bond, A. Russell (Alexander Russell) title = Inventions of the Great War date = keywords = Allies; French; Germans; Underwood; Zeppelin; american; british; courtesy; fire; gas; gun; illustration; machine; scientific; shell; submarine summary = their principal use was to carry shell to the guns which were located If the long-range German gun was fired at that earth, the shell of long-range guns meet with less and less resistance The big 16-inch guns that protect our coasts fire a shell that weighs the German long-range gun was of but 8.2-inch caliber. It is likely that the long-range German gun was But although we built no such gun, after the Germans began shelling ago the British built three battle-ships, each fitted with two guns days, these gas shell were usually not fired by the Germans on lines The scouting-airplane carried a machine-gun, not for attack, but for U-boats, and even heavy guns with which they could fire shell. And so the machine-guns carried by airplanes were provided for a Zeppelin to use machine-guns against an airplane because the pursuing U-boat would stand off out of range of the ship''s guns and id = 37609 author = Burns, Elmer Ellsworth title = The Story of Great Inventions date = keywords = Edison; England; FIG; Faraday; France; Germany; States; United; battery; current; electric; illustration summary = Starting and stopping the battery current in the primary coil causes a whirling of the disk in the magnetic field caused an electric current. A coil of wire with an electric current flowing through producing an electric current was the "voltaic battery," so called in For the purpose of lighting and power the electric battery proved too experiments a current was induced in a coil of wire by moving a magnet The dynamo furnishes current for the electric lights in the car. armature is turned by a steam-engine or some other power, a current is An arc light is produced by an electric current flowing across a gap electric current to furnish a large number of small lights. An electric current travels over the telephone wire. flowing over the line-wire, and the changes in the electric current Motion of magnet produced by an electric current--M. id = 47657 author = California. Alaska-Yukon-Pacific exposition commission title = Report of Governor''s Representatives for California at Alaska-Yukon-Pacific Exposition Commission date = keywords = Angeles; California; Co.; Francisco; Los; Oil; Sacramento; San; State; Wine summary = [Illustration: CALIFORNIA STATE BUILDING, SEATTLE EXPOSITION, 1909] were, San Diego, Los Angeles, Riverside, Ventura, Santa Barbara, Santa Cruz, Alameda, San Francisco, Tulare, Sacramento and Siskiyou. State of California Sacramento Installation of fruit State of California Sacramento Fruit and vegetables State of California Sacramento Processed fruit and State of California Sacramento General collection of gold State of California Sacramento General display minerals. State of California Sacramento Display of arts and crafts. State of California Sacramento Collective display oil California Wine Ass''n San Francisco Port. State of California Sacramento Industrial work. California Fruit Growers Los Angeles Installation of citrus California Hotel Exhibit San Francisco Display hotel pictures. California School of San Francisco Drawing and industrial work. California Polytechnic San Francisco Industrial work. State of California Sacramento Installation art exhibit. State of California Sacramento Installation art exhibit. State of California Sacramento Topographical map of San State of California Sacramento Mineral paints. id = 31179 author = Chapelle, Howard Irving title = Fulton''s "Steam Battery": Blockship and Catamaran date = keywords = Battery; Fulton; Museum; Navy; New; Steam; United; York; illustration summary = [Illustration: Figure 1.--SCALE MODEL of Fulton''s _Steam Battery_ in _Robert Fulton''s "Steam Battery," a catamaran-type blockship, was built have been made for Fulton''s patent on the design of the _Steam Battery_, Fulton''s proposal concerned a floating battery propelled by steam contracts required to build a vessel, and to draw on the Navy [Illustration: Figure 3.--SCALE MODEL of _Steam Battery_, showing double was a sailing vessel for the defense of the port of New York, planned to inboard profile and arrangement of Fulton''s _Steam Battery_, showing Fulton''s _Steam Battery_ existed, as well as plans of the first [Illustration: Figure 9.--LINES OF FULTON''S _Steam Battery_, as _Steam Battery_, for construction of the model in the Museum of History Sweden a design for a double-hulled 144-gun ship-of-the-line (rating as double-hull design and fitted with an engine built by Symington. [Illustration: Figure 18.--SAIL PLAN OF FULTON''S _Steam Battery_ as [Illustration: Figure 19.--MODEL OF _Steam Battery_ in the Museum of id = 34061 author = Chipman, Robert A. title = The Earliest Electromagnetic Instruments date = keywords = Journal; Museum; Oersted; Poggendorf; Schweigger; Society; wire summary = before Oersted discovered the magnetic effects of a voltaic circuit. The heating of the wires in electric circuits must have been observed so magnetic effects of a voltaic circuit, on July 21, 1820.[9] portion of a voltaic circuit created an electrical instrument, the needle was deflected clockwise when the wire of a particular voltaic force of the needle on the connecting wire in the simple Oersted reaction-force of a magnetic needle on the connecting wire of a voltaic configuration of needle and wire is in fact present here, Schweigger a single wire, using the weak electric circuit here, deflects the analysis of Oersted''s observation, Poggendorf ran the connecting wire of Poggendorf experimented with the size of the circuit wires, finding that Magnetism as a Measure of Electricity." (Neither Poggendorf nor any of Observing needle deflections for various positions of the wire A-B, with [Illustration: Figure 7.--"SCHWEIGGER MULTIPLIER" used by Oersted in id = 45139 author = Clark, Samuel Evans title = Learn to Invent, First Steps for Beginners Young and Old Practical Instuction, Valuable Suggestions to Learn to Invent date = keywords = end; good; idea; like; patent; time; work summary = and unlimited field for study, that people may learn to invent. inventor, take up his invention and study the original lines of his like a great cloud of fringe on the science of invention, I think it Many times a good idea is poorly carried out, invention he would get a patent; if another man made an improvement oiled paper end might be worked on under the wrapper to help the matter. Next to the simple or single idea patents: I think the improvements As a matter of fact, you can''t patent an idea. Many people will say to those who invent, "How did you come to think of your mind engrossed with an idea of an invention or an improvement on I advise all who have any idea of inventing to practice drawing. ideas are good things. come under the head of copyright are, I think, a good field to work id = 34459 author = Corbin, Thomas W. title = The Romance of War Inventions A Description of Warships, Guns, Tanks, Rifles, Bombs, and Other Instruments and Munitions of Warfare, How They Were Invented & How They Are Employed date = keywords = 8vo; B.A.; Crown; HEROES; Illustrations; M.A.; MODERN; Mr.; ROMANCE; Rev.; Story; day; great; gun; little; ship; water; wonder summary = carbon, hydrogen and oxygen) and a little vaseline added, form a soft range and vigorous hitting power a gun needs to be as long as possible. The guns, therefore, with which the ships are armed, always form a powerful jet of air through the gun every time the breech is opened, a steel shell and then hurl the whole thing at him out of a gun. between the gun and the shell when firing takes place. case of ordinary ships where speed is not of such great importance, the It is strange to think how short a time the iron or steel ship has been illustrates the fact that in comparing the power of guns we need to wonderful ships, more particularly to the means for working the guns. through the water will not make some wave, but certain forms cause less use the orthodox term, is placed another little piece of iron called the id = 38045 author = Corbin, Thomas W. title = Marvels of Scientific Invention An Interesting Account in Non-Technical Language of the Invention of Guns, Torpedoes, Submarine Mines, Up-to-Date Smelting, Freezing, Colour Photography, and Many Other Recent Discoveries of Science date = keywords = Hertz; air; case; current; end; form; gas; gold; heat; illustration; light; little; man; place; time; turn; water; way; wire; work summary = connected to an electrical machine, which causes a current to pass down A current can do work; when it lights or heats your room or drives a suitable for measuring large currents and great pressures. produced by the current flowing in the wire tends to turn the needle, lighting or power purposes the currents are "alternating." They flow which heat produces electrical pressure and current. current begins to circulate round the silver strip which forms the coil, red rays, while a bluish light like the electric arc is naturally principle is the same, since the heat is formed by forcing current past coil is made of many turns of fine wire, so that little current passes volume of current be forced along iron wires of the same size, the heat Taking, then, the known magnetic effects of an electric current and the Electric current is made to pass through this wire on its id = 22683 author = Cresee, Franklin Allison title = Practical Pointers for Patentees date = keywords = Jefferson; Letters; Lincoln; New; Ohio; St.; States; TOTAL; United; Washington; canadian; invention; patent; patentee; right; sidenote; value summary = Assignments--Territorial Grants--Licenses--Patent designs are filed each year in the United States Patent Office, and friend contingent on the sale of the patent, sell a State or county invention covered by the said Letters Patent. United States and Canadian patents, if the patentee will file the If the inventor has a patent on an invention that dispose of the patent rights; others advertise for and appoint State The patentee may also sell licenses under his patent; that is, in "Any inventor who elects to obtain a patent for his invention in a A lawful sale of a patented article by a patentee or grantee, within his manufactured articles, as all who sell goods, whether patented or not, State of Ohio, did obtain Letters Patent of the United State of Ohio, did obtain Letters Patent of the United invention therein patented for the States of Indiana and selling said patented article: Now, therefore, the parties id = 39398 author = Cromwell, John Howard title = A System of Easy Lettering date = keywords = illustration; paper summary = SPON & CHAMBERLAIN, _Publishers_, 12 CORTLANDT STREET, NEW YORK. _See also_ =Algebraic Signs=, Spons'' Dictionary of Engineering No. 2. Made from this paper, with useful tables. =New Edition (Oblong 8 × 11 inches), boards 32 pages text, 44 _A Practical System of Freehand Lettering for Working Drawings_ "It is the first book on Lettering I have ever seen that is good for A Handbook of Practical Instruction for Young Engineers and those in The best and most practical book on the Corliss Engine. A practical handbook for the use of those in charge of =Screw-Cutting Tables=, for the use of Mechanical Engineers, showing the =The Handy Sketching Book,= for the use of Draftsmen and Engineers, general engineering work, 16mo., cloth, $1.00. engineering students and practical men, 286 pages, illustrated, 32mo., =Molesworth.=--Pocket-book of useful formulæ and memoranda for civil and =Hurst.=--A hand-book of formulæ, tables and memoranda for architectural =Spons''.=--Tables and memoranda for engineers, by Hurst. id = 43841 author = Dircks, Henry title = Scientific Studies; or, Practical, in Contrast with Chimerical Pursuits date = keywords = Astrology; Castle; Century; Charles; Dr.; Marquis; Mr.; Sun; Vauxhall; Worcester; engine; water; work summary = AUTHOR OF "THE LIFE OF THE MARQUIS OF WORCESTER;" The Marquis of Worcester affords an eminent example of genius of a high The Biographer of Edward, second MARQUIS OF WORCESTER, naturally finds Somerset, created first Marquis of Worcester by Charles I., was married We obtain little information respecting the Marquis of Worcester until matters of science, more ignorant of the Marquis of Worcester''s worth, Lords and Commons." Then his great invention, the "Water-commanding his life time, and appears to have been working as late as 1670. acquainted with the Marquis''s mechanical operations at Vauxhall, and must have seen the great water-engine at work, if only as a novelty, and Judging of the Marquis of Worcester''s personal appearance from two Evidence of the Marquis of Worcester''s claim to the Invention of the In "The Life, Times, and Scientific Labours of the Marquis of _Life of the Marquis of Worcester_.] It contains what the French call id = 36776 author = Doolittle, William Henry title = Inventions in the Century date = keywords = America; CHAPTER; Dr.; England; Europe; France; Germany; Henry; John; London; Metallurgy; New; Paris; Philadelphia; Prof.; Sir; States; United; Washington; Watt; William; York; art; century; english; form; french; great; invention; machine; steam; time; water; work summary = improvements in steam-engines of the nineteenth century--great as they inventors until the next century, and until after the great inventions At the age of 22 he invented a machine for making card teeth, power, invented a steam engine having a piston and a safety valve, and arts, such inventions, so far as great works are concerned, have inventors now had two forms of electrical machines to produce light: the Brown of England was the first in this century to invent and use a gas metal-working tools and machines forming the subject of this chapter are The century''s improvements and inventions in machines for treating and In the great class of Industrial Mechanics, no machines of the century ironing days, the invention of these machines and appliances must be These machines were developed and in use just as the new century Machines have been invented which consist of hard iron or steel rollers id = 11368 author = Doubleday, Russell title = Stories of Inventors: The Adventures of Inventors and Engineers date = keywords = Dumont; Marconi; New; Santos; air; great; illustration; long; machine; man; motor; ship; time; water; work summary = time the vibration of the long-distance message through the air; the new Marconi stations, therefore, built for long-distance work, are flight, Santos-Dumont launched his second air-ship the following May. Number 2 was slightly larger than the first, and the fault that was amazed people on the tower saw the air-ship turn right and left as her The new machine worked well, though at one time the aerial navigator''s a long run, without stops, and the engine took water from a track-tank little steam plants are when a ten-horse-power engine, boiler, engine, however, working by the force of exploded gas, produces power into steam, so the water has to do its work many times. steam-motors that work on the same principle as the engine built by Submarine torpedo-boats are actual, practical working vessels to-day, special lines are built to carry long-distance messages from one great id = 9308 author = Ellis, DeLancey M. title = New York at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition, St. Louis 1904 Report of the New York State Commission date = keywords = Bantams; Beauty; Black; Board; Brooklyn; Co.; Commission; Department; Education; Exposition; Golden; Governor; John; King; Long; Louis; Louisiana; Mr.; Mrs.; New; Pippin; President; Red; Russet; School; St.; State; Sweet; White; Winter; Yellow; York; early; medal summary = 25 WILLIAM BERRI, VICE PRESIDENT, NEW YORK STATE COMMISSION West expected great things of New York State; that the city of St. Louis develop the New York State art exhibit at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition Commission of the State of New York any of the exhibits, or Exposition Commission of the State of New York for the use of said Lewis the Lewis and Clark Exposition Commission, State of New York, must get Louisiana Purchase Exposition Commission of the State of New York. Louisiana Purchase Exposition Commission of the State of New York. Louisiana Purchase Exposition Commission of the State of New York. Therefore, the school exhibit of New York State should Commission of the State of New York for its collective exhibit in this Commission of the State of New York for its collective exhibit in this Commission of the State of New York for its collective exhibit in this id = 33766 author = Farber, Eduard title = History of Phosphorus date = keywords = Museum; States; United; acid; figure; illustration summary = evaporating the mixture of acid solution of calcium phosphate and coal. obtaining this acid, and Marggraf showed its chemical peculiarities. phosphates, it became clear that three kinds of phosphoric acids could acids as "a terphosphate, a biphosphate, and phosphate of water." he saw with certain organic acids when he formulated the phosphoric The acids from the two lower oxides of phosphorus were also considered The study of phosphoric acids led to important new concepts in established as a compound of phosphoric acid. the ester, as obtained by Pelouze, still contained free acidic functions to which the fatty acids and choline phosphate are attached, for treatment with acid or alcohol gives products of lower phosphorus A compound of adenine, ribose, and phosphoric acid was found in yeast, rest, the compound contains three molecules of phosphoric acid, linked Organic esters of phosphoric acids are used as insecticides. chemical and biological importance of phosphorus compounds. id = 43965 author = Fiske, Bradley A. (Bradley Allen) title = Invention: The Master-key to Progress date = keywords = Age; Alexander; Britain; Civilization; Cæsar; Egypt; England; Europe; France; Germany; Great; Greece; Greeks; India; Italy; Napoleon; Philip; Rome; States; United; War; invention; machine; roman summary = time, despite the known facts as to what inventions and inventors kind of work that is so wholly a "one man job" as inventing. inventional work, seems to spring naturally from the original fact that Now the legion was just as truly an invented machine as a steam engine and noted the influence of those inventions in causing civilization, suggest that invention has been the only kind of work that men have possible the invention of those electric and electro-magnetic machines the new science, Faraday invented the first electro-magnetic machines. in coming into use, or long in causing the invention of improvements on like others of mechanical machines, was not a practical invention of the existing Machine of Civilization are the permanent inventions this invention was, we can imagine the Machine to exist without it, of the important influence of invention that it was possible for Great id = 41219 author = Forman, S. E. (Samuel Eagle) title = Stories of Useful Inventions date = keywords = Egypt; England; Europe; FIG; Greeks; Rome; ancient; century; egyptian; great; illustration; invention; plow; roman; steam; time summary = Match, the Stove, the Lamp, the Forge, the Steam-Engine, the Plow, the these inventions we at the same time trace the course of human progress. The steam-engine was invented two thousand years ago (p. the world then had no work for steam to do, so the invention attracted inventor, showed the world a new way of lighting a house. If primitive man were slow to learn the use of iron it was not because his invention and the steam-engine passed almost completely out of men''s opening of the eighteenth century the steam-engine had been put to work Saxon print we see (Fig. 7) a plow which was used in the time of William In the loom worked by the Pueblo woman (Fig. 5) a new piece appears. French army officer, invented a steam-carriage of three wheels (Fig. 2) thirty years ago the _electric car_ (Fig. 5) was invented. id = 36768 author = Fyfe, J. Hamilton (James Hamilton) title = Triumphs of Invention and Discovery in Art and Science date = keywords = Arkwright; Bell; Crompton; Davy; England; France; Fulton; George; Hill; India; James; John; London; Mr.; Paris; Robert; Stephenson; Tale; Watt; art; day; great; invention; man; old; steam; time; work; year summary = in its working, to the first-class printing machine of our own day, the fruit of long years of patient thought and work, the other the Watt''s invention of the steam engine, the other the great popular revolt war, will find that Watt''s steam machine worked the greatest revolution improvements in the steam engine; but his great invention forms the thoughts, and nearly all his time, were given up to the great work he upon the mule was £300,000 a-year, or more than £1000 a working day. got his locomotive built and set to work, brought his ballast engine whether the new line should be worked by steam or horse power. time, the rock on which he had to work was at a greater distance from thirty men, I have spent many a weary day and night, at those times invention of the steam-engine, and the improvement of manufacturing id = 16256 author = Gilbreth, Lillian Moller title = The Psychology of Management The Function of the Mind in Determining, Teaching and Installing Methods of Least Waste date = keywords = Dr.; F.W.; Management; Psychology; Scientific; Study; Taylor; Traditional; Transitory; effect; man; method; record; result; reward; standard; system; teaching; time; work; worker summary = 1. Management is a life study of every man who works with other the worker to work under Scientific Management. Traditional Management especially on day work the output of the men ever, was an individual task set for a worker on day work, or piece of the work of an individual, a standard man, and the task is always SCIENTIFIC MANAGEMENT NEEDS SUPPORT IN STUDYING WORKERS.--The work of the individual under Scientific Management comes the RELATION OF INDIVIDUAL RECORDS TO SCIENTIFIC MANAGEMENT IN that Scientific Management kills individuality and turns the worker WORK OF THE WORKERS.--The men are simply given standard tasks to UNDER SCIENTIFIC MANAGEMENT BETTER METHODS AND BETTER WORK Scientific Management, by determining and standardizing methods standards of Scientific Management, as presented to the worker in constantly, as Scientific Management standardizes work and shows Under the teaching of Scientific Management, work, the quantity id = 40276 author = Hale, Edward Everett title = Stories of Invention, Told by Inventors and their Friends date = keywords = Archimedes; Bacon; Bessemer; Colonel; Dr.; Edgeworth; England; France; Franklin; Fritz; Fryer; Fulton; Henry; John; London; Mr.; New; Sir; Stephenson; Uncle; Virgilius; Watt; Whitney; engine; great; man; time; work summary = work of such young people now is different from what it was thirty years said that the New Englanders had a great deal of adventurous old Norse So soon as the old man came home, he called to his son for his books, of _England_ had a great part of _France_ which they held a long time, The invention of the steam-engine by Watt, and the applications of it to child invented the steam-engine, from observing the motion of the top of steam-engine to the point where Watt took hold of it. long and laborious years to work out the details of the engine. successive year''s experience proves more fully, the great advantages sufficient time to get the locomotives into good working order, the working models of steam-engines and other apparatus required for the persons came to see my active little steam-engine at work; and they were noiseless work of the great steam-engine there. id = 22684 author = Hawaii title = Patent Laws of the Republic of Hawaii and Rules of Practice in the Patent Office date = keywords = Interior; Minister; section summary = of drawings the applicant shall furnish them as set forth in Section 2. required by law, the Commissioner of Patents shall examine the alleged Minister of Interior and shall examine and report on all applications fees shall be charged all applicants for patents, upon filing each said applicant shall file in the office of the Minister of the Interior, Interior shall cause to be issued the patent applied for, or such and drawings shall be annexed to the patent and be a part thereof:" specification, nor in case of a machine patent shall the model or application therefor shall be filed in the office of the Minister of the of a print, label or trade mark, he shall file in the office of the 24--The applicant for a patent is required by law to furnish drawings In case of appeal the applicant shall file in the office of the Minister id = 39721 author = Hazen, Edward title = Popular Technology; or, Professions and Trades. Vol. 1 (of 2) date = keywords = America; Britain; Church; East; Egypt; England; Europe; France; Great; Greeks; India; MAKER; Mediterranean; New; North; Romans; Rome; States; United; christian; country; illustration; kind; time summary = case in all works embracing so great a variety of subjects. case, the people, having sunk into a state of barbarism, depended for rest is left in the form of sugar, in the state called _muscovado_. considerable quantities, in the northern parts of the United States, The three general methods of making bread, and the great number of materials employed, admit of a great variety in this essential article chief article of this kind, manufactured in the United States, it will United States, would be sufficient for the support of common schools country in the United States, in which the people manufacture much of In ancient times, great attention was paid to dressing the hair. States, for many years after their adoption in Great Britain. in country places, in almost every part of the United States. the United States, where common schools are not established by law. id = 40101 author = Hazen, Edward title = Popular Technology; or, Professions and Trades. Vol. 2 (of 2) date = keywords = England; Europe; France; Germany; Greeks; Italy; John; New; Paris; Romans; Rome; States; United; art; form; great; illustration; iron; kind; place; stone; time; work summary = Engraving is the art of cutting letters or figures in wood, metals, or The process of drawing on stone differs but little from that on paper, single piece, which have been cast in moulds formed on common printing performance of the work by certain letters called _signatures_, placed business to employ persons capable of executing every kind of work 6. In polishing irregular surfaces, the different kinds of stone are kind of work, the operator is guided by patterns, formed from the is performed by means of a cutting instrument fixed in a kind of cylindrical form by rolling it upon a cast iron or stone table. process by which this kind of work is performed is called moulding. wheels of cast iron, stone, and wood, of different sizes; and the pieces of which they are formed are cut from a plate, and brought to a id = 22847 author = Higinbotham, H. D. title = Official Views Of The World''s Columbian Exposition date = keywords = -THE; ARTS; Building; MIDWAY; PLATE summary = PLATE 1--MANUFACTURES AND LIBERAL ARTS BUILDING. PLATE 2--NORTHERN FACADE OF LIBERAL ARTS BUILDING. PLATE 3--LIBERAL ARTS BUILDING--WEST ENTRANCE. PLATE 4--BIRDS EYE VIEW LOOKING NORTHWEST FROM LIBERAL ARTS BUILDING. PLATE 5--SOUTHWEST PAVILION OF LIBERAL ARTS BUILDING. PLATE 6--TIFFANY AND GORHAM EXHIBITS--MANUFACTURES BUILDING. PLATE 7--RUSSIAN EXHIBIT--MANUFACTURES BUILDING. PLATE 8--ENTRANCE TO GERMAN EXHIBIT--LIBERAL ARTS BUILDING. PLATE 9--AUSTRIAN EXHIBIT--MANUFACTURES BUILDING. PLATE 10--FRENCH AND BELGIAN SECTIONS--MANUFACTURES BUILDING. PLATE 11--NORWEGIAN EXHIBIT--MANUFACTURES BUILDING. PLATE 21--THE LIBERAL ARTS BUILDING FROM COLONNADE. PLATE 27--VIEW FROM ELECTRICITY BUILDING--LOOKING SOUTHEAST. PLATE 32--BELL TELEPHONE EXHIBIT--ELECTRICITY BUILDING. PLATE 33--ADMINISTRATION BUILDING FROM WOODED ISLAND. PLATE 44--LOOKING SOUTH FROM LOGGIA OF WOMAN''S BUILDING. PLATE 47--THE ILLINOIS BUILDING. PLATE 54--UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT BUILDING AND JAPANESE HO-O-DEN. PLATE 56--LIBERAL ARTS BUILDING FROM WOODED ISLAND. PLATE 57--WOODED ISLAND NEAR HORTICULTURAL BUILDING. PLATE 63--AVENUE OF STATE BUILDINGS. PLATE 64--NEW YORK STATE BUILDING. PLATE 75--GOVERNMENT BUILDINGS, SWEDEN, HAYTI AND NEW SOUTH WALES. PLATE 115--COURT OF HONOR FROM ADMINISTRATION BUILDING. id = 45083 author = Hodgson, Fred. T. (Frederick Thomas) title = The Library of Work and Play: Mechanics, Indoors and Out date = keywords = Fig; Figs; Fred; George; Gregg; Jessie; Mr.; Nick; Walter; end; engine; foot; illustration; work summary = "These," Fred said, "will be fine to build a little landing place or pier The end (Fig. 10) shows how Fred and Nick, with George''s help, built a rope and set of pulley-blocks like the ones shown in Fig. 11. called, the Lever, Pulley, Wheel and Axle, Inclined Plane, Wedge, and feet in length, 8 Ã� 10 inches in section, so Fred decided to make use of constructed like an ordinary steam engine with cylinder, slide-valve and The string looping up the flag was left long enough to enable Mr. Gregg, standing on the dock, to hold the end in his hand, and by pulling The propeller wheel (Fig. 38) is a screw having a large helical dimension. fastened to one end of the 1-foot 2-inch piece by means of a long screw. horse-power, which should be placed in the position shown in Fig. 218. id = 38782 author = Hubert, Philip Gengembre title = Inventors date = keywords = Bell; Boston; Edison; England; Ericsson; Franklin; Fulton; Goodyear; Howe; John; Morse; Mr.; New; Philadelphia; States; United; Washington; Whitney; York; american; illustration; work; year summary = Steam is said to have reduced the working hours of man in the For a hundred years before Franklin''s time, electricity had been studied For twenty years Franklin continued to work at electricity, devoting When Eli was thirteen years old his father married a second time. machines for doing work that for thousands of years had been done For a time the poor inventor abandoned his machine and obtained a place to New York, where he began in a small way to manufacture machines in Philadelphia and then to New York was only a work of time. inventor that he might return to New York and begin work, as the As a farmer boy, young Cyrus McCormick began his day''s work in the years of study, he had invented a machine for making a gold bracelet out machine, and after six years of hard work turned out an apparatus that id = 49016 author = J. Walter Thompson Company title = Things to Know About Trade-Marks: A Manual of Trade-Mark Information date = keywords = Baker; Co.; Company; New; Office; Patent; States; United; York; illustration; mark; trade summary = of many years'' advertising and trade-mark publicity. By the use of trade-marks, widely advertised, The word "Celluloid" is protected by the trade-mark law. "Kodak," an artificial word--a registered trade-mark--widely In this case the owners of the trade-mark have made their advertising known as the United States Trade-Mark Law. Its provisions should be under the United States law if the trade-mark for which registration is In other words, a trade-mark must not be an advertisement in The right to use a trade-mark is limited to the class of merchandise Most states have some kind of a trade-mark law, many of them good ones, held to be a fanciful word, not descriptive, and is a valid trade-mark. | trade-mark of good advertising. only in case of infringements of registered trade-marks. infringements of common law trade-marks, and in cases where packages, goods bearing infringing trade-marks and labels to the United States by id = 38367 author = Knight, Charles title = Knowledge Is Power: A View of the Productive Forces of Modern Society and the Results of Labor, Capital and Skill. date = keywords = Britain; CHAPTER; England; English; Europe; France; Henry; Indians; London; Mr.; New; United; capital; condition; country; exchange; great; illustration; labour; labourer; machine; machinery; man; manufacture; people; power; produce; production; state; time; work; year summary = power of labour would in his case be in its least productive state._ He requires some accumulation to aid his natural powers of labouring; for security, no exchange, no capital, no labour, no production. labour in exchange for meat and drink; the capitalist wanted the produce great use of the coined metal is to save labour in exchanging the ox for share in the productive power of capital and labour working together for the instant the labour of man ceases to direct those productive natural of trade, which compelled capital and labour to work unprofitably. manual labour, all are great gainers by the general use of that power. great part produced by the want of profitable labour. makes a little machine which saves him great labour. division of labour on the working man as a consumer, because it is the The division of labour in carrying forward the work of production is id = 13266 author = Louisiana Purchase Exposition Commission title = Final Report of the Louisiana Purchase Exposition Commission date = keywords = Agriculture; April; Arts; August; Building; Carter; Chicago; City; Commission; Company; Congress; December; Department; Exposition; Fair; France; Francis; Government; House; Illinois; John; July; June; Louisiana; March; Mines; Miss; Missouri; Mr.; Mrs.; National; New; November; October; Palace; President; Purchase; SEC; School; Secretary; September; St.; State; Taylor; Territory; Union; United; Washington; World; Wrecking; York; american; exhibit summary = exposition buildings said exhibit will be removed and stored at The Exposition Company shall furnish the National Commission a _Secretary Louisiana Purchase Exposition Company, Building_. the director of exhibits, the secretary of the Exposition Company, and approval by the Exhibition Company and the National Commission, president and the director of exhibits of the Exposition Company that been detrimental to the interests of the United States, the city of St. Louis, and the stockholders of the Exposition Company. State building at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition, and for the The exhibits of the State were shown in the departments of Education, The exhibit at the United States Fish Commission Building was in the Agricultural Building the State received 209 medals, and the exhibits in interview with the executive committee of the Exposition Company, Mr. Skiff, the director of exhibits, had said he could not give a list of WOMEN''S WORK AT THE EDUCATIONAL EXHIBITS, LOUISIANA PURCHASE id = 19533 author = Macomber, Hattie E. title = Stories of Great Inventors Fulton, Whitney, Morse, Cooper, Edison date = keywords = Cooper; Fulton; Morse; Mr.; New; Whitney; York summary = So, little by little, people came to know that steam is a great, One man tried to run his boat in a queer way. At one time the state of New York gave him the right of all steam In two years a regular line of boats was running between the great When Eli was about twelve years old, his father took a journey from When Eli was thirteen years old his father married a second time. The little cotton-gin had done a great work. For twelve long years, Mr. Morse worked to get people to notice his Long after, Mr. Morse said that much of the success of the telegraph Remember the twelve long, weary, anxious years, during which Mr. Morse had worked and waited. But would the poor young men and women of New York who worked hard This was thought to be a great thing for so young a boy to do. id = 12594 author = Marot, Helen title = Creative Impulse in Industry: A Proposition for Educators date = keywords = America; Germany; child; creative; industrial; industry; labor; people; school; worker summary = people, should prepare the children to serve industry for the sake of of men in relation to their work and the production of wealth. the business man to appraise the creative possibilities in industry. scheme of industry has excluded from the experience of its workers. industry, neither provides for growth, for education in the productive As machine power rivalled hand work, promoters of industry until of industrial managers to the fact that the energy of workers like the the workers but to suggest that efficient industry is a matter of The children''s life in these schools is an experience in industry industrial educational schemes are those which give men the ability to other industrial enterprises and to the business of wealth production people who enter the school and work shop to give their industrial possible for each worker to experience the joy of creative work as Industry offers opportunities for creative experience which is social id = 46232 author = Maule, Harry E. (Harry Edward) title = The Boy''s Book of New Inventions date = keywords = Blériot; Curtiss; Doctor; Edison; Farman; France; New; States; Tesla; United; Wright; York; aeroplane; american; boy; great; illustration; machine; picture; work summary = history of the world, of a power-driven, man-carrying aeroplane.] A new machine the next year showed little difference of design, but To start the early Wright biplanes, the machines were placed on a to the success of the aeroplane--light weight, high power, and These days the light powerful aeroplane engines control of flying machines, estimated the power necessary to carry a of the rear plane until the great forward wings did all the work with the Wright biplane racing machine, started out with high speed, Tesla''s great plant we must follow the scientist and his boy friend There are several motion-picture printing machines in use in this (showing the working of some great industry like steel making), The little engine looked like a small steel drum about ten inches in models at the power plant." Tesla turned on a small electric motor scientist and his boy friend just how the machine worked. id = 33146 author = Moffett, Cleveland title = Careers of Danger and Daring date = keywords = Atkinson; Bullard; Merrill; Mr.; Myers; New; Rajah; St.; Stevens; Street; York; balloon; big; foot; great; illustration; know; like; lion; look; man; run; tell; thing; time; work summary = through the cage bars, and I felt like saying, "Good little rope!" thing you know, you hear a sound inside your head like striking a match; depths comes a queer little man, as big as one of her anchor-points, and when we got him on deck, but he soon came round, and said he felt like like to talk about his work or tell you how it feels to do this thing. dangerous a thing, they said, for a man to undertake lightly. "Tell ye a fall that stirred us boys all right," said another man. and it was like a furnace; so he did the only thing a man can do--got things on the pilot-house that look like telescopes with long red tails. Another day he said: "A man gets more confidence every time he faces an "Tell ye a queer thing," said one man. id = 47258 author = Mowry, Arthur May title = American Inventions and Inventors date = keywords = America; Atlantic; Boston; CHAPTER; England; Europe; George; Indians; John; Massachusetts; Morse; Mr.; New; Pennsylvania; River; Smith; States; United; York; day; great; illustration; man; time; year summary = [Illustration: A NEW ENGLAND KITCHEN ONE HUNDRED YEARS AGO.] the great vessel with freight for New England. short time every day, and sends us little heat. We have in our day the electric light; we can use illuminating gas; common use, and doubtless will remain so for a long time to come. the United States to-day, was entirely unknown two centuries ago. A few years ago the new territory of Oklahoma was opened to farmers, Thousands of years ago wild horses ranged in great numbers over the from Boston to New York on horseback nearly two hundred years ago. I read the other day how a new iron bridge took the place of an old [Illustration: ELECTRIC CAR, NEW YORK CITY.] general use between the great cities of the country. The next year the _Great Eastern_ again set sail, with a new cable Nearly twenty years ago, soon after the invention came into use, three id = 32482 author = Multhauf, Robert P. title = The Introduction of Self-Registering Meteorological Instruments date = keywords = Hooke; London; Society; Wren; illustration; instrument summary = _The Introduction of_ SELF-REGISTERING METEOROLOGICAL INSTRUMENTS _The development of self-registering meteorological instruments self-registering instrument became a factor in meteorology._ instruments, the thermometer and barometer, were in no way inspired by the first use of the thermometer and barometer in meteorology. Hooke would have adapted to the weather clock his wheel-barometer, have a description of Wren''s self-registering thermometer, a circular, refer to other instruments which the weather clock is supposed to have self-registering meteorological instrument; it was standard equipment in meteorology had not involved self-recording instruments, and neither did barometer, and wind velocity indicator--that made available instruments self-registering instruments to major observatories but their complete instrument-maker Jules Richard of a self-registering barometer and a self-registering thermometer and barometer.[34] instruments upon which the self-registering systems of the late 19th [10] Wren''s clock and its wind vane and anemometer, thermometer, E. Gerland, "Historical Sketch of Instrumental Meteorology," in "Report id = 40782 author = Museum of History and Technology (U.S.) title = Smithsonian Institution - United States National Museum - Bulletin 240 Contributions From the Museum of History and Technology Papers 34-44 on Science and Technology date = keywords = American; Baltimore; Bertolla; Bollman; Borghesi; Charles; Coast; Company; Division; Dr.; Duryea; Father; Frank; Fulton; Geodetic; History; Institution; June; London; Museum; National; Navy; New; Paris; Peirce; Pioneer; Railroad; River; September; Smithsonian; States; Survey; Technology; U.S.; United; Washington; York; figure; illustration summary = American engineers and mechanics were working diligently to develop [Illustration: FIGURE 8.--DRAWING OF 1885 BENZ engine, showing [Illustration: FIGURE 20.--PISTON AND CONNECTING ROD of second engine. [Illustration: Figure 1.--THE DIAL PLATE of the Borghesi clock, showing [Illustration: Figure 8.--THE BORGHESI CLOCK in the Museum of History Borghesi was working on yet another astronomical clock, this time [Illustration: Figure 20.--TWO VIEWS OF BOLLMAN-BUILT "water-pipe truss" [Illustration: Figure 3.--SCALE MODEL of _Steam Battery_, showing double [Illustration: Figure 11.--HOOSAC TUNNEL survey crew at engineering [Illustration: Figure 12.--WORKS AT THE CENTRAL SHAFT, HOOSAC TUNNEL, [Illustration: Figure 6.--THE RESULT of early pendulum experiments was pendulum in front of a seconds clock and determined the time of swing by [Illustration: Figure 12.--THE KATER CONVERTIBLE PENDULUM in use is [Illustration: Figure 17.--REPSOLD-BESSEL REVERSIBLE PENDULUM apparatus [Illustration: Figure 19.--THREE PENDULUMS USED IN EARLY WORK at the [Illustration: Figure 20.--SUPPORT FOR THE PEIRCE PENDULUM, 1889. [92] "Pendulum Apparatus for Gravity Determinations," _Engineering_ id = 20064 author = Parton, James title = Captains of Industry; or, Men of Business Who Did Something Besides Making Money date = keywords = America; Boston; Bright; Cooper; England; Europe; Faneuil; George; Hall; John; London; Mr.; New; Paris; Peter; Robert; Sir; St.; States; Sunday; Times; United; York; french; good; great; man; year summary = carpenters to work upon a new church, and one of these men, having left held that in this country the entire people are one great working class, John Harrison lived to the good old age of eighty-three years. Poor boys had a hard time of it in New England eighty years ago. his new place; and scarcely a day passed during his first year when he farmer, thirty years of age, cultivating with great success his own farm can work in a cotton mill ten hours a day for years at a stretch, years old worked regularly fourteen hours a day, with but half an hour''s In two years the young men were selling fifty or sixty thousand pounds'' the year in London, working night and day as a member of Parliament. By the time he was fifteen years old he had of business in the good old times. id = 37574 author = Piercy, Willis Duff title = Great Inventions and Discoveries date = keywords = America; Boston; Columbus; England; Europe; Morse; New; States; United; Vail; Washington; Whitney; York; english; great; greek; illustration; invention; man; time summary = is carried through miles of space in a very short time to a great steel years ago there was not a mile of railroad, ocean cable, or telegraph during which iron was used is called the Iron Age. _Invention_ is the making of some new thing not previously existing. Bell, Marconi, and others who have invented new machines and discovered world''s news for the day by telegraph and ocean cable direct into the Honored by all the civilized world, he died in New York City electric lighting plant was being prepared in New York City, Edison inventions and discoveries that give him power over time and space. person, is one of the world''s great inventions. a little thing, but it is one of the world''s really great inventions. world''s great inventions and discoveries. recent years clocks operated with electricity have been invented. the great modern invention of the reaping machine, civilization is id = 45541 author = Prindle, Edwin J. (Edwin Jay) title = The Art of Inventing date = keywords = Fig; illustration; invention summary = inventors at work in a constant effort to improve the product, so that, methods involved the recording in hours and minutes the times of day time stamp thus be superimposed concentrically (as illustrated in Fig. 3), the value of the period would be represented by the arc marked off dial, having a pointer revolving in line with the zero, and the machine The final record has an initial imprint of the dial, Fig. 9a, the the motions either of the pointer or dial, any number of records of the motions, if the invention be a machine. with the art in which they are inventing, because their minds were In inventing a machine to operate upon any given material, the logical It is sometimes desirable not only to invent a good process of The inventor therefore, proceeded to invent ways by which In inventing compositions of matter there is one inventor who, if he id = 38191 author = Robertson, A. Fraser title = The Boyhood of Great Inventors date = keywords = Arkwright; Edison; England; Flaxman; George; Josiah; Smeaton; Wedgwood; boy; day; great; man; time; work summary = one day, long years after, a skill that would place him on the very lighted up in those old days, but it happened at times that the pitch There were times when the workmen could work as long as six hours at a life-work, "he was indeed a very great man." The world looks still upon John Smeaton as a wonderful engineer--a great Long years after, a friend gazing on these early works was struck with entered his great mind the idea of making common things beautiful, of So passed the long, sunshiny days of school-time, and when he was much of his great work in later life, he fell in love with chemistry. There had been old days in which men worked by a feeble the early years of his life passed, and in time the boy went out into In this great world of his own he seems at times to live a id = 46472 author = Robinson, Henry title = Inventors & Inventions date = keywords = INVENTOR; SUCCESSFUL; chapter; good; illustration; invention; machine; property summary = mechanical branches necessary for successful machine designing, but [Illustration: THE SUCCESSFUL INVENTOR In inventing and designing a new machine, one must first thoroughly objective points, the prospective successful inventor in designing This part of the inventive problem, to many an inventor, is in introducing a new machine on the market, and the inventor will two in the bush," is very applicable to inventions, and the inventor knowledge which is potent to successful invention in the mechanical [Illustration: ELIAS HOWE, INVENTOR OF THE SEWING MACHINE.] The inventing and designing of a machine to do work THE NECESSITY OF COMPETENT ENGINEERING FOR SUCCESSFUL INVENTION In designing and inventing a machine for doing certain work on reason the inventor of a labor-saving machine may often have to [Illustration: AN INTELLIGENT AND PRUDENT INVENTOR WILL CAREFULLY Second: Good and careful invention and designing by making the [Illustration: HAS NOT THE INGENUITY OF THE INVENTOR ENABLED EVEN id = 23319 author = Rose, Joshua title = Mechanical Drawing Self-Taught Comprising instructions in the selection and preparation of drawing instruments, elementary instruction in practical mechanical drawing; together with examples in simple geometry and elementary mechanism, including screw threads, gear wheels, mechanical motions, engines and boilers date = keywords = Engineer; Figure; Practical; Steam; Treatise; draw; drawing; fig; illustration; line; point summary = Example of line-shading in perspective drawing, shown in a pipe threading A circle-pen is shown in Figure 24, in which A represents the point-leg to draw a clear line and true circle; hence the points should be shaped Draw the line A B, Figure 86, equal to the length of stroke required. Figure 106 represents a drawing of a lathe centre shaded by lines, the set the pencil on the centre-line at the point A in Figure 152 and mark To draw a square-headed bolt, the pencil lines are marked in the order To draw the piece shown in Figure 188, the lines are drawn in the order To draw a square thread the pencil lines are marked in the order shown radius G H, and from K as a centre mark point P on W; draw line Q from in Figure 277, for which draw circle E and straight lines A and B, as in id = 6139 author = Severing, Paul title = Marvels of Modern Science date = keywords = America; Burbank; Mars; New; States; United; York; chapter; distance; electric; foot; great; gun; long; mile; place; power; time; tunnel; water; world summary = steam engines and electricity were common in Egypt thousands of years charge takes place and is carried up into the air for a great height, energy as would be developed by a million horse power station working compressed air, water force or electricity, and, as has been said, Two great tunnels at the present time are being constructed in the that thousands of horse-power can be sent to great distances over small electricity supplied by transmitted water-power. of the power used at the present time is produced New York State has the largest water power development in the Union, feet of water per second to fall a distance of one foot or allow one cubic foot of water per second to fall a distance of twenty feet. In a great many cases in level country the water power can only be in light-grasping power brings millions of new stars into the range id = 404 author = Smiles, Samuel title = Industrial Biography: Iron Workers and Tool Makers date = keywords = Bramah; Brunel; Clement; Coalbrookdale; Cort; Dr.; Dudley; England; Fairbairn; Forest; Glasgow; Henry; Huntsman; James; John; London; Lord; Manchester; Maudslay; Mr.; Mushet; Nasmyth; Reynolds; Richard; Roberts; Roebuck; Scotland; Sheffield; Sir; Society; Sussex; Watt; William; Yarranton; english; great; iron; work summary = metal; but when the art of smelting and working in iron and steel had Few records exist of the manufacture of iron in England in early times. That working in iron was regarded as an honourable and useful calling long time the iron-works of this county enjoyed almost a monopoly of From this time the iron manufacture of Sussex, as of England generally, He introduced great improvements in the working of the coal and iron improvements in the art of making and working iron, the steam-engine of iron manufacture has been in a great measure due to the inventions of and ironstone, and several small iron works had for some time been 1760; and in the course of the same year the Carron Iron Works turned improvement of machine-tools, the methods of working in wood and metals invention of machine-making tools, the use of the steam-engine in the id = 725 author = Smiles, Samuel title = Men of Invention and Industry date = keywords = Belfast; Bianconi; Boulton; England; English; Government; Harrison; Henry; Ireland; John; King; Koenig; Liverpool; London; Lord; Majesty; Messrs.; Mr.; Murdock; New; Pett; Prince; Queen; Royal; Sir; Thomas; Times; Walter; Watt; William; York; great; irish; ship; work; year summary = continental countries, our best ships long continued to be built by ships of force; and in course of time England no longer depended upon skill; great discoveries and inventions are worked up to by the efforts years, the use of iron became general, not only for ships of war, but the grand desideratum for men "who go down to the sea in ships." Mr. Macpherson, in his important work entitled ''The Annals of Commerce,'' nearly constant work and in perfect use for about thirty years. He worked for a time in the printing office of scheme for a self-acting machine for working the printing press. when the success of Koenig''s machine was publicly proclaimed by Mr. Walter of The Times some seven years later. But Koenig''s printing machine was but the beginning of a great new of iron; and this, in course of time, was found to work with great id = 46512 author = Smith, Goodwin Brooke title = How to Succeed as an Inventor Showing the Wonderful Possibilities in the Field of Invention; the Dangers to Be Avoided; the Inventions Needed; How to Perfect and Develop New Ideas to the Money Making Stage date = keywords = CHAPTER; English; French; German; New; U.S.; illustration; invention; inventor; machine; patent; ~A~; ~E~; ~I~; ~R~; ~S~ summary = [Illustration: UNITED STATES PATENT OFFICE, WASHINGTON, D.C.] Registered Attorney, United States Patent Office, and Officially The author of this book, after a number of years'' experience in Patent shows that enormous profits can be earned from good, strong patents. patent on an electrical invention for the prolongation of human life. famous inventors in telephones, are working on new styles of flying market for years, it took Gillette to bring out a better one, patent inventors not to spend any time and money on inventions such as First: Would it be possible to cover my idea or invention by a good, covering of an invention by strong letters patent first, as we A careful study of the histories of great inventors and inventions Patents and endeavoring to be a success as an inventor. who will bet that your invention is both patentable and practicable pertaining to Patents, Inventions, Discoveries and the like. id = 7886 author = Steele, James W. title = Steam, Steel and Electricity date = keywords = Edison; Franklin; Morse; New; States; United; american; current; electricity; footnote; illustration; iron; machine; magnet; man; steam; time; wire; year summary = the conductor of a current.--The first Electric Light.--The Arc and reason, but by great physical facts like steam, electricity and Niagara for the purpose of sending electric currents hundreds of miles During all this time, and to a great degree long after, electricity was easier the practical application of electrical power as we now use it, A magnet may be made at will with the electric current, as the production of magnetism by a current of electricity, as in the case It has been shown that electricity produces magnetism; that the current, water to be two currents of electricity having power to sway and move making a magnetic needle rotate around a wire carrying an electric Where the electric light is produced by the dynamo current no motor efforts of men to utilize the power of the electrical current in electrical current, and that men have discovered more than nature knew id = 31243 author = Sutherland, George title = Twentieth Century Inventions: A Forecast date = keywords = 6_d; 8vo; B.Sc; CHEMISTRY; College; Crown; ELEMENTARY; F.R.S.; Hospital; Illustrations; JOHN; London; M.A.; M.D.; PRACTICAL; Plates; Professor; Royal; Science; Sir; University; diagram; power; woodcut summary = first actually useful work in the conveyance of goods by steam power account of one application of the power of steam to lift water which introduction of steam as a factor in man''s daily work was effected engineering business, having virtually finished his great life''s work new ideas and the adoption of improved methods of life and of work. generator of animal energy, fuel that of the power obtained from steam coasts, furnishes power to the water-wheel; while wind may be utilised capture of natural power and its application to useful work as the mechanical power is practicable and useful, for, of course, that point adapted to work with compressed air, and the true steam-engine itself power conveyed by the electric current; and then he performs the work other places where the increasing cheapness of power for working an that the interests of a great naval power demand the working out of a id = 6435 author = Taylor, Frederick Winslow title = The Principles of Scientific Management date = keywords = Bethlehem; day; man; management; scientific; time; work; workman summary = developing first-class men; and under systematic management the best man "A careful time study of men working under these conditions will their classes of employees to earn per day, whether their men work by "Under the best day work of the ordinary type, when accurate records are carefully selected men are given work in their places, both the natural isolation of workmen, it is in most cases impossible for the men working They develop a science for each element of a man''s work, which the new types of work done by the management, that makes scientific first-class man would do his biggest day''s work with a shovel load of management, and through paying each man a large daily bonus for working in his every-day work with the men in the management. help which comes from a scientific motion and time study of his work. id = 2900 author = Thompson, Holland title = The Age of Invention: A Chronicle of Mechanical Conquest date = keywords = America; Boston; Edison; England; Franklin; Fulton; Henry; Howe; James; John; London; Morse; New; Pennsylvania; Philadelphia; South; States; Stevens; United; War; Washington; Whitney; York summary = James Franklin printed the "New England Courant", the fourth newspaper John Stevens of New York and Hoboken had set up a machine shop that cotton was in use in the New World quite as early as in India. the year 1765, that Eli Whitney, inventor of the cotton gin, was born. Like so many young New Englanders of the time, Whitney sought employment partners decided to manufacture the machines in New Haven, Whitney high-pressure steam engine and new machinery for manufacturing flour New England inventors had been busy devising improved machinery of all Joab Center of Hudson, New York, patented a machine for turning invention falls to Samuel Finley Breese Morse, a New Englander of old trained a large number of mechanics and inventors of new machine tools, He found time also to describe the new invention "What does Dr. Franklin conceive to be the use of this new invention?" id = 22685 author = United States. Patent Office title = The Classification of Patents date = keywords = Office; Rule; claim; classification; cross; patent; subclass summary = to a patent office classification of the useful arts. division necessary in a patent office classification, and (2) because of combination._--In any main class or group of the useful arts there are in any class so arranged, as no patented invention having the cross-search notes or arrangement of subclasses with appropriate titles A "cross-reference" is a copy of a patent placed in a subclass other subclass for means having combined functions of rolling and indicate other classes or subclasses in which the subject-matter of the unclaimed disclosures are classified in different classes or subclasses serve a useful purpose, it is best to classify the patent in the class Example: A patent having a claim for a process of making (34) Where a patent claims a process of making a composition of matter, after the number (1) the class and subclass in which it is classified; id = 38067 author = Unknown title = A Select Collection of Valuable and Curious Arts and Interesting Experiments, Which are Well Explained and Warranted Genuine and may be Performed Easily, Safely, and at Little Expense. date = keywords = acid; colour; copper; glass; gold; paper; piece; water summary = solution in nitro-muriatic acid, (see 5,) by adding sulphate of iron till it is nearly dry; then wash it with water, and polish by rubbing over hot water, and immediately lay pieces of gold or silver leaf on equal parts of sulphate of copper and muriate of ammonia in water, and cold, wash it over with muriatic acid, diluted with two parts water, with an equal quantity of water, add as much mercury as the acid will of nitric acid, diluted with an equal quantity of water, add nearly an part nitric acid, with six or seven parts water.--Then wash the copper dry red ochre, and having rubbed the copper plate with a piece of pour on as much nitric acid, diluted with an equal quantity of water, TO CUT GLASS WITH A PIECE OF IRON.--Draw with a pencil on paper, glass with water, and lay a piece of paper upon the top of it; place id = 11344 author = Various title = Scientific American Supplement, No. 415, December 15, 1883 date = keywords = Dr.; Fig; London; Mr.; New; Prof.; acid; case; footnote; form; great; illustration; inch; scientific; time; water summary = An important consideration in choosing colors for dress was the effect Another safe rule was never to place together colors differing widely in any length of time the compound salt formed when the two are mixed. to produce this effect, a few directions on this point may be useful: Iron Works, at Lauton, Michigan, shown in the plan view, only the end (1) The development of heat depends on the form of the faces and the eccentric rod as to admit of being turned; and in most cases the valve the coefficient of friction increases 20 per cent., the difference of The apparatus that contains the zinc-copper couple now has the form in certain cases, it is necessary to follow up the treatment by the pile the base tropine with different organic acids, as in the case of the use of ordinary alkaline mineral waters was to increase the quantity of id = 11383 author = Various title = Scientific American Supplement, No. 531, March 6, 1886 date = keywords = Fig; Mr.; Sibley; body; case; cell; force; form; illustration; iron; line; motion; plant; time summary = force is applied at the proper angle, the body is moved forward and at in a direct line with the plane of motion, it will use all its force to PRINCIPLES AND METHODS OF BALANCING FORCES DEVELOPED IN MOVING BODIES. impart motion to the body, force must act through distance. is possessed by a body in motion, force must act through distance. This force presents its claims to attention in all bodies which revolve which produces motion, is the centripetal force, drawing the body is termed centrifugal force is merely the resistance which the body centrifugal force, then the body will continue on in its direct path; which the revolving body is deflected from the tangential line of motion represent now equal times, as they will do in case of a body revolving centrifugal force is nothing but the resistance which a revolving body secreting a wall forms a new plant by ordinary cell-division. id = 11385 author = Various title = Scientific American Supplement, No. 446, July 19, 1884 date = keywords = Mr.; New; York; fig; form; great; illustration; line; mill; ore; rope; time; vein; water; wind; work; year summary = This type of mill presents more effective wind receiving or working 14-foot diameter pumping wind mill; a 32,000-gallon water tank, resting In June, 1883, a wind water works system was erected for the city of run at the same time in good winds, except the saw or the iron mill; surface water have been made available by the use of wind mills. so arranges its work that the wire rope tugs do the haulage up the rapid The leading dimensions of the eight wire rope tugs now worked by the Narrow gauge railways have been known for a very long time in Great Another form of microphone is made as follows: Two blocks of gas carbon, _Gash Veins_.--Ore deposits confined to a single bed or formation of in the formation of ore deposits, the great majority of veins are not in zone of solution below, where steam and hot water, under great pressure, id = 11498 author = Various title = Scientific American Supplement, No. 601, July 9, 1887 date = keywords = Dr.; Fig; London; Mr.; brick; brickwork; current; great; illustration; new; scientific; work summary = use half length bolts for the width of wide leather link belts. heavy taxes, and some of the good-looking brick buildings of that day years; but the differences in the size of bricks in England are little end or side of those bricks which form part of the face, can always make the bricks in his work look far better than in the stack. These are very largely employed as facing bricks and for arches Moulded bricks are also to a large extent made of the same material. bricks with a very hard face, and, as I expected, the effect of time has bricks, or timber, or stone by experience; but he is far better able to two or more half-brick rings in cement are good construction, and are size of each brick as compared with the large masses of the brickwork of brick, I cannot pass over a building built many years ago, little known id = 11647 author = Various title = Scientific American Supplement, No. 458, October 11, 1884 date = keywords = FIG; London; Mr.; North; Railway; Western; cylinder; diameter; engine; foot; great; illustration; temperature; ton; water; wheel summary = miles per hour, by means of a high-pressure engine, to be told that they tons gross load, and runs at a mean time-table speed of 53 miles per hour, The weight in full working order is, engine, leading wheel, 10 tons; ditto engines, working the fast passenger trains at a speed of about 45 miles total weight of the engine in working order is: On the leading wheels, 10 The weight of the engine in working order is 42 tons. weight in full working order is--leading wheels, 12 tons 2 cwt.; driving fire-box, 110; total, 1,313; and the engine weighs 42 tons in working weight in working order is, on the leading wheels, 12 tons 19 cwt.; The weight in full working order is, on the leading wheels, 11 tons 3 however, the little six wheel all-coupled engines weighing only 24 tons, wheel tank engine, weighs 48½ tons in working order, it has cylinders 18 id = 11648 author = Various title = Scientific American Supplement, No. 595, May 28, 1887 date = keywords = Brewster; Dr.; Fig; India; Mr.; air; dam; form; illustration; light; tabasheer; time; water; work summary = way, and worked by a crank pin in a small disk on the forward end of the The construction of dams, in some form or other, may probably rank among appear from the experience of recent years that masonry dams are likely bank of the Paisley Water Works, Fig. 6; and although in instances of Edinburgh Water Works, the puddle was of very considerable thickness, and recent times of earthwork dams in Spain, the United States, Algeria, and nine tenths of the cases, the dam is breached along the line of the water At Fig. 9 is a diagram of the Roundwood dam of the Vartry Water Works, Furens, in connection with the St. Etienne Water Works, constructed The Stony Creek lower reservoir dam of the Geelong water supply, Fig. 16, The existing dam of the New York water supply, Fig. 18, known as the id = 11649 author = Various title = Scientific American Supplement, No. 799, April 25, 1891 date = keywords = FIG; Mr.; St.; State; air; compressor; cylinder; engine; illustration; power; steam; temperature; water; work summary = She was raised off the rocks by the water rising and compressing the air have pressure, or compressed air, in the bottle produced by heat alone. producing heat, and we cannot use compressed air as a power without suffered when compressed air does work in an engine and is expanded down showing the power required to compress moist and dry air has been the work expended in compressing one pound of dry air is 58,500 foot idea and constructed the compressed air plant illustrated in Fig. 2. the fact that air cylinders are connected to the steam piston rods. Steam at 58 lb.; air pressure, 77 lb.; total engine friction, 5 cylinders equal in diameter and stroke, an air pressure of 77 pounds is produces compressed air power at a loss of only six per cent. the present time some air compressor manufacturers admit water through id = 11662 author = Various title = Scientific American Supplement, No. 598, June 18, 1887 date = keywords = FIG; Mr.; Singer; Wheeler; Wilson; art; form; german; great; illustration; machine; screw; ship; shuttle; speed summary = Twin Screw Torpedo Boat.--The new sea-going vessel built by SOME RECENT HIGH-SPEED TWIN SCREWS. these high speed twin screw ships. the boss, and is particularly valuable with the screws of high speed ships. results of trials of various ships where the screws are working about the high speed twin screw vessels the ratio of pitch to diameter would be found machines, embracing many interesting forms, only recently introduced. The shuttle is perhaps the most important part of a lock stitch machine. year 1872, the Wheeler & Wilson company introduced a new hook, forming an high speeds in this machine, especially for threads possessing little _Motions of the Feeder_.--The speed attained by the fastest sewing machines styles of machines this arrangement is simplified and improved by the use machine worked by the foot appears to be 1,000 stitches per minute. machine, in which four needles and shuttles are used, sewing all the four id = 11734 author = Various title = Scientific American Supplement, No. 460, October 25, 1884 date = keywords = Davy; FIG; London; Mr.; New; Rocket; Stephenson; York; footnote; form; gas; illustration; motion; small; theory; time; water summary = generalization that "streams of water must enter the buckets of a turbine parallelism, although in one case water imparts motion to the buckets of a _Turbines_.--While studying those effects produced by jets of water velocity, and it gives the maximum pressure obtainable from a jet of water and a half gallons of water per day may be obtained when the pressure is obtain the necessary volume of water by associating the tubes in series. rain-drop just formed we have very nearly pure water; but even this diagram given below, consists in the use of a small India rubber hand ball, easy to saturate a considerable quantity of water with sulphurous acid gas In the case in point, the study of the first group of artistic forms that nearly 200 times as great as this is the diffusivity of heat through water, has taken place or new wood has been formed. id = 11735 author = Various title = Scientific American Supplement, No. 481, March 21, 1885 date = keywords = America; Association; Atlantic; Britain; England; Great; Massachusetts; Mr.; New; Philadelphia; Professor; States; United; X200; gas; illustration summary = lecture on "Gas for Light and Work in the Workshop" was delivered by Mr. T. engineering and other work shops where each man wants a light on one spot minutes for shrinking on; in fact, the work could be done in less time experimental work I think I may fairly state that the use of gas as a fuel For irregular work and comparatively small powers, gas-engines have found among those who can use coal gas as a fuel for special work in of labor and wages in America to a consideration of the industrial with the question of labor and wages in the States that it is impossible wages paid in industries common to the United States and European But the question of wages forms only one side of the working man''s very different among working men in the States and in Great Britain, and id = 11736 author = Various title = Scientific American Supplement, No. 586, March 26, 1887 date = keywords = England; Fig; Major; Messrs.; Mr.; Russia; Snow; St.; State; United; Whistler; american; fire; gas; great; illustration; time; work summary = Gas Engine for Use on Railroads.--The application of six horse power Koerting gas engine to a dummy locomotive.--1 illustration. unfitness of the torpedo boat crews to continue work after the twelve hours is covered by a steel plate, shown in Fig. 1, fitting close to the gun GAS ENGINE FOR USE ON RAILROADS. [Illustration: GAS ENGINE FOR USE ON RAILROADS.] other railways as well, and to this work Major Whistler gave a large part This great work, remarkable for the boldness of its engineering, was to run The wheels were 3½ feet in diameter, but the engine worked With Major Whistler''s work upon the Western Railroad his engineering While the great railroad was the principal work of Major Whistler in For furnace work, where gas is needed in large quantities, it must be made The attention of gas engineers has been forcibly directed to the use of tar id = 11761 author = Various title = Scientific American Supplement, No. 514, November 7, 1885 date = keywords = Mr.; Railroad; Uttmann; air; experiment; fig; form; gas; illustration; process; slab; water summary = Apparatus for the Production of Water Gas. 3 figures. face of the slabs during the process of casting, thus enabling the work connect the slabs forming each face of the wall together, the space These experiments, in general, have produced excellent results when to the fact that fluid fuels require for combustion very little air in its center a second chimney (formed of cast or forged iron pipes) to place the closed apparatus in water, in order that the residua that it from the "water gas" formed in the second period of the process. The air gas, on issuing from the generator through the pipe, M'', in [Illustration: WATER-GAS APPARATUS.] A, while, at the same time, the combustion of the air gas produced soon contrary to that which the air took in the last place, and the water gas length of time in rooms where the electric light is used. id = 12490 author = Various title = Scientific American Supplement, No. 492, June 6, 1885 date = keywords = Mr.; New; cell; current; engine; footnote; illustration; inch; light; paper; plate; pump; water summary = ended boiler 13 feet 9 inches diameter by 15 feet long, having a total fly-wheel engine, the steam cylinder being 110 inches in diameter, with a These pumps are vertical, and placed beneath the engine bed-plate, The double acting water plunger was 14 inches in diameter, and worked paper to the light, exposing an exact indication of the pressures or use of the ordinary surface condenser is that the main engines would, in light acts upon one surface of the selenium and the current enters at the this battery increases the sensitiveness of the cells to light, and also 4. _Sensitiveness to change of battery power_.--My cells are extremely sensitive cells generate scarcely any current at all. As has already been stated, the sensitiveness of a cell to light is current-generating cell arranged in front of a light, say an electric The current produced in the cell by this light flows through id = 13358 author = Various title = Scientific American Supplement, No. 803, May 23, 1891 date = keywords = England; Fargeau; Fig; Paris; Professor; Riedler; St.; Watt; dog; engine; great; illustration; large; plate; steam summary = of power.--The new compressed air station, with full details important experiments with armor plates have attracted large At steel works where plates for our new navy are being manufactured, Before its admission into the mains a certain loss occurs at the St. Fargeau station, in the large reservoirs to which the air is delivered ordinary steam engines driven by air an efficiency of 80 per cent. given to the improvement of air engines, and that with increased application of the power of steam to useful work in our later days. amount of heat supplied and of power produced, is the best engine, and engine, the steam entering first heated up the interior of the working Since the days of Watt, the improvement of the steam engine and the steam gives to-day ten times the power then obtained from it. latest and most useful handmaid of steam, has given the engine work to id = 13399 author = Various title = Scientific American Supplement, No. 530, February 27, 1886 date = keywords = Dr.; Mr.; Railway; Rochester; Rowan; Sibley; Thompson; air; engine; footnote; form; good; illustration; motor; new; place; water; work summary = Motors for Street Railways.--Results of experiments on mechanical [Illustration: RAISING A FORTY INCH MAIN ON THE BOSTON WATER WORKS.] motors on tramways for use in towns, and between different forms of engines for use on light railways in country districts, or as these are mechanical motors, such as the Mekarski compressed-air engine, or the engine worked with superheated water, or cable tramways, or electrical This motor is a steam engine of light and simple form, supplied with It should be mentioned that with larger engines Mr. Rowan employs as much as 1,600 feet of condensing surface. The Beaumont engine, worked by compressed air, may be generally said to water-box, and worked by the direct action of a compound engine, with of the work originally given out by the steam-engine must be taken As regards the steam motors, the following were the results from the time id = 13401 author = Various title = Scientific American Supplement, No. 520, December 19, 1885 date = keywords = Fig; Meucci; Mr.; Pittsburg; Rome; aqueduct; gas; illustration; iron; roman; scientific; supply; time; water; wire; work; year summary = I. ENGINEERING, ETC.--Steel Structures.--Best use of different A Gas Engine Water Supply Alarm.--1 figure. water, I found a small engine worked by the direct pressure of the gas as estimated that the iron and steel mills of the city proper require fuel coal is equal in its heating power to 1,000 cubic feet of natural gas. heating power of gas and coal no account is of course taken of the loss A GAS-ENGINE WATER-SUPPLY ALARM. failure of the water supply to a gas-engine has been arranged by aqueducts sufficed for the supply of Rome with water for about 120 years, carried the water down into the valley, probably by means of lead pipes, the most remarkable aqueduct of ancient times, an engineering work which, of a strong, water-tight vessel of iron or steel, which contains a large During the years 1858-60 Meucci constructed the instrument shown in Fig. 7. id = 13443 author = Various title = Scientific American Supplement, No. 795, March 28, 1891 date = keywords = Chicago; Company; Fig; Illinois; Lake; London; Lot; Michigan; Mr.; New; River; York; cable; flame; gas; illustration; water summary = The actual working force upon the average large daily newspaper, as In the New York office, caring for the paper''s business throughout the The leading material forces in newspaper production are type, paper, above low water, a great undertaking carried out a number of years case and new form of chutes, having a register gate entirely added oxygen increases the temperature of the flame by doing the work burner from which the gas giving the flame is issuing, a space exists the flat flame burner, as not only can the supply of gas and air be with carbureted water gas gave the following results, with a far the best form of gas stove as well as burner, and that the amount having a great power of absorbing radiant heat from the burning gas it will be shot direct into the generator of the water gas plant, and id = 13640 author = Various title = Scientific American Supplement, No. 821, September 26, 1891 date = keywords = 15Â; Ghatti; Gum; Mr.; Rigi; cable; contain; experiment; gun; paper; powder; solution; tar; temperature; water summary = interest in tar paper roofs, the method of manufacturing an The good qualities of tar paper roofs being recognized by of nailing the tar paper direct upon the roof boarding were corrected; mentioned the invention of the double tar paper roof, and the wood In order to ascertain to what degree tar paper roofs would resist next started within a building covered with a tar paper roof; the a little hydrochloric acid, diluted with distilled water and heated. distilled a good standard tar for roofing paper recovered, besides additions, by the use of which a high grade of roofing paper can rain water running from an old paper roof, especially after dry From observation of the general nature of the solutions of Ghatti gums, of Ghattis giving solutions of higher viscosity than gum arabics, obtain complete solution of a Ghatti gum is to add half the weight in id = 13939 author = Various title = Scientific American Supplement, No. 484, April 11, 1885 date = keywords = Dr.; Fig; Geological; Mr.; Otto; States; Survey; United; engine; gas; illustration; scientific; steam; time; work summary = cylinder and piston engine.--Watt''s experiments.--First gas The late Sir William Siemens worked for many years on combustion engines, The engine consists of a vertical open topped cylinder, in which works a double acting beam condensing engine in successful work. The first gas engine that was actually at work for some years; and was engines of this time, the combustion of gas and air was used to produce a From this time on, a continuous series of gas engine patents appear, 20 which the gas engines of to-day are constructed, many years elapsing concerned in the economical and efficient working of gas engines, in order that in a high pressure steam engine in commencing at half stroke. use for engines of moderate power, and led inventors to work to obtain Dr. Siemens worked for some twenty years on gas engines, but he aimed is more expensive than coal, and for large powers the steam engine is id = 13962 author = Various title = Scientific American Supplement, No. 455, September 20, 1884 date = keywords = FIG; Mr.; air; foot; form; great; illustration; inch; iron; place; power; temperature; time; water; year; zinc summary = mean annual temperature of the air at the particular place. of water have run for years at 155 degrees, and smaller bodies at 170 from the Comstock by means of the water pumped out and cold air forced in, having dissolved in hot water the requisite quantity of cupric sulphate, I The water was brought to the wheel by a discharge-pipe, water pumped from any one shaft was something over 30 cubic feet a minute; head of water at this point is a few feet greater than at the other caused by alternations of temperature and combined action of air, water, hours, to the various mining companies, of 21,120,000 cubic feet of water, hour--1,000 miner''s inches being equal to 106,600 cubic feet of water per 1877 the mean temperature of the air was 61.2°, of the Thames water 63.3°, closed by means of a large plate of iron 6 inches thick, 10 feet in id = 14009 author = Various title = Scientific American Supplement, No. 787, January 31, 1891 date = keywords = Fig; Goodyear; Mr.; New; State; animal; case; current; cut; form; illustration; plant; scientific; time; valve; work summary = slide valve practice, the lap, cut-off, and other points.--6 provided with the ordinary slide valve of late cut off, and steam was off eccentric; second, by adding lap to the cut off valve; and third directions, any lap added to the working edge of the cut off valve The cut off valve rod works through a bracket and makes use of our second proposition as a means of effecting the cut anything that will cause the cut off valve to reach a certain point The movement of the cut off valve, therefore, at the time of port travel on the back of the main valve, no matter what the cut off. the cut off valve to be operated by its eccentric, the movement of the fact that the cut off valve commences closing the steam passage so apply equal magnetizing power by means of an iron coil implies the id = 14041 author = Various title = Scientific American Supplement, No. 470, January 3, 1885 date = keywords = Dr.; Fahr; Fig; Mr.; States; United; form; illustration; minute; result; sound; time summary = and result of experiments on the flow of water through a 2½ inch hose and Great ingenuity is being shown in the arrangement of new forms of primary continues in action as long as the air contains moisture; the only means struck four times a minute by a 60 pound hammer falling ten inches, has producing a sound of great penetration and of sufficient power for The sixty-six steam fog-signals in the waters of the United States have way a varying velocity ratio may be produced even with a fixed sun-wheel organic matters, are the materials from which the nitric acid is produced. in soils is the result of the action of an organized ferment, which occurs organism by the fact that it has produced nitrification in the solutions solution seeded with a very small amount of organism will for a long time there is a group of extremely minute, insect-like forms that are the id = 14097 author = Various title = Scientific American Supplement, No. 483, April 4, 1885 date = keywords = FIG; Mr.; engine; form; glass; illustration; iron; plate; scientific; solution; time; water; æolian summary = effect such combustion, it suffices to place a piece of iron plate upon Bey. The general arrangement of this new apparatus is shown in Figs. vessel in a warm place, a deposit of light green crystals will be formed, water, and paper washed with a strong solution, when dry it may be plates in succession, and place each, as you coat it, into the water. contact with it place a sheet of sensitized paper, we obtain a positive Substitute for the paper a sensitive glass plate, and we obtain fireless working of steam engines by means of a solution of hydrate of soda--NaO HO--in water is not quite two years old, and has in that time following table of the boiling points of soda solutions of different the difference of temperature between soda lye and water was toward the in front of which is placed a small iron disk, _b_, forming the animal''s id = 14989 author = Various title = Scientific American Supplement No. 822, October 3, 1891 date = keywords = Association; British; Dr.; Fig; Lake; London; Mr.; Paris; River; current; eye; form; great; illustration; light; scientific; time; water; work summary = The result will be the time average of the current, if during the a very great effect on the development of alternating current motors. as the currents in the three leads, shown in heavy lines, have a phase time constant, _t_, Fig. 1, which regulates the number of current and practically prepare the way for the working currents. able, at the same time, to study the effects of compressed air upon space of time means lightning-like circulation--the eye must give way of the total present number wear eye glasses of some kind or natural eye as an organ of vision was hypermetropic, or far sighted, capable of combining with itself a certain number of times to form would be produced by the standard solution of sugar used to read 100° solutions, controlling the instrument with standard quartz plates, The tube containing the sugar solution is shown in position in the id = 14990 author = Various title = Scientific American Supplement No. 819, September 12, 1891 date = keywords = Dr.; Fig; Germany; Mr.; Paris; form; gas; great; illustration; instrument; operation; scientific; time; water summary = the present century have given wind instruments an importance that is The so-called wood wind instruments are the flute, oboe, bassoon, and instruments yet higher notes, by the contrivance of small harmonic combining the use of three valves, lower notes are obtained--thus, for increasing favor shown for valve instruments, that the tone must issue his own time, and transfer the high notes to the oboes and clarinets. military band instruments, the second or bass division, has been taken In the mean time toe protection in the form of a calk had The general method of operation of making stayed chains according to The second operation (illustrated in Fig. 2) is to punch out of the The fifth operation (illustrated in Fig. 5) consists in punching out each link are operated on at the same time by two pairs of punches Southern Ocean waters, consequently during such times ice periods id = 15050 author = Various title = Scientific American Supplement, No. 810, July 11, 1891 date = keywords = Congo; FIG; Lake; London; Mississippi; Mr.; New; cell; color; fast; find; form; great; illustration; rivet; scientific; time; work; year summary = The term a "fast color," then, may convey a different meaning to action of light varies somewhat with the different coloring matters, Since the time of Chevreul, the action of light on dyed colors has not dyes;" but be it observed, we have fast and fugitive colors in both As to the "mordant dyes," some yield fast colors with all the usual "mordant dyes" on silk, we notice, also, a good series of fast colors of fast dyes are to be met with among the coal tar coloring matters a coloring matter is combined with different mordants, the dyes thus dyer has more and more placed the problem of producing fast colors fast colors with other useful mordants, and upon other fibers than present time the dyer has at his command a greater number of fast dyes fastness to light generally of the lakes formed with copper mordant. id = 15051 author = Various title = Scientific American Supplement, No. 829, November 21, 1891 date = keywords = California; Cent; Co.; FIG; Fresno; July; Minimum; Mr.; Serial; equivalent; grain; illustration; natural; plant; vessel; year summary = fact that the salt in the sea water which evaporated hundreds of years of water in or near the valley flows into its upper end and forms a such large profits as the raisin grape, and as the work on the like the fig, requires skillful treatment, and for years the plant all her property in the best raisin grapes, and for many years a trifle over 600 acres is planted to the best raisin grapes. The work of placing the raisins in the small boxes requires much into bearing every year, and this season has seen a larger planting of first-class raisin land that is within ten miles of any large place. The second element is the effect on the process of oxidation of blood dead animal or vegetable matter be placed at a low temperature, it of pig iron, is placed in a mixing vessel. id = 15052 author = Various title = Scientific American Supplement, No. 832, December 12, 1891 date = keywords = Amboy; Bordentown; Camden; England; Fig; Mr.; New; Railroad; Stevens; United; american; fluorine; great; hole; illustration; scientific; sugar; work summary = cost of baryta is 10 cents per ton beets worked. longer taxes beets worked at factory, but the sugar manufactured. from beets and 10,000 tons from molasses worked by special processes. pressure in the new form of hole, the break would not invariably is made in the new form of hole the stone is under high tension, and This engine, afterward called the "John Bull" and "No. 1," was completed in May and shipped by sailing vessel from engine laid the foundation for the great Baldwin Locomotive Works, works on the subject telescopes as large as five inches or even five this liquid contained in a platinum apparatus, free gaseous fluorine fluoride combines with the free acid with great energy to form the shown in 1887 that fluorine decomposes water, forming hydrofluoric water are placed in the apparatus shown in Fig. 3, and fluorine flame in fluorine, forming a gaseous mixture of fluorides and id = 15193 author = Various title = Scientific American Supplement, No. 841, February 13, 1892 date = keywords = AMERICAN; Chicago; City; Corps; case; day; engineer; find; foot; great; illustration; large; oil; place; plant; scientific; time; water; work; year summary = Burning Brick with Crude Oil Fuel.--The use of petroleum in electric light upon the growth of certain vegetables, like endive, "light" house long before similar plants in the dark. experiment the plants receiving eighty-four hours of electric light, question of only a short time before it will come into general use. influence of electric light upon vegetation; and in some cases, means takes place in the great laboratory of nature on a grander and electrodes, and plants developed without the use of electricity were larger returns; in all other cases the electric current produced no into chlorine gas and caustic soda solution by means of an electric caustic soda is required in solid form, and practically free from large field work forming a part of this line, came down to A great advantage in using oil as fuel in brick burning is that the id = 15417 author = Various title = Scientific American Supplement, No. 388, June 9, 1883 date = keywords = Bessemer; Dr.; Mr.; Siemens; States; United; current; great; hair; illustration; iron; large; oil; place; scientific; time; ton; work; year summary = The world''s production of pig iron.--Wonderful uses and demands consumption of iron and steel used last year throughout the world in the other great works in which iron and steel are employed have The enormous production of steel has required the importation of large considered that at the present time iron rails have been almost that the proportion of steel to iron vessels is increasing from year But he remains in the air for hours and days at a time. considerable, it takes a finite time for the current to obtain an the currents developed in the armature are carried out for use, is a current now passes for a second time into the bobbins and produces a term of life by exhausting the nutritive action of the hair-forming A general remedy for this or that hair disease that may develop will young subjects the breathing powers have not been fully developed like id = 15708 author = Various title = Scientific American Supplement, No. 794, March 21, 1891 date = keywords = Fig; Steenbergh; Van; carbon; explosive; gas; great; gun; illustration; water; wheel; work summary = for use in steel works.--Great power and range.--3 illustrations. Six hundred pounds ground gun-cotton mines require 180 feet spacing. In throwing small quantities of certain high explosives, powder guns small quantities from an ordinary powder gun, and using any explosive probably, by a water gas carbureted to 20 or 25 candle power." And by carbureted water gas, I shall be forced, by the limited time at my some forms the water gas is passed with the oil through the retort. carbon so liberated, forms water gas which bears the lower source of carbon for the production of water gas, this would probably carbon monoxide present in the producer gas, and heats up the forming water gas, which meets the enriching oil at the top of the some time, stands apart from all other forms of carbureted water gas taking place, and a gas of practically no illuminating value results. id = 15833 author = Various title = Scientific American Supplement, No. 441, June 14, 1884. date = keywords = Dr.; Fig; Morse; Mr.; Prof.; form; heat; illustration; temperature; train; water summary = Fig. 7, when once in place form a cylindrical surface provided with 48 form one solid structure 64 feet in width, and were placed in position of heat or work, and in the same way two substances falling together or air at high temperature and pressure, and then applied by means of suitable heat engines to produce the motions we require. _t_ the absolute temperatures, and H the total quantity of heat and so in a heat engine, the nature of the working substance, provided red hot carbon takes place, and the heat so developed distills the To illustrate: Take the simple case of two equal wheels, Fig. 15, of that in order to obtain an intelligible result in cases like these, current or an electric light by means of mechanical work." A little This latter apparatus has in this case the form shown in Fig. 4. id = 15889 author = Various title = Scientific American Supplement, No. 613, October 1, 1887 date = keywords = Dr.; England; Fig; Mr.; Pat; Professor; basket; foot; form; gas; great; illustration; machine; oil; scientific; time; water; work; year summary = The results of estimations of bases and carbonic acid in the water of water for steam and other purposes in connection with their iron works Clarence iron works to continue the bore hole for 150 feet below the work, water was let down the annulus until the cavity formed in the the dividing line of different properties, the pumping of brine formed of time, a hollow inverted pyramid of crystallized salt was formed. process consisted of forcing into the brine currents of carbonic acid One method for the manufacture of the basket wall (Pat. 149,553) is to roll down a plate, having round perforations, to the speed separator or centrifugal." Unless the product of experience and in order to produce crystals of geometrical form characteristic of buildings, water works, etc., are erected on it, its value may reach atmospheric conditions vary, one form of crystal or another largely id = 16270 author = Various title = Scientific American Supplement, No. 623, December 10, 1887 date = keywords = FIG; Footnote; Mr.; average; car; cost; illustration; new; plant; scientific; total; wheel; work summary = G, placed within the frame, forces a certain quantity of cold air at is obtained by varying the respective quantities of air that pass As in gas engines, a current of water is made to flow around the in, in case the wheel worked loose, but bad from the standpoint of a placed over the upper parts of the wheels, that the heat might pass A work train was started from each end with a small force (20 or 25 is possible to use oxygen in their work, it can be seen whether by attention is the use of the electric current as a means of increasing cases the use of such a method of increasing the tractive power of Different parts of plants may contain distinct chemical compounds, and of certain lines of plants, passing from their lower to their higher [Footnote 38: Different forms of flowers on plants of the same id = 16353 author = Various title = Scientific American Supplement, No. 421, January 26, 1884 date = keywords = Eastern; England; FIG; Footnote; India; Mr.; New; North; South; Western; apparatus; current; form; illustration; large; place; time; water summary = English Express Trains.--Average speed, long runs, etc. large number was to be seen there that presented little difference his apparatus (Fig. 10) the following form: The screen, D, is jar, V, we place a box of sheet iron, A, containing oxide of copper, for working the battery to open the box of potash, to place it at the The system is briefly as follows: The water from the house is carried It is there passed through ordinary drain pipes, placed 1 to place a water trap on the drain to cut off the sewer gases from the foot of the soil pipe; and, next, to place an opening to the outer air The following are desirable conditions to observe in house drains: 1. receive a water-closet, the trap should form part of the fixed pipe; end, so as to afford a current of air through the drain, and no pipe id = 16354 author = Various title = Scientific American Supplement, No. 620, November 19,1887 date = keywords = England; Evans; London; Messrs.; Mr.; New; Oliver; States; United; cocoon; great; illustration; scientific; water; wave; work summary = BIOGRAPHY--Oliver Evans and the Steam Engine.--The work of this involved the original double acting high pressure steam engine, the which the high pressure steam engine forms the motive power. to this time, been dependent for its raw silk threads upon apparatus the cocoon of many miles of filament in order to produce a single finished, and a basin of heated water in which the cocoons are placed. work required is, in effect, to add an additional cocoon filament to whenever the thread requires a new filament of cocoon, and broken The actual work of supplying the cocoons to the running thread is which the cocoons are charged by a slight current of water, lifts them from one furnace to carry through such a long revolver and do its work great and important works of the present day, whether of docks and to fine powder in an ordinary mill, requiring but small power to work, id = 16360 author = Various title = Scientific American Supplement, No. 561, October 2, 1886 date = keywords = Atlantic; City; Fig; Molec; Mr.; New; Rome; acid; burner; gas; great; illustration; inch; water summary = water sent astern as great as possible and its velocity as small as biliary acid present, which forms with soda a kind of soap. several new forms of gas burner, which we now proceed to describe and The high-power burner shown in Fig. 1 effects perfect combustion of In these forms of high-power burner, in which the gas is used directly heating the air (present in a larger volume than the gas) has been conductive metal, the gas becomes heated in passing to the burner, so ring of small tubes, to which the gas is led by a single pipe; leaving sheet of flame, spread out laterally, while heating the gas and air by Frames and all necessary fittings required in making bags may be proportion of alkali and fat acid, will, when placed in cold water, If the hydrofluoric acid contains a small quantity of water, either by id = 16671 author = Various title = Scientific American Supplement, No. 643, April 28, 1888 date = keywords = Agaricus; Estrade; Grasse; Mr.; Nansouty; fig; form; great; illustration; machine; place; scientific; time; tree; water; work summary = place in large masses of tissue, animal or vegetable, but far of the living investment of bacterial forms takes place, and object of giving the hot water method was to avoid lamps. the invention consists in the use of coupled wheels of large diameter uncoupled wheels, the diameters of which form useful samples for our quantity of water with given materials, as a matter of observation it Experience in concrete work has shown that its true place is in heavy In large masses concrete should be worked continuously, while in small positive waste of time to pass material through a machine when it present the case to you in a material form, in the hope that it may be The usual form of lathe and planer beds or frames is two side plates etc., injure young parts of trees, and in fact small wounds are formed id = 16773 author = Various title = Scientific American Supplement, No. 443, June 28, 1884 date = keywords = Fig; Mr.; air; dust; heat; illustration; liquid; metal; oil; paint; time; water summary = exposed to sun heat, forming blisters, which cannot be possible when These volatile oils take a gaseous form at different temperatures, lie coal-tar covering holds part of its volatile oil confined until heated much free oil in the paint, forming a soft undercoat. telegraphic engineers, retard the rise or fall of an electric current; The simplest arrangement for carrying out this method is shown in Fig. 1, which illustrates the arrangements at one end of a line. SOME RELATIONS OF HEAT TO VOLTAIC AND THERMO-ELECTRIC ACTION OF METALS viz., that the liquids in which the hot metal was thermo-electro-positive effect of _gradually_ heating a metal in a liquid was sometimes increased the potential of metals thermo-electro-negative in liquids, The electric potential of metals, thermo-electro-positive in weak thermo-electric actions of metals in liquids. of the metal by the liquid takes place, and the voltaic current The current from a thermo-couple of metal and liquid, therefore, may id = 16792 author = Various title = Scientific American Supplement, No. 508, September 26, 1885 date = keywords = FIG; Messrs.; Mr.; engine; foot; form; gas; heat; illustration; point; power; shaft; water summary = shaft at a depth of 1,600 ft., up to which point all the water called "natural level" The work was not easy until a depth of 111 feet most efficient heat-engines, converting into power a large percentage As only a small portion of heat reached the compressed air, the loss a high-pressure engine, or the heated gases and water passing away me to suppose that the heating power of ordinary coal gas was higher with gas of similar heating power, 18 cubic feet have given 1 This engine (which, in an improved form, uses only about 20 cubic feet effective; but this engine works with only 18 to 22 cubic feet of gas In the same way if I heat air or water, I communicate horse power, by a steam-engine indicator; the useful work, by a Prony water-power or natural gas and marine engines of great capacity. id = 16948 author = Various title = Scientific American Supplement, No. 611, September 17, 1887 date = keywords = Leblanc; Messrs.; Mr.; Oil; Upsala; acid; arabian; gas; horse; illustration; process; scientific; temperature; time; water; work summary = While testing the indicated horse power and consumption of coal, the 1.54 horsepower would be the work done by engine to get 1 horse power horse power of work is necessary on the track, the engine has but to With cable, if 1 horse power of work is all that is required on the stated, it depends on the fact that if a solution of salt in water is sulphide _pure_ carbonic acid gas is now passed. The gases from a large limekiln supply the dilute carbonic acid gas, years ago in the _Journal of Gas Lighting_ showed that at that time determined to erect similar apparatus at one of my gas works. The extra yield of salt from a given quantity of acid obtained in government must have a blood standard for the breeding of horses, by apology for our present time standard in the breeding of fancy horses. id = 16972 author = Various title = Scientific American Supplement, No. 711, August 17, 1889 date = keywords = Fig; Gibraltar; New; american; case; circuit; conductor; current; find; form; illustration; iron; line; magnetic; scientific; spanish; time; water summary = developing magnetic lines encircling the conductor, as being the general type, which includes all forms of magnetic field or circuit, cutting lines of force, the energy expended is first employed current in the conductor has also a powerful effect on the energy section of the conductor being filled with magnetic circuits or lines the flow or development of magnetic lines or circuits. of current, which goes to develop strong and dense magnetic lines of a magnetic line in an iron ring around a conductor may represent a core coil on the closed iron magnetic circuit plan, because the current, which can only be produced when magnetic lines are leaving this case of cutting off the current in the magnetizing coil and current work, where the speed of cutting of lines is low and the to avoid eddy currents in large conductors and generate useful the lines of the magnetic circuits move at high speeds across the id = 17167 author = Various title = Scientific American Supplement, No. 633, February 18, 1888 date = keywords = Fig; Linnæus; Mr.; building; comet; cylinder; footnote; form; great; illustration; plan; scientific; stress; sugar summary = The dynamo which forms the other portion of the electric generator, Fig. 1, is coupled to the motor spindle by a square tube coupling fitted on t_x of the initial stress will be determined by the difference (T t''_x),[*need to check the prime with library or work out the equations] express in its external design its internal planning and arrangement; in the very simplest structure we can possibly build--a plain wall (Fig. 1).[2] Here there is no expression at all; only stones piled one on treated so as to give architectural expression to our work (Fig. 2). form of building (Fig. 10), a square house with a door in the center and raising the walls on the plan, and giving them architectural expression. the plan (Fig. 22) of the building, on the same principle as was done architecture is to be a real expression of the facts of the building. id = 17755 author = Various title = Scientific American Supplement, No. 717, September 28, 1889 date = keywords = Co.; Dr.; FIG; Mr.; ammonia; form; gas; great; illustration; large; light; ozone; shaft; time; ton; water; work summary = working results obtained in carrying out a retort process.--2 The process of welding and forging a crank shaft of large diameter now purpose, being easily worked, impervious to water, and yielding a fine In olden times ammonia was principally obtained from animal matter, works, in which sulphate of ammonia was obtained as a by-product. experiment carried on by a mixture of nitrogen or air with steam a great range of temperatures, we never obtained a trace of ammonia by attention from this time to the process for obtaining ammonia by means investigations I have found means to produce ammonia at small cost and Among the processes for obtaining ammonia from the nitrogen of the air ordinary producer gas, and would pay to a large extent for the coal The quantity of steam thus required to obtain a good yield of ammonia hot water obtained in this second scrubber is passed through a vessel id = 17817 author = Various title = Scientific American Supplement, No. 312, December 24, 1881 date = keywords = Dr.; Fig; Mr.; Sir; Street; caloric; engine; illustration; machine; plate; power; steam; tool; work summary = gearing right back to the boiler, forming a most spacious engine room THE STEAM-ENGINE EMPLOYED FOR MANUFACTURING PURPOSES. condensing beam engine, and was supplied with steam from boilers, engines of those days were compelled to work with steam of from only years, one still sees engines working without condensation at all, or To obtain the needed steam from the small and light boiler, recourse raising steam from cold water, the engine worked for 1-2/3 lb. had the steam-engine, the water-wheel, the windmill, horse-power, the water-engines which our president has employed with such great boiler-making purposes, plates of at least four times the weight of Thus all the drawings of any engine, or tool, or machine whatever, Electricity may be generated by water or wind power to great for generating dynamic caloric for use as a second power, as is now electric light, whether for work at night, use in the sitting room, or id = 18265 author = Various title = Scientific American Supplement, No. 1178, June 25, 1898 date = keywords = Electric; Gas; New; States; United; York; american; claim; egyptian; element; german; illustration; patent; rubber; scientific; time; year summary = to-day) the food supply is furnished entirely by natural means; there the reclaiming of rubber from worn-out goods, in a condition fit for use again in almost every class of products of the rubber factory. Rubber Reclaiming Company, formed in 1890 by the combination of five were about that time five other rubber reclaiming plants in the United besides nine general rubber factories producing their own reclaimed concerns controlled by the United States Rubber Company--have been manufacturers reclaiming their own rubber, since the end of the patent The cost of reclaiming rubber by the acid process is less than by and mechanical goods factories producing their own reclaimed rubber, rubber consumption, might be found to be as great in the United States authorities place the consumption of new rubber in the United States combinations of elements capable of producing useful mechanical Boston, this station produces electric current for lighting purposes id = 18345 author = Various title = Scientific American Supplement, No. 315, January 14, 1882 date = keywords = Dr.; Fig; Mr.; Pacinotti; bend; current; illustration; light; machine; pipe; pound; water; work summary = all the direct current electric machines of the present day, and by describing a new form of electro-magnet, consisting of an iron ring the Gramme machine, without having at that time seen what Dr. Pacinotti had written fifteen years before. the electric currents in the armature when the machine is in action as methods I obtained an induced electric current, which was continuous current; then a machine that would produce an inch arc in one light, smallness of the point from which the light radiates in the electric TINNING IRON PIPES, COPPER OR BRASS-WORK, BITS, ETC. TINNING IRON PIPES, COPPER OR BRASS-WORK, BITS, ETC. BENDING WITH WATER (LIGHT PIPES). round a little at a time, then with a dummy, Fig. 38, work the boiling water, about half a pint at a time, mixing well as you pour it id = 18763 author = Various title = Scientific American Supplement, No. 365, December 30, 1882 date = keywords = Favre; Fig; Gothard; Mr.; St.; Wöhler; acid; frame; glass; great; illustration; molecule; paper; time; water; work summary = thus obtain a regular and continuous disengagement of carbonic acid gas. carbonic acid gas, which, having no exit, forces the water back and presence of fusel oil a red color is produced within a short time, which study of this paper should form a part of the work of every advanced the first contractor of public works in the world, lived for a long time _The Blue Process Printing Frame in Common Use.--Its Defects._--The pad _An Efficient Blue Process Frame, for Printing from Large Negatives, or of my large frames I use the commercial plate glass; instead of the uses for the blue copying process in connection with the work of apparatus is in continuous use, time may be saved by having a convenient _The Grades of Paper that are well Adapted for Blue Process Work._--I paper to change without exposure to light, and to produce a redder blue id = 18866 author = Various title = Scientific American, Volume 40, No. 13, March 29, 1879 A Weekly Journal of Practical Information, Art, Science, Mechanics, Chemistry, and Manufactures date = keywords = AMERICAN; Cooper; Mr.; New; St.; York; illustration; scientific summary = HOW OUR PATENT LAWS PROMOTE AND IMPROVE AMERICAN INDUSTRIES. to-day offers a wide field for every new practical invention, but I am Let American inventors be assured that any new invention, useful and The upper portion of the cylinder is lined with chilled iron plates, The accompanying engraving shows new form of stencil pen invented by an improved door bolt, recently patented by Mr. Thomas Hoesly, of New manufacturer wants a different kind of lock, the price for the work is low by the George Place Machinery Agency, 121 Chambers St., New York. P. Vertical Engine and Boiler (New York Safety Steam machine described in the SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN SUPPLEMENT patented? patent desired, and remit to Munn & Co., 37 Park Row, New York city. 2d hand Lathes, Drills, Planers, Hand Tools for Iron Work, new A New and Valuable Work for the Practical Mechanic and Engineer. MANUFACTURED by our NEW PATENT PROCESS. id = 19180 author = Various title = Scientific American, Volume XXIV., No. 12, March 18, 1871 A Weekly Journal of Practical Information, Art, Science, Mechanics, Chemistry, and Manufactures. date = keywords = American; Boston; February; Massachusetts; Mr.; New; Ohio; Patent; Philadelphia; York; illustration; scientific summary = detailed many experiments, and ended by stating his opinion that iron The ends of the rope are prepared for making the splice (No. 29) in the same manner as for the "shroud" knot in No. 32. a new era for the steam engine." But, as it is so very simple, we can wood-working machine, published on page 79, Vol. XIII. wood-working machines now in use. Our recent articles on "Scientific Destitution in New York" and "The a requisite for perfection in steam engines, it has opened a new era invention relates to a new and useful improvement in feed bags for BURDON IRON WORKS.--Manufacturers of Pumping Engines for Water Works, Brooklyn Steam Engine Works, cor. rear 59 Ann st., New York city; and at Novelty Iron Works, corner of And Re-Sawing Machines, Wood and Iron Working Machinery, Engines, GEORGE PLACE & CO., Manufacturers and Dealers in Wood and Iron Working id = 19406 author = Various title = Scientific American, Volume XXXVI., No. 8, February 24, 1877 A Weekly Journal of Practical Information, Art, Science, Mechanics, Chemistry, and Manufactures. date = keywords = AMERICAN; Boston; IMPROVED; Iron; Leibnitz; Mr.; New; New York; Office; Papin; Patent; Philadelphia; SUPPLEMENT; St.; States; Street; United; York; illustration; scientific; water; work; year summary = work on color, states that "the chemical processes in plants, as far yellow ray to decompose carbonic acid; and this fact Professor J.W. Draper discovered a long time ago by the direct use of the spectrum. machines, and also to permit the use of steam engines; accordingly, patented machines or processes for years in some out of the way place discovered any new or useful art, machine, manufacture or composition CROTON WATER SUPPLY FOR THE CITY OF NEW YORK: an Address by George B. William Maynard, New York city.--This invention relates to an improved NEW MECHANICAL AND ENGINEERING INVENTIONS. of same place.--In this machine there is a new construction of the electrical machines, have removed to 530 Water St., N.Y. For Best Presses, Dies, and Fruit Can Tools, Bliss & Williams, cor. patent desired, and remit to Munn & Co., 37 Park Row, New York city. Moulding, and Re-Saw Machines, and Wood-Working Machinery generally. id = 21081 author = Various title = Scientific American, Volume XLIII., No. 25, December 18, 1880 A Weekly Journal of Practical Information, Art, Science, Mechanics, Chemistry, and Manufactures. date = keywords = American; Mr.; New; St.; Street; York; illustration; scientific summary = During the fall, or from "lighting up" time till about New Year''s day, The engraving shows a new hand power band saw made by Frank & Co., of schools in New York, Boston, Brooklyn, Philadelphia, Chicago, Baltimore, An engine of this kind will work well under a steam pressure of 50 Robertson, of New York city, has patented an improved purposes is patented, and the genuine are manufactured only by the H.W. Johns M''f''g Co., 87 Maiden Lane, New York. Machine Knives for Wood-working Machinery, Book Binders, and Paper WORLD MANUFACTURING CO., 122 Nassau Street, New York. A patented improvement of the former "New Pattern" Blake machine. twenty years connected with the manufacture of this machine, BELMONTYLE OIL CO., SOLE MANUFACTURERS, 150 Front Street, New York. Howard Manufacturing Co., Box 2295, New York. representing Engineering Works, Steam Machinery, New Inventions, Scientific American is now sent by post direct from New York, with id = 21225 author = Various title = Scientific American Supplement, No. 1157, March 5, 1898 date = keywords = Berber; Britain; FIG; Great; India; Mr.; New; Nile; States; Suakim; United; York; american; english; illustration; plate; water; year summary = miles from Berber, our camels having filled themselves up with water, through her miles of coral reefs, is caused by a fresh water current which the machines condensing 150 tons of water a day are now only of Great Britain carried during the last year 800,000,000 passengers, views of moulds and ways of drawing patterns occurring in machine Fig. 2 shows the stripping or drop plate method of drawing patterns. Great hopes were at one time placed in a product prepared from linseed minutes, although the jar was full of water and the plates only ¾ inch After that length of time it became too hot, causing great absorbed per cubic inch is much less in this case than when water was salt in water, was 44 square inches, and with 10 amperes passing six times as great as in case where running water was not used. water surface between the two plates. id = 27662 author = Various title = Scientific American Supplement, No. 488, May 9, 1885 date = keywords = Bjerknes; Creusot; FIG; Mr.; Office; Paris; Patent; Professor; acid; body; form; great; illustration; large; oil; place; work; year summary = 1.--THE GREAT HALL OF FORGES AT THE CREUSOT WORKS.] Elevated railways have been in operation for a long time in New York, A donkey-engine works a little crab having a large drum, the chain But the great feature of late years in canal engineering is not the characteristic is one likely to be of great value in electric lighting The first great work on electricity and magnetism was the "De way that, when the pump is worked, air is taken from A and forced into a light body is placed before the opening in A it would be attracted, decomposition takes place; the acid leaves the copper and forms with olive oil examined by him, the minimum number for acidity was 0.86 per The work upon wood oil is not yet sufficiently complete to in the Patent Office, may, for a very long time to come, place this id = 27667 author = Various title = Scientific American Supplement, No. 647, May 26, 1888 date = keywords = Dickinson; Fig; Gothic; Mr.; arch; building; form; illustration; machine; plate; wall; water summary = till 1860, in which year Varley patented a form of machine shown in In respect to the second form of Holtz machine (Fig. 4) I have very mechanical process, or method of building, or use of raw material, the specific heat of water at varying temperature under the constant heat of water increases with the temperature above the melting point increase the temperature of one pound of water one degree Fahrenheit walls, thus forming a small room in front of each kiln in which the plate-warming machine is represented in Fig. 4; it was designed by Mr. A. cords for carrying two lines of small plates through the machine is cases water, the liquefying pressure at the temperature of the cooling water vapor and a little ammonia takes place, the liquid thus formed cooling water, subject also to corrections for differences of pressure picture formed on the back wall of the eye is carried back to the id = 27867 author = Various title = Scientific American magazine, Vol. 2 Issue 1 The advocate of Industry and Journal of Scientific, Mechanical and Other Improvements date = keywords = Massachusetts; Mr.; New; Office; Patent; Railroad; SEC; States; United; York; illustration; machine; scientific; way summary = with cast iron rails of a new construction, invented by Mr. Imley. power applied for elevating buildings on large rocks, is the simple 2. "Patents are granted for any new and useful art, machine, use [of the invention,] prior to the application for a patent as than two years prior to such application for a patent."--Act of March country, without affecting his right to a patent in the United States, use in the United States prior to the application for such patent. 7. An invention can assign his right before a patent is obtained, a patent for his invention, "the right of applying for and obtaining inventions, except upon application for a Patent, no answer can be C. Holmes, says the United States Gazette, has invented a new The line between New York and Buffalo having been recently completed, Publishers of the Scientific American, New York City. id = 29411 author = Various title = Scientific American magazine Vol 2. No. 3 Oct 10 1846 The Advocate of Industry and Journal of Scientific, Mechanical and Other Improvements date = keywords = Commissioner; July; Mr.; New; Office; Patent; Pennsylvania; SEC; States; United; York; illustration; improvement; shall summary = To Charles Edward Jacot, of New York City, for improvement in Lever We have recently seen a model of a new Steam Printing Press, the Patent Office building on the aforesaid fifteenth day of December, or issue a new patent for the same invention or discovery, bearing the judicial court of the United States, and shall protect the rights of is claimed as new had before been invented or discovered or patented, Commissioner, shall entitle the applicant to a patent, he may appeal A cotton manufacturer in New-Haven lost his operatives, last week, by successful operation, a new machine, a description of which is given Publishers of the Scientific American, New York City. the improved filters noticed under the head of "New Inventions." production of new and useful discoveries, shall be protected under the Patent Office all the scientific works published and useful for [Illustration: hand pointing right]All city papers please copy, and id = 38403 author = Various title = Scientific American Supplement, No. 648, June 2, 1888. date = keywords = Conte; Dr.; FIG; Mr.; New; Platypsyllus; case; eye; form; gas; great; illustration; lamp; light; place; scientific; water summary = author observed that water power was no new force, but that, as formerly There are numerous forms of roof coverings, the use of the different fact that the writer, in a paper read at that time, strongly advocated gas manufacturers of fireclay goods now making carbons for electric lighting; in heat units than the water gas made by the new method; but what I wished I have now shown you that in order to produce light we must, by some means light, heat, electric currents, mechanical motion, food or fuel in the I showed you the form of electric light which we call the arc, and I have means of the arc lamps, but it requires a long time to do so, and it Fleet Street, and many other places, are lighted up by different lamps, who do not live much out of doors generally use their eyes more for near id = 38480 author = Various title = Scientific American, Vol. XXXIX.—No. 24. [New Series.], December 14, 1878 A Weekly Journal of Practical Information, Art, Science, Mechanics, Chemistry, and Manufactures date = keywords = AMERICAN; Iron; Mr.; New; Patent; SUPPLEMENT; St.; States; York; illustration; scientific summary = work of any extent that a milling machine will do better in less time Worcester, Mass., have patented an improved Hand Drilling Machine, by Our engraving represents a new form of steel wire clothing for such Address Chester Steel Castings Co., Evelina St., Philadelphia, Pa. Machine Cut Brass Gear Wheels for Models, etc. asks: How large must an air pump be for an engine steam writes: We have just set up a new engine; the cylinder patent desired, and remit to Munn & Co., 37 Park Row, New York city. A Year''s Work in the Patent Office. New Ways to Use Iron Wanted. New Form of Iron Manufacture. the SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN is now sent by post direct from New York, with the American patent has been issued, will run for 10 years. Useful for all work of small stationary steam engine. MANUFACTURED by our NEW PATENT PROCESS. id = 38481 author = Various title = Scientific American, Vol. XXXVII.—No. 2. [New Series.], July 14, 1877 A Weekly Journal of Practical Information, Art, Science, Mechanics, Chemistry, and Manufactures date = keywords = AMERICAN; IMPROVED; New; St.; Syrup; York; illustration; scientific summary = The new air compressor herewith illustrated may be operated by steam receive and force the compressed air through check valves placed Text of the New Law for Patents, passed July 1, 1877, covering all I., have patented, May 8, 1877, a new process of utilizing tin scrap, engine is going forward) until the steam port at the front end of the is placed in the center punch mark, the operator with the other end In Fig. 2 is illustrated a new method of forming the corners of the The new device consists of a cast iron union plate, G, which is bolted IMPROVED VALVE MOTION FOR STEAM ENGINES. Henry Haering, New York city.--This is an improved device for operating the slide valve of a steam engine from the piston rod of All kinds of new Lift and Force Pumps for all purposes, at half price, asks: Can a steam engine be worked with compressed air id = 38482 author = Various title = Scientific American, Vol. XLIII.—No. 1. [New Series.], July 3, 1880 A Weekly Journal of Practical Information, Art, Science, Mechanics, Chemistry, and Manufactures date = keywords = AMERICAN; Mr.; New; St.; York; illustration; scientific summary = [Illustration: MAXIM''S NEW GAS MACHINE.] with engravings, published in the SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN SUPPLEMENT, No. 81, July 21, 1877; also to the description of the steam ferry boat, new and improved means for fog signaling, saving life, preventing the MAXIM''S NEW GAS MACHINE is at hand these machines are run with a small oil burner. Exhibit, 537, American Watch Company, Waltham, Mass., U. new special machine for the same purpose as attachment V., and which rails, has been patented by Mr. Solomon Brisac, of New York city. Mr. Max Rubin, of New York city, has patented an improved shawl strap, Air Compressors, Blowing Engines, Steam Pumping Machinery, Hydraulic Machine Knives for Wood-working Machinery, Book Binders, and Paper J. Pitt & Co., Show Case Manufacturers, 226 Canal St., New York. MANUFACTURED BY OUR NEW PATENT PROCESS. A patented improvement of the former "New Pattern" Blake machine. Machines, Daniel''s Planers, Richardson''s Patent Improved id = 43282 author = Various title = Scientific American, Vol. XXXIX.—No. 6. [New Series.], August 10, 1878 date = keywords = AMERICAN; Co.; Edison; Mr.; New; St.; York; illustration; scientific summary = I. ENGINEERING AND MECHANICS.--The Manufacture of Wrought Iron Pipe. IN the notice in our issue for July 27 of a new screw cutting lathe made patented an improved Bale Tie, which is formed of the plate provided Louis Blanck, of New York city, has patented an improved Safety Brake or spends his leisure hours in working out an improvement, which he patents For forty-seven years the American Institute of New York has opened its At the annual meeting of the New England Association of Gas Engineers, beautify or improve a country seat, or set on foot some new process of large number of original engravings of new inventions and discoveries, representing Engineering Works, Steam Machinery, New Inventions, SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN is now sent by post direct from New York, with Y. For terms, etc., address The New York Patent Exchange, 53 Liberty New and improved, for special work. id = 46706 author = Various title = Scientific American Supplement, No. 467, December 13, 1884 date = keywords = Dr.; Mr.; Philadelphia; fig; illustration; light; plate; second; time; tube; vibration; water; wave summary = organ pipe is the time it takes a vibration to run from one end to the depicting a wave motion of light, the other a sound vibration. the upper wave of red light; the period of vibration is but half as of sound and the number of vibrations constituting light waves, I may imagine vibrations having about twice the frequency of violet light and red light at 400 million million vibrations per second; then the lowest moderate force is required; for it to vibrate ten times per second, 100 times as much force is required; for 400 vibrations per second, 160,000 in a glass jar filled with water, place a number of corks on the lower light, before illustrating a little further by means of this large light, and look at its reflection in a plate of glass on the table form of apparatus for preparing a solution of sulphurous acid in water, id = 8195 author = Various title = Scientific American Supplement, No. 275, April 9, 1881 date = keywords = Columbia; Dr.; Fahr; Fig; Mill; Minneapolis; Mr.; Paris; River; Sacramento; air; effect; illustration; pressure; salmon; time; water summary = the center, form the finest quality flour, used for making white bread. High water on any of these rivers in the spring is always followed by an mouths in the time of low water in summer generally become entirely closed This year the run of silver salmon in Frazer''s River was very light, while order to produce relatively strong currents, even in case of sound-action working of the machine by freezing the vapor of water contained in the air. a mixture of air and water vapor at 100° Cent.; and of its total pressure machines worked by water pressure the author proposes to refer only to two compressed air or of pressure water. air and water under pressure have been applied only to special purposes, as obtained by rapid breathing, could be made to produce a similar effect. experiment with well water a similar result was obtained; more organic id = 8296 author = Various title = Scientific American Supplement, No. 303, October 22, 1881 date = keywords = Herschel; Mr.; Uranus; flour; foot; gas; good; great; illustration; large; middling; mill; new; obtain; reel; time; work summary = NEW EIGHTY TON STEAM HAMMER AT THE SAINT CHAMOND WORKS NEW EIGHTY-TON STEAM HAMMER AT THE ST CHAMOND WORKS. Still the old time winter wheat flour was the best The different methods of milling at present in use may be generally advanced mills which use the new process, the bran is reground and the breaks are kept separate to the end, and a large number of different the practical planning and working of gradual reduction mills. passes to a reel covered with bolting cloth varying in fineness from No. 10 at the head to No. 00 at the tail. as little break flour, and as many middlings as possible, the latter to take less time than the method of obtaining the bromide in a pure form. certain changes in the Sprengel-pump by means of which far better vacua measurements to employ large pressures and small volumes; the correct id = 8297 author = Various title = Scientific American Supplement, No. 286, June 25, 1881 date = keywords = Greene; Mr.; american; experiment; great; illustration; mean; place; scientific; steam; time; water; work summary = purifying boiler water with lime and carbonate of soda.--The ARRANGEMENT FOR PURIFYING BOILER-WATER WITH LIME AND CARBONATE OF SODA. cold water; it will require, however, a pretty long time. Example.--If we use for ten cubic meters water, one kilogramme lime, litmus paper being placed in the water for twenty seconds, appears only EXAMINATION OF WATER WHICH HAS BEEN PURIFIED BY MEANS OF MILK OF LIME hydraulic hoists, and a smaller quantity of water is required to work After cutting, the logs are placed in a large steam box, 15 feet wide, acid, have revealed to us a number of new facts whose valuable results potassium and proto-sulphate of iron, following the method given by Dr. Eder for the preparation of his ferrous oxalate developer. condition has been given just its appropriate weight in the experiment. when their time permits and the nature of the experiment makes it an id = 8391 author = Various title = Scientific American Supplement, No. 288, July 9, 1881 date = keywords = Cananga; Europe; Mr.; New; acid; coal; fig; footnote; form; illustration; light; oil; power; temperature; water summary = Fig. 2 exhibits the form of the crystals obtained with rain water; and observed that a coal rich in hydrogen shows a low heating power by difference of temperature between the air in the room and the water In the following experiments the standard temperature of the water was presence of water under very high temperature may be as aidful to form placed upon burning charcoal, and water added, produce a stronger temperature, of the oxygen of the water with the potash and soda. being present in the exact proportion necessary to form water; the causing the gas to pass over the surface of some clear lime-water. a greater or less gravity, benzine, high test water white burning oil, In the usual process of developing a large water power, a the water power has recently been made, the result, as stated in the water-siren like this--experiment shown--is working at as great a depth id = 8408 author = Various title = Scientific American Supplement, No. 299, September 24, 1881 date = keywords = Messrs.; Mr.; Sir; alcohol; apparatus; boiler; case; engine; form; great; illustration; large; place; pressure; time; water; work; year summary = Cylinder Engines and High-pressure Steam;" then proceeded to continue The three great types of compound engines may be placed as follows in our leading engineers ten years ago, is now practically solved in favor given to the form and direction of the water spaces in the boiler the average weight of machinery, including engines, boilers, water, and reduction in the weight of material or of water carried when working. heating surface, the weight of boiler and water being also doubled, of 3,000 tons, with engines and boilers of 1,500 indicated horse power, The large blocks of partially worked lead are placed by the crane in quantity of emulsion and so large a water bath sufficient heat is Being given a solution of water and alcohol, mixed in equal volumes, f. In a same solution of water and alcohol, it is at low temperatures means of a current of water supplied by the reservoir placed above. id = 8452 author = Various title = Scientific American Supplement, No. 363, December 16, 1882 date = keywords = Erie; Joule; Mr.; New; Society; York; fig; find; great; heat; illustration; paper; water; work summary = forms; and experimenting with the new apparatus, he obtained results value of heat given, suppose in warm water, must, for small differences the canals of New York State has revived interest in these water ways. natural waters are known to contain more or less mineral matter, partly It appears from this that it is simply necessary to heat water up to a to which the water is heated in this chamber, and the length of time using the heat from the exhaust steam the water may be raised to between water in any case would have to be heated up to the temperature of the time, the steam is turned off and the water allowed to go cold. water, which after the boiling process turns to a dark red color, is This water carries the copper in a state of solution. it to a beautiful blue; the red color is restored by washing in water. id = 8483 author = Various title = Scientific American Supplement, No. 324, March 18, 1882 date = keywords = Fig; Mr.; Radiolarians; States; United; acid; current; force; gas; great; gun; illustration; iron; magnet; solution; time summary = burning charge was converted into gas before the shot had time to start; increased length of gun necessary to produce the best effect is causing that a gun is a machine which has to perform a certain quantity of work the future use of cast iron for structures of certain kinds, it is clear lights are produced from powerful currents of electricity generated in a machine containing magnets and coils of wire, and driven by a steam iron bars in this peculiar arrangement can generate electric currents is possible the wire should be coiled many times round, and the current dipping into acid to generate a current in the old-fashioned way. the electric current, the fine arrows are the lines of magnetic force, poles of magnets on each side of it so that the lines of force pass the acids or bases containing no iron or cobalt; if they are present, it id = 8484 author = Various title = Scientific American Supplement, No. 430, March 29, 1884 date = keywords = FIG; Mr.; air; flame; great; heat; horse; illustration; iron; power; small; steam; time; work summary = cost thirty times as much as the power obtained from coal it would, electrical horse power, would involve a good day''s work for one man; no him attend to a six horse power steam engine, boiler, and dynamo machine costs, in the case of a supply of five electrical horse power for seven supplying five electrical horse power for seven hours, would cost 17s. power, in the shape of steam or gas engines, or water-wheels. supply five electrical horse power for the time stated, and these 47 Not many years ago, a steam launch carrying a seven hours supply of fuel steam engine of 100 horse power, of a weight of only 84 lb. the gas inlet; and, to obtain maximum power, the air-jet requires to be feet of gas per hour per square foot of burner surface, producing a heat heating burners, to obtain flames of any power without practical limit, id = 8504 author = Various title = Scientific American Supplement, No. 358, November 11, 1882 date = keywords = Co.; Darwin; Dr.; Fig; Mr.; President; Preyer; air; child; illustration; machine; place; time; water; year summary = occult conditions in air and water to enable their comparative healthful disease resulting from the use of drinking water where the chemist would the close of the second year a great advance was made in using two words temperature of the water will continue to rise as long as the heat described in first part of this article; exposed in same places as No. 1, April 3, 1880; total exposure, six months; has been painted two years earth, air, and water; this gas is carbonic acid. asked whether the quantity of carbonic acid contained in the air did not quantity in the air at a given time and place. the quantity of carbonic acid varied but little; the numbers obtained If, then, the great general mean of normal atmospheric carbonic acid to express the general relation of carbonic acid to the quantity of air, the present quantity of carbonic acid in the air. id = 8559 author = Various title = Scientific American Supplement, No. 360, November 25, 1882 date = keywords = England; Fig; Mr.; New; States; York; engine; footnote; gas; illustration; place; water summary = second crane, F, for the purpose of placing the ingots in the pits Having decided on the form, the next question is, what "class" of engine the location where the engine is to be placed, and the number of hours hand, if an engine is run less than the usual time per day a given engines that required forty pounds of water to be converted into steam placed, and the banks revetted with stone from ordinary low water to a completely filled with water, and the point of the three-way cock is cause the absorbing liquid to pass into the burette, the water in the Water is allowed to flow through the point of the tube, B, while from The accompanying engravings illustrate a new and very simple form of gas APPARATUS FOR OBTAINING PURE WATER FOR PHOTOGRAPHIC USE. been great, the increase in number of farms has been largely due to new id = 8687 author = Various title = Scientific American Supplement, No. 362, December 9, 1882 date = keywords = Grimston; Herr; Mr.; New; Pennsylvania; Siemens; Wöhler; air; burner; carbon; fig; foot; form; gas; illustration; petroleum summary = 3, 4, 5.--NEW ELECTRIC STOP MOTION FOR DRAWING FRAMES. occurs, electric contact results, completing the circuit and causing an electric lighting engineer, became a gas burner maker. Mr. Grimston also uses separate tubes of large area for his hot gas, but principle of heating the air and gas in a simple manner, with the object hopes to gain an improved result by causing the gas to pass through the the spiral is raised to a red heat, and lights the gas, and the flame What are called the carbon minerals--peat, lignite, coal, graphite, _Peat_.--Dry plant-tissue consists of about 50 per cent, of carbon, coals; containing less water, less oxygen, and more carbon, and usually of organic tissue, variable quantities of coal, anthracite, petroleum, petroleum of springs or wells, and this escape of gas and oil has been common air, containing a certain proportion of marsh gas, carbonic id = 8717 author = Various title = Scientific American Supplement, No. 344, August 5, 1882 date = keywords = Africa; Asia; Atlas; Europe; Fig; July; June; Mr.; New; Pernyi; Roylei; Spain; american; find; form; illustration; mineral; monkey summary = appears in two different forms, either with a fork at the upper end, as those of all monkeys, are formed like hands, with large opposable thumbs while the hands have weak, small thumbs, but very long and powerful expression as in apes and monkeys, are long and more dog-like. We thus see that these American monkeys differ in a great number of Guenons, rather small long-tailed monkeys, very active and lively, general form and the length of the face or snout, but they have hands are the Gibbons, or long-armed apes, which are generally of small size Monkeys, as a whole, form a very isolated group, having no near of cocoons, instead of which I only obtained a very small number. rearing of a small number of Atlas larvæ in the open air on the ailantus blowpipe; from the other minerals by the form of the crystals and their id = 8718 author = Various title = Scientific American Supplement, No. 401, September 8, 1883 date = keywords = Dr.; God; Mr.; Paris; acid; circle; foot; form; gas; great; heat; illustration; oven; place; solution; time; water; work summary = The hydrochloric acid gas passes into a vessel of suitable material brought into use at gas works for the purpose in question both on the now required for gas producers and regenerator furnaces having been Scarcely had Dr. Siemens announced his new form of gas producer and the Dalmarnock Gas Works, situated in the extreme east end of the city, The results which were obtained in course of time with four ovens, or a very materially in form from the regenerators formerly applied by Dr. Siemens to gas retort ovens, and which are still employed for high As this is the first instance of the new form of gas producer and A NEW GAS-HEATED BAKER''S OVEN. A NEW GAS-HEATED BAKER''S OVEN. the time of lighting the gas--a consideration of no small moment. motions of the camphor on the surface of water contained in vessels that id = 8742 author = Various title = Scientific American Supplement, No. 392, July 7, 1883 date = keywords = Fig; Mr.; acid; action; elevator; fire; illustration; iron; lime; oil; polarity; rod; small; supply; tank; time; water summary = Water Supply of Small Towns.--Process of Softening Hard 5 and 9 illustrate the complete continuous current machine, Fig. 9 showing the internal arrangement of the field magnets, and Fig. 5 the power were supplied direct from water mains, at any reasonable rate. hydraulic elevators supplied with power directly from the water mains. The "water hammer" produced by the quick acting valves of elevators has water-mains and arranged with a float valve to keep the tank filled, I Though not as large as for elevator supply, water motors require liberal jets, under different pressures, would be of general use to water-works elevators and motors is desirable in its effects upon the water supply several methods of softening waters which are hard in different degrees action of the hard water upon the soap solution which had previously ethyl sulphuric acid and water are formed; in the second, acetate of id = 8862 author = Various title = Scientific American Supplement, No. 384, May 12, 1883 date = keywords = Dr.; Gemiasma; Lake; Mississippi; Mr.; New; Ohio; River; foot; form; great; illustration; place; plant; time; water; work summary = [Illustration: THE GREAT DAM ACROSS THE OTTAWA RIVER, AT CARILLON.] the river was in extreme low water 26,000 cubic feet per second, and In shallow water timber sills 36 feet long and 12 inches by 12 inches removed as far as possible, to allow a free flow of the water. telegraph working through electricity of high tension, with the use of done useful work for many years as a means of exciting steel magnets. Suppose water power to be employed to give motion to a dynamo-electrical The plants may be cultivated any time in a glass with a water through a large flue, as shown by letter, F, connected above the water tributaries, and the head waters of the great river. hard rock, the ancient valley having been filled with river deposits on State line sent its waters to the Mexican Gulf, during the Great River id = 8950 author = Various title = Scientific American Supplement, No. 385, May 19, 1883 date = keywords = Broadwood; Cristofori; Dr.; Gemiasma; John; Limnophysalis; London; Mr.; Raphael; Stein; fig; footnote; great; illustration; place; plant; string; water summary = night a great torchlight procession took place.--_Illustrated London spirits under the superintendence of Dr. Francis Day. Of great scientific interest are the exhibits, to be placed in two the gods in order to obtain benefits, the flow of milk, wine, or water, obtaining the right to use the patent, and, in the second place, its able to make known the results obtained with such great speeds, not when tanks being filled with a known weight of water, the vessel is caused Cristofori instruments, wrest plank, sound-board, string-block, and bass string; the second, presenting the new feature of a diagonal bar here speaks of these plants of Dr. Safford''s as causing ague and being different from the Gemiasmas. A, B, and C represent very large plants of the Gemiasma plants develop in great profusion, giving an appearance to the surface These depressions and swaily places, holding water part of the year, and id = 8951 author = Various title = Scientific American, Volume 17, No. 26 December 28, 1867 A Weekly Journal of Practical Information, Art, Science, Mechanics, Chemistry, and Manufactures. date = keywords = 1st; Massachusetts; New York; Ohio; claim; combination; purpose summary = Horse-Rake Manufacturing Company, N.Y. I claim 1st, The teeth heads, N, constructed and operating substantially constructed and combined for operation substantially as described, and M. Townsend), New Haven, Ct. I claim the arrangement of the head, C, combined with the magnet so 71,891.--WASHING MACHINE.--Reuben Lighthall, Brooklyn, N.Y. I claim the detachable holder, A, with the set screw, B, in combination I claim the rotary plow, arranged to operate substantially as set forth. arranged and operating substantially as and for the purposes set forth. combination, substantially as and for the purpose described. substantially as shown and described, and for the purposes set forth. substantially as shown and described, and for the purposes set forth. substantially as shown and described, and for the purposes set forth. I claim, 1st, the arrangement or combination, substantially as I claim, 1st, the arrangement or combination, substantially as 3d, The spring, S, arranged, combined and operating substantially as id = 8952 author = Various title = Scientific American, Volume 22, No. 1, January 1, 1870 A Weekly Journal of Practical Information, Art, Science, Mechanics, Chemistry, and Manufactures. date = keywords = AMERICAN; Antedated; Boston; Brooklyn; December; England; John; MUNN; Machinery; Massachusetts; Mr.; New; New York; Office; Ohio; Paris; Pennsylvania; Philadelphia; Steam; York; illustration; machine; patent; scientific summary = 4. A new and useful pattern, print, or picture to be worked into or marks; and the fifth to new shapes or forms of manufactured articles, improved sewing machine or cooking stove, to whom a new steam engine has invention relates to a new horse cover, which is so arranged that it Brooklyn, N.Y.--This invention relates to a new and useful improvement to new and useful improvements in machines for washing clothes. PACKING CASES FOR OIL CANS.--John McLeod Murphy, New York city.--This Manner, New York city.--This invention consists invention relates to a new and useful improvement in combining two a new and useful improvement in means for guiding circular saws and relates to a new and useful improvement in blocks for forming and Catasauqua, Pa.--This invention relates to a new and useful improvement How to Obtain Letters Patent for New Inventions. New York Manufacture the most approved Stationary Steam Engine, with Patents, and New Inventions. id = 9076 author = Various title = Scientific American Supplement, No. 433, April 19, 1884 date = keywords = Cumberland; Fig; Mr.; Ridge; State; Tennessee; Walden; course; current; form; great; illustration; scientific; time; year summary = New Instruments for Measuring Electric Currents and Electromotive The curves obtained by the apparatus that recorded the current showed time available in general course is far too limited to permit them to be As is seen above, the course of instruction in mechanical engineering for results had so great an importance that the following year the NEW INSTRUMENTS FOR MEASURING ELECTRIC CURRENTS AND ELECTRO-MOTIVE practical ready use, instruments employing the mechanical or magnetic current against the force of a magnet, of a spring, or of gravity. appears necessary, a known standard current from large Daniell cells is case the current from the Daniell cells must be kept on during the time cores, a very large increase of the exciting current will produce only layer of 0''120 inch wire in the case of the current indicators, and obtain the total directing force due to each current. wires carrying very large currents give very little shock, whereas id = 9163 author = Various title = Scientific American Supplement, No. 417, December 29, 1883 date = keywords = Mr.; Professor; current; illustration; large; line; place; scientific; small; spiral; time; tree; water summary = I. ENGINEERING AND MECHANICS.--Machine for Making Electric a current in any wire forming a complete circuit and placed parallel arranged electric balance, and by placing plates of different substances but simply placed so that the lines of force proceeding from the spiral electric current of sufficient intensity to produce light resembling be employed to produce from the magnetic lines of force given out by the Near the front end of the cylinders are placed small pistons or [Illustration: MACHINE FOR MAKING ELECTRIC LIGHT CARBONS] means of obtaining the electric light in places where a steam engine or arrangements for connection with the electric current are very simple. T-iron slide contact pieces which are connected with the electric engine a vertical beam engine with a long cylinder of comparatively small The cylinder carrying the first form is placed inside and a strong iron cylinder, containing a known quantity of water, to which id = 9266 author = Various title = Scientific American Supplement, No. 447, July 26, 1884 date = keywords = Antwerp; Dr.; Fig; Mr.; Munro; Otto; coal; form; great; illustration; machine; place; small; time; water; wheel summary = places it at a great advantage with respect to other machines, for it is respect the bicycle has an enormous advantage over any machine, tricycle The little wheel as a mud-throwing machine engine is Riders of machines where circular motion is employed, machines where speed is an object, especially with small wheels. The crank and connecting rod are employed in some machines. follow that large wheels are worth having on a machine when there is high and low gearing on the same machine, which at the same time give of machine and rider is on the driving-wheel, as it is also on the fixed frame of a bicycle or tricycle leans forward, and places the rider The roller, J (Fig. 2), is placed in the machine in the state in which decay produced another mass of vegetable matter fit to form coal. these coal measures were being formed; but there are a great many cases id = 9666 author = Various title = Scientific American Supplement, No. 497, July 11, 1885 date = keywords = America; Canal; Co.; Dr.; Mr.; Natural; New; Order; Pennsylvania; Petersburg; Pittsburg; Russia; St.; York; gas; illustration; oil; wood; year summary = longer than is here stated, which made the delivery of goods at St. Petersburg a matter of great uncertainty, thus rendering time contracts pipe-line 32,000 feet long; three pumps were used upon it, two at At present the use of natural gas as a substitute for coal in the natural gas in Western Pennsylvania, New York, West Virginia, and been using natural gas in lighting the streets for thirty years or there flow of natural gas may be, like the production of petroleum, increased natural gas available for use in the great manufacturing district of to bring gas into general use for domestic purposes in a city where cubic feet of air, twenty-two per cent, of carbonic acid gas, which, any large community where gas comes into general use as an article of float about in the acid liquid for a long time and give off minute gas id = 32282 author = Vogel, Robert M. title = Elevator Systems of the Eiffel Tower, 1889 date = keywords = Eiffel; Otis; Paris; Tower; elevator; figure; illustration; system summary = ELEVATOR SYSTEMS of the EIFFEL TOWER, 1889 The design of the Tower''s elevators involved problems [Illustration: Figure 1.--The Eiffel Tower at the time of the Universal [Illustration: Figure 4.--The proposed 1,000-foot iron tower designed by [Illustration: Figure 8.--In the typical steam elevator machine two The rope-geared system of hydraulic elevator operation was so basically At the time the Eiffel Tower elevators were under consideration, water [Illustration: Figure 15.--Rope-geared hydraulic freight elevator using a [Illustration: Figure 16.--English direct plunger hydraulic elevator Adaptation of the motor to the direct drive of an elevator machine was horizontal cylinder rope-geared hydraulic elevator, in which the two sets elevator field was to drive belt-type mechanical machines and the pumps of [Illustration: Figure 24.--General arrangement of Otis elevator system in [Illustration: Figure 29.--Section through cabin of the Otis elevator. [Illustration: Figure 39.--Passengers changing cars on Edoux elevator at to use electricity for his system, the remaining Otis elevator was id = 33912 author = Vogel, Robert M. title = The Engineering Contributions of Wendel Bollman date = keywords = Baltimore; Bollman; Ohio; River summary = _Wendel Bollman, self-taught Baltimore civil engineer, was the Bollman''s bridge truss, of which the first example was built in 1850, temporary span used after the timber bridge at Harpers Ferry was In the years following Bollman''s return to the railroad, the design of [Illustration: Figure 13.--THE FOUR BOLLMAN SPANS at Harpers Ferry that The first all-iron Bollman truss was constructed over the Little railroad continued its program of replacing timber bridges with Bollman draw-span was formed of two Bollman deck trusses supported at their and August 1862, two sections of Bollman truss, spans no. the time was to use cast compression members in iron bridges and [Illustration: Figure 20.--TWO VIEWS OF BOLLMAN-BUILT "water-pipe truss" [Illustration: Figure 22.--BOLLMAN DECK TRUSSES in the North River [Illustration: Figure 23.--THE ONLY SURVIVING BOLLMAN TRUSS BRIDGE, at Near Point of Bollman 1/80''(?) Iron bridge mentioned in _Iron suspension and trussed bridge as constructed for id = 27238 author = Welsh, Peter C. title = Woodworking Tools 1600-1900 date = keywords = Moxon; Philadelphia; U.S.; american; century; figure; illustration; plane; tool summary = [Illustration: Figure 1.--1685: THE PRINCIPAL TOOLS that the carpenter Sloane''s handsomely illustrated _A Museum of Early American Tools_, [Illustration: Figure 5.--1769: THE BENCH PLANES OF THE JOINER increased tools most useful to the carpenter, the axe (7), adz (6), saw (24), [Illustration: Figure 18.--18TH CENTURY: Carpenter''s dividers of English [Illustration: Figure 23.--1809: THIS BENCH PLANE of German origin is [Illustration: Figure 27.--1830-1840: DETAIL OF the rabbet plane (fig. familiar form of the bench planes, as well as other tools. [Illustration: Figure 31.--1703: DETAIL OF THE BENCH PLANES from Moxon''s [Illustration: Figure 33.--EARLY 19TH CENTURY: The bench plane illustrated in Roubo or Moxon is seldom seen in American tool [Illustration: Figure 46.--18TH CENTURY: THE BRACE AND BIT in its [Illustration: Figure 49.--EARLY 19TH CENTURY: THE DESIGNATION [Illustration: Figure 58.--1827: THE BENCH PLANES exhibited at with handle similar to a plane, forming together a tool combining the [Illustration: Figure 66.--1900: FEW TOOLS SUGGEST MORE CLEARLY the id = 28553 author = Williams, Archibald title = How it Works Dealing in simple language with steam, electricity, light, heat, sound, hydraulics, optics, etc., and with their applications to apparatus in common use date = keywords = FIG; air; current; end; illustration; line; pipe; point; signal; steam; train; valve; water; wheel summary = If steam is let into one end of a cylinder behind an air-tight but plates to the water until the point is reached when steam generates. A further improvement results from increasing the number of tubes (Fig. 5), keeping them all on the slant, so that the heated water and steam On stationary engines a lever safety-valve is commonly employed (Fig. 11). operated by high-pressure steam coming direct from the boiler, which steam, when exhausted from the high-pressure cylinder, passed into anything actually moves along inside the wire, as water, steam, or air, cause electrical currents of varying force to pass through the circuit. magneto-generator at the left-end station is turned, and current passes was placed a cylinder, in connection with a main steam-pipe running cock C to the position shown in Fig. 89), the train-pipe pressure is At each end of a block section a train staff instrument (Fig. 101) is id = 46094 author = Williams, Archibald title = The Romance of Modern Mechanism With Interesting Descriptions in Non-technical Language of Wonderful Machinery and Mechanical Devices and Marvellously Delicate Scientific Instruments date = keywords = Company; London; MOTOR; Messrs.; Mr.; New; Paris; States; United; chapter; cylinder; end; engine; fire; foot; gas; great; illustration; inch; large; machine; power; romance; steam; time; water; wheel; work summary = huge mass comes quickly to rest; the steam pump on the engine commences _The World''s Work_, _The Motor Boat_; The Rexer Automatic Machine Gun All large engineering works which turn out years'' work the engineers'' account had reached £7,200, and Mr. Babbage diameter, into the cylinder of which water is pumped by engines of or bridge, 88 feet long, hang two lifting magnets, worked by 25 h.p. motors, which raise the load at the rate of 20 feet per minute. type of motor were absent, coal, the food of the steam-engine, lay Very few large steam-engines work under conditions These engines are worked by a special gas generated in an apparatus creates the gas; the gas heats the air or works the engines to pump boats in many cases employ the help of a small steam-engine. engine, usually worked by steam-power. High-pressure steam is passed from the engine boilers into the tubes of id = 44502 author = Williams, Henry Smith title = Every-day Science: Volume 6. The Conquest of Nature date = keywords = -the; Age; Bessemer; Falls; Mr.; Newcomen; Niagara; Watt; chapter; current; electric; electricity; engine; gas; great; illustration; light; nature; power; steam; time; water; work summary = elaborate mechanisms--turbine wheels, steam engines, dynamos--through engine immediately supplant water power and the direct application of electric dynamo driven by water power may take the place of the steam the recent progress in the development of steam and electrical power, such a case any number of small water-pressure engines may be operated The practical steam engine in its modern form dates, as just mentioned, practical power, until after such machines worked by steam had been working energy contained in the steam; and the water wheels in turn considerably less working power than is expended by the steam engine in steam-engine or by water power--to enable the coiled wires of the to produce electricity through the operation of a steam engine in a Electrical currents representing thousands of horse-power are to-day In recent years electric traction engines for use in mines have been Steam power and electric dynamo everywhere id = 5763 author = Young, Daniel title = Young''s Demonstrative Translation of Scientific Secrets Or, A Collection of Above 500 Useful Receipts on a Variety of Subjects date = keywords = add; black; colour; glass; gold; good; horse; little; mix; oil; pint; silver; varnish; water; white; yellow summary = sulphate of potash in one pint of pure rain water, and mix the gold Good brown sugar 11 lbs., water 1 quart, old bee honey in the comb a few days, then add soft water to the desired shade of colour; add boil for 30 minutes in one gallon of the water, strain and mix all; Take of water 3 quarts, white sugar 4 lbs., oil of lemons one alcohol, let it stand 9 days, and strain, add 4 quarts of water, and of white sugar, dissolved in hot water, 1 pint port wine to sugar 4 oz., boiling water 3 pints; mix all together; let them stand Lay them in salt and water for nine days; then add a little vinegar powdered white sugar 1 drm., peppermint water 4 oz.; mix, and let drops, rose water 4 ozs.; mix, and let dissolve. id = 29241 author = nan title = Little Masterpieces of Science: Invention and Discovery date = keywords = Faraday; London; Marconi; Mr.; New; Professor; Rocket; Röntgen; Stephenson; York; cable; current; electricity; experiment; fig; illustration; wire summary = A recent wonder of electric art is its penetration by a photographic ray bar moved in and out of a coil of wire excites electricity the wire which carried an electric current was an electrified body, and repeat the experiments with electric currents, which, up to that time, He began his experiments "on the induction of electric currents" by of magnetic force;" and he showed that to produce induced currents magnetizing sewing needles and pieces of steel wire, shown in Fig. 3. balance the electric charge of the cable wire (Fig. 60). increasing the carrying power of a telegraph wire in this way took mechanical way the battery current was thrown into waves, and electrical light, or a new form of electricity. For all that the electric current is not as yet produced as economically his new power, while the long-distance transmission of electrical energy theory that heat light, electricity, magnetism, chemical action, id = 38329 author = nan title = The Romance of Industry and Invention date = keywords = Africa; America; Atlantic; Australia; Bessemer; Cape; Company; Eastern; England; Europe; Great; Howe; India; John; Krupp; London; New; Post; Queen; Royal; Siemens; Sir; South; States; United; Wedgwood; Western; York; british; gold; illustration; work summary = and diamond mining industry; and the carrying-trade of the world. Atlantic Shipping Lines--The _Great Eastern_ and the New days, the development of the iron manufacture came to be regarded in 1861, and four years later erected sample steel works at Birmingham. Crewe in 1868, and the Great Western Railway works followed. present time, Krupp''s works within the town of Essen occupy more than ancient Roman and other workings, the gold-mines of Wales were long Vein-mining for gold differs but little from working any other kind of years this company turned out gold to the value of a million, and paid The great number of large stones found in the mines of South Africa, as revolver system; but modern machine guns are a great improvement on this vessels of great speed, armed with quick-firing guns, are likely to be Shipping Lines--The _Great Eastern_ and the New Cunarders